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BLTheory
BLTheory
U x
(x)
Continuity Equation u v
( )( ) 0
x y
La min ar x 0.5 Re x 3 105
Transition x1.5 3 105 Re x 5 105
Turbulent x 0.8 Re x 5 105
1.The viscous sub layer
(laminar flow)
3. Turbulent layer
(turbulent flow)
U U
U U
Dye streak
laminar turbulent
transition
Displacement, Momentum and Energy thicknesses
Displacement Thickness [ ]
*
OR
y
There is a reduction in the flow
rate due to the presence of the
boundary layer
U u
y
This is equivalent to having a
theoretical boundary layer with
zero flow
*
Uu
Displacement Thickness [ *]
u
dy
Let
b= width of the plate
u= velocity in the boundary layer
u= velocity in the main stream
,
Displaecement Thickness
u
(1 )dy
*
0
u
Derivation on Black Board
Momentum Thickness
• It is defined as the distance from the actual
boundary such that, the momentum flux through this
distance θ is the same as the deficit in momentum
flux due to boundary layer formation
• Momentum Thickness
u u
(1 )dy
u
0
u
• Energy Thickness
2
u u
E (1 2 )dy
u
0
u
Derivation on Black Board
Approximatey : 3 * 7.5
Example:1
Velocity distribution in a laminar boundary layer is
given as a polynomial of the form,
u a by cy 2
Answer:
Displacement thickness (*)= /3
dy
Let:
Width of the plate=b
A B Volume element of thickness ∆x at x
x ∆x
volume element =b ∆x dy
tw d u u Von-Karman momentum integral
(1 )dyequation for boundary layer
u dx 0 u
2
u
applied to:
tw d Laminar, Transition and
Turbulent boundary layer
u dx
2
Derivation on black board
Drag Coefficient
• Drag Coefficient:
– Ratio of drag force per unit area to the product of
density and velocity head
FD / Ap FD
CD t w Shear Stress
u / 2
2
Ap
1 CD
1
x Re, x Re, x
u y y
2
u=0 u u 5.48 1.462
2 u
0
u y
u 3 y 1 y
3 u=0 u u 4.64 1.292
u
2
u
0
u 2 2 0 y
y 2
u y u u
sin
u=0 4.8 1.308
u 2
u y y y
3 4
u=0 u u 5.84 1.372
2 2
u
Blasius exact equation when equation is not given 5.00 1.328
Example 1
2
u y y
• For the velocity profile 2
u
Show that
x 1.46
5.48 and CD
Re, x Re, L