~ "e", c.

'"

I
,}
1 '

APPENDIX A 1'1t
, i
,
ANALYSIS OF SLABS!~
'It!'\

A.t SCOPE Ii
(1) This appendixprovidesmethodsof analysisfor one-wayslabs,two-wayslabsand flat slabswhich !
are basedon the principles set out on Section3.8.

A.2 ONE-WAY SLABS

A.2.t General

(1) One-wayslabs transmit their load mainly in one direction (i.e. the direction of span). There is
no needto analyzethe actioneffectstransverseto the direction of spanarisingas a result of restrained
lateral stra,in.or the transversedisttibution of concentratedor line loads, or causedby a support
parallel to the direction of span, which has not bean taken into accountin the calculation. These
effectsshall, however, be takeninto accountby making suitable detailingprovisions.

A.2.2 D,is~ributi,O;n
of Concentrated Loads

(1) The width of slab which may be assumedto be effective in carrying a concentratedload may be
taken asfollows:

.(a) For solid slabs,the effective width may be takenasthe sumof the load width and 2.4x(1-x/L)
where x is the distancefrom the nearer supportto the sectionunder considerationand L is
..the span.
(b) For other slabs, exceptwhere speciallyprovided for, the effective width will dependon the
ratio of the transverseand longitudinal flexural rigidities of the slab. When these are
approximatelyequal, the value for the effective width as given for solid slabs may be used,
but as the ratio decreasesa smallervalue shall be taken. The minimumvalue which needbe
taken, however, is the load width plus 4x/L(1 -x/L) meterswhere x and L are as defined in
(a) aboveso that, for a sectionat mid-span,the effective width is equalto 1.0 meterplus the
load width.
(c) Where the concentratedload is near an unsupportededge of a slabthe effect,ivewidth shall
not exceedthe value in (a) or (b) aboveas appropriate,nor half that value plus the distance
of the center of the load from the unsupportededge(seeFig. A-I).

A.3 TWO-WAY SLABS

A.3.t General

I (1) The type of slab dealt with here is one composedof rectangularpanelssupportedat all four edges
by walls or beams stiff enoughto be treated as unyielding. This may be assumedto be the caseif
the requirementsfor the ratio betweenthe depth of a beam and its span are in accordancewith
Fig. A-2.
(2) Thesemethodsare intendedfor slabs with uniformly distributedloads. If a slab is subjectedto
concentratedor line loads, in additionto a uniform load, thesecan generallybe treatedby considering
them as equivalentuniform loads using approximaterules, provided that the'sumof the non-uniform
loads on a panel does not exceed20 percentof the total load.

. EBCS 2 -1995 107

.
 ,
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE

Load .
f=~::+~:~
~ T ~
,
Unsupported Effective Width
Edoe

-L
~Load
Width
X
1,2X (1- L

Figure A-I Effective Width of Solid Slab Carrying a ConcentratedLoad near an Unsupported
Edge
~- L, .\

r"'~} .!!.L ~
L,
Z. 5 (..!!..!.
Lx ) t

~ ~~r (II
/l
m
IIi -cz
hZ ~ I Z,5
h.
Z'5(""1:-;)
~ ,.

.1+"f ~'1~ to. -L (,.5LI)

.g~ WALL
t~ BEAM
r L, ~
Figure A-2 Support for Two-Way Slabs

A.3.2 Individual Panel Moments

(1) Moments for individual panels with edges either simply supported or fully fixed are calculated as:

ml = al (gd + Qd)Lz2 (A-I)

" Ilere mj is the design moment per unit width at the point of reference
al is the coefficient given in Table A-I as function of aspect ratio L)' /Lz and
support conditions
gd is the uniformly distributed design permanent load
qd is the uniformly distributed design live load
Lz is the shorter span of the panel
L)' is the longer span of the panel .

,
108 EBCS.2-1995
 .i APPENDIX A: ANAL YSIS OF SLABS

.Subscripts for momentsand moment coefficients(aJ have the following meanings:

$ support
f field (span)
x: direction of shorterspan
)' direction of longer span
(2) Notationsfor different critical momentsand edgenumbersare shown in Fig. A-3. Division of ,'

slab into middle and edgestrips is illustrated in Fig. A-4. .

Mxl

::L
jMY1

~ 4~~
Figure A-3 Notations for Critical Moments

(3) The positive momentcoefficientsin Table A-1 may be derived from 'the following equations.The
.negative moment coefficients are taken as 4/3 times the positive moment coefficients for the ~ame
direction.
(24 + 2nd + 1.Snd2)
~ a:tf = 1000 (A.2)

rv
'-4rj --fJ
(/l-~ + Jl--~)2 (A.3)

fJ = ~ {1 -? ~ ({1-~ + Jl--~)} (A.4)

y

where nd is the numberof discontinuousedg~ (0 ~ nd ~ 4)

r l' r 2, r 3' r 4are the ratios of negative moment capacityat edges1 to 4, respectively,
to the span moment capacityin the samedirection and take valuesof 4/3 for
continuousedgesor zero for discontinuousedges.

1 :~
r LY:o1I r Ly .1 ~
! Middle! M~;d~: '-
I I Strip I Strip T
! I I
-, I II f

~ II I L
f I Edge ~ !L.r ~ I- ~ \ Edge I:.!-:
4C Strip T 8 '-Strip 8

Figure .A~-4
Division of Slab into Middle and Edge Strips

.
.EBCS 2 -1995 109
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE .

(4) Slabsare consideredas divided in each direction into middle strips and edgestrips as shown in .
Fig. A-4, the middle strip being three quartersof the width and each edge strip one eighth of the
width.
(5) The maximum design momentscalculatedas above apply only to the middle strips and no
redistribution shall be made.

(65 Reinforcementin the middle strips shall be detailed in accordancewith Section7.1.7.

(7) Reinforcementin an edgestrip, parallel to the edge,neednot be lessthan the minimum given in
Section7.2.2.2 (minimum areasof tensionreinforcement).

A.3.3 Moments in Continuous Slabs

A.3.3.1General
(1) The first stageof designis to determinesupportand span momentsfor all panelsindividually by
treating their edgesas either simply supportedor fully fixed (seeSectionA,.3.2). External edgesare
generallyconsideredas simply supportedand continuousedgesare consideredas fully fixed in this
stage.

(2) If the slab is connectedwith an external wall or if any of its edgesis partly fixed and partly
simply supported,the following proceduremay be adopted:
(a) The ratio of the actual supportmomentto the bendingmomentof fully fixed slab, or the ratio
of the width of fixed part to the width of the simply supportedpart of the edgeis evaluated. .
(b) The bending momentsof the slab are then computedby interpolating between different
supportconditions. .

(3) For each $UPportover which the slab is continuousthere will thus generally be two different
supportmoments. The difference may be distributedbetweenthe panelson eitherside of the support
to equalizetheir moments,as in the momentdistributionmethodfor frames.

(4) Two methodsof differing accuracy,are given here for treating the effectsof this redistribution
on momentsaway from the support.

A.3.3.2 MethodI

(1) Method I may be used:

(a) When differences betweeninitial support momentsare less than 20 percentof the' larger .
moment, and
(b) only for internal structureswherethe live load doesnot exceed2.5 times the permanentload
(qk ~ 2.5gk) or 0.8 times the deadload for externalstructures(qk ~ 0.8gk).

In other caseseither Method II or other more accuratemethodsshall be used.

(2) ~I'~n Method I is used, dimensioningis nC!rmallycarriedout either using:

(a) Initial momentsdirectly, or

(b) basedon the averageinitial momentat the support.

.
110 EBCS 2 -1995 'w
 APPENDIXA: ANAL YSiSOF~ .!.!
Table A-I Bending Moment Coemclents fqr R~gular Panels Supported on Four SI~
with Provision for Torsion at Comers

Lon'lpan
Value3of L/Lz coeffic~ta,
Support Condition Caeft'. ..~ and~
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0 for aU
valuetof
LILa

r~~~1 ~ 0.032 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.063 0.032

~'m~77/77~ ~ 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.048 0.024

t~~1 ~ 0.039 9.044 0.048 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.039
~77~7~ ~ 0.029 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.029

~/// //"/"/~ ~ 0.039 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.073 0.082 0.089 0.039
1--~__J ~ 0.030 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.030

I/////////~ ~ 0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.078 0.087 0.093 0.047
L~ ~ 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.059 0.065 0.070 0.036

0 S
~
~:
0.046 0.050 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.067 0.070
0.034 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.045' 0.047 0.050 0.053
-
0.034

0 :: 0.~34 0.~46 0.~56 0.~5 0.~72 0.~78 0.~1 O.~OO ~:::

I//~//""""""'I~ ~ 0.057 0.065 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.084 0.092 0.098 -

L_~J ~: 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.060 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.044

~ ~ 0.058
8 ~~ 0.044 0.054 0.063 0.071 0.078 0.084 0.096 0.105 0.044
"" .

II ~
9 II ~"" 0.056 0.065 0.074 0.081 0.087 0.092 0.103 0.111 0.056

,
 ETHIOPIANBUILDINGCODESTANDARDFORSTRUCTURALUSEOF CONCRETE .

A.3.3.3 Method11 .
(1) In this method considerationof the effects of changesof support momentsis limited to the adjacent
spans. Since no effects on neighboring support sectionsneedbe c.onsidered,only a simple balancing
operationis required at eachedgeand no iterative processis involved.
,
(2) The procedurefor applying Method II, is as follows:

(a) Supportand span momentsare first calculatedfor individual panelsby assumingeach panelto be
fully loaded. This is done by using the coefficientsgiven in Table A-I as describedin Section
A.3.2.
(b) The unbalancedmomentis distributed using the momentdistributionmethod. The relative stiffness
of eachpanel shall be taken proportional to its gross momentof inertia divided by the smallerspan.
(c) If the support momentis decreased,the span momentsn1:vand ~ are then increasedto allow for
the changesof supportmoments. This increaseis calculatedas being equalto the changeof the
3upportmomentmultiplied by the factors given in Table A-2. If a support momentis increased,no
adjustmentshall be madeto the spanmoments.

A.3.4 Elastic Values of Support Moments

(1) The abovemethodsgive averagevalues of supportmoments. In caseswhere maximum elastic moments'

should be considered(e.g. in watertight structures),elastic theory must be used.

,
A.3.S wads on Supporting Beams

(1) The designloadson beams supportingsolid slabs spanningin two directions at right anglessupporting
uniformly distributed loads may be assessedfrom the following equations:

Vx = .Bvx(gd+ qJLx (A.5)

Vy = .Bvy(gd
+ qJLx (A.6)

(2) Table A-3 gives values of load transfer coefficients.The assumeddistribution of the load on a
supportingbeam is shown in Fig. A-5.

(3) The designload on a beamdetermined in accordancewith (1) and (2) above, may be taken as the
maximum shear in the slab at the center of support.II

'I
112 EBCS2 -7995 ~
 "

APPENDIX A: ANAL YSIS OF SLABS

Table A-2 Factors for Adjusting Span Moments m~ and mJ!

~--ILa ~Lx
L,ILx 1"~._~.'Iy'.~ t,

Cx C, Cx c,

1.0 0.380 0.280 0.280 0.380

1.1 0.356 0.220 0.314 0.374
1.2 0.338 0.172 0.344 0.364
1.3 0.325 0.135 0.373 0.350
1.4 0.315 0.110 0.398 0.331
1.5 0.305 0.094 0.421 0.310
1.6 0.295 0.083 0.443 0.289
1.7 0.285 0.074 0.461 0.272
1.8 0.274 0.066 0.473 0.258
1.9 0.258 0.060 0.481 0.251
2.0 0.238 0.055 0.484 0.248

EBCS 2 -1995
 I

,
I
, .
~
'c"
';;I~ ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL
~- USE
-~- OF CONCRETE
;;~'c
ft" Table A-3 Shear Force Coefficients for Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Panels Supported on Four Sides with Provision for

Torsion at Corners

Edge .B1afor values of L/Lz

Type of panel .Bvy
and location 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0

0 'Continuous 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33

0 Continuous 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.36
2 Discontinous 0.24

~"~~ Continuous 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.36
~--=-J Discontinous 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 -

F~~~ Continuous 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.40
L__~_J Discontinous 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.38 0.40 0.26

r~~1 ~ontin~ous 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.54 -
~,?:~??~ Discontmous 0.26

Q 6
Continuous
"
Discontmous 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.44 0.47
0.40
-

D Continuous 0.45 0.48 0.5I 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.60 0.63 -

Discontinous 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.30

Q Continuou!l 0.45
Discontinous 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.30

Q Di~l.'onti/1ou!l 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33

V.
A ~+~Wt+1-~ A
~ L ~

f1~ure A.5 Distrihution or Load on a Beam Suppclrting a Two-Way Spanning Sluh

~-~.. .GG~ (il;; -