1

CHAPTER 3
Flower
 Student Learning 2

Objectives
1. Able to identify flower parts.
2. Able to identify types of flowers.
3. Able to use the flower characteristics
to identify common plants.
 What is Flower? 3

 The seed-bearing part of a plant, consisting of

reproductive organs (stamens and carpels) that
are typically surrounded by a brightly coloured
corolla (petals) and a green calyx (sepals).
 Is the reproductive organ of plants.
 Flowers enable plants to reproduce, and their
colours and shapes facilitate pollination, seed
growth and seed dispersal.
 Flower Types 4

Two types

Flowers may be complete.

Flowers may be incomplete
 Complete Flower 5

A complete flower has all four floral

parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and
carpels containing both male and
female sex organs.
A complete flower does not require birds
or insects for pollination.
 Example: Hibiscus, Bougainvillea, Pea
plants
Cross Section of Hibiscus 6
Flower

Complete
flower
Flower of Bougainvillea Complete
flower 7

Yellow flower

Flower of Janda Kaya

Structure of Flower 8
 General Flower 9
Term Terms
Definition
Sepals Leaf-like, usually green structures at the flower base
Petals Colourful parts of the flower that function to attract pollinators
Peduncle Stalk of a flower
Receptacle Part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are
attached.
Perianth Calyx + corolla
Ovary Enlarged basal portion of the carpels where ovules are
produced
Stile Part supporting the stigma
Stigma Part where pollen germinates
Bract a modified leaf or scale, typically small, with a flower or flower
cluster in its axil.
Calyx The sepals of a flower, typically forming a whorl that encloses
the petals and forms a protective layer around a flower in bud
Corolla the sepals of a flower, typically forming a whorl that encloses
the petals and forms a protective layer around a flower in bud
 Incomplete Flower 10
 A flower without one or
more of the normal parts, Cluster of male
as carpels, sepals, petals, flowers of papaya
pistils, or stamens.
 Flowers may be
incomplete with just male
or female organs. Female flowers of
 papaya
Incomplete flowers cannot
fertilize themselves, and
female flowers will not
produce seeds without
pollen from a male flower.
 Example: Zea mays,
Ginkgo biloba, Carica Male
papaya. flowers
of
Female flowers Gingko
of Gingko
http://bioimages.vanderbilt.edu/baskauf/50996
 Sexual Reproduction 11

 Two types:
Monoecious plants
Dioecious plants

 Theseterms are used to describe the

reproductive behaviour of some plants.
 Monoecious Plants 12

 Plantsthat produce both male and female

flowers on a single plant are monoecious.
 Monoecious plants possess some flowers
that are female and others that are male.
 Species
that are able to pollinate
themselves are considered self-pollinating.
Monoecious Female
flower 13
 Having separate
male and female
flowers on the
same plant.
 Example: Zea
mays

Male flowers
 Dioecious Plants 14

 Plantsthat produce only male or female

flowers are dioecious.
 Sonot only does the plant have separate
male/female flowers, they have male
plants (with only male flowers) and
female plants (with only female flowers).
Dioecious plants have male and female flowers 15
on separate plants.

Female flowers Male flowers

 Seed Formation 16

 When a flower is pollinated, the stigma, one of

the female reproductive parts, stimulates the
pollen to grow down into the flower’s style to
reach the ovules in the ovary.
 Sperm is released by the pollen, and the ovules
are fertilized.
 Eventually, these fertilized ovules will form the
seeds for the next generation of flowers.
 Seeds may form on their own or as part of a
fruit.
Pollination 17

 Bigger size of flowers

generally pollinated
by insects while the
smaller and less insect

attractive generally
by wind.
wind
 Solitary Flower and 18

Inflorescence Flowers
 Solitaryflower is One flower is on the end of
the stem. Example: roses, tulip.
 Inflorescence plants have flower in clusters.
Peduncle is the main stem of an inflorescence.
Pedicel is the branch from which peduncle
which support the individual flowers.
Example: Allamanda, Ixora, Bougainvillea,
Tecoma, Kopsia etc.
 Flower 19
Arrangements
The flowers are with pedicles, which are all
attached at about the same point at the end of the
peduncle this is specifically called a simple umbel
Cyme . Example: Hymenocaulis carribea Ixora

A corymb is a raceme in which the pedicels of the

lower flowers are longer than those of the upper
flowers so that the inflorescence has a flat-topped
appearance. Example: Caesalphimia pulcherima,
Ixora javanica

Spike bears flowers that are directly

attached to the plant, without any stalks.
Example: Callistemon viminalis

A raceme is an unbranched, indeterminate

inflorescence with pedicellate (having
short floral stalks) flowers along the axis.
Allamanda : Raceme
Flowers of Selected 20
Species Bauhinia kockiana
 21

FRUIT
 Mimusops elengi

FRUIT 22

- Formed by flowers Carica papaya

- 3 purposes:
a) as food
b) protect seeds
c) as a container for
seeds spreading
process
Terminalia catappa

Pod and seed of Calliandra

surinamensis
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Fruit
Types
Fleshy fruits

Dry fruits
 Fleshy Fruits 25

A fruit in which the wall becomes

soft and fleshy as it matures.

Types of Fleshy Fruits

A. Drupe
B. Berry
C. Pome
 Dry Fruits 26

 Fruits in which the coat becomes dry at maturity.

 Two major types of dry fruits are:
A. Dehiscent fruits – Dry fruits which at
maturity open by definite natural beans to shed
the contained seeds such as legume.
Indehiscent fruits – Dry fruits which do not open
when mature to shed their seeds. Many of this
group are one seeded fruits such as casuarina.
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THE END