MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION

SHRI H. H. J. B POLYTECHNIC,
CHANDWAD-423101 (Nashik)

MICRO PROJECT
Academic year 2023-24

TITLE OF PROJECT
PREPARE CASE STUDIES OF SAFETY MEASURES FOLLOWED
IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANIZATION

Program: Computer Technology Program Code: CM

Course: Management Course code: 22509

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Sr.No. Name of Student Roll No Enrolment No Seat No

1. Mahajan Chetan Prashant 07 2100790161

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify 1) Mahajan Chetan Prashant

of 6th Semester of Diploma in Computer Technology of Institute, SHHJB POLYTECHNIC,

CHANDWAD (Code: 0079) has completed the Micro-Project satisfactorily in Subject
Operating system (22516) for the academic year 2023- 2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: CHANDWAD

Date: / /2024

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

(Mrs.A.B.Shinde) (Mr.P.R.Sali) (Dr. V.A.Wankhede)

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 INDEX
SR_NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

Part A

1.0 Brief Introduction 4

2.0 Aim of Micro Project 4

3.0 Action Plan 4

4.0 Resources Required 4

Part B

1.0 Brief Description 5

2.0 Aim of Micro Project 5

3.0 Course Outcome Integrated 5

4.0 Actual Procedure Followed 5

5.0 Actual Resource Used 6

6.0 Literature Review 6

7.0 Output of Microproject 7

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 PART A-Plan

1)Brief Description: -
The task is to prepare case studies of safety measures followed in different types of organization.
The case studies should include an analysis of the safety measures taken by the organizations,
their effectiveness, and any challenges faced during the implementation of these measure. The
case studies should cover a wide range of industries such as manufacturing, healthcare,
construction, transportation, and hospitality. The purpose of the case studies is to highlight best
practices in safety measures and to provide insights into how organizations can improve their
safety measure to protect their employees, customers, and the general public.

2)Aim/Benefits of the Micro-Project: -

Aims of the safety measure followed in different types of organization includes:
1. Highlighting best practices: by examining safety measures taken by different
organizations, case studies can identify best practices and strategies that have been
successful in reducing workplace injuries and accidents.
2. Learning from failures: Case studies can also highlight instances where safety
measures failed or were not effective. By analysing these failures, organization can
learn from them and implement changes to prevent similar accidents.
3)Action Plan:-
SR NO. DETAILS OF ACTIVITY PLANNED START PLANNED FINISH

DATE DATE

1. FINALIZATION OF TOPIC
02/03/2024 05/03/2024
2. PREPARATION OF ABSTRACT
15/03/2024 18/03/2024
3. COLLECTION OF DATA
20/03/2024 24/03/2024
4. PREPARATION OF CONCEPT
25/03/2024 26/03/2024
5. SEMINAR / PRESENTATION
28/03/2024 08/04/2024
6. SUBMISSION OF MICRO PROJECT
08/04/2024 11/04/2024

4)Resources Required:-
Sr. No Name of Specification Quantity Remarks
Resource/Material
1. Computer (Desktop/Laptop) i5, 16 GB RAM, 1
256 GB SSD
2. Microsoft office word 2019 1

3. Websites referenceforbuisness 1
.com

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 PART B-Plan

1)Brief Description:-
The task is to prepare case studies of safety measures followed in different types of organization.
The case studies should include an analysis of the safety measures taken by the organizations,
their effectiveness, and any challenges faced during the implementation of these measure. The
case studies should cover a wide range of industries such as manufacturing, healthcare,
construction, transportation, and hospitality. The purpose of the case studies is to highlight best
practices in safety measures and to provide insights into how organizations can improve their
safety measure to protect their employees, customers, and the general public.

2)Aims/Benefits of Micro Project:-

Aims of the safety measure followed in different types of organization includes:
1. Highlighting best practices: by examining safety measures taken by different
organizations, case studies can identify best practices and strategies that have been
successful in reducing workplace injuries and accidents.
2. Learning from failures: Case studies can also highlight instances where safety
measures failed or were not effective. By analysing these failures, organization can
learn from them and implement changes to prevent similar accidents.

3)Course Outcomes Achieved:-

CO502.1: Apply principles of safety management in all activities.
CO502.2: Understand various provisions of industrial act.
CO502.3: Use basic management principles to execute daily activities
CO502.4: Use principles of planning and organising for accomplishment of tasks

4)Actual Methodology/Procedure Followed:-

1. We came across to make a team, then we finalize a project topic for that we
take guide.
2. After finalizing the topic, we prepared and submit proposal
3. Referred various information on internet related to Safety Measures.
4. Prepared Document on safety measure which are followed by different types of
organization.
5. Prepared Project Report on the given topic.
6. Checked if there are any corrections.
7. Review and Finalized the project report.
8. Submission of micro-project report, viva and presentation

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5)Actual Resources Used:-
Sr. Name of Specification Quantity Remarks
No Resource/Material
1. Computer i5, 16 GB RAM, 256 GB 1
(Desktop/Laptop) SSD
2. Microsoft office word 365, Chrome 1

3. Websites referenceforbuisness.com 1

6) Literature Review:
Here is a brief literature review on safety measures followed in different types of
organizations:
Construction industry: The construction industry is known for being high-risk, and
safety measures such as personal protective equipment (PPE), fall protection, and
hazard communication are essential. In addition, safety training and regular safety
inspections are critical for maintaining a safe work environment. (Source: Zhang, Y.,
& Wu, Z. (2020). A Review of Safety Management in Construction Industry.)
Healthcare industry: Healthcare workers are exposed to a variety of workplace hazards
such as infectious diseases, chemical exposure, and ergonomic risks. Safety measures
such as PPE, hand hygiene protocols, and safe patient handling techniques are essential.
In addition, a culture of safety is critical for improving safety outcomes in healthcare.
(Source: The Joint Commission. (2018). Improving Safety Culture in Healthcare.)
Manufacturing industry: The manufacturing industry involves working with heavy
machinery and equipment, and safety measures such as machine guarding,
lockout/tagout procedures, and hazard communication are essential. In addition, safety
training and regular safety audits are critical for maintaining a safe work environment.
(Source: NIOSH. (2015). Manufacturing Safety.)
Transportation industry: The transportation industry involves working with vehicles
and equipment that can be hazardous if not operated safely. Safety measures such as
vehicle maintenance, driver training, and fatigue management are essential. In addition,
safety regulations such as the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) are
in place to ensure safe operation of commercial vehicles. (Source: FMCSA. (2021).
Safety.)

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7) Outputs of the Micro-Project:

An Industrial Safety System is a countermeasure crucial in any hazardous plants such

as oil and gas plants and nuclear plants. They are used to protect human, industrial plant, and
the environment in case of the process going beyond the allowed control margins.
As the name suggests, these systems are not intended for controlling the process itself but rather
protection. Process control is performed by means of process control systems (PCS) and
is interlocked by the safety systems so that immediate actions are taken should the process
control systems fail.
Process control and safety systems are usually merged under one system, called an integrated
control and safety system (ICSS). Industrial safety systems typically use dedicated systems that
are SIL2 certified at minimum; whereas control systems can start with SIL1. SIL applies to both
hardware and software requirements such as cards, processors redundancy and voting functions.
Within an industrial environment there are many variables that must be balanced. Overall
productivity levels, health and safety of workers, protection of assets and information, and
industry compliance are a few of the top concerns that face these facilities and operations. USIs
extensive experience in industrial environments has allowed us to create many customized
solutions that solve these real world applications. Our ultimate goal is to empower industry to
run safer, more efficiently, and with less overall loss and downtime, with a solution that quickly
pays for itself over a short period of time.
1. Types:-There are main types of industrial safety systems in process industry:
i. Emergency Shutdown(ESD)
ii. Safety shutdown system (SSS)
iii. Fire and gas system (FGS)
iv. Emergency depressurization (EDP)
v. Pressure safety valves (PSV)

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 i. Emergency Shutdown(ESD)
These systems may also be redefined in terms of ESD/EDP levels as:
 ESD level 1: In charge of general plant area shutdown, can activate ESD level 2 if
necessary. This level can only be activated from main control room in the process
industrial plants.
 ESD level 2: This level shuts down and isolates individual ESD zones and activates
if necessary EDP.
 ESD level 3: It provides "liquid inventory containment".

ii. Safety shutdown system (SSS)

The safety shutdown system (SSS) shall shut down the facilities to a safe state in case of
an emergency situation, thus protecting personnel, the environment and the asset. The
safety shutdown system shall manage all inputs and outputs relative to emergency
shutdown (ESD) functions (environment and personnel protection). This system might also
be fed by signals from the main fire and gas system.

iii. Fire and gas system (FGS)

The main objectives of the fire and gas (FGS) system are to protect personnel,
environment, and plant (including equipment and structures). The FGS shall achieve
these objectives by:
 Detecting at an early stage, the presence of flammable gas,
 Detecting at an early stage, the liquid spill (LPG and LNG),
 Detecting incipient fire and the presence of fire,
 Providing automatic and/or facilities for manual activation of the fire
protection system as required,
 Initiating environmental changes to keep liquids below their flash point
 Initiating signals, both audible and visible as required, to warn of the detected
hazards,
 Initiating automatic shutdown of equipment and ventilation if 2 out of 2 or 2 out of
3 detectors are triggered,
 Initiating the exhausting system.

iv. Emergency depressurization (EDP)

Due to closing emergency shutdown valves in a process, there may be some
trapped flammable fluids, and these must be released in order to avoid any undesired
consequences (such as pressure increase in vessels and piping). For this, emergency
depressurization (EDP) systems are used in conjunction with the ESD systems to release
(to a safe location and in a safe manner) such trapped fluids.

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v. Pressure safety valves (PSV)
Pressure safety valves or PSVs are mechanical devices and are usually used as a final safety
solution when all previous systems fail to prevent any further pressure accumulation and
protect vessels from rupture due to overpressure.

2. Safety Valve :-
A safety valve is a valve that acts as a fail-safe. An example of safety valve is a
pressure relief valve (PRV), which automatically releases a substance from a boiler, pressure
vessel, or other system, when the pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits. Pilot-operated
relief valves are a specialized type of pressure safety valve. A leak tight, lower cost, single
emergency use option would be a rupture disk.
Safety valves were first developed for use on steam boilers during the Industrial Revolution.
Early boilers operating without them were prone to explosion unless carefully operated.
Vacuum safety valves (or combined pressure/vacuum safety valves) are used to prevent a tank
from collapsing while it is being emptied, or when cold rinse water is used after hot CIP (clean-
in-place) or SIP (sterilization-in-place) procedures. When sizing a vacuum safety valve, the
calculation method is not defined in any norm, particularly in the hot CIP / cold water scenario,
but some manufacturers [1] have developed sizing simulations.

i. Safety Standards :-
The following standards use SIL as a measure of reliability and/or risk reduction.
 ANSI/ISA S84 (Functional safety of safety instrumented systems for the process
industry sector)
 IEC 61508 (Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic
safety related systems)
 IEC 61511 (Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector)
 IEC 61513 (nuclear industry)
 IEC 62061 (safety of machinery)
 EN 50128 (railway applications – software for railway control and protection)
 EN 50129 (railway applications – safety related electronic systems for signalling)
 EN 50657 (railway applications – software on board of rolling stock)
 EN 50402 (fixed gas-detection systems)
 ISO 26262 (automotive industry)
 MISRA, various (guidelines for safety analysis, modelling, and programming in
automotive applications)
 Defence Standard 00-56 Issue 2 – accident consequence
The use of a SIL in specific safety standards may apply different number sequences or
definitions to those in IEC EN 61508.

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3. Significance Safety is a value not a cost-
• Safety is a value not a cost
• Indian businesses are now realizing that only 4% of accidents are causes due to unsafe
conditions, while 96% are due to human future.
• Indian accounts for 32% of global workplace fatalities averaging 120 deaths at work per
day.
• The overall rate of workplace injuries is about 50,000 per day, around one-third of
global occupational injuries.
4. Theoretical perspective Industrial Safety-
• Psychological theories – covers all aspects of behaviour i.e thoughts, feelings &
motivations.
• Structural theories – due weightage to the socio-economic, political and technological
aspects of work organization rather the individual attitude and behaviour.
• Psycho-sociological theories- make an effort to link both theoretical approach.

5. Industrial Accident-
• An unplanned and uncontrolled event in which the action or reaction of an object,
substance, person, or radiation result in personal injury or probability there.
Industrial accident refers to any accident that occurs at an industrial site.

6. Industrial accident-causes
Unsafe conditions: The causes of industrial accident that pertain to unsafe conditions may
include insufficient workplace lighting, excessive noise, slippery or unsafe flooring extreme
temperature exposure, inadequate protection when working with machinery or hazardous
material, unstable structures electrical problems, machine malfunction or failure on so on.

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7. External and internal causes
External causes:
 Power Cuts:
A large number of industrial units, particularly in West Bengal and Bihar,
face power cuts from time to time. Power cuts are necessitated by the fact that
generation of power is much below its actual requirements.

 Erratic Supply of Inputs:

Lack of regular supply of raw materials and other inputs disturb the production schedule
causing losses to the unit. This is particularly the case of units depending upon the
supply of imported inputs. Also transport bottlenecks sometimes affect the supply of
inputs.

 Recession:
General recessionary trends in the market adversely affect the demand for most of the
goods resulting in unsold stocks and losses to individual units. Products with high prices
like cars, tractors, VCR etc. depend for their sustained demand on easy availability of
credit to buyers. If credit is restrained, the buyers are not able to arrange for finance and
consequently the demands for such products suffer and ultimately such manufacturing
units get sick.

 Official Policy:
Sudden and unfavourable changes in the government policy regarding taxation, export
and import can turn viable units into sick units. For example, liberal import policy for a
particular product might cause damage on domestic units producing similar products.

Internal Causes:
 Mismanagement:
The most important internal cause of sickness is mismanagement. Faulty managerial
decision regarding production, finance, marketing and personnel and poor control can
ruin a business. According to a study of the Reserve Bank of India sickness of more
than 52 per cent of large industrial units can be attributed to mismanagement, 23 per
cent to market recession, 14 per cent to faulty initial planning and other technical defects
and 11 per cent to other causes.

 Faulty Initial Planning:

Wrong location of an industrial unit might lead to its ruin. If the place of industrial
location lacks infrastructural facilities, the industry is bound to face the difficulties

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8. Unsafe Acts
The causes of industrial accidents that pertain to unsafe acts may include action or
failures to act which result in injuries. Unsafe and careless acts by employees and insecure work
conditions are majorly responsible for occupation-related accidents worldwide causing
grievous injuries and casualties.
Unsafe act and unsafe work conditions can be defined in several ways keeping in view of
nature of industries and working places. One can find several such definitions on the internet
and books.
Students of occupational health and safety and also those intend to make career out of
workplace safety may find information on workplace safety from trusted sources useful,
reliable and educative.
So, if you are a serious learner and looking for details and guidance on “Unsafe act and unsafe
conditions”, this post is for you!
Even though technology has automated several critical and dangerous functions carried by
workers. “Over 80 per cent of industrial accidents worldwide can be attributed, either wholly
or partially, to human errors”. There can be various reasons for accidents in workplaces. Also,
behind every accident there can be a reason which can be either due to unsafe act by workers
or unsafe condition.
Let us understand this concept through an example
Let us assume a road accident which happened in a city during the day time.

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