EXERCISES

VISUALIZING CONCEPTS
3.1 The reaction between reactant A (blue spheres) and reactant B 3.5 Glycine, an amino acid
(red spheres) is shown in the following diagram: represented by the follo
(a) Write its molecular
(b) Determine its mola
(c) Calculate the mass
(d) Calculate the perce
tions 3.3 and 3.5]

Based on this diagram, which equation best describes the reac-

Exercises 105
tion? [Section 3.1]
(a) A2 + B ¡ A2B
RCISES (b)
(c)
A2 + 4 B ¡ 2 AB2
2 A + B4 ¡ 2 AB2
(d) A + B2 ¡ AB2
3.2 Glycine,
Under appropriate experimental conditions, H2 and CO un- 3.6 The following diagram
3.5 an amino acid used by organisms to make proteins, is
dergo a combination reaction to form CH OH. The following tion between CH4 and H
represented by the following molecular model. 3
drawing moles of each product
(a) Writerepresents a sample
its molecular of H2. Make a corresponding
formula.
drawing of the its
COmolar
needed to react completely with the H2. CH4? [Section 3.6]
(b) Determine mass.
HowCalculate
(c) did you arrive at the
the mass of 3number
moles ofofglycine.
CO molecules in your
drawing?
(d) [Section
Calculate the 3.2]
percent nitrogen by mass in glycine. [Sec-
tions 3.3 and 3.5]

3.7 Nitrogen (N2) and hyd

(NH3). Consider the m
companying diagram. T
3.3 The following diagram represents the collection of elements white ones represent H
formed by a decomposition reaction. (a) If the blue spheres mixture, assuming that
represent N atoms and the red ones represent O atoms, what did you arrive at your
3.6 The following diagram represents a high-temperature reac-
was the empirical formula of the original compound? (b) reactant in this case? [Se
tion between CH4 and H2O. Based on this reaction, how many
Could you draw a diagram representing the molecules of the
moles of each product can be obtained starting with 4.0 mol
compound that had been decomposed? Why or why not?
CH4? [Section 3.6]
[Section 3.2]
 with water, a solution of sulfuric acid forms. (b) Boron sulfide,
B2S3(s), reacts violently with water to form dissolved boric
(l)
acid, H3BO3, and hydrogen sulfide gas. (c) Phosphine, PH3(g),
combusts in oxygen gas to form water vapor and solid
q)
n- 3.6 The following diagram represents a high-temperature reac-
tetraphosphorus decaoxide. (d) When solid mercury(II) ni-
g tion between CH and H O.
trate is heated, it4decomposes
2 Based on this reaction, how many
to form solid mercury(II) oxide,
g moles of each product can be obtained(e)
gaseous nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen. starting
Copperwith 4.0reacts
metal mol
2.
CH 4? hot
with [Section 3.6]
concentrated sulfuric acid solution to form aqueous
ur copper(II) sulfate, sulfur dioxide gas, and water.

TY (section 3.2)
he 3.7 Nitrogen
3.18 (N2) andchemical
Write a balanced hydrogen (H2) react
equation to reaction
for the form ammonia
that oc-
ne (NH ). Consider the mixture of N
curs3when (a) calcium metal undergoes 2 and H shown in
a 2combination thereac-
ac-
ow companying
tion with O2diagram. The blue spheres
(g); (b) copper(II) represent
hydroxide N, and into
decomposes the
ts
a- white ones represent
copper(II) oxide andH. Draw
watera representation
when heated;of(c) the heptane,
product
es
n. mixture,
C7H16(l),assuming
burns in that the methyl
air; (d) reactiontert-butyl
goes to completion.
ether, C5H12HowO(l),
at
es did you arrive
burns in air. at your representation? What is the limiting
b)ts reactant in this case? [Section 3.7]
e 3.19 Balance the following equations and indicate whether they
m- are combination, decomposition, or combustion reactions:
t?
(a) C3H6(g) + O2(g) ¡ CO2(g) + H2O(g)
ed (b) NH4NO3(s) ¡ N2O(g) + H2O(g)
n- (c) C5H6O(l) + O2(g) ¡ CO2(g) + H2O(g)
al (d) N2(g) + H2(g) ¡ NH3(g)
a
(e) K2O(s) + H2O(l) ¡ KOH(aq)
ed
on 3.20 Balance the following equations and indicate whether they are
combination, decomposition, or combustion reactions:
3.8 Nitrogen
(a) PbCO monoxide
3(s) ¡and oxygen
PbO(s) react
+ CO to form nitrogen diox-
2(g)
c-
ide.
(b) Consider
C2H4(g) the+ Omixture of NO and O shown in the accom-
2(g) ¡ CO2(g) +2 H2O(g)
te
panying
(c) Mg(s)diagram. The¡
+ N2(g) blue Mg
spheres represent N, and the red
3N2(s)
en
d ones
(d) Crepresent O. (a) Draw a representation of the product
in 7H8O2(l) + O2(g) ¡ CO2(g) + H2O(g)
o- mixture,
(e) Al(s)assuming
+ Cl 2(g)that
¡ the AlCl
reaction
3(s)
goes to completion. What
n? is the limiting reactant in this case? (b) How many NO2 mole-
cules would you draw as products if the reaction had a percent
yield of 75%? [Section 3.7]
 e, (c) H3C C C C O C CH3

H 3C H H
ng
Isopentyl acetate
e,
(banana flavor)
e,
n, 3.26 Calculate the percentage of carbon by mass in each of the
compounds represented by the following models:
in
as
so
e,
t-
n; (a) (b)
O2; 108 CHAPTER 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations
es
(c) What is the mass, in grams, of 7.70 * 1020 molecules of of aspartame are pre
r- N many hydrogen atom
caffeine, C8H10N4O2?
(d) What is the molar mass of cholesterol if 0.00105
S mol has a 3.39 A sample of glucose,
mass of 0.406 g? atoms. (a) How ma
3.36 (a) What is the mass, in grams, of 1.223 mol of iron(III) (b) How many mole
sulfate? many moles of gluco
(b) How many moles of ammonium ions are in 6.955 g of this sample in grams
ammonium (c) carbonate? (d)
3.40 A sample of the ma
(c) What is the mass, in grams, of 1.50 * 1021 molecules of
contains 3.88 * 102
aspirin, C9H8O4?
of carbon does it con
(d) What is the molar mass of diazepam (Valium®) if 0.05570
terone does it conta
mol has a mass of 15.86 g?
OLE (section 3.4) does it contain? (d) W
3.37 The molecular formula of allicin, the compound responsible
for the characteristic . (a) What is 3.41 The allowable concen
he how many dollars wouldsmell
each of garlic,How
receive? is Cdoes
6H10this
OS2compare
the molar mass of allicin? (b) (GDP)
How many the atmosphere in a
ht with the gross domestic product of themoles
UnitedofStates,
allicin are
present
which wasin$14.4
5.00 trillion
mg of this substance?
in 2008? (The GDP(c) is
How manymarket
the total molecules many moles of vinyl
of allicin
value of theare in 5.00
nation’s mgand
goods of this substance? (d) How many S
services.) How many molecule
w
atoms arethepresent
3.33 Calculate in 5.00
following mg of allicin?
quantities: 3.42 At least 25 mg of t
ic 3.38 (a)
Themass,
molecular
in grams,formula
of 0.105 ofmole
aspartame, the(Cartificial
of sucrose 12H22O11sweetener
) ingredient in mariju
in (b)
marketed
moles ofasZn(NO
NutraSweet®, is C
3)2 in 143.50 ofHthis
g 14 2O5. (a) What is the
18Nsubstance The molecular form
-6
O, (c) number
molar massofofmolecules
aspartame? (b) *How
in 1.0 10 many
mol CH 3CHof
moles 2OH aspartame moles of THC do
(d) number of N atoms in 0.410 mol
are present in 1.00 mg of aspartame? (c) NH 3 How many molecules molecules?
ic 3.34 Calculate the following quantities:
in (a) mass, in grams, of 1.50 * 10-2 mol of CdS
of EMPIRICAL FORMULAS
(b) number of moles of NH4Cl in 86.6 g (section
of this substance 3.5)
(c) number of molecules in 8.447 * 10-2 mol C6H6
3.43 (d)
Givenumber
the empirical formula -3 of the following com- (b) Caffeine, a stim
of of O atoms in 6.25 of each
* 10 mol Al(NO3)3
is pounds
3.35 (a) Whatifis athe
sample contains
mass, in (a)2.50
grams, of 0.0130
* 10mol
-3 C, 0.0390 mol H,
mol of ammo- 5.15% H, 28.9%
andnium
0.0065 mol
phosphate? O; (b) 11.66 g iron and 5.01 g oxygen; (c) mass of 195 g>m
he 40.0%
(b) HowC,many
6.7%moles
H, andof 53.3% Oions
chloride by mass.
are in 0.2550 g of alu- (c) Monosodium gl
es, 3.44 Determine
minum chloride?
the empirical formula of each of the following tain foods, con
 of of aspartame are present in 1.00 mg of aspartame? (d) How
many hydrogen atoms are present in 1.00 mg of aspartame?
sa 3.39 A sample of glucose, C6H12O6, contains 1.250 * 1021 carbon
atoms. (a) How many atoms of hydrogen does it contain?
II) (b) How many molecules of glucose does it contain? (c) How
many moles of glucose does it contain? (d) What is the mass of
of this sample in grams?
3.40 A sample of the male sex hormone testosterone, C19H28O2,
of
contains 3.88 * 1021 hydrogen atoms. (a) How many atoms
of carbon does it contain? (b) How many molecules of testos-
70
terone does it contain? (c) How many moles of testosterone
does it contain? (d) What is the mass of this sample in grams?
ble
is 3.41 The allowable concentration level of vinyl chloride, C2H3Cl, in
are the atmosphere in a chemical plant is 2.0 * 10-6 g>L. How
les many moles of vinyl chloride in each liter does this represent?
yS How many molecules per liter?
3.42 At least 25 mg of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active
ner ingredient in marijuana, is required to produce intoxication.
he The molecular formula of THC is C21H30O2. How many
me moles of THC does this 25 mg represent? How many
les molecules?

)
m- (b) Caffeine, a stimulant found in coffee, contains 49.5% C,
H, 5.15% H, 28.9% N, and 16.5% O by mass and has a molar
(c) mass of 195 g>mol.
(c) Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavor enhancer in cer-
ng tain foods, contains 35.51% C, 4.77% H, 37.85% O,
C, 8.29% N, and 13.60% Na, and has a molar mass of
nd 169 g>mol.
3.52 Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of each of
he the following substances:
(a) Ibuprofen, a headache remedy, contains 75.69% C, 8.80%
H, and 15.51% O by mass, and has a molar mass of
206 g>mol.
(b) Cadaverine, a foul-smelling substance produced by the
he action of bacteria on meat, contains 58.55% C, 13.81% H,
and 27.40% N by mass; its molar mass is 102.2 g>mol.
(c) Epinephrine (adrenaline), a hormone secreted into the
bloodstream in times of danger or stress, contains 59.0% C,