ön söz

Kıymetli öğrencilerim ve sevgili meslektaşlarım,

Hepimizin hayatında dönüm noktaları vardır. Ülkemizde, bu dönüm noktalarından bir kısmını gerek istedi-
ğimiz eğitimi almak için gerekse kendimize uygun ve gelecek hayatımızı geçirebileceğimiz bir işe girebilmek için
girdiğimiz sınavlar oluşturur. Bu sınavların birçoğu henüz hayatımızı ve kendimizi çok iyi analiz etmeden, belirli
dallarda yeterliliğimizi ispatlamak üzerine tasarlanmıştır. Bu nedenle, pek çok aday sınavın özelliklerini, etkilerini
ve doğurabileceği sonuçları içselleştiremeden, sınav sürecini tamamlamaktadır.

Kitabım YDS, LYS-5 ve KPSS gibi “reading comprehension” (okuduğunu anlama) bölümünün ön plana
çıktığı, ÖSYM İngilizce yeterlilik düzeyini ölçen sınavlarda, adayların paragraf sorularıyla ilgili problemlerini mini-
mum düzeye çekmek için hazırlanmıştır. Bu tür sınavlarda, her soru belirli bir süreyle sınırlanmaktadır ve adayın
algısı, hem bilgi hem çıkarım kabiliyeti, hem de süre konusunda ölçülmektedir. Her üç sınavda da soru tipleri
incelendiğinde, okuduğunu anlama bölümünün, sınavın büyük bir kısmını oluşturduğu görülmektedir.

Yirmi yıllık sınav hazırlığı çalışmalarımda, YDS/LYS-5 adaylarının azımsanamayacak bir kısmının gerekli
alt yapı bilgisine sahip olsalar bile “paragraph” (paragraf), “paragraph completion” (paragraf tamamlama) ve
“finding the irrelevant sentence” (anlam akışını bozan cümleyi bulma) bölümlerinde, soru çözüm teknikleri ve
stratejilerine hâkim olmadıkları için sınavda süreyi yetiştiremediklerini ve istedikleri neticeyi alamadıklarını gör-
düm. Bu kitap, düzenli çalışan bir adayın bu bölümlerde hem eksiksiz bir biçimde alt yapı bilgilerini pekiştirmesini
sağlayacaktır; hem de sınav stratejileriyle onun sıfır hataya gitme olasılığını arttıracaktır. Ayrıca, kitabım sözcük
bilgisi çok iyi düzeyde olmayan adayların, öncelikle anlama girmeden, soru çözüm teknikleriyle rahatlıkla bazı
seçenekleri eleyip, doğru yanıtı içeren seçeneğe yönelmelerini sağlayacaktır.

ÖSYM›nin uyguladığı YDS ve LYS–5 gibi çoktan seçmeli İngilizce yeterlilik sınavları, adayların usage
(dili kullanım kabiliyetleri: speaking, listening, writing, reading) yeterliliklerini sorgulamaktan ziyade know-
ledge (bilgi: grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension) bilgilerini ölçen sınavlardır. Ve bu tarz sınav-
larda başarının anahtarı; çok iyi bir sözcük bilgisine sahip olunmasa da iyi bir dil bilgisi ve paragraf teknikleri
bilgisinin yanı sıra zaman kazandırıcı soru çözüm taktiklerine hâkim olmaktır. Soru sayısı olarak okuduğunu
anlama ve dil bilgisi bölümlerinin ağırlıklı olduğu bu sınavlara hazırlık sürecinde, kitap okumanın önemi küçüm-
senemez. Adayların bu dönemde okudukları kitapların olay ağırlıklı türler olduğunu (roman-hikâye) görüyorum,
ancak ÖSYM sınavlarında metinler genellikle bilim dallarından (sağlık, fen, sosyal bilimler) alınmaktadır ve
bu nedenle reading (paragraf tamamlama, ilgisiz cümleyi bulma, paragraf) bölümlerinde yer alan metinlerin
belirli bir organizasyonu vardır. Adaylar, paragraf organizasyonu ve soru çözüm stratejilerine hâkim olurlarsa
ve ayrıca bol miktarda nitelikli soru çözerlerse sınav esnasında yaşadıkları en temel sorunlardan biri olan
süreyi yetiştirememek problemini de ortadan kaldırabilirler. Metinlerin çeşitli bilim dallarından alınmış olması, aynı
konularda fazla sayıca soru çözen bir adayın sıfır hataya gitmesini kolaylaştıracaktır. Burada kabaca bir ifadeyle
“sorular uzaydan gelmiyor” benzetmesi yerinde olacaktır.

Dilin kendi sabit kurallarını da hesaba katarsak, 80 soruluk bir sistemde soruların büyük bir kısmının
çözümünde; ilk planda strateji, ipuçlarını bilmenin ve zamanı iyi kullanmanın, biçim olarak soru köküyle örtüş-
meyen seçenekleri tespit edebilmek açısından önemli olduğunu görüyoruz. Fast Track in Paragraph kitabımda
adaylara taban bilgisi teşkil edecek olan ve çoktan seçmeli sınavlarda “olmazsa olmaz” şeklinde tabir ettiğimiz
klişeleşmiş kalıpların yanı sıra gelecek sınavlarda çıkması muhtemel anlama dayalı ve tamamen özgün
sorulara da yer verdim. Yıllardır sınıflarda gözlemlediğim, adayları hata yapmaya teşvik eden unsurları, çalı-
şırken sıralamada yaptıkları hata ve eksikleri, süreyi iyi kullanamama, akılda fazla sayıda sözcük tutamama,
çalışmaya nereden ve nasıl başlayacağını bilememe gibi faktörleri göz önünde bulundurarak yukarıda da söz
ettiğim gibi etkin bir YDS hazırlık çalışmasının en önemli kısımlarından biri olan “reading” bölümü için bu
kitapta onlara bilgi ve hız kazandıracak bir sistem geliştirdim. Kitabım, defalarca aynı (çıkmış) soruları çözmek
zorunda kalan adaylara dönük özgün ve 2014 YDS itibariyle çıkan soru tiplerini de içermesi nedeniyle emsal-
lerinden farklı bir nitelik taşımaktadır.

Paragraf sorularında en güzel antrenman süre tutularak yapılandır. Hız sorularının mantığı budur.
Soruların süre sınırlaması altında ve zorluk derecesine göre çözülmesi, adaylara hız kazandıracaktır.

YDS ve LYS-5 sınavlarında reading comprehension (okuduğunu anlama) bölümü üç kısımdan olu-
şur: paragraph (paragraf), paragraph completion (paragraf tamamlama), finding the irrelevant sentence
(anlam akışını bozan cümleyi bulma). Paragraf organizasyonunu bilen ve süreyi iyi kullanan bir aday her üç
bölümde de başarılı olacaktır. Ancak paragraf tamamlama ve anlam akışını bozan cümleyi bulma bölümlerinde
kullanmamız gereken ek teknikler ve soru çözüm stratejileri mevcuttur. Bu nedenle bu üç bölüm kitabımda ayrı
ayrı ele alınacaktır.

Fast Track in Paragraph kitabı, adayın sınavda ihtiyaç duyabileceği paragraf bilgisi ve soru çözüm
tekniklerine ulaşmasını mümkün kılmaktadır. Kitabın içinde yer alan stratejiler 2013 YDS ile birleşen iki sına-
vın (KPDS/ÜDS) mantığına uygun, yeni, güncel ve soru çözümüne dair bilgilerinizi güçlendirecek niteliktedir.

YDS soru dağılım tablosu Tavsiye Edilen Süre

1. - 6. Sorular (6 soru) Vocabulary (sözcük) 8’

7. - 16. Sorular (10 soru) Grammar & Preposition (dil bilgisi / edat) 15’
17. - 26. Sorular (10 soru) Cloze Test 14’
27. - 36. Sorular (10 soru) Sentence Completion (cümle tamamlama) 15’
37. - 42. Sorular (6 soru) Translation (çeviri) 6’
43. - 62. Sorular (20 soru) Paragraph (okuma parçaları) 60’
63. - 67. Sorular (5 soru) Dialogue Completion (diyalog tamamlama) 8’
68. - 71. Sorular (4 soru) Restatement (anlamca en yakın cümleyi bulma) 8’
72. - 75. Sorular (4 soru) Paragraph Completion (paragraf tamamlama) 8’
Finding the Irrelevant Sentence (ilgisiz cümleyi
76. - 80. Sorular (5 soru) 8’
bulma)
80 Soru 150’
 YDS’de her biri dört soru içeren beş paragraf, dört sorudan oluşan paragraf tamamlama ve beş sorudan
oluşan anlam akışını bozan cümleyi bulma bölümleri bulunmaktadır. Bu bölümler, toplamda sınavda önemli bir yer
kaplamaktadırlar. Özellikle 2014 YDS sınavı itibariyle okuduğunu anlama bölümlerinde soru köklerinde ve tarzların-
da bir takım değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Fast Track in Paragraph kitabı, bu yeni soru köklerini ve açıklamalarını
içermektedir. Kitabımda yer alan testlerde, zorluk derecesi sırasıyla dört farklı seviyeyi temsil eden dört renk kul-
lanılmıştır. Sarı renkteki testler ısınma turlarını, kırmızı renkteki testler adayın alıştığı ve soru çözüm tekniklerini
benimsemeye başladığı aşamayı, yeşil renkteki testler paragraf kabiliyetlerinin geliştiği ve adayların hız kazandığı
seviyeyi ve mor renkteki testler ise adayın artık klişeleşmiş kalıpların dışındaki soruları süreyi de iyi kullanarak çöze-
bilme kabiliyetlerini ölçer. Bu nedenle sınavın zorluk derecesiyle birebir örtüşen ya da daha zor soruları içeren mor
testlerin çözümleri Paragrafta Hız kitabına dâhil edilmiştir. Her testin başında, adayın o bölümü ne kadar sürede
çözmesi gerektiğine dair bir kısım yerleştirilmiştir. Testlerin bitiminde adayların kendilerini süre ve doğru/yanlış sayısı
olarak değerlendirebilecekleri bir kutucuk eklenmiştir.

Paragrafta Hız kitabından en iyi biçimde faydalanabilmeniz için:

1. Başlangıçta verilen soru çözüm stratejilerini dikkatli okumanız,
2. Stratejilerden sonra verilen örnekleri çözmeniz,
3. Hız testlerinde, soruları ön görülen sürede çözmeye dikkat etmeniz,
4. Kitabın sonunda verilen sözlüğü (günde ortalama 12 sözcüğü çalışarak -3 aylık çalışma süresi göz önüne
alınarak) çalışmanız gerekmektedir.

Bu kitabın hazırlanma sürecinde desteğini esirgemeyen ve sabreden sevgili oğlum Algın BOYACIOĞLU’na,

Tüm enerjisiyle benimle birlikte olan, her aşamada yardımcı olan ve en zor anlarda bile yanımda olan Bülent
YÜKSEL’e,

Bana hem bir meslektaş hem de dost olarak güvenen Yaşar TATLITÜRK’e,

Ve kitabımın fikir olarak çıkış noktasını sağlayan Göksu ÇETİN’e teşekkürü bir borç bilirim.

Deniz PINAR
 İçİndekİler
Sayfa
YDS / LYS - 5 Paragraph (Paragraf) Bölümü Soru Çözüm Stratejileri 7
YDS / LYS - 5 Paragraph Completion (Paragraf Tamamlama)
Bölümü Soru Çözüm Stratejileri ......................................................... 24
YDS / LYS - 5 Finding The Irrelevant Sentence
(Anlam Akışını Bozan Cümleyi Bulma) Bölümü Soru Çözüm
Stratejileri............................................................................................ 31
Hız Testleri.......................................................................................... 37
Mor Hız Test Çözümleri....................................................................... 109
Cevap Anahtarları .............................................................................. 133
YDS / LYS - 5’te En Çok Çıkan Kelimeler........................................... 134
YDS / LYS - 5’te En Çok Çıkan Öbeksi Fiiller..................................... 157
 PARAGRAF SORULARINDA DİKKAT
EDİLECEK NOKTALAR
İdeal bir paragrafın ana fikri, parçanın giriş
bölümü olan ilk cümlede verilir. Yazar, bu
bölümde, paragrafın ilerleyen bölümlerinde
savunacağı, üzerinde duracağı, destekleyeceği
ya da nadiren de olsa çürüteceği fikri ortaya
atar.
Paragraf, çoğunlukla genelden özele giden bir
düşünce zincirine dayalıdır (kronolojik parag-
raflar, biyografiler ve hikâyeler dışında). Bu
durumda, parçanın ilk cümlesinin genel bir
yargı niteliği taşıması ve diğer cümlelerde bu
yargıyı (iddiayı) destekleyen, daha “specific”
(özel) cümlelerin yer alması gerekir.
Bir metinin ilk cümlesinde, gönderme ifadeleri
(this, that, it, those, she, the former, another
vb.) ve bazı bağlaçların (because, therefore,
however, but vb.) cümle başlatması dil kuralla-
rına uygun değildir.
Paragraf sorularında, okuma esnasında, her
seçenek soru köküyle birleştirilerek okunmalı-
dır çünkü çoğu durumda, herhangi bir seçenek
tek başına doğru ancak soru köküyle birleşti-
rildiğinde yanlış bir anlam ifade edebilir. Parça
okunurken, gerçek hayatta da yer alma ihtimali
daha sınırlı olan “all, none, never, every, ext-
remely, only, superlative, comparative vb.”
gibi anlam daraltan ve genişleten keskin (radi-
kal) ifadelerin yer aldığı seçeneklere öncelikle
yoğunlaşılmamalıdır. Ancak, tersten, okuma
esnasında parçada geçen bu tür ifadelerin altı
çizilmelidir çünkü yazarlar, genellikle, bu tür
alışılmadık ifadelerin geçtiği cümleler ile ilgili
soru sorarlar.
Paragraf sorularını yanıtlarken, dikkat etmemiz
gereken en önemli noktalardan biri, kendimize
ait yorum yapmamamızdır. Sorular yanıtlanır-
ken, verilen parçaya bağlı kalınmalıdır. Her
soru tipinin kendine ait bir mantığı vardır ve
soru çözerken kendi mantığımıza göre değil
sorunun mantığına ve parçada verilen bilgiye
göre hareket etmemiz gerekir. Bu durumda,
soru kökünün iyi okunup anlaşılması ve par-
çada soruya uygun yanıtın aranması zaman
kazandıracaktır. Aynı zamanda bu şekilde,
hatalı okuma alışkanlıklarına (soru kökünde
verilen olumsuz bir ifadeyi olumlu olarak oku-
mak gibi) da engel olunabilir.
7
Paragraf sorularına ilk olarak, birinci soruyu
okuyarak başlanmalıdır. Dört soruyu okuyup
da parça okuma esnasında hepsini akılda
tutmak zordur. Bu nedenle, ilk soru okunarak,
özellikle ana fikir sorusu soruluyorsa parçanın
ilk iki cümlesine ağırlık verilebilir.
Paragraf soruları diğer soru tiplerinden daha
kolaydır çünkü diğer soru tiplerinin aksine
parça incelemeye dayalı sorularda, üst düzey
bir dil bilgisi (grammar) ya da sözcük bilgisi
(vocabulary) gerekmez. Parçayla ilgili soruların
paragrafın bütünlüğünde yer aldığı bu tip soru-
larda, paragraf organizasyonunu bilen ve süreli
test çözen adaylar bu sorularda daha yüksek
başarı sağlayabilirler.
Parça okunurken, hız kazanmak için (soru
kökünden parçada istenen bilgiye hızlı dönüş
yapmak için) paragrafta önemli olan bilgi-
lerin altı çizilmelidir. Okuma esnasında ilk
cümlenin (konu cümlesi), anlam daraltan ya
da genişleten ifadelerin, comparative/superla-
tive (kıyaslama) ifadelerinin, dönüş (however,
nevertheless vb.) ifadelerinin, vurgu zarfı (in
fact, indeed, actually vb.) içeren ifadelerin ve
sonuç cümlesinin altı çizilmelidir. Bu şekilde,
aday, seçenekler arasında çelişkiye düştüğün-
de altı çizili ifadeleri okuyarak doğru seçeneğe
ulaşabilir.
Parçaları okurken nesnel (tarafsız) bir tavırla
okumamız gerekir çünkü aşağıda verilecek
soruların parçada yer alan bilgilere göre yanıt-
lanması gerekmektedir. Kendi düşüncelerimiz,
bizi genel olarak ya da kendimizce doğru ama
parçada iletilmek istenen mesaja göre yanlış
seçeneklere yönlendirebilir.
Paragraf sorularında yetkin olabilmek için en
azından son on yılın çıkmış YDS ve LYS-5
soruları titizlikle, sabırla, dikkatlice ve yanlış-
lar detaylıca incelenerek çözülmelidir. Düzenli
olarak yapacağınız günlük paragraf çözme
egzersizleri anlama, yorumlama, sebep-sonuç
ve karşılaştırma yeteneğinizi geliştirerek oku-
duğunu anlama bölümünde başarılı olmanızı
sağlayacaktır.
 YDS PARAGRAPH
(PARAGRAF) BÖLÜMÜ
YDS’de her biri dört soru içeren beş paragraf bulun- gösterebilir. Strateji bölümünde sınava hazırlık sürecinde
maktadır. Paragraf bölümü, YDS’de adayları en çok tedir- adaylara engel teşkil eden bu sorunları ortadan kaldıracak
gin eden ve onların en fazla hata yaptıkları bölümlerden ya da en azından minimum düzeye çekebilecek bir takım
biridir. Yapılan hataların özellikle parça okuma bölümün- soru çözüm teknikleri bulunmaktadır.
den gelmesinin bazı nedenleri vardır:
STRATEJİ - 1
1) İngilizce kitap okuma deneyiminin olmaması.

2) Adaylar tarafından sınav süresinin iyi kullanıla-
maması.
3) Kelime bilgisinin yeterli olmaması (özellikle par-
çalarda büyük önem taşıyan synonym/eş anlamlı sözcük
bilgisinin yetersiz olması).
4) Soru kökleri bilinmediği için soruda tam olarak ne
istendiğinin anlaşılamaması.
5) Parçada nereden başlayacağını, önce nereye
bakacağını bilememek.
6) Geçmişten gelen okuma alışkanlığı yoksa dikkatli
ve hızla okuma kabiliyetinin gelişmemiş olması.
7) YDS’ye dönük grammar (dil bilgisi) konusunda
yeterli bilgiye sahip olmamak. Farklı yapıları biçimsel
ve anlamsal olarak birbirlerine dönüştürememek ya da
anlamca yakın ifadeleri (restatements) tanıyamamak.
TEMEL DÜZEYDE PARAGRAF ORGANİZAS-
YONUNU BİLMEK
Adaylarda bir takım okuma kabiliyetleri ve etkili
okumaya dönük bir altyapı olsa da olmasa da en azından
temel düzeyde paragraf organizasyonunu bilmeleri gere-
kir. Çünkü YDS paragraflarında parçada geçen tüm söz-
cüklerin anlamını bilmek ya da parçayı birebir Türkçe’ye
çevirmek yeterli değildir. Böylelikle adaylar soru köklerin-
de istenen bilgiyi nerede arayıp bulacaklarını bilebilirler.
Özellikle uzun paragraflarda paragraf organizasyonuna
hâkim olmayan adaylar paragrafın içinde kaybolarak hem
süreyi yetiştirememektedirler hem de psikolojik olarak
kendilerini stres altında hissederek sınavdan hedefledik-
leri ve kolaylıkla alabilecekleri puanları alamamaktadırlar.

8) Parçada ana fikri tespit edememek. Ana fikir

(main idea) paragrafta okuyucuya iletilmek istenen en
temel mesajdır. Soru köklerinde direkt ana fikir sorulma-
sa bile bu bilgi tüm soru tiplerinin çözümünde gerekli bir
unsurdur.

9) Fazla heyecan, stres, ya da buna benzer duy-

guların sınav hazırlık süresince adayların motivasyon ve
odaklanmalarını düşürmesi.

10) Bol miktarda ve nitelikli soru çözmemiş olmak.

Yeterli sayıda soru çözülse bile soruların düşük kalitede
sınava yönelik olmayan, hatalı ya da sınavın zorluk düze-
YDS paragrafları genellikle bilim dallarını içeren
yinin çok altında veya üstünde olması.
makalelerden ve diğer yazı türlerinden alınmış parçalar-
11) Çok soru çözülse bile çözülen sorularda yapılan dır. Bilim dallarıyla ilgili konular içerdiklerinden paragraflar
hataların ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelenmemesi ve bu neden- için serbest yazılardır diyemeyiz. Bu nedenle, akademik
le aynı yanlışları tekrar tekrar yapmak. unsurlar taşıyan bu paragrafların belirli bir organizasyon-
ları vardır. Tabi ki kurala uymayan serbest yazılarla (anı,
12) Çıkarım sorularında ima edilen bilginin bulunma-
deneme, biyografi, vb.) da karşılaşabiliriz. Bu tür metin-
sında zorluk yaşamak.
lerde de bol miktarda soru çözülerek başarı sağlanabilir.
Bu sebepler adayların ders çalışma alışkanlıkları
Aşağıda sözünü edeceğimiz paragraf organizasyonu,
ya da sınav hazırlığına ayıracakları süre gibi bireysel
bilim dalı paragrafları temel alınarak hazırlanmıştır.
özellikleri ve İngilizce’ye olan yatkınlıklarına göre farklılık

8
 YDS ve LYS-5’te paragrafların çoğu bir “allegation”
ÖRNEK
(iddia, sav, tez) cümlesi ile başlar. Nasıl ki derse başlarken
bir öğretmen o gün hangi konuyu ele alacağını bildiriyorsa
benzer bir şekilde yazar da paragrafta açıklanacak konuyu Specific aspect of
Keyword (-) Topic
the topic (main idea)
ilk cümlede verir. Bu durumun istisnası genelde kronolojik
ya da biyografi paragraflarıdır. Ancak tüm metinler göz
önüne alındığında bu tarz paragrafların sayısı azınlıktadır. Without a library, educational facilities
Tipik bir paragraf üç kısımdan oluşur: “introduction would die in a short time.
(giriş), body (gelişme), conclusion (sonuç).” İddianın
ortaya atıldığı ilk cümle çoğunlukla paragrafın en genel
cümlesidir. Major Support A Major Support B Major Support C

Bu bölüm adaylar için çok büyük bir önem taşımak-

tadır çünkü “topic” (konu)’i ve “main idea” (ana fikir)’yı First, the library Second, the Third, it is
is essential to library is the generally open
içeren “topic sentence” (konu cümlesi) bu bölümde verilir. students who center for to public even if
Birçok paragraf tek bir konuyu ve o konunun tek bir find the materials teachers. it belongs to an
yönünü ele alır. Ve bu bilgi özellikle paragraf tamamlama
they need for educational
writing reports, institute.
ve ilgisiz cümleyi bulma bölümlerinde soruyu çözme nok- term papers, Minor Support
tasında çok önemlidir. Yazar, ilk cümlede verdiği konuyu and for outside
reading. Minor Support
“controlling idea” (sınırlayıcı fikir) ve “keywords” (anahtar
They must not
kelimeler) kullanarak tek bir yönde sınırlar (one specific only prepare their
Minor Support In this way,
aspect of the topic). Bunun amacı metinin çok genel ve class materials
but must also it makes a wide
çok uzun olmasını engellemektir. Ayrıca, ilk cümlede variety of reading
keep up with new
göreceğimiz “keywords” (ki bunlar genelde sıfatlar ve They also find it developments available to
the most in their fields. people and
zarflardır) bize paragrafın gidişatı hakkında da ön bilgi
appropriate increases the
verir. Yani paragraf eğer olumsuz anlam taşıyan ifadelerle place to study. literacy level of
başlıyorsa çoğunlukla konuya bakış açısı o şekilde gider. the community.
Aynı biçimde olumlu bir başlangıç varsa yine okuyucu
olarak beklentimiz olumlu devam etmesidir. Bu bilginin
faydası, seçenekleri okurken aksi yöndeki ifadelere ilk The Concluding Sentence
evvela yoğunlaşmayarak zaman kazanmaktır.
Pek çok paragrafın bir “generalization” (genelleme) Therefore, library is a factor which
ile başladığı ve “main idea” (ana fikir) ‘nın da bu bölümde should be regarded as being
yer aldığını ifade etmiştik. Yazar genelden özele doğru the true center of a campus.
giderken “supporting ideas” (destekleyici fikirler) ile en
başta verdiği konuyu destekler. “Supporting ideas”, önem
ve genellik sırasına göre “major” ve “minor” olabilir. Without a library, educational facilities would die
Paragraf ilk cümlede verilen iddiayı (anafikri) destekleyen in a short time. First, the library is essential to students
ve toparlayan ya da tekrar eden bir sonuç cümlesi (resta- who find the materials they need for writing reports,
tement) ile bitebilir. term papers, and for outside reading. First, the library is
essential to students who find the materials they need
for writing reports, term papers, and for outside reading.
They also find it the most appropriate place to study.
Free of noise and having plenty of academic resources, it
serves a peaceful atmosphere for the students. Second,
the library is the center for teachers. They must not only
prepare their class materials but must also keep up with
new developments in their fields. Third, it is generally
open to public even if it belongs to an educational
institute. In this way, it makes a wide variety of reading
available to people and increases the literacy level of the
community. Therefore, library is a factor which should be
regarded as being the true center of a campus..

9
 ÖRNEK
(SERBEST YAZI)
My most frightening experience happened when I
was 10 years old. I went swimming with my friends during
a summer vacation. The beach we went was full of big
and sharp stones and the water was very deep. We were
swimming near the beach at first but we soon moved
deeper and deeper. Then, one of my friends challenged
me to race with him but there was a great distance
between the two points. I was scared still I agreed to
race with him. We started swimming and I got tired in the
middle of the race. I found a stone, climbed on it, and sat
there for a while. He was rather ahead of me. When he
was about to win the race, I jumped into the water and
started swimming really fast. The water got deeper and I
got even more tired but I won the race in the end. During
the next four days, I got cramps and I wasn’t able to walk.
STRATEJİ - 2
PARAGRAFIN ANA FİKRİNİ BELİRLEMEK
YDS ve LYS-5 paragraflarında birkaç yıl öncesine
kadar ana fikir soruları çok yaygındı. Ancak son yıllar-
da eskisi kadar sık sorulmamaktaydı. 2014 sınavlarıyla
birlikte bu soru tipi tekrar gündeme geldi. Bu nedenle,
paragrafta ana fikri bulmak yeniden daha büyük bir önem
kazandı. Ayrıca soru kökünde anafikir istenmese bile
diğer soru tiplerini yanıtlayabilmemiz için de paragrafın
temel konusunu bilmemiz gerekir. Böylece farklı soru
tiplerinde de konu dışı olan seçenekler kolaylıkla elene-
bilir. Yazarlar yanlış olan seçeneklerde konu dışı ifadeleri
sıklıkla kullanırlar. Paragrafın ana konusu ya da yazarın
metinde okuyucuya iletmek istediği temel mesaj aday
tarafından net bir biçimde anlaşılırsa bazı sorularda üç
seçenek birden konu dışı olduğu için kolaylıkla elenecek-
tir. Bu bilginin ışığında paragrafın ana fikrini tespit etmek
daha büyük önem kazanır.
10
PARAGRAFTA ANA FİKİR NEREDE YER ALIR
YDS gibi sınavlarda paragrafın ana fikri başta, ortada
ya da sonda yer alır diye kesin bir yargıda bulunamayız.
Hatta bazı paragraflarda ana fikir, tüm metinden çıkarım
yapılarak bulunur. Ancak özellikle bilim dallarından alınan
paragraflar iyi organize olmuş metinlerdir. Bu tür metinler
genellikle ana fikri ilk cümlelerde verirler. Bilim dalı
paragrafları çoğunlukla giriş bölümünde bir “allegation”
(sav, tez) ortaya atarlar ve paragrafın geri kalan kısmında
ilk bölümde ortaya atılan iddia desteklenir ya da çürütülür.
Fakat, serbest metinlerde (deneme, biyografi… vb.) aynı
paragraf organizasyonuyla karşılaşmak zordur. Çünkü
bu tür paragraflar herhangi bir mesaj iletme kaygısı
taşımazlar. YDS paragrafları daha çok bilim dallarından
alınmış metinlerdir ve bu da paragraf organizasyonunu
bilen adaylar için bir şanstır.
ANA FİKRİN YAPISI
Daha önce de belirttiğimiz gibi özellikle bilim dalla-
rından alınmış ya da akademik paragraflar daha organize
bir yapıya sahiptirler. Bu tür metinler genelde bir iddianın
ortaya atıldığı bir “topic sentence” (konu cümlesi) ile baş-
larlar ve ana fikir de bu konu cümlesinin içinde yer alır. Bu
yüzden adaylar için metnin ilk cümlesini hatta ilk iki cümle-
sini (ikinci cümle bazen ilk cümledeki iddiayı desteklemek
yerine farklı ifadelerle pekiştirir) çok iyi anlamak önemlidir.
80 sorudan oluşan ve 150 dakika (2,5 saat) süre verilen
YDS’de paragraf için ayırmamız gereken ortalama süre
60 dakikadır (1 saat). Paragrafı anlamaya dört dakika
ayırdıysak bu sürenin en az bir dakikasını ilk iki cümleye
ayırmalıyız. Ana fikir yani paragrafa hâkim düşünce ya da
düşünceler net anlaşılırsa paragrafı da tam olarak anlama
şansımız büyük oranda artar. Çünkü diğer cümleler ilk iki
cümlede sunulan ana düşünceyi destekleyici niteliktedir
ve sorulardaki seçenekler de bu bağlamda karşımıza
çıkacaktır.
a) ANA FİKİR TEK BİR KONUNUN TEK BİR
YÖNÜNÜ ELE ALABİLİR
Genel olarak; iyi organize olmuş pek çok paragraf
tek bir konuyu (one topic) ve o konunun tek bir yönünü
(one specific aspect of the topic) ele alır. Bu nedenle ilk
cümle okunduğunda sorulması gereken iki soru vardır:
‘konu ne?, nesi?’ (konunun hangi yönü ele alınmış?). Ele
alınan bu yön paragrafın anafikrini (main idea) oluşturur.
Aday paragraf soruların başarılı olabilmek için ‘konu ne?,
nesi?’ sorularını tüm metinlerin ilk cümlesine sormalıdır.
Özneler ve nesneler konuyu ve anafikri tespit etmemizde
önemli rol oynarlar. İlk cümlede daha genel olan ifade
konuyu, özel olan da anafikri belirler.
 ÖRNEK ÖRNEK

Climate has changed enormously throughout the Over the past two decades, Qatar has experienced
world in the last few years. enormous changes in almost every area. First of all,
Bu cümlenin bir paragrafın ilk cümlesi olduğunu communications have been developed; in the past, there
varsayarsak sormamız gereken ilk soru “konu ne?”dir. were no telecommunications systems at all but now
Cümlede yer alan en genel ifade olan “the world” paragrafın the country has a modern system connected to other
konusudur. Ancak konu geneldir. Anafikir ise daha countries in the world by satellite. The industrial sector
“specific” (özel) ifadede verilir. Paragrafın açıklayacağı has also grown tremendously by the construction of
kısım ve aday için en önemli kısım anafikirdir. Bunun için plenty of factories including cement, petrochemicals and
ilk cümleye ikinci soru sorulmalıdır: “dünyanın nesi?”. food canning. Moreover, the transportation system has
Cevap “climate” (iklim) ifadesidir. İlk cümlede konuya been modernized totally. Now, it has a network spreading
bakış açısı genelde sıfat ve zarfların verildiği ifadelerde to even the most remote parts of the country. All these
yer alır. Bu cümlede bakış açısı “changed enormously” factors make Qatar appealing to both the natives and to
(büyük oranda değişti) ifadesinde yer almaktadır. visitors.
Konu ne: the world Topic (konu ne?): Qatar
Nesi: climate One specific aspect (nesi?): Enormous changes
Bakış açısı: change enormously Qatar has experienced
Konuyu tek bir yönde sınırlamanın nedeni, “too
general” (çok genel) bilgiden kaçınarak paragrafı tek bir
yönde sınırlamak ve paragrafı genelden özele doğru ÖRNEK
taşıyarak “unity” (metinsel bütünlüğü) sağlamaktır. Hemen
hemen her paragraf genelden özele doğru gider, ancak The physical universe has often offered hazards
özelden genele giden, ya da her iki kurala da uymayan to explorers throughout human history. For instance,
kronolojik parçalarla da karşılaşmak mümkündür. Bol the primitive people risked their lives while they were
miktarda, nitelikli soru çözerek bu tarz paragraflarda da abandoning their homes in search of food and water
başarı sağlayabiliriz. because there was almost always the possibility to
encounter a predator. They were actually risking their
lives. Afterwards, people sailed the seas in quest of new
ÖRNEK settlements or for earning money, but most of them died
in terrible storms. Likewise, mankind went to space and
Building a dam for hydraulic power is a process even walked in the space which is home to unknown
that involves many complex steps and expertism. After dangers for explorers.
the need for such a construction has been determined,
Topic (konu ne?): the physical universe
the kind of region and the prospects for population growth
must be examined. Besides, a hydrology research One specific aspect (nesi?): hazards (dangers)
should be conducted as to the precipitation, soil of exploration
constituents, and river measurements in the construction
area. After all these complex stages, the dam is ready
to be built.
Topic (konu ne?): Building a dam
One specific aspect (nesi?): complexity of
building a dam
Örnekte de gördüğümüz gibi paragrafta konu olarak
baraj inşaatından söz edilmiştir. Paragraflarda ilk cümleler
genelde konuyu verirler ve cümle içerisinde daha genel
olan ifade (özne ya da nesne) parçanın konusudur. Daha
özel olan ifade ise ana fikirdir. Bu parça, bir YDS paragrafı
olsaydı, muhtemelen ana fikir sorusunda seçeneklerin
çoğu baraj inşaatının herhangi bir yönünden (maliyeti,
çevresel koşullar, işçilerin durumu vs.) söz edecekti. Oysa
ki hem ilk cümleden hem de paragraf boyunca sürekli
tekrar eden ya da anlamca birbirine benzeyen yapı ve
kelimelerden de yola çıkarak konu ve konunun hangi
yönünün ele alındığı kolaylıkla bulunacaktır ve konu dışı
seçenekler elenebilecektir.

11
 ÖRNEK
Advertisements are one of the most boring parts
of watching television. They are not only waste of
time with about fifteen minutes of useless breaks but
also interrupting us from what we watch. Because
of advertisements, we often forget the situation of
a show or a film and so we may lose our feelings
related. Even worse, advertisements show many products
more appealing than they really are and make us buy
unnecessary products. As a result, we should be aware
and careful about the advertisements on television in
order to resist their attraction.
Topic: Advertisements
One specific aspect: negative effects of
advertisements
b) ANA FİKİR BİRDEN FAZLA KONU YA DA
AYNI KONUNUN BİRDEN FAZLA YÖNÜNÜ
İÇEREBİLİR
ÖRNEK
The main economies of Karabük are iron, steel
topic(konu)
industries and wheat growing.
Bu cümlenin bir paragrafın ilk cümlesi olduğunu
varsayarsak konu daha genel ifade olan Karabük,
konunun ele alınan yönü (anafikir) ise Karabük’ün temel
endüstrileri olan demir çelik ve buğday yetiştiriciliğidir.
Okuyucu olarak beklentimiz artık paragrafta hem demir
çelik endüstrisinden hem de buğday yetiştiriciliğinden söz
edilmesidir.
ÖRNEK
Pollution and the over-exploitation of resources
are having a tremendous impact on environment.
topic (konu)
Örneğimizde konu çevre, ele alınan yön ise kirliliğin
ve kaynakların aşırı tüketiminin çevre üzerinde yarattığı
büyük etkidir.
ÖRNEK
Italy and Greece have warm climates.
topic (konu)
Bu örneğimizde ise iki konu ve konunun tek bir
yönü (anafikir) verilmiştir. Konu İtalya ve Yunanistan, ele
alınan yönü yani paragrafta açıklanacak olan kısım ise bu
ülkelerin ılıman iklimlere sahip olmasıdır.
12
c) BAĞLAÇLI CÜMLELERDE ANA FİKİR YAN
CÜMLECİKTE (BAĞLAÇLI KISIMDA) YER
ALAMAZ
ÖRNEK
Although book prices have only risen by 30 percent
in the last two years, those of magazines, during the
last ten years, have gone up more than 130 percent.
Main clause (temel cümle)
Yukarıda verdiğimiz cümlede yazarın iletmek istediği
temel mesaj (ana fikir), temel cümlede yani bağlacın
bulunmadığı kısımda yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle, cümle
bir parçanın giriş cümlesi olsaydı, okuyucu olarak
beklentimiz paragrafın geri kalanında temel cümlede
ortaya atılan iddianın açıklanması yönünde olmalıydı.
ÖRNEK
Highlights of the Great Wisconsin Festival where
sculptors transform 18 kg blocks of cheddar cheese
into objects of beauty include cheese-carving and
cheesecake contests.
Main clause (temel cümle)
Cümlede ana fikir bağlacın olmadığı kısımda
verilmiştir.
“Noun clause” (isim cümleciği) yapısında ana
fikir temel cümlede değil yan cümlede yer alır.
ÖRNEK
Scientists suggest that huge amounts of
greenhouse gases will be released into the atmosphere
if rising temperatures cause the Arctic ice to melt.
Noun clause (isim cümleciği)
Yukarıdaki örnekte de gördüğümüz gibi verilmek
istenen temel mesaj (ana fikir) “that huge amounts
of greenhouse gases will be released into the
atmosphere if rising temperatures cause the Arctic
ice to melt” cümleciğinde ifade edilmiştir.
“But, yet, however, nevertheless ve on the
other hand” gibi geçiş sözcüklerini içeren cümlelerde
önemli bilgiler bu ifadelerin yer aldığı kısımdadır.
ÖRNEK
Sunbathing is beneficial, but it may be harmful as
well.
Verilen cümlede güneşlenmenin yararlı olduğu
şeklinde bir giriş yapılmıştır fakat asıl verilmek istenen
mesaj (ana fikir) ve paragraf boyunca da ele alınacak
olan iddia “but” bağlacının verildiği kısımda yer alan
güneşlenmenin zararlı olabileceği ifadesidir.

ÖRNEK
The cheetah is believed to be an efficient hunter, yet
in fact only about half of its endeavours to catch prey are
successful. The most common cause of its failure is early
notice by the prey. Cheetahs do not take wind direction
into consideration when running, and unlike hyenas,
cheetahs do not attempt to single out handicapped or
sick animals.
Yukarıdaki metin çitaların ne kadar etkin avcılar
olduğu ifadesiyle başlamaktadır ancak “yet” kullanımıyla
konu, avlanmakta yarı yarıya başarılı olduklarına ve
bunun nedenlerine geçiş yapmıştır.
EXERCISES
ii. Find the most general statement.
1. a) participating in classes
b) studying regularly
c) listening to lectures carefully
d) being successful at school
e) doing the assignments on time
2. a) being healthy
b) eating less but frequently
c) watching your weight control
d) doing sports
e) preferring healthy foods
3. a) telling your situation to your acquintances
b) being aware of your capabilities
c) determining your objectives and goals
d) applying to an employment agency
e) getting a job appropriate for you
4. a) being friends with your colleagues
b) getting paid satisfactory amounts of wages
c) overcoming the work stress
d) giving breaks to relax yourself
e) concentrating on your job
5. a) having limited numbers of scholarships
b) having a complex curriculum
c) finding experienced and qualified professors
d) difficulties of attending a college
e) paying tuition and dormitory fees
Yanıtlar: 1-D, 2-A, 3-E, 4-C, 5-D
13
ii. Put the sentences in the best order to make
a meaningful paragraph and mark the topic
sentence.
1. a) Firstly, they work in boring or dirty or unpleasant
jobs without complaining.
b) In addition, robots on the assembly line are quite
cost effective.
c) Lastly, they are accurate; their rejection rate is
zero.
d) Secondly, they work in jobs too dangerous over a
long period of time for man.
e) Robots are good workers especially on assembly
lines.
The order __________
The topic sentence ___________
2. a) However, spending time in an over-chlorinated
pool is associated with certain health hazards.
b) Keep in mind while swimming in the ocean to
stay on the lookout of sea creatures such as
jellyfish.
c) Swimming is an excellent way to get in shape.
d) Drowning is also a real risk regardless of where
you swim.
e) Moreover, the risk of cramps shouldn’t be
underestimated.
The order __________
The topic sentence ___________
3. a) The factor of being in adolescence period cannot
be changed, but you can take precautions to
avoid spots and pimples.
b) It can emerge anywhere on the body but
especially on the face.
c) It usually affects teenagers in a negative way.
d) Keep away from fatty foods and avoid stress
which are mainly responsible for this condition.
e) Having spots and pimples is a common
occurence during the adolescence.
The order __________
The topic sentence ___________
4. a) Over time, it can also cause strokes and other 2. Swimming is an excellent way to get in shape.
serious health problems. However, spending time in an over-chlorinated
b) Worst of all, it can give permanent damage to the pool is associated with certain health hazards.
brain. Keep in mind while swimming in the ocean to stay
c) High blood pressure and heart-related diseases on the lookout for sea creatures such as jellyfish.
are the secondary side effects of alcohol. Drowning is also a real risk regardless of where you
d) Depending on how much is taken and the swim. Moreover, the risk of cramps shouldn’t be
physical condition of the individual alcohol can underestimated.
cause headaches.
e) Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol can lead
3. Having spots and pimples is a common occurence
to some health problems.
during the adolescence. It can emerge anywhere on
The order : _______ the body but especially on the face. It usually affects
The topic sentence:___________ teenagers in a negative way. The factor of being in
adolescence period cannot be changed, but you can
5. a) Then, I need to be able to find specific information take precautions to avoid spots and pimples. Keep
on different subjects that I am interested in. away from fatty foods and avoid stress which are
b) First, I need to find out which books I want to mainly responsible for this condition.
read.
c) There are a lot things I should learn about
4. Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol can lead to
reading.
some health problems. Depending on how much
d) Finally, I must find a quiet place to read efficiently
is taken and the physical condition of the individual
what I have found.
alcohol can cause headaches. High blood pressure
e) Second, I should find the places where they are
and heart-related diseases are the secondary side
sold or lent.
effects of alcohol. Over time, it can also cause
The order :______ strokes and other serious health problems. Worst of
The topic sentence:__________ all, it can give permanent damage to the brain.

5. There are a lot things I should learn about reading.

First, I need to find out which books I want to read.
Second, I should find the places where they are
sold or lent. Then, I need to be able to find specific
information on different subjects that I am interested
YANITLAR in. Finally, I must find a quiet place to read efficiently
what I have found.

1. e, a, d, b, c
2. c, a, b, d, e
3. e, b, c, a, d
4. e, d, c, a, b
5. c, b, e, a, d

1. Robots are good workers especially on assembly

lines. Firstly, they work in boring or dirty or unpleasant
jobs without complaining. Secondly, they work in
jobs too dangerous over a long period of time for
man. In addition, robots on the assembly line are
quite cost effective. Lastly, they are accurate; their
rejection rate is zero.

14
 ÖRNEK STRATEJİ - 3

In Britain, the Queen has constitutional duties

that have developed over one thousand years.
She is a constitutional monarch. She has inward
duties such as opening the parliament, ordering in
council, signing the acts of parliament and holding
meetings with the Prime Minister. She has also
outward duties. This is when she represents Britain
in the world. In law, the queen is the head of
the judiciary, commander of the armed forces,
administrator of the executive and temporary head
of the Church of England. However, in practice, she
does not rule the country. The Prime Minister and
ministers rule England and the Queen purely reigns.
She carries out important ceremonial and formal
roles concerning the government. Still, she plays a
significant symbolic role as the Head of England and
Head of the Commonwealth.
The main concern of the passage is ----.
A) why the Queen’s power is so weak in ruling the
country
B) the difference between monarchy and republic
as models of ruling
C) the authority the Queen has and the role she
plays in governing England
D) the control the Queen uses over the armed
forces
E) the Queen’s strict control of the administration
using her executive powers
ÇÖZÜM
Soru kökünde “the main concern of the passage”
yani anafikir istenmiştir. “In Britain, the queen
has constitutional duties that have developed
over one thousand years” ifadesi parçanın konu
cümlesidir. Bu cümle anafikri de içermektedir. Konu
“the Queen” (kraliçe), konunun ele alınan yönü (main
idea: anafikir) ise bu cümleden de anlaşılabileceği gibi
kraliçenin anayasal görevleridir. Parçanın ilerleyen
kısımlarında “however, in practice, she does not
rule the country” ifadesiyle her ne kadar başka
bir düşünceye geçiş yapılmış olsa da son cümlede
kraliçenin üstlendiği rolden söz edilerek anafikir
desteklenmiştir. A seçeneğinde verilen “weak”
sıfatı konuya olumsuz bir bakış açısı getirmiştir, B
seçeneğinde “monarchy” ve cumhuriyet arasında
bir kıyaslama yapılmıştır (parçada yönetim biçimleri
arasında bir karşılaştırma yer almamaktadır), D
seçeneğinde anafikir “the armed forces” ifadesiyle
“specific” (özel)’e indirgenmiştir ve E seçeneğinde
“strict control” ifadesi keskin bir yargıdır. Bu
nedenle gerek seçenekler arasında en genel ifadeyi
içeren gerekse ilk cümlede verilen ve ilerleyen
cümlelerde desteklenen fikre en yakın düşünceyi
veren C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
Cevap C
PARAGRAF TÜRLERİNİ TANIMAK
Paragraf türleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak YDS
adayları için önemlidir. Paragraf türünü bilen adaylar,
paragrafın geneline hâkim olurlar ve verilen fikirler
arasındaki geçişlerde bağlantıyı daha kolay kurarak
parçayı daha çabuk kavrarlar.
ÖRNEKLER
European football (soccer) and American
football reveal some differences though European
football is the ancestor of the American version.
European football is played in more than 80 countries,
making it the most commonly played sport in the world.
American football, on the other hand, is popular only in
the United States and Canada. One of the most important
differences between soccer and football is the contact
between players. While, in soccer, players don’t need
to contact much, in football, they should have full body
contact in order to block the running ball carrier of the
opposite team.
(Comparison paragraph)
Private automobile is a messy and uneconomical
way of travel. It pollutes the air, undermines the safety
and ruins the sociability of the street. It causes the
devastation of the forests and the nature as it emits CO2
to the air. As a result, it spoils the relations between
people and make them more inhumanly. It also ruins the
cities and destroys the environment.
(Cause and effect paragraph)
We can separate men under three headings
while they are dating women according to the way
they treat them. The first kind is a social addict. It can be
defined as the type of men who are always late and things
work on his schedule. They are especially selfish and self-
absorbed. The second type is called a content lover. This
type comes and goes whenever he pleases. He hardly
ever opens up his feelings and thoughts. He seems as if
he were with you but actually he is not involved with the
relationship. Lastly, there is the keeper who always plans
beforehand and takes you into account while planning.
The keeper is usually eager to talk about your common
future and plans. He is almost always in contact with
you and gives high priority to your feelings and thoughts.
These are the kinds of men dating and it depends on your
mood whichever one you prefer.
(Classification paragraph)

15
 The benefits of humor and laughter on the ill
people have been stated by the researchers for
ages. Voltaire alleged, for instance, “The art of medicine
consists of amusing the patient while nature cures the
disease.” William Fry, a psychiatrist from California, also
pointed out to the effect of laughter on our bodies. He
made his patients watch comedy films and he observed
their condition. He concluded that laughter regulates and
improves the body functions while quickening breathing.
(Exemplification paragraph)

ÖRNEK

Soru kökünde boş bırakılan yere, parçada

anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirile-
bilecek cümleyi bulunuz.

----. First, the most important difference is the word

order. Whereas question word is at the beginning
in English, in Chinese, it is used at the end of
the sentence in questions forms. For example,
in English, a greeting is “How are you?” but in
Chinese “You are how?” is correct. Next, in Chinese,
the words of English don’t have past equivalents;
instead an adverb of time is used. In English,
however, time is determined by tense. These are the
basic differences between Chinese and English.
A) There are a few similarities between Chinese and
English.
B) Chinese differs from English in several ways.
C) Chinese does not distinguish between “he” and
“she.”
D) Chinese is more easily learned than English.
E) Chinese and English are alike in a few ways.
(Comparison paragraph)
ÇÖZÜM
Parçanın ikinci cümlesinde verilen “the most
important difference” (en önemli farklılık) ifadesi
parçanın bir kıyaslama paragrafı (comparison
paragraph)olduğunu göstermektedir.
Parçanın üçüncü cümlesinde verilen “whereas”
direct contrast (taban tabana zıtlık) bağlacından
da anlaşılabileceği gibi parçada Çince ile İngilizce
arasındaki farklılıklardan söz edilmektedir. İki dil
arasındaki farklılığı vurgulayan ifade B seçeneğinde
verilmiştir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
Cevap B
STRATEJİ - 4
ZITLIK BİLDİREN YAPILARI TESPİT ETMEK
Paragrafta bir düşünceden başka bir düşünceye
geçiş sağlayan ve zıtlık bildiren yapılara (transitions)
dikkat edilmelidir. “However, nevertheless, on the other
hand, nonetheless, notwithstanding, all the same,
even so, but, yet” gibi bağlaç ve geçiş sözcükleri
paragrafta başlatılan temel düşünceyi değiştirirler ve
sıklıkla geçiş yapılan yeni düşünceye yönelik soru sorulur.
Paragrafta bu geçişlerin yapıldığı bölümler daha dikkatli
okunmalı ve geçiş yapılan düşünce tespit edilmelidir.
ÖRNEK METIN:
Amsterdam is one of the popular tourist destinations
in Europe with its charming channels and unique
architecture. It reflects its rich cultural background through
a wide range of historical apartments and residences.
However, there is a major problem in Amsterdam; the
cost of housing mainly resulting from the increasing
numbers in population. Also, expatriates who come and
live in the city temporarily or permanently are generally
in better financial condition than the locals and they are
generally not aware of the prices in the city. This situation
is also contributing to the rise in housing prices.
Yukarıdaki metinde görüldüğü gibi ilk iki cümlede
konu Amsterdam ve Amsterdam’ın cazip özellikleridir.
Fakat üçüncü cümlede “however” (ancak) geçiş sözcüğü
ile konu Amsterdam’da barınmanın pahalı olduğu
noktasına geçiş yapmıştır. Parçalarda özellikle “but, yet”
bağlaçlarıyla ve “however, nevertheless, nonetheless,
even so” (ancak, bununla birlikte, yine de) gibi geçiş
sözcükleriyle yapılan olumlu/olumsuz dönüşlerine
dikkat edilmelidir. Bu ifadelerle bir konuyla ilgili olumsuz
yargılardan olumlu yargılara da dönüş yapılabilir.

16
 ÖRNEK
Soruyu aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
----. Facial piercings are quite fashionable among
teenagers nowadays. These piercings are usually
fairly easy to heal, but this is not the exact situation
always. Though they frequently heal in most cases,
there is always the possibility for them to migrate or
reject. You cannot always know how your body will
respond to such kind of outside intervension until
you give it a try. There are also other complications
occurring especially during the application of the
piercing. Because piercings can be misreplaced
if you don’t have an experienced body piercer or
they can leave scars unless properly cared for.
Therefore, make sure you always do your proper
after care and wear the suitable jewellery so that you
can avoid the migration and other complications.
The passage is generally about ----.
A) the easy healing characteristic of facial piercings
B) human body’s reaction towards an outside
material
C) the high popularity of facial piercings
D) complications and side effects of facial piercings
during or after application
E) solutions for avoiding the complications of
piercings
ÇÖZÜM
… quite fashionable … + similar acquisition ways when examined closely.
… fairly easy to heal … + know the rules, symbols and formulas used in these
… but … - fields (e.g. vowels and consonants in languages,
… not the exact situation … - and symbols in math). A learner should also be
… possibility of complications … - able to comprehend the logical meaning behind
Konu cümlesinde (ilk cümlede) “facial piercing”
olgusuna bakış açısı olumlu iken “but” bağlacıyla
bu konuya dönük olumsuz anlam taşıyan yargılara
geçiş yapılmıştır. A, B ve C seçenekleri konuya
dönük olumlu anlam taşıyan ifadeler içermektedirler.
E seçeneği ise parçada ele alınan “facial piercings”
konusu yerine “piercings’”den söz ederek daha
genel bir anlam içermektedir. Hem olumsuz anlam
bildiren hem de parçada but bağlacından sonra
konunun yöneldiği düşünceleri doğru bir şekilde
veren D seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
Cevap D
17
STRATEJİ - 5
PARAGRAFTA ANLAM DARALTAN YA
DA GENİŞLETEN VE COMPARATIVE
(KARŞILAŞTIRMA), SUPERLATIVE (EN
ÜSTÜNLÜK DERECESİ) İFADELERİNE
DİKKAT EDİLMELİ
Seçeneklerde yer alan “only, merely, just,
solely, the most… the longest (superlatives), all, no,
none, never, every, always, impossible, any, very,
completely, absolutely, quite (completely anlamında),
chiefly, mainly, significantly, extremely, first, second
ve more … than, longer … than (comparatives)” gibi
anlam daraltan ya da genişleten ifadelerin ve bunların
eşanlamlılarının ayrıca karşılaştırma / en üstünlük
derecesi bildiren yapıların -paragrafta geçmedikçe-
doğru yanıt olma ihtimalleri diğer seçeneklere göre çok
daha zayıftır. Bu bilgiye hakim olan bir aday seçenekler
arasında bu tür keskin ifadeler içeren yargıları öncelikle
eleyecek ve hız kazanacaktır. Ancak bu tür radikal
(keskin) ifadeler paragrafta geçiyorsa büyük olasılıkla bu
yapıların paragrafta geçtiği kısımla ilgili soru gelecektir.
Bu nedenle; bu şekilde keskin ifadeler içeren cümlelerin
parça okunurken altlarının çizilmesi adaylara seçenekler
arasında eleme yapılırken zaman kazandıracaktır.
ÖRNEK
Soruyu aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
In a survey carried out in the USA, most of the
students have stated that they find it difficult to
cope with math. According to them, understanding
and acquiring math formulas is troublesome and
challenging. As a mathematician, I believe learning
math is similar to learning a foreign language. It is
possible to say that both math and language have
In order to understand each of them, one should
the combination of those symbols, rules, formulas
or equations. Without having such knowledge, one
may have difficulty in grasping math or learning a
language.
It can be inferred from the passage that ----.
A) learning a language is more difficult than learning
math
B) if a person is good at math, he is definitely good
at languages
C) the reason for students to find math difficult is
their laziness
D) math and language are the most difficult
branches to learn for students
E) acquiring the knowledge of math and a foreign
language are alike
 ÇÖZÜM ÇÖZÜM

Soru kökünde parçadan bir çıkarım yapmamız Parçada, stratejide verdiğimiz, keskinlik bildiren
istenmektedir. Parçada “comparative” ya da ya da “comparative / superlative” yapılar içeren üç
“superlative” ifadeler yer almamaktadır. Zaten yer cümle yer almaktadır: “was first cultivated,” “the
alsaydı strateji gereği altını çizmemiz gerekirdi. oldest botanical garden,” “are not sold anymore.”
Bu nedenle bu tarz kıyaslama ya da en üstünlük Paragraflarda bu tarz genelin dışında daha keskin
derecesi içeren A ve D seçeneklerini elemeliyiz. anlam içeren ifadelerin geçtiği cümlelerle ilgili
Benzer bir biçimde “definitely” (kesinlikle) keskin
sıklıkla soru sorulur. Bu nedenle parça okunurken bu
ifadesini içeren B seçeneği de elenmelidir. Çünkü
yapıların altı çizilmelidir ki seçeneklerden parçaya
parçada böyle keskin ifade yer alsaydı, altını çizer
ve seçenekleri okurken daha dikkatli davranırdık. C dönüş yapıldığında yerleri hızla tespit edilebilsin.
seçeneği ise “laziness” (tembellik) ifadesi yüzünden Soruda B seçeneği içerdiği anlam daraltan “only”
paragrafta yer almayan farklı bir konu içermektedir (sadece) zarfı yüzünden öncelikle elenir. “Only,
(bkz. Strateji 2 – Anafikir stratejisi). Matematik ve merely, just, solely” gibi zarflar doğru yanıtı içeren
yabancı dil öğrenmenin benzer olduğu mesajını bir cümlede kullanıldıklarında cümlenin anlamını
veren ve parçayla anlamca örtüşen E seçeneği daralttıkları için seçeneğin elenmesine neden
doğru yanıttır. olurlar. B seçeneğinde verilen “is the only flower
Cevap E preserving its charm for generations” ifadesi “is
the flower preserving its charm for generations”
ÖRNEK
şeklinde verilmiş olsaydı doğru yanıt olabilirdi.
Parçada “comparative” (karşılaştırma) cümlesi yer
almadığı için kıyaslama ifadesi içeren C seçeneği
Soruyu aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. de elenir. A seçeneğinde verilen “was spread by
Turks throughout Europe” ifadesi ilk cümlede yer
The Tulip flower originated from Central Asia as
alan keskin anlam içeren “first” sözcüğünün geçtiği
early as 1000 AD and was first cultivated by Turkish
“The Tulip flower originated from Central Asia
people. Carolus Clusius, a famous biologist and
as early as 1000 AD and was first cultivated by
director of the oldest botanical garden of Europe,
Turkish people” cümlesine atıfta bulunmaktadır.
brought the flower into Western Europe and the
Ancak “spread” yayılmak anlamına gelir. Oysa
Netherlands in 1600s. He had come across with
ki parçada lalenin ilk kez Türkler tarafından
the beautiful flower, Tulip, in the Ottoman palace
yayıldığından değil üretildiğinden söz edilmektedir.
gardens in İstanbul and planted it in the Netherlands.
Parçada “These infected kinds are not sold
In those times, the Tulip was used as a garden
anymore” ifadesiyle enfekte olmuş lalelerin artık
decoration as well as for medicinal purposes. Soon,
satılmadığından söz edilmiştir oysa ki E seçeneği
it gained value as a trading item especially in
soru kökü ile birleştirildiğinde genel olarak lale
Holland due to the huge interest for the flower. There
çiçeğinin satılmadığı çünkü neslinin tükendiği sonucu
happened actually a “Tulipmania” across the country
çıkmaktadır. Bu yüzden E seçeneği de doğru yanıt
particularly after the botanists improved the flower
olamaz. D seçeneğinde verilen “raise” parçanın
into a more decorative form and the traders earned
ilk cümlesinde geçen “cultivate” sözcüğünü “at
quite a lot of money from this trade. In the twentieth
its start” zarfı ise yine aynı cümlede geçen “first”
century, it was discovered that the flames that gave
sözcüğünü karşılamaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt
the flower its astounding look indeed were symptoms
D seçeneğidir.
of infection and the healthy flower was to be smooth
Cevap D
and monotone. These infected kinds are not sold
anymore but you can buy hybrids genetically stable
that look like the diseased ones. However, Tulip still
keeps its charm coming from the past generations
across the Netherlands and Europe.
According to the passage, Tulip ----.
A) was spread by Turks throughout Europe
B) is the only flower preserving its charm for
generations
C) was more expensive than any other flower in the
17th century
D) was raised by Turkish people at its start
E) is not sold anymore as it became extinct

18
 STRATEJİ - 6 ÇÖZÜM

Parçada konuya bakış açısının olumlu mu yoksa

YAZARIN KONUYA BAKIŞ AÇISINI ELE
olumsuz mu olduğunu hızlı tespit edebilmek için
VEREN MODAL, SIFAT-ZARFLARA DİKKAT okuma esnasında sıfat, zarf ve modal yapıların
EDİLMELİ altının çizilmesi gerekir. Böylelikle ters anlam içeren
Paragraflarda sıklıkla “passive” (edilgen) yapılar seçenekler ilk bakışta elenebilir. Genel gidişatın
genel-geçer düşünceleri bildirirken, “modal” (kiplik), “ad- olumlu olduğu ve iki cümlede net ifadeler yerine
jective-adverb” (sıfat-zarf) yapılar yazarın kendi kişisel “may/might” (possibility) olasılık kipliklerinin verildiği
görüşlerini iletmesini sağlar. “Modal” yardımcı fiilleri zo- görülmektedir. D seçeneğinde yer alan “it under-
runluluk, eleştiri, gereklilik, öneri, pişmanlık gibi anlamlar mines people’s activities in their daily routines”
vererek paragrafa yorum getirmekte katkıda bulunurlar. (insanların günlük aktivetelerini engeller) ve E seçe-
Bu yapılar yazarın konuya olan olumlu-olumsuz bakış neğinde verilen “television has lost its popularity
açısını anlamamızda yardımcı olurlar. Böylece seçenek- as a news spreading means” (televizyon bir haber
ler arasında olumlu-olumsuz anlam stratejisine göre ele- yayma yolu olarak popülaritesini kaybetti) yargıla-
me yaparak hız kazanabiliriz. Ayrıca paragrafta ‘modal’ rı olumsuz anlam taşımaktadırlar. Bu seçenekler
kullanımıyla bir ihtimalden bahsedilirken aynı olay seçe- elenir. A seçeneğinde verilen “in the USA, people
neklerde kesin bir yargı olarak karşımıza çıktığında, o se- generally watch television almost four hours a
çenekten kaçınmamız gerekir. Benzer bir biçimde, parag- day” ifadesi kesin bir yargı bildirmektedir oysa ki par-
rafta kesin ve net bir ifade verilmişse seçeneklerde olasılık çadaki benzer ifade bir olasılık kipliği olan “might”
bildiren ifadelerden kaçınmamız gerekir. ile yer almaktadır: “one television set which might
be watched for approximately four hours a day.”
ÖRNEK Bu sınav paragraflarında sıklıkla karşılaştığımız
bir durumdur. B seçeneğinde verilen “outweigh”
fiili ağır basmak, üstün gelmek anlamlarına gelir.
Soruyu aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
Parça bir unsurun diğerine üstün geldiği şeklinde
Television is the most prevailing and most available bir yargı içermemektedir. Parçada okurken altını
national medium in many countries throughout the çizdiğimiz, “superlative” ifade içeren “moreover,
world. Some 99 per cent of American homes have television is one of the most important means
at least one television set which might be watched of communication because it brings our homes
for approximately four hours a day. Surveys suggest live visual and audial information from all around
that television is the most significant source of news the world” cümlesi C seçeneğinde verilen “thanks
for Americans and it may be potentially capable of to television, people can have access to the
forming opinions and influential in consumer choi- information at once from all around the world”
ces. In the early days of its invention, it was gene-
ifadesiyle anlamca örtüşmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru
rally used as a tool for spreading information but
as the circumstances changed and people became yanıt C seçeneğidir.
more affluent, its role as an entertainment means Cevap C
came to the fore. Moreover, television is one of the
most important means of communication because it
brings our homes live visual and audial information
from all around the world. Since its appearance,
television has brought us a wide variety of advanta-
ges and nowadays, many people around the world
spend most of their leisure time watching television.
It is stated in the passage that ----.
A) in the USA, people generally watch television
almost four hours a day
B) television’s role as an entertainment method out-
weighed its usage as a means of communication
C) thanks to television, people can have access to
the information at once from all around the world
D) television is the most controversial issue nowa-
days because it undermines people’s activities in
their daily routines
E) ever since people became richer, television has
lost its popularity as a news spreading means

19

STRATEJİ - 7
SORU KÖKLERİNİ TANIMAK
Paragraf bölümünde soruları doğru yanıtlayabilme-
miz için gereken bir diğer önemli unsur da soru kökünde
ne istendiğinin net anlaşılmasıdır. Bu yüzden soru kökleri-
nin incelenmesi gerekir.
YDS paragraflarında üç tip soru kökü vardır:
1. Parçanın konusunu (topic) ya da ana fikrini (main
idea) bulmaya yönelik soru kökleri
a) The passage is mostly about …
b) The passage is mainly concerned with …
c) The main idea of the passage is … (gerund or
noun) / is that … (subject + verb)
d) The main subject of the passage is … / is that …
e) The passage describes …
f) The main point of the passage is … / is that …
g) The main argument of the passage is … / is that …
h) The passage emphasizes …
i) The passage concentrates on …
j) The passage largely deals with …
k) The passage gives a general account of …
l) The main focus of the passage is .../ is that ...
2. Parçada açıkça belirtilen ifadeleri (explicitly stated
idea) bulmaya yönelik soru kökleri:
a) According to the passage, …
b) It is stated (As is stated / as stated) in the passa-
ge that …
c) The point made in the passage is that …
d) As asserted in the passage, …
e) It is argued in the passage that …
f) It is clearly stated in the passage that …
g) It is pointed out in the passage that …
h) As it is pointed out in the passage, …
i) As (is) mentioned in the passage, …
j) The author points out that …
k) The writer argues that …
l) The author explains that …
m) It is suggested in the passage that …
n) It is clear from the passage is that …
o) As can be seen from the passage that ...
p) The author seems to suggest that …
q) As clearly stressed in the passage , ...
r) According to the author, ...
s) It is claimed in the passage that …
t) It is asserted in the passage that ...
Paragrafta açıkça belirtilen yargıları bulmaya dönük
sorularda, pek çok aday başarılı olmaktadır. Çünkü bu tip
soru kökleri adaydan paragrafta açıkça verilen bir ifadeyi
bulmasını ister ve bu da üst düzey bir yorumlama ya da
sonuç çıkarma süreci gerektirmemektedir. Ancak sağlam
bir gramer ve sözcük alt yapısı bu bölümdeki sorularda
fire vermemek açısından çok önemlidir. Yazar paragrafta
verdiği “active” (etken) bir cümlenin seçeneklerde “passi-
20
ve” (edilgen) halini isteyebilir. Benzer bir şekilde, metinde
“real” (gerçek) bir cümle seçeneklerde karşımıza “unreal”
bir ifade olarak çıkabilir. Veya metinde kullanılan herhangi
bir sözcüğün seçenekte “synonym” haliyle karşılaşabiliriz
(parçada “sufficient”, seçenekte “adequate” gibi). Bu bö-
lümde anlamca ve dilbilgisi olarak birbirine yakın anlamlı
ifadeleri tanımak çok önemlidir. Bu nedenle aşağıda bu
tarz paragraf sorularında adaylara yardımcı olabilecek ve
artık sınavlarda klişe haline gelmiş yakın anlamlı cümle
kalıpları verilmiştir.
ÖRNEKLER
1. This book about politics is more complicated than
the other books in the library.
• The other books are not so / as complicated as this
one.
• This book is the most complicated of all in the
library.
2. This is the worst film I have watched so far.
• Until now, I haven’t watched a film as bad as this
one.
• I haven’t watched such a bad film as this one so far.
3. No other students in our class can play the piano
as well as Bülent.
• Bülent can play the piano better than all the other
students in our class.
• Of all the students in our class, Bülent can play the
piano the best.
• There aren’t any students in our class who can play
the piano better than (as well as) Bülent.
4. No matter who you are, come and join us.
• Whoever you are, come and join us.
• Regardless of who you are, come and join us.
5. The company hadn’t predicted that so many
people would apply for the position.
•The number of applicants went beyond the
company’s predictions.
• The position drew the attention of more people than
predicted.
6. Julia said she was sorry she came late.
• Julia apologized for coming late.
7. I couldn’t have finished this assignment if you
hadn’t helped out me.
• I was able to finish this assignment because you
helped out me.
• I could have had difficulty finishing this assignment
without your help.
8. However hard I tried, I couldn’t open the door.
• No matter how hard I tried, I couldn’t open the door.
 9. It’s likely that the weather will get better in a few
days.
• The weather may/might get better in a few days.
• It’s possible/probable that the weather will get better.
• Maybe/perhaps, the weather will get better.
10. This is the second time the management has
started a construction in this area this week.
• The management has already been in this area and
started a construction once this week.
11. I regret attending the lecture so late.
• I wish I hadn’t attended the lecture so late.
• I wish I had attended the lecture earlier.
12. The only part in which Sue failed in the
competition was the last one.
• Sue was successful in every part of the competition
except for the last one.
• Sue was successful in every part of the competition
but the last one.
13. That was the first time I had seen Alison so
embarassed.
• I hadn’t seen Alison so embarassed before.
• I had never witnessed Alison being so embarassed
until then.
14. I last went to Sdyney a year ago.
• It’s been a year since I last went to Sdyney.
• I haven’t been to Sdyney for a year.
15. These two groups are different from each other.
• There is a difference between two groups.
16. He won the race unexpectedly.
• His winning the race was unexpected.
17. Tom never stays in a five-star hotel unless there
is a discount.
• Tom only stays in a five-star hotel when there is a
discount.
• Only when there is a discount, does Tom stay in a
five-star hotel.
18. He couldn’t leave the office before he finished
the documents.
• He had to stay in the office until he finished the
documents.
19. Only those who are qualified enough in the field
can appreciate her latest book.
• People who lack the necessary quality fail to
comprehend her latest book.
• Those without the necessary quality can’t
appreciate her latest book.
20. It was unnecessary for you to study so much for
the exam. After all, it was called off.
• You needn’t have studied so much for the exam.
21. Having no other relatives to talk to, I had to call
her.
• As / Because / Since I had no relatives to talk to, I
had to call her.
21
22. It’s a pity that you can’t stay longer.
• I’d rather you could stay longer.
• I wish you would stay longer.
23. The tour agency wanted to organize a trip to
the island, but then had to give up because of the stormy
weather.
• The tour agency would have made a trip to the
island if the stormy weather had not prevented them from
doing so.
24. My travel to Prag was unlike anything that I had
experienced till then.
• What I saw in Prag was unique; I had never seen
such things before that time.
25. If it hadn’t been for his research, I couldn’t have
written the article.
• It was his research that helped me write the article.
26. There is no point in buying this car if you are not
going to get a rise in your salary.
• Unless you are likely to get a rise in your salary, it
will be a waste of money to buy this car.
27. What worries me most is that the term work will
not be due by the deadline.
• The term work doesn’t seem to finish on time, which
is of considerable concern for me.
28. Of all the problems faced in the country
nowadays, none appears to be as widespread as bribery.
• When compared to all other problems, bribery is
probably the most common crime in today’s world.
29. This successful student owes his success to his
never-ending hard work as well as his worship of books.
• It is due to both his everlasting hard work and
worship of books that this student has become a
successful one.
30. If the coffee hadn’t been so hot, I would have
drunk it.
• I couldn’t drink the coffee because it was too hot.
• The coffee was too hot so I couldn’t drink it.
• The coffee was too hot for me to drink.
31. Kemal has produced hundreds of works in his
career; that’s why, people believe that he is one of the
most prolific writers in the country.
• Having produced hundreds of works in his career,
Kemal is believed to be one of the most prolific writers in
the country.
32. The condition of the patient has been deteriorating
in the last four days.
• The patient’s condition has been getting worse over
the past four days.
33. No matter how hard John works, there is no
improvement in his prospects.
• There is no improvements in John’s prospects
despite his hard work.
 34. Amanda was requested to resign due to her poor
performance, but she insisted on not doing so.
• They told Amanda it was best to resign as she was
poorly qualified, but she didn’t listen to them.
35. By the time Clara entered the lecture hall, the
Professor had already finished her speech.
• The Professor’s speech was over before Clara
entered the lecture hall.
36. Without your help, going abroad would have
been nothing, but a dream.
• I could not have gone abroad if it hadn’t been for
your help.
37. Few businessmen regret not attending to college.
• As far as businessmen are concerned, college can
be a waste of time.
38. It is highly likely people abandoned this area
owing to harsh weather conditions and shortage of water.
• People must have left this area due to harsh
weather conditions and shortage of water.
39. The new facility in the campus attracts hardly any
student, so it will be closed down soon.
• The new facility in the campus will be closed down
soon because it attracts almost no student.
1.
40. Christopher Columbus discovered America.
• America was discovered by Christopher Columbus.
3. Parçada ima edilen bilgi, yargı ya da düşüncelerle
ilgili sonuç çıkarma, bir hükme varmaya yönelik soru
kökleri:
a) The passage implies that …
b) We can infer from the passage that …
c) We can understand from the passage that …
d) It can be inferred from the passage that …
e) It is implied in the passage that …
f) From the passage we learn that …
g) One can / may infer from the passage that …
h) The author concludes that …
i) As (it) can be understood from the passage …
j) One can / may conclude from the passage that …
k) We can understand from the passage that …
Yazarlar her zaman okuyucunun anlaması gereken
her şeyi yazmayabilirler. Bazen belirli mesajları “indi-
rectly” (dolaylı yoldan) iletirler ve iyi bir okuyucu yazarın
dolaylı ifadelerinden ya da “implications” (imalarından)
doğru bir sonuç çıkarabilmelidir. Çıkarım (inference), bir
sonuçtur. Çıkarım yapabilmek için yazarın bize açıkça
verdiği ipuçlarını değerlendirip bunlardan bir hükme var-
mamız yani bir sonuç çıkarmamız gerekir.
22
ÖRNEK
Soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayı-
nız.
Although there are a wide variety of thoughts
regarding the emergence of gold, it has actually
been in use for centuries. Especially, in Bronze
Age, gold was in common use by the early artists
with a view to making jewelry. If one looks at the
history of gold, gold had an important place in
the cultures of many ancient civilizations including
Egypt, Greece, Rome and Africa. People of these
civilizations benefited from gold in their artifacts,
home decorations and adornments. Especially in
Egypt, there was so much gold discovered that the
ancient king Tushratta of Mitanni argued there was
much more gold than dirt in the streets and this
utterance maybe led to the modern phrase “streets
paved with gold.” Although there is not any scientific
evidence as for the abundance of gold alleged by
Tushratta of Mitanni in Egypt at the time, some
recent archeological findings show that the claim of
the king can be true. During the excavations in the
area, researchers have found the earliest known
map (Turin Papyrus Map) which laid out an early
gold mining construction and thus adding credibility
to the claim.
The main concern of the passage is ----.
A) the fame of the ancient king Tushratta of Mitanni
B) early history of gold especially in Egypt
C) the use of gold in various civilizations
D) abundance of gold in Egypt
E) archeological efforts to find the first gold reserves
ÇÖZÜM
Soru kökünde parçanın ne hakkında olduğu (konu-
su) sorulmuştur. Bu tür konu/ana fikir sorularında
ilk cümleye konu ne, nesi soruları sorulmalıdır ve
sınav paragraflarının büyük bir çoğunluğu ilk cüm-
lede yer alan iddiada parçanın konusunu da verir.
Bu paragrafta da parçanın giriş kısmında bulunan
“emergence of gold,” “Bronze Age,” “history of
gold” ifadeleriyle okuyucuya metnin ne hakkın-
da olduğuna (konusuna) dair bir fikir verilmiştir.
Parçanın devamında Mısır medeniyetinden bir örnek
verilerek altının tarihiyle ilgili yeni bilgiler sunul-
muştur. Konu / anafikir sorularında ilk cümlelerden
de yola çıkılabileceği gibi bazı parçalarda kendini
tekrar eden ifadelerin toplamına bakılarak anafikir
paragrafın tümünden çıkarım yapılarak bulunabilir.
Bir paragrafın konusu o paragrafın en genel yönüyle
ve de tek cümleyle ifade edilebilmesidir. Bu nedenle
seçenekler arasında kararsız kalındığında en genel
olanına yönelmekte fayda vardır. Tüm bu kıstasları
göz önüne aldığımızda “early history of gold espe-
cially in Egypt” ifadesini içeren B seçeneği doğru
yanıttır.
Cevap B
2. According to the passage, gold ----.
A) was utilized for the purpose of making jewellery
by people as far back as the Bronze Age
B) is still found abundantly in civilizations including
Egypt, Greece, Rome and Africa
C) is a benchmark for the measurement of the prog-
ress of ancient civilizations
D) was merely used in making adornments in early
times
E) was the most preferred bartering item at the time
ÇÖZÜM
Soru kökünde özne (gold) verilmiştir bu nedenle
her seçenek okunurken hataya düşmemek için soru
köküyle birleştirilmelidir. D seçeneği içerdiği anlam
daraltan “merely” ifadesi yüzünden öncelikle ince-
lenmemelidir çünkü daha önce de belirttiğimiz gibi
parça okunurken bu tarz ifadelerin altı aşağıda soru
gelebileceği düşüncesiyle çizilir ve parçada anlam
daraltan bu ifade yer almamaktadır. C ve E seçenek-
leri parçada sözü edilmeyen (konu dışı) ifadeler içer-
dikleri için elenirler (measurement of the progress
of ancient civilizations; bartering item). Parçanın
tamamı altınla ilgili geçmişte olmuş eylemlerden
söz etmektedir. Present tense ile günümüze dair
bir yargı veren B seçeneği de elenir. Paragraflarda
burada strateji olarak ele almadığımız vurgu zarf-
larıyla ilgili bir ipucu vardır. İngilizcede “in fact,
actually, indeed, as a matter of fact, in actual”
zarfları, vurgu zarfları (adverbs of emphasis) olarak
adlandırılırlar ve bir önceki cümleye vurgu yaparlar.
Paragraflarda bu zarfların geçtiği kısımların altı çizil-
melidir çünkü genellikle bu kısımlardan önemli bilgi
içerdikleri için soru gelir. Parçanın giriş bölümünde
yer alan “Although there are a great variety of
thoughts regarding the emergence of gold, it has
actually been in use for centuries” ve “In those
times, gold was in common use by the early
artists with a view to making jewelry” ifadeleri A
seçeneğinde verilen “was utilized for the purpose
of making jewellery by people as far back as the
Bronze Age” ifadesi ile anlamca örtüşmektedir. Bu
nedenle doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
Cevap A
23
3. It can be understood from the passage that ----.
A) gold was discovered during the Bronze Age
B) there is no earlier known map other than Turin
Papyrus Map outlining an early gold mine
C) the ancient king Tushratta of Mitanni favoured
dirt rather than gold in the streets
D) Egypt is a civilization that benefits from mainly
gold in art
E) abundance of gold claimed by Tushratta of
Mitanni in Egypt has been totally proved
ÇÖZÜM
Soru kökünde parçadan bir çıkarım yapılması isten-
miştir. Çıkarım sorularının yanıtı parçada açıkça
geçmez, bunun yerine ima edilir. Keskin ifadele-
rin (superlative, all, no, none, never, every…) ve
“comparative” (karşılaştırma) ifadelerin yer aldığı
cümleler çıkarım soruları için daha uygun kısımlar-
dır. A seçeneğinde altının Bronz çağında bulunduğu
şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir ancak ilk cümleyi ince-
lediğimizde; “Although there are a great variety
of thoughts regarding the emergence of gold,
it has actually been in use for centuries” (altının
ortaya çıkışına dair çeşitli fikirler olmasına rağmen
yüzyıllardır kullanılmaktadır) şeklinde A seçeneği
ile anlamca örtüşmeyen bir cümle ile karşılaşmak-
tayız. C seçeneğinde Tushratta of Mitanni’nin altın-
dan ziyade kirden hoşlandığı şeklinde parçadakiyle
örtüşmeyen bir iddia verilmiştir. D ve E seçenekleri
ise içerdikleri sırasıyla “mainly” (temelde), “totally”
(tamamiyle) anlam daraltan ve genişleten ifadeler
nedeniyle öncelikle incelenmezler çünkü parçada
bu tarz ifadelerin okunurken altı çizilir. Eğer parça-
da keskin ifadeler geçmiyorsa seçeneklerde de bu
tür ifadelerden kaçınılır. Paragraf sorularında sık
karşılaşılan bir durum da parçada “superlative” bir
ifadenin karşılığının “comparative” ile verilmesi ya
da tam tersidir. B seçeneğinde verilen “there is no
earlier known map other than Turin Papyrus Map
outlining an early gold mine” (bir altın madenini
gösteren Turin Papyrus haritasından daha eski bili-
nen bir harita mevcut değildir) “comparative” cüm-
lesi parçada yer alan “researchers have found the
earliest known map which laid out an early gold
mining construction” (araştırmacılar eski bir altın
madenini gösteren bilinen en eski haritayı buldular)
ile anlamca örtüşmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt
B seçeneğidir.
Cevap B
 STRATEJİ - 8 ÇÖZÜM

“Sayarsa sorar!” stratejisinden yola çıkarak parag-

METNİ DİKKATLİCE OKUMAK
rafı okurken rakamsal ifadelerin altını çizmiştik.
Paragrafta en önemli unsurlardan biri de, öncelikle Soru kökünde bizden bir çıkarım istenmektedir.
metni dikkatli bir biçimde okumaktır. Bu süreçte parçadaki “Impossible to solve the population problem”
önemli bilginin, örneğin tarihlerin, kişi ve yer adlarının, ra- keskin yargısını içeren A seçeneği ve “the most
kamsal ifadelerin altı çizilmelidir. Özellikle miktar bildiren
eager ones” ifadesinin yer aldığı C seçeneği vakit
ifadelerin, sayıların ve yüzdelerin altı çizilir çünkü kaba bir
kazanmak açısından öncelikle incelenmemelidir. E
benzetmeyle “sayarsa sorar!” Soru kökünde ya da seçe-
seçeneğinde gelişmiş ilkelerle ilgili getirilen “lucky”
neklerde bu bilgilere gönderme yapıldığında parçada aynı
noktaya dönüş hızlı olacaktır. Ayrıca bazı adaylar, önce (şanslı) yorumu paragrafla anlamca örtüşmemekte-
soruları okuyup sonra metine dönmektedirler. Oysa ki dört dir. B seçeneğinde “food shortage stems from the
sorunun da akılda kalması ve aynı zamanda paragrafın wrong export policies of countries” (yiyecek kıtlığı
sağlıklı bir biçimde okunması çok zordur. Bunun yerine, ülkelerin yanlış ihracat politikalarından kaynaklanır)
belki ilk soru okunabilir ve daha sonra paragraf tek seferde şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir ancak yiyecek kıtlığının
dikkatli bir biçimde okunmalıdır. Burada paragrafın soru tek sebebi ülkelerin ihracat politikaları değildir. Bu
çözmek maksadıyla değil, ilgiyle ve gerçekten anlamak durum ilk cümleden de anlaşılabileceği gibi nüfus
için okunmasında fayda vardır.. artışı ya da başka faktörlerden de kaynaklanabilir.
Bu seçenekte yer alan yargı eksik bilgi içermektedir.
ÖRNEK
Dolayısıyla, B seçeneğinde verilen ifade çeldiricidir.
Duruma “specific” (özel) bakıldığında doğru yanıt
gibi görünse de çoktan seçmeli testlerde mantık her
Soruyu aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.
zaman beş seçenek arasında en doğru seçeneği
Most of the countries in the world are facing the tespit etmek olmalıdır. D seçeneği okunduğunda
problems of astoundingly increasing population and parçada net bir biçimde yer alan rakamsal bir ifade-
the shortage of food. In 1950s, the world’s popula- nin çıkarımının verildiği görülmektedir. 2015 yılında
tion was approximately 2.5 billion people, today it is olduğumuzu göz önünde bulundurduğumuzda D
nearly 7.5 billion and it is estimated that by the year
seçeneğinde yer alan dünya nüfusu son 65 yılda
2050, the population will have risen to about 10 billi-
neredeyse üç katına çıkmıştır ifadesi yerinde bir yar-
on. The future numbers are alarming for the countri-
gıdır bu nedenle doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
es. Governments are striving to find solutions to the
Cevap D
problem but none of the solutions is easy. One of the
possible solutions is preventing people from having
large families. Secondly, new and modernised agri-
cultural machinery and farming methods can be put
into practice through the aid of developed countries
in the world. Thirdly, if countries with a food shortage
exported their iron or wood or other raw materials,
they could import at least a percentage of the food
they require from other countries. All of these pos-
sible solutions, though difficult to implement, can
simplify the population problem.
It may be inferred from the passage that ----.

A) it is impossible to solve the population problem in

the world
B) food shortage stems from the wrong export poli-
cies of countries
C) governments are the most eager ones to create
permanent solutions for the problem
D) the world’s population has almost tripled in the
last 65 years
E) developed countries will be lucky when the food
shortage comes to an end

24
 YDS PARAGRAPH COMPLETION
(PARAGRAF TAMAMLAMA) BÖLÜMÜ

Paragraf tamamlama bölümü, parçada boş bırakılan BİLİMSEL BİR PARAGRAF ÖRNEĞİ:
yeri seçenekler arasında anlamca en uygun tamamlayan
ifadenin bulunmasının istendiği bölümdür. YDS’de 4 adet Topic Sentence
paragraf tamamlama sorusu bulunmaktadır. Bu bölümde- (Konu/ Ana Fikir)
ki soru köklerinin tamamı paragraf şeklindedir. Ancak, her
soru kökünde özgün paragrafta yer alan bir cümle çıkarı- Life in the rural area is
larak bir boşluk oluşturulmuştur. Soru kökünde meydana preferable to life in the city.
gelen boşluk başta, ortada ya da sonda olabilir.
Major Supporting Major Supporting Major Supporting
Paragraf Tamamlama ile İlgili Stratejiler ve Ör-
Sentence 1 Sentence 2 Sentence 3
nekler
The rural area is Unlike the Life in the city
STRATEJİ - 1 calm and quiet crowded streets is fast-paced
with no problems and the noise of and regulated
of noise or air the traffic in by others.
ANAFİKİR STRATEJİSİ pollution. cities, life in the
rural area is
refreshed and
Paragrafların “Unity” (metinsel bütünlük) özelliğini peaceful.
bilmek bu bölüm için önem taşımaktadır. İngilizcede
paragraflar, belli bir konu bütünlüğüne sahiptirler. Pek
Minor Supporting Minor Supporting Minor Supporting
çok paragraf, özellikle bilimsel (akademik) paragraflar o Sentence 1 Sentence 2 Sentence 3
paragrafta ele alınan konunun belirtildiği ve sınırlandığı
bir konu cümlesi (topic sentence) ile başlar. Yazar konuyu Besides, you can You can relax Compared to
bize sunarken genelde bir “allegation” (iddia) ile başlar walk from house yourself for rural life, it is
to house and talk most of the day isolated and full
ve paragrafın geri kalanında bu iddia “supporting sen-
to friends since in a quiet of dangers by
tences” (destekleyici cümleler) yardımıyla desteklenir. atmosphere. strangers.
the distances are
Genel olarak YDS paragraflarının yapısı bu şekildedir. İlk close to each
cümleye sorulacak “konu ne, nesi” soruları ile paragrafın other.
anafikrini tespit etmek özellikle paragraf tamamlama ve
anlam akışını bozan cümleyi bulma bölümlerinde çok
önemlidir. Bu bölümler okuma parçalarına göre daha Concluding
kısa metinlerden oluştukları için büyük çoğunluğu tek Sentence (Optional)
bir konuyu ve o konunun tek bir yönünü ele alır. Ancak
paragraf stratejileri bölümünde de incelendiği gibi bazı For these reasons, I prefer
paragraflar serbest metinler olabilir ya da ilk cümlede to live in a rural region.
başlatılan düşünce paragrafın ortalarında geçiş sözcükleri
vasıtasıyla çürütülebilir. Life in the rural area is preferable to life in the city.
The rural area is calm and quiet with no problems of noise
or air pollution. Besides, you can walk from house to
house and talk to friends since the distances are close
to each other. Unlike the crowded streets and the noise
of the traffic in cities, life in the rural area is refreshed
and peaceful. You can relax yourself for most of the day
in a quiet atmosphere. Life in the city is fast-paced and
regulated by others. Compared to rural life, it is isolated
and full of dangers by strangers. For these reasons, I
prefer to live in a rural region.

25
 Paragraf tamamlama bölümünde öncelikle dikkat
edilmesi gereken nokta; boşluğa yerleştirilecek cümle-
nin ilk cümlede verilen ana fikirle ve paragrafın kalanıyla
örtüşmesi zorunluluğudur. Bu durumda boşluğa gelecek
cümle özellikle kendinden önceki ya da sonraki cümleyle
de ilişki için olacaktır.
Sınav metinlerinde paragrafın konusunun ilk cümle-
de verilmesi yaygındır. Bu nedenle ilk cümleyi konunun
belirtildiği cümle olarak saptayabilirsiniz. Bunu yaptıktan
sonra tüm parçayı okuyarak önceki ve sonraki cümlelerin
konuyla ilişkili olup olmadığını belirleyin. Konuyla ilgili ol-
mayan seçenekleri hemen eleyerek doğru seçeneğe ula-
şabilirsiniz.
ÖRNEK
Boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam bütünlü-
ğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi
bulunuz.
Minerals are necessary for our body along with other
foods, especially during the period of growth. ----.
Some minerals are even used to make hormones
or maintain a normal heartbeat. They enter into the
structure of all body tissues, such as muscle cells,
nerve cells, blood cells, etc. They are inorganic in
structure, and we have to get enough of each of
these minerals.
A) The body benefits from minerals to perform
many different functions from building strong
bones to transmitting nerve impulses
B) Calcium which is one of the essential minerals is
necessary for the structure of bones and teeth
C) There are two kinds of minerals: macro minerals
and trace minerals
D) The best way to get the minerals your body
needs can be achieved by eating a wide variety
of foods
E) Minerals are not essentially required for the body
when there are other supplementaries
ÇÖZÜM
İlk cümlede konu “minerals” (mineraller) ve konunun
ele alınan yönü ise “necessary for our body” (vücu-
dumuz için gerekli) ifadesiyle minerallerin önemi
şeklinde belirtilmiştir. Okuyucu olarak beklentimiz
mineraller konusu ile ilgili verilen bu olumlu yargının
paragraf boyunca devam ettirilmesidir. Boşluğun
26
sağ tarafı incelendiğinde “minerals” (mineraller)
konusunun genel olarak ele alınmaya devam edildiği
görülmektedir. Bu bilgiler ışığında minerallerle ilgili
olumsuz bir yargı içeren E seçeneği ile “calcium”
gibi daha “specific” (özel) bir yargı içeren (parag-
rafın genelinde alt başlıklara inilmeden mineraller
konusu ele alınmıştır) B seçeneği elenir. C seçe-
neğinde giriş yapılan “macro minerals” ve “trace
minerals” konusundan parçanın geri kalanında hiç
söz edilmemiştir. D seçeneğinde parçanın bütünün-
de anlatılandan farklı olarak bir çözüm üretilmiştir
oysa ki özellikle üçüncü cümlede yer alan “some
minerals are even used to make hormones or main-
tain a normal heartbeat” (hatta bazı mineraller hor-
mon üretmek ya da normal kalp atışını sürdürmek
için kullanılırlar) ifadesinden de anlaşılabileceği gibi
boşlukta ve paragrafın genelinde minerallerin vücut-
taki fonksiyonlarından (kullanım yerlerinden) söz
edildiği görülmektedir. Bu nedenle A seçeneğinde
verilen “The body benefits from minerals to perform
many different functions from building strong bones
to transmitting nerve impulses” (vücut minerallerden
güçlü kemikler yapmaktan sinirsel tepkileri iletmeye
kadar birçok farklı görevlerde faydalanır) ifadesi
doğru yanıttır.
Cevap A
STRATEJİ - 8
İLK CÜMLE STRATEJİSİ
Paragraf tamamlama bölümünde ilk cümlesi boş
bırakılan sorular da sorulmaktadır. Bu sorularda konu
cümlesi (topic sentence) bizden istenmektedir. Boşluktan
sonra verilen tüm cümlelerin desteklediği bu konu cümlesi
bir genelleme şeklinde olabilir. Bu yüzden, birbirini izleyen
cümlelerde konu ilişkisini saptayarak seçeneklerde daha
çok genelleme yapan bir cümle üzerinde durmamız ge-
rekebilir. Ayrıca sınav metinleri bilim dallarından alınmış,
organizasyonu olan metinlerdir. İlk cümlede ortaya atılan
iddia paragrafların çoğunda desteklenir ya da zıtlık grubu
geçiş sözcükleri (however, nevertheless, …) yardımıyla
paragrafın ilerleyen kısımlarında çürütülür. Bu durumda
tipik bir YDS paragrafında ilk cümle boş bırakıldığında
yapmamız gereken diğer cümleleri okuyarak (özellikle
ikinci cümle) paragrafta anlatılan fikirlerin çıkış noktasını
düşünmemiz gerekir. Kaba bir benzetmeyle ilk cümlede
paragrafa şemsiye olabilecek bir sav, tez, iddia ortaya atıl-
malıdır. İkinci cümle bu anlamda en önemli ipucudur çün-
kü ikinci cümlede birinci cümleye atıfta bulunan ve soruyu
çözmemizi kolaylaştıracak göndermeler (they, such, the,
he, these, …) yer alabilir. Bir paragrafın ilk cümlesinde bu
tarz gönderme ifadeleri yer alamaz çünkü bunlar kendile-
rinden önce gelen bir ifadeye atıfta bulunabilirler.

ÖRNEK
Boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam bütünlü-
ğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi
bulunuz.
----. Corporate taxes and excise duties are a
relatively small part of total federal receipts. Taxes
are imposed on net income of individuals and
corporations by the federal, most state, and some
local governments in the USA. Income subject to
tax is determined under tax accounting rules, not
financial accounting principles, and includes almost
all income from whatever source.
A) Americans pay more national income tax than
their counterparts in other western countries
B) US government’s most of the income comes
from the tax paid by individuals and social
security contributions
C) The United States has one of the most
progressive tax systems in the industrialized
world
D) Taxes also collected by federal, state and
municipal governments amount to nearly 30% in
the total income of the USA
E) Property taxes are imposed by most governments
such as Mexico, China and Russia throughout
the world
ÇÖZÜM
Paragrafın tamamını hızlıca okuduğumuzda tüm
cümlelerde yer alan “tax” (vergi) sözcüğünden
ve “the USA” ifadesinden parçanın konusunun
ABD’deki vergi sistemi olduğunu görüyoruz. Bu
durumda seçenekleri incelerken ilk yaklaşımımız
özellikle vergi ve ABD ifadelerinin yer aldığı seçe-
neklere yoğunlaşmak olmalıdır. E seçeneğinde farklı
ülkelerden söz edilmiş ve parçanın kalanında bu
ülkelere bir daha değinilmemiştir bu nedenle E
seçeneği incelemede öncelikli olamaz. D seçeneği
her ne kadar Amerikan vergi sistemiyle ilgili bir ifade
içeriyor olsa da “also” (-de, -da) zarfı nedeniyle
bu seçenek elenir çünkü “also” zarfı kendisinden
önce bir cümleye daha ihtiyaç duyar. Örnek: Kemal
likes salmon fish. Deniz also likes salmon fish. A
seçeneğinde yine benzer bir şekilde “other western
countries” denilmiş ancak parçanın kalanında ABD
ve diğer batılı ülkeler arasında bir kıyaslama devam
ettirilmemiştir. Paragraflar ilk cümlede verilen iddia
doğrultusunda ilerlerler. Bu nedenle A seçeneği de
elenir. C seçeneğinde Amerika’nın endüstrileşmiş
27
dünyadaki en ileri vergi sistemlerinden birine sahip
olduğu şeklinde güçlü bir iddia ortaya atılmış ancak
parçanın ilerleyen kısımlarında bu güçlü iddiayı
destekleyebilecek Amerika’daki vergi sistemini öven
yargılar yer almamaktadır. İkinci cümlede yer alan
“a relatively small part of total federal receipts”
(tüm milli gelirlerin nispeten daha küçük bir parçası)
ifadesi ilk cümlede gelirlerin bir bölümünden hatta
daha büyük bir bölümünden söz edilmesi gerektiğini
göstermektedir. B seçeneğinde verilen “most of the
income comes from the tax …” ifadesi bu durumu
karşılamaktadır. Sorunun çözümünde hem ana fikir
(main idea) hem ikinci cümle göndermesi (referen-
ce) hem de seçenek eleme stratejileri kullanılmıştır.
Doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
Cevap B
STRATEJİ - 3
ZAMAN UYUMU STRATEJİSİ
Paragraflardaki “tense agreement” (zaman
uyumu) kuralına dikkat edilmelidir. Paragraftaki ve
seçeneklerdeki “Past”, “Present” ve “Future” yapılarına
dikkat etmemiz, bizi kısa sürede doğru yanıta götürebilir.
Örneğin, paragrafın konusu genel olarak geçmiş
zamanda açıklanmışsa, konu akışına uygun olarak
büyük olasılıkla takip edecek olan cümleler de geçmiş
zaman yapısında verilmiş olan ifadeler olacaktır. Ya
da bilimsel bir genelleme yapılıyorsa zaman akışının
“present” özellikle “simple present” akışında ilerlemesi
yaygındır. Örneğin, parçanın tamamı “present” akışta
olup tek bir cümle “past form” ile verilmişse dikkatimizi
çekmelidir. Parçalarda bir konunun tarihçesiyle (V2)
başlayıp devamında günümüz (present forms) ile devam
edilebilir ya da tersten bir duruma olan modern (present
forms) yaklaşımları verilip aynı konuya ilişkin geçmişteki
bakış açısı (past forms) verilebilir. Bu tür zaman geçişleri
parçalarda genellikle “but now, however today, etc.”
şeklinde zıtlık grubu bağlaçları ve geçiş sözcükleriyle
sağlanır. Ancak “present” başlayan bir parçada “past”
anlatıma geçip daha sonra tekrar “present” anlatıma
geçmek özellikle paragraf tamamlama ve anlam akışını
bozan cümleyi bulma bölümlerinde parçalar zaten kısa
olduğu için paragrafın anlam bütünlüğünü bozabilir.
***Bu durumda adaylar paragraf tamamlama ve
anlam akışını bozan cümleyi bulma bölümlerinde
“skimming” (hızlı / dikey okuma) yöntemiyle öncelikle
“parçadaki zaman uyumu” ve “gönderme” ifadelerini
kontrol edip daha sonra ilk cümleye “konu ne, nesi”
sorularını sorarak hız kazanabilirler.
 attitudes continue to keep women in their tra-
ÖRNEK
ditional place” (yaygın tavır, kadınları geleneksel
konumlarında tutmaya devam etmek yönündedir)
Boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam bütünlü-
ğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi ifadesinin verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
bulunuz.
Cevap C
Women today undergo unequal treatment in
significant ways still all around the globe. In most
parts of the world, equality seems to be an illusion
for women. They are given prescribed roles in
society and do not work in the most prestigious
occupations, earn as much money as usually as
do men. ----. Many women still work in poorly paid
service jobs. They work outside the home like men
but they make about approximately 76 cents to a
man’s dollar.
A) Until the twentieth century, most of the women
across the world had no right to own property or
sign contracts
B) The prescribed roles of women in society have
helped women to gain higher status in the
society in the last few years
STRATEJİ - 4
C) Common attitudes continue to keep women in
their traditional place
GÖNDERME STRATEJİSİ
D) In 1900s, feminism started with the idea that
human rights should be given to women and
Paragrafın bir cümlesinde kullanılan herhangi bir
highlighted the inequality
sözcüğün paragraf içinde tekrarı gerekiyorsa o sözcük
E) The general opinion in the world maintains the yerine sözcüğe uygun zamir kullanılır ki sürekli tekra-
idea that both genders have equal opportunities ra düşülerek paragraftaki anlam akışı bozulmasın. O
in business and social life halde zamirler, yerine kullanıldıkları sözcüklere gön-
derme yaparlar. Soru kökünde ve seçeneklerde zamir
gördüğümüz zaman daha önce geçen sözcüklere bakıp
ÇÖZÜM
zamirin hangi sözcüğe gönderme yaptığını belirleyebiliriz.
Parçanın konusu “women” (kadınlar) ele alınan Paragrafta, boşluktan sonra gelen cümle zamir içeriyorsa
yönü ise “unequal treatment” (eşitsizlik) şeklinde gönderme yaptığı sözcük boşluğa gelecek olan doğru
ilk cümlede verilmiştir. Özne takibi ve konuya olan seçenekte mevcuttur. Zamirler dışında başka yapılar da
olumsuz bakış açısı parça boyunca devam ettirilmiş- gönderme maksadıyla kullanılabilirler. Gönderme ifadeleri
tir. Ayrıca boşluğun hem sol hem de sağ tarafında hem boşluğun sağ tarafında hem de seçeneklerde yer
“present” bir zaman akışı mevcuttur. Bu bilgilerin alabilir. Seçenekte verilen gönderme ifadesi için seçenek-
ışığında “past” yargılar içeren A ve D seçenekleri te gönderme stratejisi uygulanır.
elenir. B seçeneğinde verilen “gain higher status in Örnek: A category ----------------this category
the society” (toplumda daha yüksek mevki kazan- Some people ------------others
mak) ifadesi konuya olumlu bir bakış açısı getirmiştir
A symptom ------------- the symptom
oysa ki boşluğun sağ tarafında kadınların durumuna
dair olumsuz yargılar devam etmektedir. B seçeneği At the restaurant ------ there
elenir. Benzer bir biçimde E seçeneğinde de “both Students------------------such students
genders have equal opportunities in business John and Mary----------they
and social life” (her iki cinsiyet de iş hayatı ve
Pencils--------------------these pencils
toplumsal hayatta eşit fırsatlara sahiptir) olumlu
Book(s)-------------------one(s)
yargısı yer almaktadır. E seçeneği de elenir. Hem
“present form” hem de kadınların durumuna ilişkin Bülent and Arda are friends-------------the former (bi-
paragraftaki olumsuz gidişatı destekleyen “common rincisi) lives in Ankara but the latter (ikincisi) lives in İs-
tanbul

28
 ÖRNEK

Boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam bütünlü-

ğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi
bulunuz.

The cortex includes plenty of tiny excretory units

called the nephrons. Each nephron is made up of
two parts. Many arterioles coming from an artery
to aorta form the outer portion of the nephrons. ----.
This capsule contains a group of specialized sense.
The blood enters this and is filtered there. Then, it
enters the tubule. Finally, it leaves the kidneys and
goes back to general circulation.
A) Only %1 of the fluid filtered by the capsules
STRATEJİ - 5
remains as urine in the kidney
B) The majority of nephrons are cortical and they
have a shorter loop compared to others BAĞLAÇ / GEÇİŞ SÖZCÜĞÜ STRATEJİSİ
C) The other part is called the Bowman’s capsule
Anlam bütünlüğünü korumak ve akıcılığı sağlamak
D) Each nephron is composed of an initial filtering
adına cümlelerde “conjunctions” (bağlaçlar) ve “transiti-
component and a tubule aids the secretion
ons” (geçiş sözcükleri) kullanılır. Buna ek olarak kronolojik
process
sıralamalarda (tarihsel olay ya da örgüler) zaman ifadeleri
E) The outer region of the kidney is named as kullanılır. Bu ifadeler de tarihsel zaman akışı örgüsü içeri-
cortex which is about one-third of the kidney sinde bir bütünlük sağladıkları için paragrafın genel akışı
tissue
açısından önemlidirler.

Conjunctions Transition Words

Furthermore, In
And,
addition,
Addition Not only --- but also,
Moreover, Besides,
Both --- and
First, Second, Finally
Therefore, Hence,
So, For, Because of the Thus,
Cause & fact that, As a result,
ÇÖZÜM
Effect When, Since, Because, Consequently, For
If, Now that, Seeing that this reason,
Paragrafımız ÜDS sağlık bilimleri sınavlarında eski- Subsequently
den sıklıkla karşılaştığımız bir bilim dalı metnidir. Even so, However,
But, Yet, Although, Even
2013 yılında ÜDS ve KPDS sınavları birleşip YDS Instead, Likewise,
Contrast though, Despite the fact
halini aldıktan sonra sınavda bu tür teknik metinlerle Otherwise, Nevertheless,
and Com- that,in spite of the fact
Notwithstanding,
hâlâ karşılaşma olasılığımız vardır. Hakkında bilgi parison that, Whereas, Whilst,
On the contrary,
sahibi değilsek böyle bir metin ilk etapta karışık While
On the other hand
ve çok zor görünebilir. Ancak bu tür metinler soru Indeed, Above all, In
çözüm teknikleri uygulanarak rahatlıkla çözülebilir. Emphasis fact,
Boşluğun sağ tarafında verilen “this capsule” (bu Particularly

kapsül) gönderme ifadesi sorunun çözümünde kilit In other words,

Identifica-
Namely,
noktadadır. “This capsule” (bu kapsül) denilebilmesi tion
That is, In brief
için önceki cümlede “capsule” (kapsül)’den söz edil-
For instance,
miş olması gerekmektedir. A ve C seçeneklerinde Example Specifically, For
bu durum mevcuttur. Ancak A seçeneğinde ifade example, To illustrate
“capsules” (kapsüller) şeklinde çoğul kullanılmıştır After, Before, Since,
Initially, Afterwards,
ve bu sağ tarafındaki cümlede “these” ya da “those” Until, By the time,
Then, First of all, At
gibi çoğul bir gönderme gerektirir. Bu nedenle doğru Not until --- that,
Sequence the same time, Next,
When, While, Just as,
yanıt C seçeneğidir. Meanwhile,
No sooner --- than …,
Cevap C Beforehand
Hardly --- when …

29
 ÖRNEK
Boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam bütünlü-
ğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi
bulunuz.
Aging, family history, obesity, physical inactivity and
smoking can increase the risk of heart disease. ----.
Recent research has found that poor hygiene and
experience of surrounding pollution can lead to an
elevated risk of heart failures. Not regularly washing
your hands and not laying other habits that can help
stop the viral or bacterial infections down may put
one at risk of heart infections. Particularly, if they
have a heart condition history, poor dental health
may also cause heart disease.
A) Stress and uncontrolled high blood pressure can
also trigger diabetes
B) These factors can be eliminated if you avoid fat,
salt, sugar and cholesterol in your diet
C) However, there are other causes that can
activate heart problems more immediately
D) The recorded risks show that people who drink
socially are less prone to heart diseases
E) In order to protect public health, governments
should give higher priority to environmental
pollution problem.
ÇÖZÜM
Paragrafın konusu “kalp hastalıklarına yol açan
etmenler”dir. Giriş cümlesinde “aging, family
history, obesity, physical inactivity and smoking
can increase the risk of heart disease” olarak
bu etmenler sıralanmıştır. Ancak boşluktan sonra
“poor hygiene and experience of surrounding
pollution” şeklinde kalp hastalıklarına yol açan yeni
etmenlerden söz edilmiştir. Boşlukta bu faktörlere
geçiş sağlayabilecek bir yapı kullanılması gerekir.
C seçeneğinde “another cause” ifadesiyle yeni
bir etmenin varlığından söz edilmiştir. “However”
bağlacıyla da paragrafın anlam bütünlüğünü
sağlayan uygun bir geçiş yapılmıştır. Bu nedenle
doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
Cevap C
30
STRATEJİ - 6
OLUMLU / OLUMSUZ STRATEJİSİ
“Topic sentence” (konu cümlesi) ve “supporting
sentences” (destekleyici cümleler) boyunca yani paragra-
fın genel gidişatındaki anlamın olumlu mu yoksa olumsuz
bir seyir mi izlediği önemlidir. Tüm paragraf konuya pozitif
bir yaklaşım sergilerken bir cümlenin aynı konuya negatif
bir bakış açısı taşıması anlam akışını tersine çevirecektir.
Ya da tam tersi; paragrafın genelinde konuya karşı negatif
bir bakış açısı varken, bir cümlede pozitif yargı kullanılma-
sı anlam akışını bozabilir.
ÖRNEK
Boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam bütünlü-
ğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi
bulunuz.
Today, nuclear power is one of the most controversial
issues in the world. Nuclear power, in short, is used
to generate a large amount of energy in a very cost-
efficient way and it supports the policies to avoid
air pollution. The main substance used to generate
nuclear energy is uranium and it is less expensive
than other sources such as oil. In this sense, nuclear
power is a green energy. ----. The catastrophe
claimed almost 30,000 lives and more than 2 million
people in Ukraine suffered from serious health
problems.
A) Therefore, it not only represents a significant
save on raw materials but also in transport,
handling and extraction of nuclear fuel
B) It’s also an alternative to fossil fuels, so the
consumption of fuels such as coal or oil is
reduced
C) But, it fears people because of the previous
accidents regarding nuclear energy such as
Chernobyl
D) To save the future generations from the disastrous
effects of nuclear power, governments should
take action for banning the usage of nuclear
power in military purposes
E) Nuclear power does not depend on natural
aspects, that is, it’s a solution for the main
disadvantage of renewable energy
 ÇÖZÜM

Parçada boşluğa kadar olan giriş kısmında verilen

“generate a large amount of energy in a very
cost-efficient way,” “supports the policies to
avoid air pollution,” “less expensive than other
sources,” ve “nuclear power is a green energy”
ifadelerinden de anlaşılabileceği gibi paragrafta
nükleer güce bakış açısı olumludur. Ancak
boşluğun sağ tarafında yer alan sonuç cümlesi “The
catastrophe” ve “suffered from serious health
problems” ifadeleriyle konuya olumsuz bir bakış
açısı içermektedir. Ayrıca “the” artikeli cümlelerde
daha önce sözü edilen ya da bilinen bir ismin
tanımlığı olarak görev yapar. Dolayısıyla, boşluğa
gelebilecek uygun ifade aranırken hem bir felaketten
söz eden hem de parçanın gidişatını olumsuz yöne
çekebilecek yargıyı içeren seçeneğe yönelmeliyiz. C
seçeneği içerdiği “But, it fears people because of
the previous accidents regarding nuclear energy
such as Chernobyl” ifadesi nedeniyle parçanın geri
kalanıyla anlamca örtüşmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt C seçeneğidir.
Cevap C

NOT:

Her ne kadar zamanla yarışıyor olsak da doğru

seçeneği işaretlediğimizden emin olmak adına
işaretlediğimiz seçenekte verilen ifadeyi
paragraf içerisindeki boşluğa yerleştirmeli ve
tüm paragrafı hızlıca bir kez okumalıyız.
Böylelikle anlam bütünlüğünü kontrol edip
sağlama yapmış oluruz. Çok fazla vakit yoksa en
azından doğru olduğu düşünülen seçenek
boşluktan önceki ve sonraki cümlelerle birlikte
okunmalıdır.

31
 YDS FINDING THE IRRELEVANT SENTENCE
(ANLAM AKIŞINI BOZAN CÜMLEYİ
BULMA) BÖLÜMÜ

“Irrelevant sentence” (ilgisiz cümle) nedir? “Irrele-
vant sentence” yeri geldiğinde en büyük dostumuz, gö-
zümüzden kaçtığında da en büyük düşmanımızdır. “Irrele-
vant sentence”, paragrafta anlam bütünlüğünü ve akışını
bozan cümledir. YDS’de 5 adet ilgisiz cümleyi bulma so-
rusu bulunmaktadır.
zıtlık geçiş sözcüğü vasıtasıyla çürütülebilir. Bu durumda
aday öncelikle ortaya atılan iddiayı tespit etmelidir. Kalan
cümlelerde ortaya atılan iddiayı desteklemeyen ya da
çürütüp yeni iddia doğrultusunda ilerlemeyen ifade büyük
olasılıkla ilgisiz olandır.

Paragraf Bütünlüğü Nedir? ÖRNEK

Paragraf bütünlüğü, bir paragrafın giriş cümlesinden
(topic sentence) itibaren gelişme, örnekleme, kurgulama
(I) Romantic Movement in English literature shows
ve destekleme aşamalarının bir bütün halinde yer alması;
more variety in themes, contents or styles than any
amacı doğrultusunda bir sonuç ya da çıkarıma ulaşması-
other movement in 18th and 19th centuries. (II) In
dır. Şu halde dikkat etmemiz gereken cümle bütünlüğü ile
this sense, romanticism can best be defined as a
beraber bir düşünce ya da fikir bütünlüğünün de sağlana-
meeting point of philosophies, agendas and points
bilmesidir. İngilizce paragraf bütünlüğü ancak bu şekilde of interest. (III) Its leading means of expression is
sağlanabilir. in poetry in England though most of the novelists
Belirli bir merkez ya da fikir üzerine kurgulanan pa- adopted the same theme. (IV) In contrast to its
ragraf, bu merkez ve doğrusal gelişim yönünde ilerler. English equivalent, American romantics give priority
Dolayısıyla, bu yönün ya da konunun dışına çıkılacaksa to the novel genre rather than poem. (V) Melancholy
farklı bir paragrafa geçilmelidir. Şu halde, adayın yapması and individual imagination are especially the
gereken ilk şey, paragrafın ana fikrini anlamaktır. Parag- buzzwords for the English Romantic poets.
raflar genellikle belli bir konu ve o konunun özel bir yönü A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
üzerinde yoğunlaşırlar ve anlamsal açıdan bir bütünlük
arz ederler. Paragraftaki bu konu bütünlüğüne “UNITY”
denir. İlgisiz cümle ise paragraftaki konu bütünlüğünü bo- ÇÖZÜM
zan cümledir.
İlk cümlede konu İngiliz edebiyatında romantik akım
Aşağıda ilgisiz cümleyi bulma bölümünde adayla-
olarak verilmiştir. Parçada diğer cümlelerde de aynı
ra yardımcı olacak ve onlara hız kazandıracak bir takım
stratejiler verilecektir. Ancak sınavda bazen bu stratejile- konu bütünlüğü devam ettirilmiştir. Ancak dördüncü
rin birkaçını veya hepsini aynı soru üzerinde uygulamamız cümlede “American romantics” denilerek konunun
gerekebilir. farklı bir yönüne geçilmiştir. Birinci, ikinci, üçüncü
ve beşinci cümleler İngiliz romantizmini ele alırken
STRATEJİ - 1 dördüncü cümle Amerika’da romantizm şeklinde
yeni bir başlık açmıştır. Bu neden doğru yanıt D
seçeneğidir.
ANAFİKİR STRATEJİSİ
Cevap D
Paragraf içindeki cümlelerin sıralamasına dikkat
edilmelidir. Bu sıra içerisinde cümlede önceki ya da
sonraki örneklemelerin konu bütünlüğüne bakılmalı. Eğer
paragraf içinde paragrafın genelinde anlatılan konunun
farklı bir boyutuna geçiliyorsa ya da paragraf farklı bir
boyut hakkında yargı içeriyorsa, bu yargıyı içeren cümle
anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümledir. Burada birinci ve ikinci
cümleler büyük önem taşımaktadır. Paragraf bölümünde
de ele aldığımız haliyle genel olarak YDS paragrafları
belli bir iddia (sav) öne sürerek paragrafa hâkim olacak
konuyu başlatırlar. Ve geri kalan cümleler de başlatılan
konuyu desteklerler, bazen de ilk cümlede ortaya atılan
iddia “however, nevertheless, nonetheless…” gibi bir

32
 STRATEJİ - 2
BİRİNCİ CÜMLE STRATEJİSİ
Bazı paragraflarda birinci cümle anlam akışına
ters düşebilir. Bu da adayların yanıt vermekte en çok
zorlandıkları soru türüdür. Burada yapılması gereken
öncelikle birinci ve ikinci cümleleri dikkatli okumaktır.
Çünkü paragrafın desteklemesi gereken iddia (sav) bu
cümlelerden birinde yer alır. Eğer ilk iki cümlede iki farklı
iddia göze çarpıyorsa geri kalan cümlelere bakarak ilk
cümledeki düşünce mi yoksa ikinci cümledeki düşünce
mi paragrafın geri kalanında destekleniyor belirlenmelidir.
Paragrafın kalanı ikinci cümledeki iddiayı destekliyorsa
birinci cümle ilgisizdir.
İlk cümlede olmayacak yapılar: “reference (gön-
derme) ifadeleri, another, also, comparative, vurgu
yapıları, geçiş sözcükleri…”
ÖRNEK
(I) Antalya enjoys an average of more than 250 days
of sunshine every year, which makes it quite charming
to visitors. (II) One of Turkey’s most modern cities,
Antalya was established in the most prosperous
region of Anatolia on the intersection point of ancient
Lykia and Pamphylia. (III) Many people say it was
only after Hadrianus the Roman Emperor built the
Hadrian gate that the city’s popularity as a safer
resting area increased for visitors. (IV) Since then,
Antalya’s growth has centered around its image as
the world’s one of busiest tourist destinations. (V)
More than 2 million people come to Antalya each
year, lured by its attractions such as the beautiful
nature and hospitable locals.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜM
İlk cümleye “konu ne, nesi” sorularını sorduğumuzda
konunun Antalya, ele alınan yönünün ise her yıl ne
kadar gün ışığı aldığı olduğunu görüyoruz. Okuyucu
olarak beklentimiz paragrafın geri kalanında
“Antalya” konusundan ve konunun ele alınan yönü
olan “sunshine” ifadesinden söz edilmesidir. Ancak
ikinci cümlede aynı zamanda bir zaman değişikliği
de yapılarak “Antalya’nın tarihi” ile ilgili yeni bir
iddia ortaya atılmıştır. İlk iki cümlede iki farklı ana
fikir verilmiştir. Bu durumda üçüncü cümle düğümü
çözecektir. Üçüncü cümle yine “past” yapıda
“Antalya’nın tarihi” ile ilgili bir ifade içermektedir.
Dördüncü ve beşinci cümlelerde de ilk cümlede
verilen ifade desteklenmemektedir. Bu nedenle
doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir.
Cevap A
33
STRATEJİ - 3
GÖNDERME STRATEJİSİ
Zamirler, bir paragrafta isimlerin yerine kullanılan
ve cümlelerde anlam bütünlüğüne katkıda bulunan dil
birimleridir. Paragraf içerisinde bir kez kullanılan sözcükten
sonra, devamında gelen cümlede o sözcük yerine uygun
zamir kullanılır. (örn. they, them, their, he, him etc..)
Zamirler daha önce geçen sözcüklere gönderme
yaparlar. Dolayısıyla, adayın sözcük-zamir uyumu olup
olmadığına dikkat etmesi büyük önem arz eder. Geçmiş
senelerde çıkan YDS sorularında zamir uyumu ile
çözülebilen çok sayıda soruya rastlanmaktadır. Ayrıca
diğer bazı yapılar da kendilerinden önceki cümleye ya
da cümle içindeki herhangi bir yapıya gönderme yapmak
suretiyle konu bütünlüğüne katkıda bulunurlar. (the, a /
an, some … others, another, … so, this, these, such, the
former…the latter …vb.)
ÖRNEK
(I) The skin is the largest organ in the body and it
contains hundreds of sweat glands, metres of blood
vessels and thousands of cells. (II) It is thicker in
regions that are continuously exposed to friction
such as the palms of the hands. (III) The thickness of
the skin is developed mainly from birth. (IV) Because
of the constant replacement of worn-out, damaged
cells, the epidermis serves to protect the active
tissues beneath. (V) This thickness ranges from
1/10mm to 4 millimetres in most parts.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜM
Birinci, ikinci, üçüncü ve beşinci cümlelerde konu
“skin” (deri) ve onun özellikleri iken dördüncü
cümlede verilen “the epidermis” ifadesi paragrafın
anlam akışını bozmaktadır. Beşinci cümlede
verilen “this thickness” ifadesi üçüncü cümledeki
“the thickness of the skin” ifadesine gönderme
yapmaktadır. Bu nedenle “the epidermis” ifadesiyle
dördüncü cümle paragrafın anlamsal bütünlüğünü
bozduğu için doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
Cevap D
 STRATEJİ - 4
ZAMAN UYUMU STRATEJİSİ
Cümlelerde kullanılan zaman akışı oldukça önemlidir.
YDS’de kullanılan paragraflar genellikle bilimsel alanda
yayımlanan makalelerden alınmış olduklarından “tense”
kullanımına dikkat etmek adayların yararına olacaktır.
Genel dilbilgisi kuralları çerçevesinde; paragrafta, bir olay
örgüsü “present” ile aktarılırken, sonrasındaki cümlede
“past” kullanıp aynı açıklama ya da olay örgüsü üzerinden
gidilmesi anlam bozukluğuna yol açar. Bir paragraf
bazı durumlarda “present” yapıda başlayıp daha sonra
açıkladığı olayın tarihçesinden “past” yapıda söz
etmeye devam edebilir. Ya da bir şeyin önce tarihçesi
aktarılıp paragrafın ilerleyen kısımlarında günümüzdeki
durumundan söz edilebilir (present past / past
present). Ancak “present past present” gibi
üçlü geçişler paragrafın anlam akışını bozacaktır. Bu
açıdan cümleler arasında anlamlı bir “tense agreement”
(zaman uyumu) olması önemlidir.
ÖRNEK
(I) Abraham Lincoln is one of the most notable
presidents in American history who preserved
the Union during the American Civil War. (II) He
continues to have an unprecedented charm for
his fellow citizens and for people of foreign lands.
(III) His most eminent contribution to humanity
is perhaps the emancipation of the slaves. (IV)
Among the prominent politicians of his time, he most
admired Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. (IV) Thus,
“Now he belongs to the ages,” one is supposed to
have said as Lincoln took his last breath.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜM
İlk cümlede Abraham Lincoln ile ilgili “present”
zamanda olumlu bir yargı verilmiştir. Iki, üç ve beşinci
cümlelerde eski Amerikan başkanıyla ilgili olumlu
yargılar yine “present” çekimde devam ettirilmiştir.
Ancak dördüncü cümlede konu yine Abraham
Lincoln olmasına ragmen “past form”da ve parçada
bir kez daha sözü edilmesi gereken iki yeni kişiyi
içeren bir ifade verilmiştir. Ders anlatımlarımızda
buna “sahnede yeni oyuncu!” diyoruz. Dördüncü
cümle anlam akışını bozmaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt D seçeneğidir.
Cevap D
34
STRATEJİ - 5
BAĞLAÇ / GEÇİŞ SÖZCÜĞÜ STRATEJİSİ
“Conjunctions” (bağlaçlar) ve “transitions” (Geçiş
sözcükleri), cümleler arasındaki anlam bütünlüğünü,
dolayısıyla paragrafın bütünlüğünü sağlarlar. Bağlaçlarla
ilgili daha geniş açıklama, “paragraf tamamlama
stratejileri” bölümünde verilmekle beraber dikkat
edilmesi gereken en önemli nokta özellikle positive
(olumlu) / negative (olumsuz) / örnekleme / destekleme
/ karşılaştırma içeriği bulunan bağlaçların metinsel
anlam bütünlüğünü bozmayacak şekilde kullanılmasıdır.
Şu halde bizim dikkat etmemiz gereken nokta, bu anlam
bütünlüğünü (coherence) bozan / destekleyen bağlaçları
ya da geçiş sözcüklerini (transitions) içeren cümleyi tespit
etmektir.
ÖRNEK
(I) In Greece, banking actions are more wide-
ranging and advanced than in any other society.
(II) Financial transactions can be made through
private entrepreneurs, as well as temples and public
bodies. (III) They exchange money, take deposits,
test the coins for their weight and purity. (IV) Athens
implements and regulates the banking practices of
Greece. (V) Moreover, they make loans or even
engage in book transactions.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜM
Parçada konu Yunanistan, ele alınan yönü ise
ülkedeki finansal faaliyetlerdir. Dördüncü cümlede
ise Atina’nın bankacılık uygulamalarındaki rolünden
söz edilmiştir. Oysa ki “moreover” (ayrıca, üstelik)
geçiş sözcüğüyle başlayan beşinci cümle gerek
özne takibi yaptığı için gerekse parçanın geri
kalanıyla anlamca örtüştüğü için dördüncü cümlenin
verildiği D seçeneği parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozmaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
Cevap D
 STRATEJİ - 7

OLUMLU / OLUMSUZ STRATEJİSİ

“Topic sentence” ve “supporting sentences” bo-

yunca yani paragrafın genel gidişatındaki anlamın olumlu
mu yoksa olumsuz bir seyir mi izlediği önemlidir. Tüm pa-
ragraf konuya pozitif bir yaklaşım sergilerken bir cümlenin
aynı konuya negatif bir bakış açısı taşıması anlam bütün-
lüğünü bozacaktır. Ya da tam tersi; paragrafın genelinde
konuya karşı negatif bir bakış açısı varken, bir cümlede
pozitif yargı kullanılması anlam akışını bozabilir.

STRATEJİ - 6
ÖRNEK

VURGU ZARFLARI STRATEJİSİ

“Emphasis adverbs” (vurgu zarfları) ile başlayan
cümlelere dikkat edilmelidir. Çünkü pek çok cümlede bu
ifadeler önceki cümleye gerçekten vurgu yapmayabilirler.
Examples to emphasis adverbs: “in fact, actually,
indeed, as a matter of fact, in actual…”
ÖRNEK
(I) The term Middle Ages was invented by scholars
in 1400s in order to determine the interval between
the end of Classical world and its rediscovery at
the beginning of the same century. (II) Indeed, a
concept of a long period of cultural darkness had
been expressed by Petrarch in early times. (III)
The Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and
calamities including famine, black death, and war.
(IV) These troubles diminished the population of
Western Europe during the age. (V) Furthermore,
heresy and schism in the Church paralleled the
interstate conflict and peasant revolts that occurred
in the kingdoms.
(I) To unify the whole country as one, North Vietnam
took the communist regime as a model and defeated
old colonial administration. (II) With the intention of
realizing the new regime, Vietnam fought with the
US army and many people from different countries
died. (III) However, the USA and North Vietnam
continued to have formal relations after 1995 and
the relation between them got better in time. (IV)
The effects of the war were devastating for Vietnam
in every field ranging from industry to the ground
sources and spread even to Southern Asia. (V) As
for the United States, the military got demoralized
and the public protested both the war and the defeat
coming from it.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜM

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V. Parçada konu olarak kuzey Vietnam ve Amerikan

savaşı ele alınmıştır. Birinci, ikinci, dördüncü ve
beşinci cümlelerde bu savaştan ve savaşın her
ÇÖZÜM iki ülke üzerinde yarattığı olumsuz etkilerden söz
edilmiştir. Ancak üçüncü cümlede iki ülkenin gittikçe
Parçanın konusu Orta Çağ (Middle Ages)’dır ve bu
iyileşen resmi düzeyde bir ilişkileri olduğu belirtilmiştir.
konu parça boyunca devam ettirilmiştir. İkinci cümlede
Üçüncü cümle duruma ilişkin hem olumlu bir yargı
“indeed” (aslında, açıkçası) vurgu zarfı kullanımıyla
içererek parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozmaktadır
okuyucuya konunun devam ettirildiği hissi verilmek
hem de savaş sonrası ya da öncesi olabilecek bir
istenmiştir. Ancak cümlede “Petrarch’”dan ve daha
durumdan söz etmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt
eski dönemlerden söz edilmektedir. Bu nedenle
C seçeneğidir.
doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
Cevap C
Cevap B

35
 STRATEJİ - 8
GENEL / ÖZEL STRATEJİSİ
“Tüm paragraf bir konuyu “general” (genel) olarak
ele alıp bir cümlede “specific” bir yaklaşım varsa ya da
konu ilk cümledeki iddia itibariyle “specific” boyutta ele
alınıp bir cümlede genelleme yapılıyorsa paragrafta
anlam akışı bozulacaktır. Örneğin tüm paragraf “botanik
bilimi’”nden genel olarak bahsederken bir cümlede özele
inip “kaktüs bitkisi” hakkında bilgi verilirse paragrafın
konu bütünlüğünde bir bozulma gerçekleşir.
ÖRNEK
Research in the area of oceanography has always
been one of the primary issues of man. (II) Crabs
are found in all of the world’s oceans particularly in
tropical regions. (III) They vary in size from the pea
crab, a few millimetres wide, to the Japanese spider
crab. (IV) Feeding habit of crabs may range from
algae to any other food including worms, fungi and
bacteria. (V) But, for many crabs, a mixed diet of
plant and animal leads to a faster growth and greater
fitness.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜM
İlk cümlede konu insanoğlu ve konunun ele alınan
yönü ise onun okyanus bilimine duyduğu ilgi
olarak verilmiştir. Oysa ki diğer cümlelerde daha
“specific” (özel) bir konu olan yengeç ve onun
özelliklerinden söz edilmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt A seçeneğidir.
Cevap A
36
STRATEJİ - 9
KRONOLOJİK SIRALAMA
Sıralama bildiren ifadeler paragraf içinde anlam bü-
tünlüğünü bozmayacak şekilde kullanılmalıdırlar. (first, se-
cond, third, next, then, after that, later, finally, eventually,
at last, in the end, vb.)
ÖRNEK
(I) As society industrialized around the turn of the
20th century, increased milk consumption resulted
in outbreaks of milk borne diseases. (II) In 1938,
of all food illnesses that could be found in their
sources, milk products formed a fraction of 25%. (III)
Boiling milk for health benefits has been carried out
since the early 1800s around the world. (IV) These
illnesses have now been almost wiped out with
the implementation of pasteurization and routine
controls on the daily farms. (V) Now, they make
up far less than 1% of all food illnesses thanks to
pasteurization process.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜM
Konu süt ürünlerini pastörize etmenin geçmişten
bugüne hastalıkların önlenmesindeki faydasıdır.
Ancak üçüncü cümle parçanın kronolojik ve anlam-
sal akışını bozmaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt C
seçeneğidir.
Cevap C
 SEVİYE
TESTLERİ
 TEST 1
Bu testin çözüm süresi 25 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.

3. It is stated in the passage that “the Climate

1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- Imposture” ----.
layınız. A) is not something that ordinary men can
understand
The purpose of Claude Allègre’s book is to make B) treats even the most difficult scientific topics in
the earnings of the science –even the most difficult an easy and purified way
ones- readily available to everybody. His book is C) does not take the quality and accuracy of
science into account
neither a technical work nor a course book, on
D) is Claude Allègre’s only book on a scientific
the contrary, it is a book of general knowledge
subject
aimed at the ordinary people. He has dealt with
E) is a book that has all the technical values for
the hardest scientific subjects such as physics, scientists
chemistry, biology, astronomy, and geodynamics in
his latest book “the Climate Imposture” in the most
simplified and clarified way so that everybody can
understand. In general, he’s given priority to the
historical humanitarian and living aspects of science
in his all works. Because he thinks, science is not
something aloof from man. It is the output of the
great life adventure of man with its accelerations,
hesitations, enlightened and dark sides. But while
doing this he definitely asserts the fact that he does
not sacrifice the core quality and accuracy of science
in his books.

1. The most suitable title for this passage would be

----.
A) understandability and clearness of Allègre’s
scientific works
B) Claude Allègre’s adventures into the science
C) how to deal with chemistry and physics
D) the purpose of a scientific work
E) definition of science

4. It may be inferred from the passage that Allègre

2. The main idea of the passage is ----.
A) scientific subjects like physics, chemistry,
biology, astronomy and geodynamics in various
books
B) ignorance of the basic foundations of science
C) Allègre’s conveying scientific knowledge in
a simple and understandable way even for
common people
D) the earnings of science in real life
E) “the Climate Imposture” as the best book written
by Allègre
----.
A) has been inspired from various scientists while
writing “the Climate Imposture”
B) drifted apart from the true identity of science in
his books
C) influenced his contemporaries with his purified
language
D) primarily dealt with the historical humanitarian
and living aspects of science in his works
E) ignored the knowledge of science during his
carrier

39
 5.- 8. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada 7.
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
5. Federal government in Australia separated legal
claims of aborigines under two headings in 1973:
comprehensive (modern treaties) and specific
(arguments depending on previous treaties) claims.
Comprehensive claims’ main engagement is the
Aboriginal rights. Their basic foundation is the
conventional use of the land by first nations –The
Metis and Inuit who did not sign treaties. ----. This
type of claims also includes the insufficient allocation
of reserve land, the disappointment upon not being
able to protect reserve land from illegal disposition
or tenancy and government employees’ unethical
actions.
A) For at least 40,000 years before the first British
settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was
inhabited by indigenous Australians
B) On the other hand, specific claims suggest
that government of Canada carried out neither
historic treaties nor the Indian act
C) Since Federation, Australia has preserved a
stable liberal democratic political system that
functions as a federal parliamentary democracy
D) Human habitation of the Australian continent is
estimated to have begun approximately 40,000
years ago, probably with the migration of people
from South-East Asia
E) Aboriginal Australians are officially described as
people who are members of the Aboriginal race
of Australia
8.
6. All people have a worldview. Whether religious or
non-religious, wealthy or poor, literate or illiterate,
everybody has an opinion. And these opinions make
you who you exactly are. ----. Who am I? What is
the meaning of the world? What is my purpose in
life? The answers you give to such fundamental
questions make up your reality. In a sense, you
make an inference out of all data of life and the
world.
A) In the last century, new ideas and discoveries
have challenged people’s traditional views
B) Therefore, there happened a cultural war among
people
C) These basic beliefs come from the following
questions
D) Most of the people couldn’t answer the questions
E) Though one may question his existence for his
whole life, he may not find an answer
40
Henry Ford industrialized and produced an
automobile which many of the middle class
Americans could afford. Actually, he didn’t invent
the automobile. His introduction of the Model
T automobile modernized the transportation in
American industry. ---- .This was executing a
franchise system which put dealers across North
America and in the foremost cities throughout the
world. As a result, he became one of the wealthiest
and notable people in the world through the mass
production of inexpensive goods.
A) When Model T was introduced in 1908, it made
a revolution as its steering wheel was on the left
B) Henry Ford can be regarded as a pioneer of
“welfare capitalism” since he hired and kept the
best workers for the sake of efficiency
C) A majority of American drivers learnt to drive
on the Model T immediately after it was on the
market.
D) Besides, he made one of the biggest innovations
which resulted in a systematic and cheaper
mass selling system
E) Ford moved into the aviation business as well
like most of the other automobile companies
during World War I
Dolphins travel in speeds which astound scientists.
They have a flawless move of water around their
bodies resulting from the structure of their skins.
The skin of a dolphin is made of three layers. The
outside layer is thin and very flexible. And it has an
inner thicker one which has the appearance of a
brush with plastic hair. ----. The third of the layers
consists of a spongy material. In this way, a dolphin
swimming at the top speed can protect itself from
the heavy pressure.
A) Therefore, dolphins are used in show business
and for educational purposes
B) And the last one is coated with pressure repellent
cells
C) Dolphins have always been the center of
attention for people throughout the ages
D) They have chemicals combined with tiny bumps
on their skins
E) This layer also has a flexible structure
 9. -12. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okundu- 11. (I) Population is one the fundamental concepts in
ğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan ecology. (II) It is the term given to individuals of a
cümleyi bulunuz. certain species living in a specific area. (III) On the
whole, there are not definite boundaries separating
population from community in an ecosystem. (IV)
9. (I) Love in fact takes place in our brains though
Evolutional incidences can occur only in populations.
many of us think that it happens around our hearts.
(V) Therefore, individual can in his own life learn and
(II) For ages, poets, film industries and music
develop but evolving in it is inarguably impossible.
producers have symbolized the love as if it occurred
in the heart. (III) Yet, it’s our brains that produce
chemical signals to make people comprehend love. A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
(IV) There are various ways of making people
understand your love through your brain. (V) Love
is a rather confusing but special feeling that is
challenging to understand.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

12. (I) In the last few years, the cause of the obesity has
been one of the most popular topics for the clinicians.
(II) Some of them believe that carbohydrates are the
culprits. (III) One of the biggest mistakes made
in obesity studies is the misunderstanding of the
reasons behind it. (IV) Others think that the major
10. (I) While children grow, their fears also get bigger.
problem is fat. (V) But more recently, a group of
(II) The fears in childhood may range from monsters
physicians have brought up another hypothesis
to thunderstorms. (III) That is why your children
called food reward theory for obesity.
need your care for this serious condition, anxiety.
(IV) Then, those fears expand to issues like being
kidnapped, school failure and social phobia. (V) A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
They eventually evolve into anxiety in the later years
of their lives.
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A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
........... ........... ........... ...........

41
 TEST 2 Bu testin çözüm süresi 25 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.

3. According to the passage, ----.

1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız. A) the Little Prince was the first book published in
France

“The Little Prince” is the most famous novel of B) Exupéry’s language is so complicated that

French aristocrat, writer, poet and leading aviator people have difficulty grasping his book

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and has been winning C) the Little Prince is actually a mature character
the hearts of people since it was first published D) most of the readers sympathize themselves with
in 1943. Many people understand our little hero’s the story of the Little Prince
experiences, get upset when his heart is broken E) the Little Prince appeals only to youngsters
and justify the sayings of him. While reading his
story, they look back on their lives again and realize
how much older and more mature they have got in
finding a meaning in life. As the Little Prince said
“Adults always need to have things explained.”
Although Little Prince features a lot of fantastical and
unrealistic elements, most of the people, especially,
youngsters who have read the book believe it’s
really a great book and it actually makes one think
because of the deep lessons it gives.

1. The attitude of the author for Exupéry’s the Little

Prince is ----.

A) sarcastic
B) pessimistic
C) favoring
D) critical
E) neutral

4. With “Adults always need to have things

explained”, the Little Prince may be referring to
2. The author of the passage mainly aims to ----.
explain ----. A) adults who are not smart enough
A) how French literature influences our lives B) the catastrophic effects adults can leave on the
B) why children books sell more than their adult young people
equivalents C) the generation gap between adults and
C) childhood traumas of a well-known protagonist youngsters
D) the popularity of “the Little Prince” amongst the D) his experiences’ being more precious than his
readers parents’
E) what we should expect from a book E) the difficulties of life

42
 5.- 8. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
5. The excretory system is the name given to various
structures that serve together to excrete body
wastes. ----. We all know that undigested food,
containing both minerals and water are discarded
as feces from the anus. Some of the water is also
animated during the respiratory process.
A) These wastes include undigested food, water,
carbon dioxide, many minerals and nitrogenous
wastes
B) In addition to the organs and systems for
excretion, the skin also plays a significant role in
the elimination of water
C) However, kidneys have the function to cleanse
the blood from chemical wastes and harmful
substances
D) The chemical composition of urine is very
important and changes in any abnormal
condition
E) Then, it is rearranged and used in the cells
forming the tissues
6. ----. The first version was published in the 17th
century and it included ten books with a set of over
ten thousand lines of verse. The second edition
followed almost immediately but this time, it was
separated into twelve books with minor revisions
on the work. It was evaluated by most critics to be
Milton’s most important work. As a result, it helped
strengthen his fame as one of the greatest English
poets of all times.
A) It has long been suspected whether Marlowe or
Shakespeare was the actual poet of “Paradise
Lost”
B) Milton’s aim in his work was to justify the
approaches of God to Man
C) 17 th
century English literature emerged as a
period introducing most prolific and talented
poets
D) The poem concerns the biblical story of Adam
and Eve and the Fall of Man
E) “Paradise Lost” is an epic poem which was
composed in blank verse style by the English
poet John Milton
43
7. Tone in writing is an expository manner peculiar
only to the authors themselves. ----. But rather, it
is a product of a culture or opinion stemming from
the historical background of a specific country.
Historical tone can be expressed as the reflection of
a previous period to a written work that a society has
passed through.
A) There are various factors influential on the tone
of a work
B) It is not a spontaneous or immediate element
occurring coincidentally
C) Tone is the outcome of a combination of
technological and cultural impacts
D) It is not easy to find and read original works
nowadays
E) Tone of a written piece of work results from a
good content
8. It does not matter whichever heart disease one
is suffering from; the patient needs to start a diet
immediately in order to prevent the fatigue of
the heart while the body is trying to absorb the
nutritional elements from the foods. ----. They
must also keep away from the foods that have the
potential to create gas in the stomach or intestines.
Because the difficulty of digestion puts pressure on
the heart. That’s why after a heavy meal, during the
rest, patients have respiratory problems.
A) Patients should quit smoking soon after the
diagnosis
B) The term “heart disease” is often used
interchangeably with the term “cardiovascular
disease”
C) Firstly, the foods cardiac patients consume
shouldn’t contain salt and should be easily
digested
D) People who have excess body fat are more
likely to develop heart diseases and stroke
E) After a heavy dinner, it is better for patients to
have a long rest
 9. -12. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okundu-
ğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan
cümleyi bulunuz.
9. (I) Stephen Hawking, the famous theoretical
physicist suffers from a rare slow-progressing form
of ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. (II)
The disorder has gradually paralysed him over the
decades. (III) He lost the ability to speak thirty years
ago because of it. (IV) But, a computerized voice
generated by a sensor allowed him to communicate.
(V) Hawking has made major contributions to
physics and received numerous awards.
11. (I) The French Revolution influenced other countries
in Europe in several ways. (II) First of all, it
transformed the political and diplomatic landscape
of Europe suddenly. (III) The industrial revolution
was so sudden that it emerged new sources
of energy and more workers. (IV) Secondly, it
started social and cultural changes resulting in
revolutionary consequences for Europeans. (V) Of
these changes, perhaps the most important one
was that it triggered similar liberal independence
movements in Europe.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

12. (I) Women are more prone to depression than men.

(II) Besides, the causes of female depression are
often different from theirs. (III) Many factors add to
this situation of depression in women. (IV) These
factors range from reproductive hormones to social
pressures on females. (V) In fact, according to a
report, about one in every ten women will develop
10. (I) Much of the brain’s physiological task involves depression at some point during their lifetimes.
receiving information from the rest of the body. (II)
It interprets that information and guides the body’s
response to it. (III) The brain is divided into four A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
sections. (IV) It also helps perform crucial functions
such as breathing and maintaining blood pressure.
(V) Furthermore, it coordinates the ability to move,
touch, smell, hear and see. ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........

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A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V. ........... ........... ........... ...........

44
 TEST 3
Bu testin çözüm süresi 25 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.

2. According to the passage, young children learn

1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- more ----.
layınız.
A) in unsafe environments

According to researches, the way young children B) through the addiction of watching television

think and behave is closely related to the violence C) by differentiating between what is real and what
they see on television. First six years is a very critical is not
period for the development of brain in children. And D) from the negative effects of television
it is also known that the way young children learn E) in society by role modeling
depends mostly on social learning and role modeling.
While they interact with their environment, at the
same time, they copy, imitate, and learn afterwards.
The problem is that it’s not easy to distinguish
between what is real and what is not for children.
So, they might believe things work in real life as
they see them on television. In addition, according 3. Children show behaviors of violence towards
to a recent survey, there are other negative effects people around them because ----.
of television on young children such as becoming
afraid of the outside world, desensitizing towards
A) they are not cognitively developed enough
the violence they see on television and subsequently
presenting more violent behaviors to people around B) they become less sensitive to violent actions

them. As a result, children under the age of six, who they watch on television

are frequently exposed to violence on television are
more likely to have unhealthier minds compared to
the ones who aren’t.
C) first six years is the period of agressive manners
for them
D) they think it prevents their fear coming from the
outside world
E) parents bring up them in a violent atmosphere

1. The main focus of the passage is on ----. 4. The attitude of the author for violence on
A) latest researches as to children’s psychology television is ----.
B) the negative influence of violence on television A) manipulative
over young children B) disapproving
C) the factors which affect violence C) shocking
D) effects of television on children D) questioning
E) the break-up of children from their parents E) sarcastic
because of television

45
 5.- 8. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada 7.
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
5. Mongols were a group of nomadic people inhabiting
the steps of central Asia. Like many nomadic
peoples in history, they were highly successful
cavalry soldiers who constantly raided the sedentary
peoples to their south. They battled against the
most powerful armies and warriors in Eurasia. The
beating of the kettle and smoke signals were signs
for the start of battle. One battle formation that they
used included five squadrons or units. The typical
squadrons were divided by ranks. The first two ranks
were the ones located in the front rows. ----. They
kept a space from the enemy and killed them with
these heavy arms including arrow fires. The back
three ranks broke out between the front ranks and
aided the attacks.
A) These warriors had the heaviest armour and
weapons
B) The remainder ranks were in charge of protecting
the front rows
C) One of the most famous warriors of the Mongols
was Genghis Khan
D) Mongols lived as minorities in some regions of
China, as well as in Russia
E) The Chinese built the famous ‘Great Wall’ as a
result of these violent raids of Mongols
6. The process of changing a liquid into a solid
by cooling below a certain temperature is called
8.
freezing. The freezing point is the temperature
at which the liquid and solid forms of a substance
are in equilibrium. Freezing points are governed
largely by the nature of the substances themselves,
but may be changed with the addition of other
substances and pressure. ----. Ethyl alcohol, for
example, freezes at -179 F. (-117 C.) and because
of this, it is used in thermometers in colder regions.
A) Freezing does not significantly diminish the
nutritional value of the substances
B) Therefore, instead of freezing, drying the
substances is still commonly preferred
C) The freezing point of a substance often
determines how it can be used
D) From 1744 until 1954, 0 °C was defined as the
freezing point of water
E) Most substances contract and become denser
after freezing
46
Brazilian novelist Paulo Coelho is regarded as a
travel writer by many people because since his
first novel ‘the Pilgrimage’, he’s used the image
travelling in a most powerful way. ----. It is a story
about a young shepherd who follows his spiritual
journey to the Egyptian pyramids in pursuit of a
treasure. He values his freedom very highly, which
is why he becomes a shepherd and why he resists
involvement in things that threaten his freedom.
Finally, he realizes that playing it safe is often more
threatening to his freedom than taking a risk.
A) Because travelling is an experimental quest that
one has to accomplish to find himself
B) His works include the Valkyries, the Fifth
Mountain, and the Alchemist
C) Paulo Coelho was a logical and reasonable man
with a very clear vision of the world
D) His most widely known novel ‘the Alchemist’
is also fictionalized in search for a desire for
journey.
E) In total, Coelho has published 30 books, most of
which are autobiographical, while the majority of
the rest are fictional
----. Imagine a society without the civilizing
influence of the arts that are most pleasurable and
educationally vital in life. The music, the plays,
dance, books, festivals, literature and painting of a
nation represent the spirit and essence of its people.
That’s why, if you removed arts from a community,
it would mean removing the soul of that community.
As a result, you would be left with a society without
neither identity nor national conversation.
A) A society without arts is unthinkable
B) Despite different beliefs and cultures, the world
can gather around a specific piece of music
C) Every nation has its own perception of arts
D) There is a great influence of the painters on the
individuals
E) The arts flourished in ancient Greece around
1000 BC
 9. -12. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okundu-
ğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan
cümleyi bulunuz.
9. (I) Charles Dickens’s masterpiece, the biggest
selling novel of all times, “A Tale of Two Cities”
depicts the difficulties of the French peasantry
life. (II) In fact, Charles Dickens created some of
the world’s best known fictional characters that
earned him unique popularity. (III) In the novel,
the demoralization of the peasants by the French
aristocracy during the revolution is emphasized.
(IV) This is done especially through the cruelty
of Charles Darnay’s family towards the French
peasantry. (V) In disgust at this cruelty of his family,
he took on the name Darnay and left France for
England.
11. (I) Tower cranes are common fixtures of any
major construction site used both to lift and lower
materials. (II) They are fairly hard to miss with their
lengths reaching out hundreds of feet into the air.
(III) The earliest known tower cranes were invented
by the Ancient Greeks and were powered generally
by men. (IV) They are commonly used for lifting
heavy things and transporting them to places during
the construction. (V) They, therefore, employ simple
but strong machines to move loads beyond the
normal capability of a human.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

12. (I) Today, we carry more computing power on our

10. (I) A Russian physiologist called Ivan Pavlov is well-
known with the experiment he did with dogs. (II) He
noticed that his dogs were salivating when they saw
food. (III) In his experiment, Pavlov used a bell as
his neutral stimulus. (IV) Whenever he gave food to
his dogs, he also rang a bell. (V) Like many other
scientific advances, Pavlovian conditioning was
discovered accidentally.
mobile phones than it was available in the early
models of the computer. (II) By 1880, The U.S.
population had grown enormously leading to a
population census crisis. (III) It had increased so
fast that it took more than seven years to obtain the
census results. (IV) The government looked for a
faster method to get the job done, creating punch-
card based computers that took up entire rooms.
(V) Therefore, the computer was born not out of
entertainment but for a need to solve a serious
taking census problem.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
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47
 TEST 4 Bu testin çözüm süresi 25 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.

2. It may be inferred from the passage that Nobel

1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- Peace Prize ----.
layınız.
A) made Martin Luther King the most prominent
figure in the history
“I Have a Dream” the gripping phrase surely most
of us have heard during our lifetimes at least once, B) made the way for legal equality in the United

belongs to the American Baptist minister, activist, States

humanitarian, and the leader of African-American C) was given after the Voting Rights Act
civil rights movement, Martin Luther King Jr. Born on D) wasn’t the only grant Martin Luther King was
January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, Martin Luther awarded with
King had a deep influence on racial relations in the E) was given in the honor of Martin Luther King
United States. Beginning from the mid-1950s on, he after his assassination
played a major role in ending the legal segregation
of African-American citizens across the nation and
caused the Civil Rights Act of 1964 put into effort
along with the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He was
awarded with Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 together
with various other honours granted to him. Despite 3. It is stated in the passage that Martin Luther
all these contributions of him to humanity, he was King was ----.
assassinated in 1968 but he is remembered as one
of the most prominent African-American figures in
A) assasinated due to his struggle for achieving
history. Masses still exhibit their love to the greatest
equal rights
champion of freedom, justice, and equality ever
B) born outside the US
known.
C) the best leader of all times in American history
D) proud of being the champion of freedom
E) was an activist leader known widely for his
phrase “I Have a Dream”

4. It is understood from the passage that ----.

1. The main subject of the passage is ----.
A) the first Nobel Peace Prize was given in 1964
A) ending the legal segregation of African-American
B) Martin Luther King is still remembered as a great
citizens
figure because of his efforts for equality
B) the gripping phrase “I Have a Dream”
C) the United States is against different ethnic
C) Martin Luther King Jr. and his contributions to groups living in the country
humanity
D) American Dream failed to make the idea of
D) the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting freedom and justice real among people
Rights Act of 1965
E) Atlanta is home to many famous people including
E) racial inequality in the United States Martin Luther King

48
 5.- 8. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada 7. Crete is the fifth largest and the most populated island
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi- in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily and Cyprus.
lecek cümleyi bulunuz. ----. You can still admire the ruins of this glorious
culture on the island in addition to wandering around
5. The Mona Lisa painting by the Italian artist Leonardo and exploring impressive beaches, untouched
da Vinci has been regarded as the best known, the valleys, and wonderful mountain views. It can be
most visited, the most written about and the most
your dream place to get out of your hectic routines
sung about work of art in the world. This is the
and stress.
world’s most famous painting. While looking at it, the
stunning thing about the painting is that Mona Lisa
seems radiant one moment and then serious and
A) It was once the center of Minoan civilization,
sardonic the next. ----. They think her smile becomes
more blurred towards the right and so more visible now known as the earliest recorded civilization
in peripheral vision. In other words, different retinal in Europe
neurons are adapted to varying the content of spatial B) The island has three significant airports, Nikos
size information in the image. This is referred to Kazantzakis, the Daskalogiannis and one in
as spatial frequency distribution by the scientists. Sitia
Therefore, we know the secret behind Mona Lisa’s
famous smile. C) You can feel the glory of the previous cultures
on the island even today
D) EU integration and modernization have had a
A) Stephen Macknik believes that neurons in the
periphery perceive bigger portions of the visual huge impact on local culture and attitudes
scene, and thus have lower resolution E) However, divorce rates have tremendously
B) Now, scientists have come up with an answer to increased on this beautiful island
her changing moods
C) This study shows us that her mouth appears to
change depending on the distance and the level
of blur
D) Leonardo da Vinci started painting Mona Lisa in
the 16th century in Florence and he continued to
paint it in France
E) The painting’s reputation stepped up greatly
among people when it was stolen on 21 August
1911

8. Eggs of Ostrich have always been prized on

6. The earliest known lock to be operated by a key was
found by archaeologists in the Khorsabad palace
in Egypt. ----. It most probably evolved as an easy
solution to the problem of opening a bar door from
the outside. This lock worked using a large wooden
bolt to secure a door with an opening including
some holes on its upper surface. The holes were
equipped with wooden pegs that deterred the bolt
from being opened.
account of their size compared to their counterparts
in the history. They have been employed for certain
purposes since the ancient times. They have
played an important part in almost every aspect of
especially African life. ----. However, they are being
traded for decoration and ornamentation rather than
delicacy nowadays.

A) Ostrich eggshells date back to Pharaohs’ time in

A) The first serious attempt to improve the security
of the lock was made in 1778 in England
B) These locks were up to 2 ft. (61 cm) long and
their keys were long
C) Called the Egyptian lock, it is estimated to have
been 4,000 years old
D) The ancient Romans built the first metal locks,
and their iron keys
E) The Egyptian model was improved by adding
wards
Egypt
B) They have been used as decorative elements in
rituals in Sudan as well
C) Lydian commercial firms also made use of
ostrich eggs for trading in the past
D) Some of the decorated eggshells will be
exhibited in African museums from now on
E) Mainly, they have been regarded as a rare food
product there for ages

49
 9. -12. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okundu-
ğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan
cümleyi bulunuz.
9. (I) Macaws are becoming more and more of a rare
sight in the wild. (II) Then, it gets difficult to conceive
these large and beautiful birds in their habitat. (III)
Hyacinth macaws do not reproduce each year even
under the best conditions. (IV) That’s why, most of
us regard them as pet store animals. (V) Scientists
believe their number is declining rapidly and they
are in danger of extinction.
11. (I) Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, written by
Lewis Carroll, belongs to the genre of children
fiction. (II) Lewis Carroll was an English writer,
mathematician, logician, and photographer. (III)
It tells the story of a girl named Alice, who is the
main character of it. (IV) It includes elements from
a fantasy world where one can travel to this world
through a rabbit hole. (V) Moreover, it is a book that
consists of magical items like a bottle of liquid to
make one shrink.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

12. (I) Adolescence is a transitional period in human

growth and development. (II) It occurs during the
period from puberty to adulthood. (III) Researchers
have found it difficult to agree upon an exact
definition of adolescence. (IV) It stands for one
of the critical transitions in the lifespan. (V) It is
characterized by an enormous speed in growth
which is nearly at the same pace as that of infancy.
10. (I) Female cheetahs normally live with their cubs for
about two years. (II) The cheetah is the fastest land
animal on Earth. (III) It can run from 0 to 60 miles A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
an hour in only three seconds. (IV) In this way, it
can leave most automobiles in the dust. (V) It can
also make rapid and immediate movements while
hunting its prey.
ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........

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A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
........... ........... ........... ...........

50

Bu testin çözüm süresi 25 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.
1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
Dinosaurs were found all around the world except
Antarctica until scientists discovered a fossil of a
tailbone belonging to a titanosaur, a giant plant-
eating dinosaur. This primitive dinosaur dates back
to almost 200 million years ago –a time when one
of the coldest parts of the world was a temperate
forest. The finding is important because this is the
first evidence of these creatures for their existence
in Antarctica. Unfortunately, little is known about the
dinosaurs that once lived in what is today Antarctica.
All fossils discovered so far are from the few places
free of a thick ice layer such as the edges of coastal
islands or mountain rock faces. This new discovery
now suggests the idea that dinosaurs were spread all
over the world not only in the Southern hemisphere
but in the Northern hemisphere as well.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that
Antarctica ----.
A) was not always so cold in the distant past
B) dates back to nearly 200 million years ago
C) was the first continent discovered by the
scientists
D) is little known to researchers
E) is free of snow and ice layers
51
TEST 5
2. We can understand from the passage that the
discovery of the new dinosaur fossil ----.
A) surprised scientists because Antarctica shows
no signs of life
B) occurred in a very remote place
C) puts the idea that dinosaurs once roamed in
Antarctica
D) spread all over the world except Antarctica
E) belongs to the times when Antarctica was a
forest
3. We learn from the passage that titanosaur ----.
A) was the only plant eating dinosaur species
B) has been discovered in a place free of a thick ice
layer
C) is still alive in Antarctica
D) was a tiny dinosaur which lived in Antarctica
centuries ago
E) is one of the coldest animals of the world
4. It can be concluded from the passage that the
discovery of titanosaur shows ----.
A) dinosaurs, in fact, were more commonly found in
the Northern hemisphere
B) it has little importance to scientists
C) this primitive creature was considerably different
from those found in other continents
D) scientists will make similar further expeditions in
a few years
E) dinosaurs, at one time in the past, lived in both
hemispheres
 5.- 8. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada 7.
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
5. People usually decide to look for care after an injury
based on their ability to stand or walk as to their
legs. But several medical conditions can arise from
the knees or the whole leg at the end of even a mild
pain if not taken care on time. Actually, they should
consult a doctor as soon as they feel any discomfort
in the leg. Most of the time, seeking medical
attention when the pain begins to interfere with daily
lives is a wrong decision. ----.
A) The main cause of leg pain is certainly a cramp
or a muscle spasm both of which are not
generally medically harmful
B) In the end, the situation may result in a larger
collection of symptoms and disorders
C) Therefore, in most of the situations, leg pain
has a gradual onset which can be estimated
beforehand
D) The doctors also suggest keeping your blood
pressure and cholesterol under control to avoid
the leg pain
E) Then, if the spine is damaged, it can affect one’s
ability to walk and the balance of the body
8.
6. ----. “Besides its size,” wrote Herodotus the famous
Greek historian, “Babylon surpasses any city in the
known world in terms of its splendor.” It deserves
Herodotus’ claim since its outer walls were 56 miles
in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. The city is
one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Its
location hasn’t been exactly found out, though.
A) The name “Babylon” means “Gate of the Gods”
but it’s not worth this name
B) Some people think Babylon is one of the most
mythical cities in the world
C) The city Babylon was destroyed during a war
D) There were many wonderful ancient cities in the
ancient world
E) The city of Babylon has been a wonder to
travelers with its massive structure for ages
52
Pizza was first popularized in Italy and it came to
America in the late 1800s through Italian immigrants.
They were mostly from the rural and poorer southern
parts of Italy. ----. Because of its simplicity and
cheapness, it became more widespread during
the great depression. Today, there are quite a
few differences between the Italian and American
version. Perhaps, the major difference is in the type
and quantity of meat on pizza. Americans put much
more meat at the same time than do the Italians on
their pizzas.
A) Thus, pizza which they brought along became a
modest food in the US just like it was in Italy
B) Americans developed pizza with costly toppings
such as chocolate and pineapple
C) The major difference between American and
Italian pizza was their size, the former being
larger
D) However, pizza has been found detrimental to
health whether it’s Italian or American
E) New York became Little Italy in this period with
a growing number of simple Italian shops such
as hairdressers and restaurants
----. Moreover, it is much faster than the old ways our
grandmothers used. First of all, you should create
an environment not suitable for harmful bacteria
while preserving the integrity of your vegetables.
Then, the proper ratio of vinegar is required to
keep vegetables in the proper taste. After washing
and chopping your cucumbers, put them with salt,
vinegar and spices into a jar. And your pickles will
be ready in 24 for hours.
A) Aristotle praised the healing effects of chopped
cucumbers
B) If you put too much salt and vinegar while
preparing your pickles, the bacteria will
immediately die
C) The first pickles were brought to Americas by
Christopher Columbus
D) If you serve the pickles cold, they will be more
delicious
E) Making and canning your own pickles is one of
the easiest chores you can do at home
 9. -12. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okundu-
ğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan
cümleyi bulunuz.
9. (I) Condensation is the altering of the physical state
of water from its vapor phase into the liquid one. (II)
It actually refers to such gaseous state of the matter.
(III) It can also be defined as the change of water
vapor to liquid water when in contact with a liquid
surface within the atmosphere. (IV) It usually occurs
in the atmosphere as a result of rising and cooling
air. (V) By this way, the air loses its capacity to hold
water vapor and condenses to form cloud droplets.
11. (I) It is not clearly known when and how the first cars
were invented. (II) It was actually Henry Ford who
first invented and manufactured the motor vehicles.
(III) It is not even known which animal prehistoric
humans picked on first for transportation. (IV) It
may have begun with the horse, camel, donkey, or
possibly the dog. (V) But it is sure these animals
were the earliest engines for people.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

12. (I) A vessel is a vehicle that can float and proceed

on watery places ranging from rivers to oceans.
(II) It can achieve this via its own power or taking
the advantage of other elements such as wind and
waves. (III) Any object will either float or sink in water
depending on its density. (IV) Most boats move
partially through or above water whereas others can
submerse entirely under it. (V) Such vehicles can
be named as submarines or submersibles which are
the smaller versions.
10. (I) The earliest record of fireworks dates back to
7th century China where they are supposed to
have been invented. (II) Fireworks are a class of A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
explosives that burn at a low rate with colored
flames which are used for aesthetic, cultural, and
religious purposes. (III) They take many forms
to create the four principle effects: noise, light,
smoke, and floating materials. (IV) They are used
to illuminate areas, send signals or just to entertain.
(V) They burn flames and produce many colors
typically red, orange, yellow, green and blue. ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........

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........... ........... ........... ...........
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

53
 TEST 1 Bu testin çözüm süresi 25 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.

2. According to the passage, Marx ----.

1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız. A) was born in a Protestant family
B) was punished by exile because of his opposing

Although he was barely known in the early 19th ideas against legal privilege
century, the philosopher, social scientist, historian C) ruled out all the former socialist views
and revolutionary Karl Marx is doubtless the most D) was murdered because of his views
influential social thinker to emerge in his time. In
his own lifetime, he was largely ignored by his E) got so much ahead his contemporaries that they
contemporaries but his reputation rose later, after were jealous of him
his death in 1883. Born into a middle-class home in
Germany in 1818, he came from a family who was
very much interested in the political debates and the
movements of the revolutionary era. His father was
a Jewish who converted to Protestantism in order
to be able to work as a lawyer. Marx enrolled in the
faculty of Law at the University of Bonn when he
was seventeen. But later on, he turned to philosophy
and became a member of the Young Hegelian
3. As can be understood from the passage, ----.
Movement because he was an extremist, too. This
was a group of rebellious students who hated the A) Marx was a radical in his philosophy
oppressive and the conservative Prussian university B) Prussian government had a mild approach
system. He arrived in Paris at the end of 1843 and
towards Marx’s ideas
he quickly made contact with organized groups of
immigrant German workers and with several sects C) Marx preferred studying law to philosophy
of French socialists. During his first few months in D) Young Hegelian Movement originated in Paris
Paris, Marx became a communist and set down
his views in a series of writings known as “the E) Marx was appreciated by his colleagues in his
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts” (1844), lifetime
which remained unpublished until the 1930s. In “the
Manuscripts,” he summarized the conception of
Communism and a contrast between the alienated
nature of labor in capitalism and a communist
society where human beings could freely develop
their collective production. One of his criticisms of
legal privilege resulted in his being sent into exile by
the Prussian government.
4. As stated in the passage, Marx’s Manuscripts
----.

1. The most suitable title for this passage would be A) was based on his experiences of life in Germany
----. where he grew up
B) was the most effective piece of writing of his
A) Marx’s comparative views as to communism and
time
capitalism
C) had no influence at all on the rise and further
B) educational background of Karl Marx
development of socialism
C) sections from Marx’s life, philosophy and his
D) was printed in 1930s and outlined the contrast
doings
between communism and capitalism
D) the rebellious nature of Karl Marx
E) aided the immigrant German workers on a large
E) socialism as the mainstream in 19th century
scale

54
 5.- 8. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
5. It is generally assumed that watching a movie is
much easier than reading its novel ----. First of all,
when watching a movie you are in a passive state.
The characters, the environment and the actions
are imposed to you with no chance of going back
and you can’t get in to the movie unless it’s a very
qualified one. There is a huge chance that you will
forget it in a short amount of time. However, when
reading a novel, your mind and your imagination
takes over so the images that are created by your
mind are unforgettable.
A) Because watching a movie instead of reading its
novel leaves a more permanent effect on you
B) But the benefits of reading a novel is not
comparable to watching a movie
C) If you’re a novelist, one of the biggest mistakes
is confining yourself to strict rules
D) And this fact has improved the film industry
enormously
E) Therefore, most of the novelists’ works have
been recreated as movies over the last decade
6. May Day on May 1 is an ancient Northern
Hemisphere spring festival and usually a public
holiday; it is also a traditional spring holiday in many
cultures. Dances, singing, and cake are usually part
of the celebrations that the day includes. ----. This
was done to commemorate the Haymarket affair
that occurred on 4th May 1886.
A) International Workers’ Day may also be referred
to as “May Day”, but it is a different celebration
from the traditional May Day
B) In the late 19th century, May Day was chosen
as the date for International Workers’ Day by the
Socialists and Communists
C) The first May Day celebrations showed up in
pre-Christian times, with the Floralia, festival of
Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers
D) Violence intensified on 4 May when a protest
demonstration started in Haymarket square
E) It is also associated with the Gaelic Beltane,
most widely held on April 30
55
7. One of the greatest examples of Byzantine
architecture is the church of Saint Sophia in İstanbul.
Obviously, its structural design is totally new in the
history of architecture. The interior parts of the
church has a complex structure and is decorated
with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings of
great artistic value. ----. The main feature of this
design was the application of the dome principle
to a building of the square shape. However, there
was a problem in this shape for the architects as to
the fitting of the circumference of the dome to the
square area it was supposed to cover during the
construction.
A) Every year, millions of visitors come from all
over the world to visit Saint Sophia
B) Saint Sophia serves as a model for the design of
new churches in the future
C) Moreover, so many windows are placed around
its rim that the dome seems to have no support
at all
D) The church was designed in the form of a cross,
with a marvelous dome over its central square
E) It was constructed by the emperor Justinian in
the sixth century as the greatest cathedral built
up to that time
8. Today, the number of the smokers in the world is
around 1.3 billion. Since the numbers are high,
the health professionals warn people about the
harmful ingredients in the cigarettes. According to
the statistics, there are about 600 ingredients in
cigarettes. However, when they burn, more than
7,000 chemicals come out. ----. Therefore, the
mortality rate for smokers is three times compared
to people who never smoked as CDC claimed.
A) Moreover, tobacco companies spend millions of
dollars on advertising throughout the world
B) When a person smokes a cigarette, the body
reacts almost immediately
C) Tobacco manufacturers have produced a
cigarette that is low in tar and nicotine
D) The reason for people to smoke is the instant
pleasure that comes from the cigarettes
E) Many of those chemicals are poisonous and at
least 69 of them can cause cancer
 9. -12. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okundu-
ğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan
cümleyi bulunuz.
9. (I) Perfume was first used by the Egyptians as part
of their religious rituals. (II) The word perfume is
used today to describe scented mixtures and is
derived from the Latin word, “per fumus.” (III) The
two principal methods of use at this time was the
burning of incense and the application of balms
and ointments. (IV) Perfume was further refined
by the Romans, the Persians and the Arabs. (V) It
was later far more developed by Indus civilization
between 3300 BCE and 1300 BCE.
11. (I) The Anatolian wise man Nasreddin Hodja is
presented to us in various ways. (II) He is sometimes
a judge, an imam and sometimes he’s our friendly
and wise neighbour. (III) He is the fatherly figure
always surrounded by his wife, son, neighbours,
and fellow villagers. (IV) But his donkey is always
by his side. (V) He is sometimes very gullible
sometimes very witty but always humorous.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

12. (I) Aristotle is known for classifying the sense organs

10. (I) The stomach is positioned in the upper left
region of the abdominal cavity. (II) The inside of the
stomach is lined with a mucous coat containing the
surface lining and several glands. (III) Processing
of the food is performed in the small intestine.
(IV) Some of these gastric glands release gastric
juice and others hydrochloric acid. (V) These acids
provide the proper medium for the reactions of the
stomach.
under five categories: sight, smell, taste, touch, and
hearing. (II) The renowned philosopher Immanuel
Kant suggested that our modes of perception
determine the knowledge of the outside world in
1760s. (III) Each of the 5 senses includes organs
with specialized receptors for specific stimuli. (IV)
These receptors have links to the nervous system
and thus to the brain. (V) Sensing starts in the
receptors and finally turn into sensations in the
nervous system.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........

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A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
........... ........... ........... ...........

56
 TEST 2
Bu testin çözüm süresi 30 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.

2. According to the passage, Cappadocia’s soil

1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- type ----.
layınız.
A) enabled the inhabitants to build their homes
easily
The name “Cappadocia” dates back to Persian
times, when the region was called as “katpatukya” B) regulates the inside temperature of the houses

meaning “Land of Beautiful Horses.” Since that time, C) draws the tourists’ attention most
it has experienced the rise and collapse of many D) is protected by the city dwellers
different civilizations. In recent times, it has become E) was formed during the Persian times
well-known for its unprecedented landscape of
valleys and weird rock formations, known as “fairy
chimneys.” Volcanic eruptions led to the creation of
this marvelous landscape. Because the soil below
the top layer of the earth is very soft, it can be easily
carved. People living in the region took advantage
of this softness to build their houses in the rock
pillars or under the ground in the past. Today, 3. The passage largely focuses on ----.
there are still plenty of examples of these homes or
A) touristic efforts in Cappadocia province
churches in Cappadocia. The volcanic rock keeps
houses naturally cool in the hot summer and warm B) the geological features of Cappadocia

in cool winter. Extensive preservation efforts are C) the solutions to save Cappadocia from
carried out to guarantee that this World Heritage site destruction
survive for another millennium. With lumped tourist D) Cappadocia’s cultural and social history
trade, nevertheless, the site has been exposed to E) the origin of the name “Cappadocia”
substantial damages due to human destruction.

4. It can be inferred from the passage that

Cappadocia ----.

A) has the perfect temperature keeping houses

naturally cool in summer and warm in winter
1. It is argued in the passage that Cappadocia ----.
B) suffered from unequalled numbers of volcanic
A) is called as “katpatukya” by local people eruptions in the past
B) hosts no permanent residents C) is restrained to its weird rock formations known
C) isn’t worth visiting because of the damages as fairy chimneys
given by humans D) has been cradle of various civilizations
D) will be ruined in the next millennium throughout the history
E) has a wonderful and unique scenery E) is trying to ban the tourist influx into the city

57
 5.- 8. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
5. ----. In the hierarchic order, the ranks in the country
are Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishva, and Shudra.
Brahmana, now, more prevalently spelled Brahmin,
consists of the group of people who are engaged
in education, knowledge, and teaching. Kshatriya
is in charge of public service, maintenance of law,
order, and defense. The third social class Vaishya
includes those dealing with commercial activity like
businessmen. Shudra, the semi-skilled or unskilled
laborers work in serving jobs like cleaning and
picking up the wastes.
A) Generally speaking, a caste system is a process
of placing people in occupational groups under
four headings
B) India’s caste system has four main classes
based originally on personality, profession, and
birth
C) Most Indian languages use the term “jati” for the
system of hereditary social structures in South
Asia
D) One can climb up to higher social status even
when born into a family belonging to a low level
rank
E) According to a theory about the origins of South
Asia’s caste system, Aryans from central Asia
invaded South Asia and introduced the caste
system
6. When we talk of love, diamonds come to our
minds since they are supposed to be symbols
of commitment and joyful new beginnings. ----.
In diamond-rich countries, diamond mines not
only produce these precious stones but violence,
exploitation of workers, great human suffering,
and civil wars as well. Experts allege that the sale
of bloody diamonds earned billions of dollars to
fund civil wars and other conflicts in many African
nations.
A) However, in various African nations for many
people, these sparkling stones are more of a
curse than a blessing
B) In fact, for ages, diamonds have been used as
the symbol of true and pure love
C) Diamonds are thought to have been first
recognized and mined in India which has
important alluvial deposits of the stone
D) As a result, brutality and injustice remain as an
everyday aspect of diamond mining
E) For example, in Sierra Leone, a gang threatened
people working in diamond mines to be able to
take control of them
58
7. Despite the diversity of them, we still know
surprisingly little about the precise origin of snakes.
Because the fossil remains found are very low in
number and they are fragile, so they often aren’t
able to be well preserved. The longest fossil that has
been found is 49 feet long. ----.This means that the
snakes were once much larger than they are now.
We don’t have answers about what occurred that
resulted in them getting smaller.
A) The evolution of snakes is very fascinating
B) That is almost twice the size of the largest
snakes we have today.
C) Scientists show evidence that they evolved from
aquatic lizards
D) It is believed that the snakes had different limbs
to swim when they lived in the water
E) There are almost 3,000 named snake species
today
8. A university is an institution of higher education and
research that grants academic degrees in several
subjects. Universities seem to have its origins in the
Roman Empire. ----. In a way, they had nothing that
can be regarded as university in the modern sense.
From today’s point of view, the term to be used
for these universities could be the academy. They
were special institutes giving education on specific
subjects ranging from law to biology.
A) The original Latin word “universitas” refers to
the persons associated into one body, a society,
company, or guild
B) As it dates back to the Roman Empire, it
is inevitable not to have Latin language in
universities
C) However, the only elements of Romans regarding
the education were teachers, students, and
libraries
D) As the first founder of universities, the ancestors
of the Roman Empire still have the best
universities in Italy
E) Universities had noble causes by which they
paved the way for young individuals through
higher education even in those times
 9. -12. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okundu-
ğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan
cümleyi bulunuz.
9. (I) Many of the orchids across the world are
threatened due to orchid smuggling since collectors
and growers esteem them highly. (II) Therefore,
smuggling of protected orchids from the wild has
increased. (III) Some collectors prefer travelling
to tropical countries in search of rare and unique
species to steal. (IV) On the black market, a single,
rare orchid can sell for thousands of pounds. (V)
Others take the advantage of professional orchid
smugglers.
11. (I) Energy drinks are beverages like Red Bull, Burn,
and Rock Star including chiefly caffeine and they
are manufactured with the intention of providing
mental and physical stimulation. (II) They can also
contain sugar or other sweeteners, amino acids,
and herbal extracts. (III) The amount of caffeine
in an energy drink can differ from 75 milligrams to
over 200 milligrams depending on the serving. (IV)
The overconsumption of these ingredients have all
been proved to be harmful for human health. (V)
This compares to 34 milligrams in Cola, and 55
milligrams in sweetened soda.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

12. (I)The Batumi port where there are historical piers,

green parks, and coffees along the coast is the
starting point of voyage cruise boats. (II) It is a small
port with a population of approximately 154,000
in South West Georgia. (III) The city is located in
a subtropical zone in which agricultural crops like
10. (I) The Ottoman Empire ruled over expansive
citrus fruit and tea are grown. (IV) In addition to
regions for ages and so worked in collaboration
agricultural produce, locals work in beekeeping
with many cultures and nations with its cuisine. (II)
and fishing. (V) Since 2010, the appearance of the
Therefore, in a way, Ottoman cuisine is not only the
city has been changed by the renovation of the Old
cuisine of the Ottoman Empire but its successors in
Town.
Anatolia, Balkans, and much of the Middle East as
well. (III) Unfortunately, this marvelous cuisine has
lost most of its unequalled variety nowadays. (IV) A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
The blend of cultures enriched the Ottoman cuisine
melting all differences in a bowl. (V) Such a variety
of cultures from Anatolia, Middle East, and Balkans
became the chief contributors to the Ottoman
cuisine.
ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........

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A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
........... ........... ........... ...........

59
 TEST 3
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.
2.
1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
We don’t have the exact knowledge as to when
and how people began to drink tea. The first record
concerning using tea as a drink shows us that it
dates back to the 10th century BC, China. Tea was
brought to Europe in 1610, through the Dutch East
India Company who established bases in Indonesia
and Japan trading directly with the Orient. It became
very fashionable in aristocratic circles and at the
royal courts in Europe. In Great Britain, tea even
became so chic that at the end of the 17th century
alcohol consumption declined. In the 19th century,
Chinese trade of tea with Western nations spread
and the tea industry started to appear in America
as well. Surprisingly, compared to tea’s thousands
3.
years of history, Turkish tea is relatively young as
it only became common in Turkey from the 1900s
onwards. The very first attempt to grow tea on
Turkish soil took place in Bursa between 1888 and
1892. It wasn’t a success because this part of the
country is ecologically insufficient for growing tea. In
1924, the parliament passed a law about cultivating
tea in the east of the Black Sea region. Today, 767
million m² of land is used to grow tea, and it is the
second most consumed Turkish drink, after water.
4.
1. The most suitable title for this passage would be
----.
A) decline of alcohol consumption in Great Britain
B) tea cultivation in Turkey
C) how the journey of tea started
D) tea as the most consumed beverage
E) history and development of tea in various
countries
60
Bu testin çözüm süresi 30 dakikadır.
According to the passage, tea ----.
A) production exceeds that of other drinks in
Turkey
B) is a quite new beverage for Europeans
C) didn’t appear in America until 1900s
D) was outweighed by alcoholic drinks at the end of
the 17th century
E) was grown on Turkish soil first in the 19th century
It may be inferred from the passage that ----.
A) tea growing inspired the other sectors in Turkey
B) almost all countries supply tea from the Black
Sea region across the world
C) water is the most consumed beverage in Turkey
D) tea has been a pretty noble drink for most of the
nations for ages
E) Turkish soil is ecologically inadequate for
growing tea
It is stated in the passage that ----.
A) tea drinking is a very chic habit across Europe
B) Bursa is the only city in Turkey where tea is
grown widely
C) Turkish parliament enacted a law for growing
tea in Black Sea region in 1924
D) tea is the second most consumed Turkish drink
in the whole world
E) Turkish tea has thousands years of history
 5.- 8. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
5. Botswana is an African paradise where education is
free, corruption is scarce, and crime rates are low.
It is one of the fastest growing economies in the
world due mostly to the large diamond reserves. It is
also free of outskirts drug cultures, wars, and slums.
----. Therefore, in 2003, the government launched
a comprehensive program involving anti-retroviral
drugs along with an extensive information campaign
to stop the spread of the virus.
A) The reserves were discovered immediately after
Botswana got its independence from Britain
B) An estimated 70% of the country’s citizens
identify themselves as Christians
C) The inner city drug cultures and wars are typical
reasons for contagious diseases
D) On the other hand, it has the second highest
HIV infection rate in the world after nearby
Swaziland
E) The national response to these drug cultures is
now bringing about positive results
6. Good health is often reflected in an attractive and
youthful body. But, signs of good health are not
always clear-cut, nor are they universal among
everyone. And no two people are alike concerning
the issue. Some have strong and healthy bodies
whereas others don’t. However, proper care and
control can make life more enjoyable. So, everybody
should know his own health assets and have health
examination regularly. ----. The mother should take
care of her baby under routine examinations starting
in pregnancy. That means she should see her
doctor at certain intervals and avoid any kind of drug
not prescribed by her doctor.
A) Checking once in a year is enough in adults
B) This starts before birth
C) Therefore, doctors emphasize the importance of
this for the elderly
D) After the age of 35, annual examination is
necessary
E) In the infancy period, it is not essential to have
regular medical checks
61
7. There are several reasons for adolescents to use
drugs, which can be summed up under three hea-
dings such as peer pressure, emotional reasons,
and curiosity. Peer pressure is almost unavoidable
since people are socialized creatures and likely to
be affected by others. The pressure exerted by fri-
end circles can easily lead a teenager to the usage
of drugs. As for emotional causes, depression is in
the front line. According to researches, depressed
people are more likely to take drugs. The desire to
experiment new things also plays an important role
in becoming addicted to drugs. ----.
A) Finally, people also use drugs to self-medicate
themselves but fall into the trap of depression
again
B) An argument why drug treatment centers are
good at making people quit drugs is that they
have the right equipment to control the addicted
individuals
C) This curiosity accompanied with the other factors
can hold the addicted adolescent in the grip of
harmful habits even for a life time
D) Thus, parents are the key factors in keeping
their children away from the usage of harmful
substances
E) Though there are some centers that welcome
drug addicts free of charge, the rate of success
in such kind of centers is low
8. We always assume that explosions are horrible and
dangerous phenomena. ----. Each day, even if we
don’t realize in our daily routines, explosions are
helping to save people’s lives. Given that you are
involved in a car accident, the airbag of your car
will fire out of the dashboard through a controlled
explosion. This action will lessen the impact of the
crash and help to diminish the possible damage
to your body. That’s why since 1998, it has been
mandatory for the cars sold in the United States to
include airbags on both driver and passenger sides
by law.
A) Like explosions, car accidents also continue to
influence our lives in a bad way
B) But, that is not always the case
C) An explosion along with a collision makes the
situation even worse
D) They damage the nearby buildings, turn the cars
upside down and show flames lighting up the
sky
E) Explosions can occur naturally or by human
activity
 9. -12. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okundu-
ğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cerebrum, which is divided into two hemispheres. (II)
cümleyi bulunuz. In humans, sensory nerve fibres transmit electrical
signals through the site of the stimulus to the spinal
cord and then to the brain. (III) Passing via the brain
9. (I) King Arthur is a mythical British leader of early stem, they reach the thalamus. (IV) It is responsible
6th century, who, according to medieval histories for sending signals to be processed in different
and romances, led the defence of Britain against areas of the brain. (V) One of these areas is the
Saxon invaders. (II) But, his historical existence is limbic system, known as the emotional center of the
questioned and disputed by the current historians. brain.
(III) One school of thought recognizes Arthur as a
real historical figure fighting against the invading
Anglo-Saxons. (IV) Arthur is an important figure A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
because he founded an empire that united Britain
in one piece. (V) Partially in reaction to this idea,
another school of thought has appeared which
claims that Arthur had no historical existence at all.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

12. (I) Well-known social networking site Facebook

10. (I) The inventors of the first airplane were two
American brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers
called the Wright brothers. (II) The brothers’
fundamental innovation was their invention of three-
axis control providing the pilot with an effective
equilibrium and steering system. (III) However, prior
to the first airplane invented by the Wright Brothers,
inventors had made several attempts to make it fly
like the birds. (IV) This method became a standard
on fixed-wing aircraft of all kinds. (V) It still remains
as the standard model in airplanes.
was founded in 1984 by its current CEO Mark
Zuckerberg. (II) The first establishment of it was
in his college dorm room in Harvard. (III) The user
base of Facebook increased to more than 250
million people soon after Zuckerberg left Harvard
to concentrate on the site. (IV) And it has now over
1.44 billion monthly active users as of March 2015.
(V) He also created an early version of the music
software Pandora, which he called Synapse, while
still in high school.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V. Doğru Yanlış Boş Net

........... ........... ........... ...........
11. (I) The largest part of the human brain is the

62
 Bu testin çözüm süresi 30 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.
2.
1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
TEST 4
It can be inferred from the passage that the
marriage of Madam Curie and Pierre Curie ----.
A) led to the catastrophe of both in the end

Marie Sklodowska Curie was a distinguished B) mainly resulted from their mutual interest in

physicist and chemist best known for her studies natural sciences

on radioactivity. She was an energetic idealist who C) prevented their further discoveries in life
commenced her researches in radioactivity in 1890s D) brought them the chance of being candidates for
and found out the elements polonium and radium Nobel Prize
during her researches with Pierre Curie whom she E) was an entirely new thing that came to the fore
had discovered an intellectual intimacy which soon in physics world
transformed into deeper feelings. Actually, in 1895
they were already married due to natural sciences
that mostly drew them together. While Pierre Curie
made the discovery of piezoelectricity, Madam Curie
kept on her studies on radioactivity and was awarded
two Nobel Prizes, one of which she won together
with her husband and Henri Becquerel and the
other in chemistry. Until that time, she was the first 3. We learn from the passage that prior to Madam
person to win two Nobel Prizes and she is still one Curie, ----.
of only four people to be granted by them. Curie died
A) aplastic anemia wasn’t known
at a sanatorium in Haute-Savoie in 1934 owing to
aplastic anemia induced by intoxication of radiation B) there was not such a satisfying scientific study

she had been exposed to during her researches. It is as to win a Nobel Prize

ironic that she died from radioactivity which she had C) no one had ever won two Nobel Prizes
set out the theory of. D) Pierre Curie had already discovered radioactivity
E) there were few studies on radioactivity

1. The passage is mostly about ----.

4. The author finds it weird that ----.
A) Madam Curie’s achievements in the fields of
A) Madam Curie and her husband got married
physics and chemistry
owing to purely logical reasons
B) love affair between Marie Sklodowska Curie and
B) Pierre Curie discovered piezoelectricity
Pierre Curie
C) Marie Curie was so vulnerable to radioactivity
C) Nobel awards granted to physicists in science
D) Madam Curie passed away out of a reason
D) leading studies in radioactivity in the 19th century
which she herself worked on during her lifetime
E) innovations as to radioactivity and piezoelectricity
E) radioactivity to be such a poisoning energy type

63
 5.- 8. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
5. Clownfish, also called as clown anemone fish, are
renowned for their bright orange color and white
stripes down on their bodies. They mostly live in
coral reefs like in the movie “Finding Nemo.” These
fish are not mobile, thus, they wait their prey to swim
by and when a smaller fish ventures near them, it’s
stunk and eaten. Besides, once they are threatened
by another fish, they reveal their tentacles which are
rather poisonous and deadly to almost all fish kinds.
----.
A) In fact, this poison protects them from many
predators under the sea
B) As a result, they build their nest in the most
protected area in order to be hidden from these
poisonous larger fish
C) However, there are 28 other different species
of anemone fish some of which display different
coloring like pinkish
D) To sum up, the orange clownfish was first
described by Lacepede in 1802 as Lutjanus
percula
E) That’s why, the orange clownfish is native to the
tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region
7. John Raider was just 8 years old when he consulted
the dentist with his parents for his decayed tooth.
Unfortunately, the dentist failed to anesthetize his
teeth properly and struck a nerve on with forceps.
The result of this mistake made by Raider’s dentist
caused him to stop going to the dentist entirely.
Finally, it reached a peak in his thirties and showed
the signals of a lifelong fear of dentists. ----.
However, he preferred to accept the pain rather than
even consider visiting a dentist.
A) Luckily, most of the dentists are specially trained
in dealing with fearful patients nowadays
B) Such a serious fear deters a great many
Americans from searching for proper dental care
C) While scared half to death, Raider had to consult
a dentist for his painful teeth
D) Hence, Raider claimed $100,000 from the
dentists for his anxiety
E) When he was 36, one of his back molar teeth
got decayed giving him constant pain

6. In the University of Iowa, scientists conducted an 8. Gloomy Sunday is a song composed by Hungarian
experiment on pigeons. ----. This ability was trained
pianist Rezső Seress in 1933. ----. We all know
and pigeons have been taught to recognize human
facial expressions contrary to long held belief that music can have a deep impact on human
that only humans had evolved into the advanced psychology but suicide is too terrifying a matter to
nervous systems to execute such a feature. be linked with a piece of music. Amidst the suicides
In the University of Iowa, pigeons were shown surpassing hundreds, the teenage girl who was
photographs of people bearing various emotions
found carrying the song written on a piece of sheet
such as happiness, sadness or anger. Surprisingly,
drowned herself in Vienna, is still one of the most
they learnt to correctly identify the same expressions
shocking cases. Another instance is from Budapest,
on photographs involving unfamiliar faces.
a shopkeeper killed himself. He left a note behind,
extracted from the lyrics of the same song.
A) They discovered that pigeons can understand
and sympathize with human conditions
A) Two people shot themselves while listening to a
B) The results were contradicted with the previous
song in Budapest
ones
B) It is blamed for being related to a large number
C) In another university in the United States, a
of suicides across the world
second team revealed the fact that humans can
learn from pigeons C) The song was permanently banned immediately
after it was released on the market
D) The study highlights the significance of
contrasting studies between two species D) Suicide numbers in Hungary historically has one
of the highest rates in the world
E) They found that pigeons are able to perceive
similarity on human faces sharing identity and E) It caught on rapidly on the Hungarian music

expression market

64
 9. -12. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okundu- 11. (I) One of the most important reasons for adolescents
ğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan to use drugs seems to be depression. (II) They
cümleyi bulunuz. believe that making use of drugs can cure their
depression. (III) Indeed, there are several drugs
that make us feel much better and joyful. (IV)
9. (I) Basically, an essay and a short story are both Nevertheless, when used continuously, they can
terms defining two ends of a scale ranging from lead to serious health damage. (V) As a result, in
thinking to acting in human brain. (II) An essay is time, the constant use cannot meet the increasing
a piece of writing generally written to persuade need of the user.
the reader into agreeing with the writer’s opinions.
(III) Therefore, it expresses the writer’s beliefs,
values, and ideas about events and experiences. A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
(IV) However, a short story explains what happens
around and helps us predict what might happen
next. (V) Thus, the essay provides identity on all
levels in life more than the story and sometimes the
whole text can be completely fictional.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

12. (I) One of the greatest tragedies of all times might

be Antigone written by Sophocles in about 441 BC.
(II) It is the last one out of three Theban plays which
is based on the legend of Theban. (III) The main
theme of Antigone is the dilemma between god’s
law and man’s law and trying to find out which of
them is greater. (IV) In 1961, the play Antigone
10. (I) Emily Brontë still remains a mysterious figure and was adapted into a movie in which Irene Papas
a challenge to writers because information about starred. (V) Another important theme of the play is
her is inadequate, due to her solitary and isolated Antigone’s love for family which can be observed
nature. (II) She doesn’t seem to have made any during the burial of her brother Polyneices by her.
friends outside her family according to the records.
(III) Though not being an objective witness, her
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
sister Charlotte tends to be the main source of
information as to her. (IV) For some sources, she
had a warm and humanly aspect usually revealed
in her love of nature and animals. (V) As her elder
sister, she wrote about Emily’s life publicly upon her
ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........
death.
Doğru Yanlış Boş Net
........... ........... ........... ...........
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

65
 TEST 5 Bu testin çözüm süresi 30 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.

2. The attitude of the author towards the subject is

1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- ----.
layınız.
A) objective and disinterested

Although there are a number of similarities between B) critical and accusing

the social and natural sciences, there are also C) informative and comparing
actually significant factors that differentiate the two, D) confused and passive
such as their fields of study, restraints as to their E) ironic and joyful
study fields and their different origins. First of
all, natural science discovers the phenomena of
natural laws in the physical world whereas social
science tries to understand the social aspects in
human interaction. Therefore, we can deduce that
natural sciences start from the complex system
of the environment, and then, come to the single
element but to the contrary, social sciences begin
with the individual and then get through to the
complex system. For example, in natural science,
3. We can conclude from the passage that the
we compare X and Y with reference to their features
purpose of natural sciences ----.
but in social sciences, there is often a desire to
change X to something different. As a result, we can A) is to find out the laws that rule the world
say social science is concerned with society and the B) involves appreciating the interactions among
relationships among individuals within that society. individuals
On the other hand, the aim of natural sciences is to C) clashes with the idea of universal laws
discover the laws that govern the world. D) overshadows the benefits which are derived
from social sciences
E) is only to solve the possible complexity of life

1. The passage is mainly concerned with ----.

4. By giving the “X and Y” example, the author is
A) superiority of social sciences over natural most probably emphasizing ----.
sciences
A) the coordinate system used in natural sciences
B) phenomena of natural laws in the world
B) similarities between the two sciences
C) the differences between social and natural
C) the characteristics of X and Y
sciences
D) requirements of math
D) complex system of sciences and nature
E) the will of social sciences to convert something
E) the striking resemblance of natural sciences to
into something else
social sciences

66
 5.- 8. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
5. Twitter is today worth more than $5 billion on the
markets so it deserves a story to be told. It was
founded in 2006 by the partners Jack Dorsey, Evan
Williams, Biz Stone and Noah Glass. ----. Jack
Dorsey is the current chairman holding about 5%
of the stake and Evan Williams is another having
12% of stake in this 140 character microblogging
company. The third shareholder Biz Stone left twitter
in 2011 to work on other projects. Noah Glass is the
last and the frequently forgotten fourth founder of the
firm who was pushed out of twitter in 2006.
A) It quickly caught on and gained popularity
across the world with millions of users
B) The first of the partners Noah Glass will miss out
on any gains from a company of which he was
the founder
C) Unfortunately, they all abandoned the firm
respectively due to several private reasons
D) Nevertheless, the limitation of the 140 character
system on twitter has led to a serious loss in the
follower numbers
E) Biz Stone, one of the co-founders of Twitter, is
the one who has remained in the company from
the beginning onwards
6. In 1951, as a teenager, Yuri Gagarin, having read
a science fiction book called “From the Earth to the
Moon” written by Jules Verne decided to become
a cosmonaut. Ten years later, he became the first
man in space realizing the science fiction in real life.
----. Neil Armstrong, an American astronaut, was
the first man on the moon but second in space after
Gagarin. On a television program which millions
of people around the world watched, he said his
historic sentence “It was a small step for a man but
a giant step for mankind.”
A) Armstrong himself was an aerospace engineer,
naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor
B) In July 1967, just a few years before the flight
of Gagarin, the Soviets had raised the sufficient
fund for space research
C) Jules Verne actually wrote many other works
apart from “From the Earth to the Moon”
D) He also became the first man to orbit the Earth
and to walk in space
E) Like millions of people in the Soviet Union in
those times, the Gagarin family suffered from
Nazi occupation
67
7. ----. It lies on the Iberian Peninsula neighboring
with Portugal, Gibraltar and Andorra. Other than
its wide variety of landscapes and natural areas, it
is the world’s second country with the most world
heritage with its historical cities. In this regard, it’s
not surprising that it attracts tourists from all over the
world. They visit the country especially in summer
when the climate is milder and when swimming
becomes a more appropriate activity.
A) Italy attracts more tourists than most of the other
countries in the world because of its authentic
cuisine
B) Spain is one of the world’s notable tourist
destinations thanks to its diversified variety of
attractions
C) Norway is well-known for its beautiful fjords and
unusual northern lights in winter
D) According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
Cooperation, the requirements necessary for
your visit to Greece should include safety
E) The Rock of Gibraltar, at whose foot there is a
densely populated area, is the major landmark
of the region
8. Pain in the ear can have many causes, some of
which are very serious and others being trivial.
----. Otitis media is the inflammation of the middle
ear usually caused by an infection. With a proper
treatment, it often heals quickly and doesn’t end up
with a more serious condition. On the other hand,
Meniere’s disease has various malfunctions such
as vertigo, hearing loss and pain which can sustain
lifelong. Ruptured eardrum is a milder disorder
occurring during sudden changes in air pressure
and can be cured within a few weeks.
A) Ear pain is a benign and dangerous condition
which can provoke permanent deafness
B) One of the most trivial ones is Mastoiditis which
occurs just behind the ear
C) The most common ear disorders resulting in
pain are otitis media, Meniere’s disease and
ruptured eardrum
D) However, not all ear pains are the indicators of
serious diseases such as cancer and vertigo
E) In the past, most of the ear disorders were
incurable and many people suffered from its
persistent consequences
 9. -12. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okundu-
ğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan
cümleyi bulunuz.
9. (I) Algebra is a branch of mathematics which
handles and manages mathematical symbols and
rules. (II) It is the unifying thread of mathematics
including the study of abstractions and even the
most basic parts such as elementary equation
solving. (III) The former is studied primarily by
professional mathematicians. (IV) The pioneers of
algebra were mathematicians like al-Khwārizmī and
Omar Khayyam. (V) The latter, on the other hand,
is necessary for any study of mathematics, science,
engineering, medicine and even economics.
11. (I) Just before taking a photo, you point the camera
at your subject, and click a button. (II) And then,
the shutter opens shortly while enabling light rays
to pass through and strike the film. (III) Most film
cameras have a viewfinder, a flash lamp, and self-
timer mechanism. (IV) Afterwards, the incoming
rays cross over as they enter with rays from the
top of the object. (V) They, therefore, produce an
upside-down image on the film.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

12. (I) A compact disc (CD) is a small, thin, portable,

and circular medium made of molded polymer,
the mixture of metal and plastic. (II) It is used for
electronically recording and playing back audio,
video, and other data in digital form. (III) Perhaps,
the most important thing you will observe about a
CD is that it is shiny on one side and dull on the
other. (IV) Initially, CDs could be only read but
10. (I) The Mississippi is one the world’s greatest
further developments allowed us to record them as
continental rivers resting entirely in the United
well. (V) The dull side generally has a label on it
States. (II) Its greatness is like the Amazon in
which explains what is on the CD and the shiny side
South America, the Congo in Africa, or the Volga
reads the information stored on it.
in Europe. (III) It can also be ranked as the fourth
longest river in the world with a combined length of
3,710 miles. (IV) To control it, Americans have had A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
to approve the river’s own terms and to undertake
the demanding work of conserving and rebuilding
soil around it. (V) In a volume of discharge,
nonetheless, its rate per second is the largest in
North America but the eighth greatest across the
world. ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........

Doğru Yanlış Boş Net

........... ........... ........... ...........
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

68
 Bu testin çözüm süresi 40 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.
1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
Although there were a great number
consequences of the First World War across the
world, the economic ones felt in Germany were
probably the most impairing. First of all, Germany
was not expecting an everlasting war so it was not
prepared for the economic burdens which would
came along in the post war period. Germans had
used all their resources during the war time. Since
most of the farmers had been enrolled in the armed
services, there was a serious shortage in agricultural
production. Even main food items, such as bread and
potatoes, were not available. These food shortages
in Germany brought many civilians to the brink of
starvation. By 1918, Germany was producing only
50% of the milk compared to its production in the
pre-war period. Lack of food seriously weakened the
ability of people to overcome diseases. Due to the
harsh conditions of the post-war period, hundreds
of thousands of civilians died not because of the
starvation itself but because of the diseases that
resulted from malnutrition. In conclusion, First World
War brought Germany both deteriorated economic
conditions and a serious loss of man power as well
as a traumatized civilian population.
1. The attitude of the author for Germany’s post
war situation is ----.
A) negative
B) ironic
C) humiliating
D) satirical
E) neutral
TEST 1
2. The most suitable title for this passage would be
----.
A) the spread of diseases during the war time
of B) consequences of the First World War across the
world
C) Germany during the World War I
D) the economic hardships Germany passed
through in the post-war period
E) exhaustion of resources across Europe during
the First World War
3. As is stated in the passage, in Germany, many
civilians died in the post-war period ----.
A) since they were recruited in the army
B) solely because of the starvation
C) due in part to diseases caused by poor nutrition
D) although there was still plenty of agricultural
production
E) because there was a serious lack of milk
4. It can be understood from the passage that in
Germany, ----.
A) no other troubles seemed to be more damaging
than the economic ones after the war
B) the citizens were already living in poverty before
the war
C) infrastructure and production systems totally
collapsed during the war
D) people were making their living only through
agricultural output before the war
E) agriculture destroyed the ability of people to
cope with diseases
69
 6. As is stated in the passage that ---.
5. – 8. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız. A) gold has lost its all value since paper banknotes
began to be used as currency

Money has not always been made of paper in the B) items other than money are still employed as a

world history. In many parts of the world, people means of payment in some parts of the World

used other materials such as precious stones, C) the whole Europe started using banknotes as
valuable cloth, and rare spices as money at times. currency in the 13th century
For example, in Ethiopia, salt was used as money D) paper banknotes have only been used in funding
in early times and bread-like moles of salt are still the military operations in the United States for
circulating in Ethiopia as a means of payment. In ages
India and in North America, special kinds of shells E) but for Civil War, banknotes wouldn’t be in
were being used. Shells are still used as legal circulation today across the world
currency on the Papua New Guinea and they can
be exchanged for banknotes. The perception of
paper money as money has evolved over time.
Paper currency first developed in Tang Dynasty
China in the 7th century though real paper money
didn’t appear until the 11th century, during the
Song Dynasty. Paper currency then spread across
the Mongol Empire and Asia. It was introduced to
Europe in the 13th century by explorers like Marco
Polo. By the 18th century, the bank of England
issued banknotes backed by gold and Napoleon
released paper banknotes in the early 1800s. The 7. It may be understood from the passage, it wasn’t

United States government began to issue paper until 1000s that ----.

money during the Civil War to help fund its military
operations. One of the most interesting groups of
paper notes released during the Civil War in the late
1800s were in denominations of three, five, 10, 15,
25, and 50 cents.
A) salt was replaced with real money
B) paper currency first developed in Tang Dynasty
C) paper currency spread throughout India and
North America
D) bartering items began
E) real paper money emerged in China

5. The most suitable title for this passage would be

----.
A) why money is so important in our lives
B) political reasons for using money
C) China’s and Mongol Empire’s efforts on
spreading money throughout Asia
D) substitution of shells for banknotes in early ages
E) the development of paper money in the world
history
8. We can conclude from the passage that money
----.
A) spread gradually over time throughout the world
B) was first exchanged by Europeans
C) removed the validity of gold totally from the
market
D) determined the winner of the Civil War
E) is the only method of trading across the World

70
 9.- 12. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
9. In the last few decades, tourism has experienced
a continued growth and increasing expansion to
become one of the most rapidly growing economic
sectors in the world. Every year more and more
people take trips to other parts of the world for
pleasure and a growing number of new destinations
have become available. Local conflicts and uproars
do not seem to influence this growth in an unfavorable
way. ----. People keep spending money on their trips
though they might spend less money on other things
in such periods. In fact, today, the business volume
of tourism equals or even surpasses that of oil
exports, food products or automobiles.
A) Tourism will grow faster between the years 2020
and 2030 surpassing the global economy
B) People have preferred to stay home as a result
of this
C) This global expansion of tourism in developed
countries has produced employment benefits
D) The tourism sector also does not seem to suffer
during periods of economic recession
E) The aid of tourism to economy depends on the
quality of it
10. A volcanic eruption begins when pressure on
magma forces it up through the mountain and out
the volcano’s vents. Once the magma chamber
has totally been filled, the kind of eruption now just
depends in part on the amount of gases in it. A
number of volcanic eruptions have been determined
by volcanologists. According to them, there are
basically three different types of eruptions. The
most easily-observed ones are magmatic eruptions
which include the compression of gases in magma
that then push them up and forward. ----. The
last eruptive kind is known as phreatic eruption
launched by the overheating of steam through its
heavy contact with magma. All these eruption types
frequently show no magmatic emission; they instead
lead to the corrosion of existing rock.
A) During this propulsion process, a sticky
substance called silica comes out of magma
and provides the explosive property of steam
B) The pressure and accumulation of foreign
substances also influence the type of eruption
C) As a result of this decompression, magma
reaches earth’s surface while turning into lava
D) Phreatomagmatic eruptions are another type
of volcanic eruption triggered as a result of the
contraction of gases to the opposite direction
E) In fact, the corrosion of existing rocks is a result
of this process
71
11. Wheels are everywhere across the world today.
Take a look around and you will see them whichever
direction you go sometimes as tires, or sometimes
in everyday machinery ranging from computer hard-
drives and clothes washers to electric toothbrushes.
----. Evidence of the oldest known wheel appears
from the second half of the 4th millennium BC in
Mesopotamia but the question of which culture
originally invented it is still unsolved. This period
was known as the Bronze Age by which time man
was only the planting crops, pasturing animals, and
owned a kind of social hierarchy.
A) Therefore, they are used in cooperation with
axles; either the wheel turns on the axle, or the
axle turns in the vehicle
B) The wheel was hardly used until the 19th
century, with the exception of Ethiopia and
Somalia
C) Though not clear, it is estimated that new
bronze tools and weapons including wheel were
brought over to Europe in the 5th millennium
D) The first examples of the wheel in the history
were the windmills used to grind grain
E) However, the wheel was indeed invented at a
comparatively late point in human history
12. Writing is a means of communication that stands
for languages and emotions through the inscription
or recording of signs and symbols. It is a method of
representing the language in visual or tactile forms.
In most languages, it may also have symbols for
punctuation and numerals. It is a supplementary to
the spoken language. Motivations for writing include
publication of works, letter writing and diaries.
Writing is also a significant medium in keeping
history, spreading knowledge through the media
and forming legal systems. ----.
A) Furthermore, it is an important way of expressing
oneself in written art forms such as poetry and
the like
B) Therefore, writing systems use sets of symbols
to demonstrate the sounds of speech
C) All writing systems use visible signs except for
the notation systems for the blind and visually
impaired people
D) Writing began as a pragmatic necessity for
exchanging information, maintaining financial
accounts, and codifying laws
E) Writing has made the growth of communities
more quickly than could be otherwise
 13. - 16. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okun-
duğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
13. (I) Moscow is not just a city that best represents
Russia but it is also a city that has a rich history
and constant involvement in world affairs. (II) A
considerable number of painters and sculptors lived
in the city during the Second World War. (III) It is
Russia’s capital and most important city that has a
colorful and rich cultural life. (IV) There are many big
cities in the world, yet few of them have been able to
protect their natural beauty and historical structure.
(V) In this regard, Moscow is also among the cities
that one should visit.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
16. (I) Consistent fluctuations in one’s body weight
14. (I) Badminton is a racquet sport that can be played
by both singles and doubles. (II) It is played in a
rectangular area divided by a net similar to the
one in tennis courts. (III) Players can win points by
striking a shuttlecock and land it in their opponent’s
half court by passing it through a net. (IV) The
shuttlecock is a feathered ball-like item which can
decelerate more quickly than a ball. (V) A set is over
once the shuttlecock has struck the ground and it
can only be struck once before passing over the net.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
72
15. (I) Byzantine Empire developed a combustible
weapon in 672 AD called Greek fire. (II) Although
the term “Greek fire” has been common in English
and most other languages since the Crusades,
in the original Byzantine accounts it is called
by a variety of names, such as “sea fire”. (III)
The Byzantines generally used it in naval battles
because of its burning property while floating on
water. (IV) This feature of Greek Fire provided a
technological advantage for them over the enemy,
thereby securing the Empire’s defense. (V) They
used it on the European crusaders so impressively
that the name began to be employed for all kinds of
incendiary weapons used by any adversary.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
can lead to serious health problems. (II) Use of
supplementary nutriments in the foods in order
to back up fitness and bodybuilding programs
has gained tremendous popularity over the last
decades. (III) However, such nourishments in the
diet might result in functioning disorders. (IV) First
of all, they can lead to unnatural and rapid loss of
weight weakening the immune system. (V) This
situation can make the metabolism lazier causing
irreversible damage.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........
Doğru Yanlış Boş Net
........... ........... ........... ...........
 Bu testin çözüm süresi 40 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.
2.
1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
TEST 2
It is mentioned in the passage that one of the
purposes of the controlled fire was ----.
A) to develop human brain

One of the earliest of human discoveries, the B) getting rid of corpses

controlled use of fire was out of necessity. The C) to have smaller guts
evidence shows that human ancestors might D) keeping warm
have used it a million years ago. Their aims were E) accomplishing the evolution of the body
diversified such as having light and heat, cooking
food, making stone tools through the heat-treating
method, keeping wild animals away, and creating
areas for planting by clearing the forests. There
were of course social purposes including the usage
of fire area as gathering places or meeting points
for special activities. Researcher Michael Chazan,
a Paleolithic archaeologist at Toronto University
states that fire helped early humans keep warm and
3. The passage is mostly about ----.
made food more digestible as well as making the
food healthier for human body. The anthropologist A) history of fire throughout the ages

Richard Wrangham from Harvard University has B) human evolution from the beginning
assumed that controlled fires and cooked meat C) usage of fire which was restrained to cooking
even shaped human brain evolution. He thinks that and making tools
cooking allowed human beings to evolve in larger D) research results as to the benefits of fire
sizes, to have more calorie addicted brains and E) purposes and outcomes of the controlled fire
smaller guts appropriate for readily digested cooked
food. Hence, discovery of the fire led to human
ancestors’ development in many ways and it is one
of the most important factors in the evolution of
humankind.

4. It may be understood from the passage that ----.

A) the aim of human ancestors in using fire was

confined to keeping warm and having light
B) without fire, no living thing could have survived
1. The attitude of the author towards the discovery on Earth
of fire is ----.
C) human ancestors were already benefiting from
A) ironic fire a million years ago
B) degrading D) fire is one of the most significant developments
C) critical in the progress of human beings
D) contented E) Michael Chazan and Richard Wrangham have
E) indefinite both proved the same assumption

73
 6. The attitude of the author for slavery is ----.
5. – 8. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız. A) Positive and sincere
B) Didactic and jovial

Slavery was a widespread practice in Ancient C) Optimistic and mocking

Greece and played a major role in the Greek D) Unfavoring and opposing
civilization. Slaves prevailed everywhere. It is E) Sardonic and fanciful
predicted that they worked in fields as varied as
domestic service, shopkeeping, and ship duties. The
majority of the Athenians who considered slavery
as not only natural but necessary had at least one
slave. In fact, this distorted point of view dominated
in the communities for ages. There were a number
of conditions in which a person could have become
a slave in Ancient Greece. They might have been
taken under captivity if their city was invaded or
they could have been deserted by their parents and
claimed by a passerby. However, the most important
reason behind being a slave was to born into slavery
as the child of a slave. This version was irreversible
and an unfortunate destiny. But, perhaps, the most 7. According to the passage, in Ancient Greece ----.
hideous and unusual method was that one could A) landowners were badly in need of workers
have become a slave if their family needed money.
B) there were various ways to become a slave
In this situation, they might have sold one of the
C) slavery was limited to juveniles
children into slavery preferably the daughter since
the male children were required to help out with the D) converting from slavery was impossible
chores or the farm. E) parents abandoned their children to slavery

8. It can be inferred from the passage that slavery

5. The passage is mainly concerned with ----. sometimes ----.

A) the unfortunate destiny the slaves were through
their lives
B) examples from the social life of an advanced
civilization in ancient times
C) reasons for being a slave in early societies
D) slavery practices and reasons behind being
enslaved in Ancient Greece
E) the duties of children in Greek society
A) led male children to live more comfortably
B) earned people new professions that otherwise
couldn’t be achieved
C) developed out of financial necessity of the
families
D) resulted in the invasion of cities in ancient
civilizations
E) became the most suitable option for daughters

74
 9.- 12. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
9. ----. Instead of creating fully realistic characters, he
used especially his protagonists as signs of concepts
who had ideologies and ideas whether they were
Christians, Muslims, nihilists, or capitalists. Unlike
the heroes, and antiheroes in the literature of
the time, Dostoevsky created characters without
traditional values because he thought he was an
individual and it didn’t matter if he believed in God
or Christian values. Therefore, he had his own will to
do whatever pleased him in life.
A) Dostoyevsky gave priority to the religion of his
characters in his fiction
B) The most notable feature of Dostoevsky’s works
is his way of employing the characters in them
C) Although Dostoyevsky was Russian, his works
have affected Western literature deeply
D) Dostoyevsky produced works putting the
teaching of Russian Orthodox Church and its
doctrines in the center of his writing
E) Fyodor Dostoyevsky -one of the greatest
novelists and short-story writers- had an
everlasting influence in the 20th century
12. Nationalism can be defined as the effort shown by
10. A drug derived from the curry spice turmeric may
be able to help the body repair some of the damage
caused in the aftermath of an immediate stroke.
Turmeric is a traditional part of traditional Indian
medicine and many studies show that one of its
components, curcumin has beneficial features. ----.
Therefore, the US researchers altered curcumin and
found out a new version called CNB-001 which is
capable of passing the blood brain barrier.
A) The scientists are now testing the drug on
humans since they’ve got promising results from
rabbits
B) However, curcumin is not able to pass through
the “blood brain barrier” which deters potentially
toxic molecules from entering the brain
C) The new drug will be beneficial when taken
immediately after the stroke
D) Yet, overconsumption of curcumin can cause
strokes in the human body
E) It may well be possible to keep human brain
cells alive with the Turmeric drug after a stroke
75
11. From the times of Aristotle, the idea that heavy
objects fall faster than their lighter equivalents
was accepted. Aristotle came to this conclusion by
claiming that if heavy objects are attracted by earth
more than lighter ones, then they must fall more
rapidly. This argument was approved as true without
any controversy until the end of Medieval Times.
----. He reasoned that objects -especially heavy
ones more quickly- must be attracted towards the
Earth because Earth is not located in a special place
in the universe. And since it’s just another planet,
objects also must be pulled towards other planets as
well. As a matter of fact, all objects make an effort
creating a force of attraction on all other objects in
the universe. Newton thought that the vital element
in the process was mass and after a further thinking,
he was finally able to formulate his renowned law of
universal gravitation.
A) Surely, the Earth attracts every object and this
attraction is known as the universal gravity law
B) Though man was interested in the pull of gravity
throughout the history, they were unable to
formulate it until the 17th century
C) However, the force of attraction between objects
depends on the existing distance
D) After his experiments, Galileo also concluded
that the mass of the body has nothing to do with
its speed of fall
E) The first person after Aristotle to seriously
consider the claim was Isaac Newton
the society to maintain, and glorify the existence
of the nation to which it belongs and to inherit
this belief to the future generations with a view
to raising awareness as to their national identity.
Atatürk’s nationalism is Turkish nationalism and
the basic elements of the unity of this lineage are
common national language, state, culture, history,
and religion. ----. But he didn’t also step back from
expressing his confidence in the greatness of
Turkish nation on all occasions. According to him, all
members of the nation have an inseparable integrity
and can’t be divided into smaller parts. Democracy
is the means that enables such integrity to become
possible.
A) Atatürk’s understanding of nationalism is
opposed to any kind of brutality
B) It arose from the need of glorifying and promoting
Turkish culture
C) Communities’ common pasts and futures make
them realize the importance of national identity
D) He gave superiority to nationalism over
secularism
E) He didn’t base his understanding of nationalism
on the superior race mentality or tyranny as
seen in Mussolini fascism and Hitler Nazism
 13. - 16. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okun-
duğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
13. (I) Napoléon Bonaparte was a French general and
the emperor of France who came to throne during
the French Revolution. (II) He revolutionized the
military organization and training immediately after
he acceded. (III) France was at war with Spain
as an ally against the British at the time. (IV) He
developed the prototype for later civil-law codes
called Napoleonic Code. (V) He also promoted new
military campaigns still studied in the education of
armed forces worldwide.
15. (I) Fiji is a popular touristic destination renowned
for its stunning beaches, beautiful warm climate,
and unmatched relaxing tropical atmosphere. (II) In
Fiji, you will probably hear the word “Bula”, which
is the equivalent of “hello”, many times during your
vacation. (III) Fiji’s attraction for visitors is mainly
its white sandy beaches and islands with all-year-
round tropical weather. (IV) It also has a variety
of amazing coral reefs and scuba diving which are
common tourist activities. (V) Therefore, a holiday
in Fiji can be the experience of your lifetime and an
opportunity to get into a world free of stress.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

16. (I) The causes of depression differ in men and

14. (I) Native language is an important tool for conveying
the beliefs and teachings of a particular society.
(II) It is also a deciding factor in shaping the
character of the individuals in that society. (III) In
this sense, there is a strong correlation between a
native language and the dictionary. (IV) Learning
a language starts from a very early age. (V) As
a result, language and character simultaneously
evolve in one’s lifetime.
women. (II) More than 6 million men in the USA
suffer from depression every year though they don’t
prefer to consult a doctor. (III) On the other hand,
depressed women are more likely to talk about their
problems and reach out for help. (IV) Depression
was recognized as a “woman’s disease” in old
times and thus linked to premenstrual syndrome.
(V) This cliché opinion still prevails and may be the
hidden reason behind preventing men from seeking
treatment.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........

Doğru Yanlış Boş Net

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
........... ........... ........... ...........

76
 TEST 3
Bu testin çözüm süresi 40 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that until

1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
The long awaited St Petersburg Flood-Prevention
Facility was opened in August 2011. It is a complex
of dams made up of eleven dams extending
approximately 25km near the city of St Petersburg
in Russia. It was constructed with the aim of
protecting the city against flooding caused by storms
by separating the Neva bay from the Gulf of Finland.
Since the city was founded in 1703, more than 250
large-scale floods during some of which waters
rose even more than 4 meters above normal levels,
destroying a great number of houses and leaving
hundreds dead, have been recorded. Actually, the
flood of 1955 finally made it clear that St Petersburg
needed a protection dam. It was not until 1979 that
the project was put into reality under the Soviet
Regime. The construction continued through 1995 at
which point the dam was around 65% complete due
to political and economic changes occurring in the
country. The project came to several halts between
the years 1990s and 2000s, but it was resumed in
2005 with the help of $245m from the European
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
-its largest ever single loan. The president of the
time, Vladimir Putin who himself originally hailed
from the city also financially assisted the project.
The complex was finally finished in the beginning of
2011. It can now protect the city from as much as a
5m rise in water levels.
2005 ----.
A) St Petersburg dam complex project continued
without interruption for a decade as from 1995
B) the EBRD hadn’t given a single credit as large
as the one it provided for St Petersburg Flood-
Prevention Facility in its history
C) Vladimir Putin was not interested in dam projects
because of the costs
D) the Russian government wasn’t aware of the
threat caused by storms and floods
E) the construction of the St Petersburg dam
couldn’t be commenced because of financial
reasons
3. The passage is mainly about ----.
A) how St Petersburg is separated from the Neva
bay
B) the destruction of a dam complex by the harsh
storms of St Petersburg
C) the grandeur structures built in St Petersburg
under the Soviet Regime
D) the process of St Petersburg Flood-Prevention
Facility construction
E) the economic burdens resulting from dam
constructions in St Petersburg

1. We learn from the passage that St Petersburg

----.

A) is one of the most suitable places to build a dam

4. According to the passage, Vladimir Putin ----.
in the world
A) was given a loan for his dam projects across
B) is a place where Russian presidents spend a
Russia
large portion most of their lives
B) originally comes from St Petersburg
C) has been struck by a cluster of destructive
C) was the president when the dam complex
storms and floods in its history
project started in St Petersburg
D) was built with the intention of protecting the Gulf
D) himself worked in the construction of the Facility
from storms
E) caused a great number of people to die during
E) is in need of money due to the dam constructions
floods by not funding the dam project

77
 6.
5. – 8. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
The rates of imprisonment over time differ
substantially between the United States and many
It is stated in the passage that the prison
explosion in America ----.
A) led to other major problems such as war, riots,
and protests for about three decades
B) resulted solely from the abundance of crime

other developed countries. American prison rates C) had nothing to do with the Vietnam war in 1960s
roughly quadrupled –rose by almost 300 percent- D) was entirely caused by the strict punishment
from the late 1960s to the mid-1990s. Especially system of the government
in the first decade of this period, America was E) actually stemmed from both the serious crime
starving for action to reconstruct law and order with rates and tough approach of Americans in
a war ongoing in Vietnam, rebels in major cities punishing the offenders
and protests at schools. Around the same time, the
imprisonment rate increased by 45% in England and
Wales, 34% in France, 16% in the Netherlands, and
it fell in Western Germany by nearly 4%. From these
comparative rates, we can conclude that crime is so
much of an issue in America and that it is a more
punitive country than other advanced democracies.
But for some people, these punishment rates cannot
be taken as evidence because they claim “if there
is more imprisonment, then there is more serious
crime.” In fact, the prison explosion in America is
a combination of both factors. First of all, crime is 7. As it is emphasized in the passage that from the

worse in the United States and the recent research late 1960s to the mid-1990s, ----.

suggests that the US is much tougher on punishing
many kinds of offenders than any other industrial
country for which there is comparable data available.
A) the prison rates were considerably high in
America compared to other advanced countries
B) American imprisonment numbers declined by
almost one-fourth
C) the rates of imprisonment showed major
differences among the states of America
D) other developed countries surpassed America
with their number of criminals
E) in America, the first prisons were established

5. It can be understood from the passage that in

the late 1960s, America ----.

A) became a role model for other industrial

countries in terms of its punishment system 8. The attitude of the author towards the prison
B) was suffering from Vietnam War at alarming explosion in America is ----.
levels in every aspect of life A) pessimistic and sarcastic
C) could not sustain law and order properly B) objective and informative
D) was inarguably milder in the treatment of C) indifferent and confusing
offenders than other countries
D) favoring and enthusiastic
E) did not have many problems arisen from criminal
E) neutral and noninformative
activity

78
 9.- 12. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
9. Depression rates tempt to increase as the countries’
prosperity improves according to latest surveys. In
other words, people who live in better-off countries
are slightly more likely to be depressed than those
in low- to middle-income countries. On the other
hand, there is another assumption to the subject
suggesting that women are twice as likely as men to
suffer from depression. ----. The reasons for this are
not obvious, but are believed to be due to both social
and biological factors.
A) Furthermore, women are twice as likely to
experience inequality and prejudice in business
world
B) Depression rates across the world vary
according to a nation’s affluence
C) Of people with phobias or Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder, about 60% are male
D) Because of the critical position as to the disorder,
depressed people should be under frequent
checks
E) As the hypothesis maintains, women are also
more inclined to report symptoms of other
common mental health problems
10. When sugar cane reaches about twelve months of
12. It may seem interesting to most of us but bedridden
maturity, it is harvested by chopping down from the
stem. Then, it is taken to the factory where the first
stage of processing starts. The cane is crushed in
order to obtain the extract of the cane juice there.
Afterwards, the juice is thickened up into a syrup by
boiling off the water using steam in a process called
evaporation. ----. At the last stage in the factory,
it is refined for protection from dirt and packaged
when raw sugar forms a sticky brown substance.
Finally, sugar is distributed to the manufacturers
and retailers to reach our homes.
A) After the factory process, the product gets ready
to be delivered to shelves in supermarkets
B) The syrup is then placed into a large pan for
boiling until conditions are right for the sugar
crystals to emerge
C) This is nearly the same as the process which
generates most of our electricity
D) In this way, the whole phase of production
becomes an environmentally friendly one
E) Sugar cane is actually a subtropical yield that
requires lots of sunlight and water
79
11. Mount Rainier ascending up to 14,410 feet above
sea level is one of the world’s most massive
volcanoes. It is the most glaciated and the
tallest peak in its range. Despite its splendid and
marvelous landscape, it is considered one of the
most dangerous volcanoes in the world. It can
potentially produce massive lavas that could destroy
the entire River valley. ----. Since then, it has been
the source of multiple eruptions searching down the
valleys located around its outskirts. As a result of
this, the areas near the mountain are now densely
populated.
A) New eruptions of Mount Rainier will most likely
start in a hundred years time according to
experts
B) Therefore, its next eruption can be of larger size
and could produce more volcanic ash
C) As an active volcano, Mount Rainier has several
small high-frequency earthquakes, often taking
place each day
D) Mount Rainier is located in the center of Mount
Rainier National Park well-known for its 97%
wilderness
E) Being still active, it first came to being nearly a
half million years ago
elderly population and astronauts have something
in common, progressive bone loss. ----. But, the
reason why astronauts suffer from this condition is
that they face long periods of immobility together
with zero gravity in space. This situation negatively
affects their bone cell function.
A) These space explorers frequently go for long
duration flights and exploration missions to the
Moon and Mars
B) Experts will examine the links between remaining
in space and bone health in the World Congress
on Osteoporosis in Canada
C) The condition affects men and women of all
races, women being at much higher risk
D) Called osteoporosis, such a loss can occur out
of low body weight, menopause, smoking, and
some drugs
E) It is caused by fractures and brittles most widely
seen in the hip, wrist or spine
 13. - 16. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okun-
duğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
13. (I) Real Madrid was founded by a cluster of fans in
Madrid, Spain. (II) Only 3 years after its foundation,
Madrid FC won its first major title. (III) With the
abolishment of the monarchy in 1931, all the royal
symbols including the one on Real Madrid’s crest
were eliminated. (IV) Club’s name was changed
into Real Madrid in 1920 after being granted the
title Real “Royal” by King Alfonso XIII. (V) Thus,
Alfonso’s crown was added to the crest of the team.
15. (I) Once upon a time, about 55 million years ago,
horses were much smaller than they are today. (II)
Most of the earliest known horses were at about
full adult human being size. (III) The height of a
horse is measured in hands, one hand being the
same size as 10cm. (IV) Just think of a world where
horses wander around, some of which being hardly
bigger than a small dog. (V) That world doesn’t exist
anymore because today’s horses have reached up
to sizes nearly three times as big as us.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

16. (I) An alcoholic beverage in which the alcohol

amount has been enhanced via distillation is called
a spirit. (II) For example, whiskey is a spirit made
from fermented grain and it’s aged in wood. (III)
On the other hand, beer and wine are fermented
beverages produced from grain mash and grapes
respectively. (IV) Vodka, gin, tequila, and brandy
are also examples of distilled spirits yielded through
14. (I) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone has
processing grain, fruit, or vegetables. (V) In these
achieved increasing popularity both in literature and
drinks, the alcoholic content of distilled liquor is
media world since it was released. (II) When it was
higher than that of the fermented beverages.
put out in America, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s
Stone almost immediately became a publishing
sensation. (III) It got the top spot on the New York A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
Times Best-Seller List for several months. (IV)
Moreover, the novel earned its writer Rowling great
fame and millions of dollars. (V) In fact, Harry’s
sudden fame as a wizard at Hogwarts comes not
just as a total contrast to his earlier forgotten misery
but a deserved fate. ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........

Doğru Yanlış Boş Net

........... ........... ........... ...........
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

80
 Bu testin çözüm süresi 25 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.
1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
Leonardo da Vinci’s art, like his character, was filled
with contradicting tendencies and strikingly obvious
conflicts. His constantly scrutinizing mind approached
in one direction and another searching for problems
to solve and in this, he viewed the entire spirit of
his age. But, the minute he solved one problem,
he seemed to lose interest in it and go in search
of others. That’s why, he often abandoned projects
unfinished and spent a long time to finish the ones
he was able to complete. For example, it took his
four years to finish the Mona Lisa. He never devoted
himself exclusively to one specific occupation
because of his restless nature. For example, he
never dealt with painting for very long at a time
although he produced a number of masterpieces
including Last Supper and Mona Lisa. His fantastic
creative imagination led him as a scientist to explore
a wide range of natural phenomena. He planned
the tunneling of mountains and the connecting of
rivers through canals. He discovered laws of optics,
gravitation, heat and light. He was more obsessed
with the flight of birds and spent more time on the
possibility of constructing a flying machine than
anything else.
1. According to this passage about Leonardo da
Vinci, the emphasis is put on ----.
A) his versatility and his apparently conflicting mind
B) Mona Lisa as a ground-breaking work
C) the superiority of his scientific activities over
other figures of his age
D) how he fully represented the innovative approach
on all his works
E) his unfinished projects including Mona Lisa
81
TEST 4
2. It can be understood from the passage that
Leonardo often left his projects unfinished
because ----.
A) he spent too much time on his paintings
B) they were full of conflicting ideas
C) he never stayed only in one occupation for very
long at a time
D) the scientific researches he conducted were so
diversified
E) he preferred to have his apprentices finish them
3. We can conclude from the passage that building
a flying machine ----.
A) was the biggest achievement of Leonardo da
Vinci
B) prevented Leonardo da Vinci from exploring the
more important phenomena
C) caused Leonardo da Vinci to suffer from
obsessive compulsive disorder
D) was what inspired Leonardo da Vinci most in his
career
E) overshadowed Leonardo da Vinci’s other
notable inventions
4. By giving the “Mona Lisa” example, the author
is referring to ----.
A) the four years Leonardo da Vinci wasted instead
of working on his other projects
B) Leonardo da Vinci’s ultimate artistic output
C) the complicated painting techniques Leonardo
da Vinci used
D) Leonardo da Vinci’s artistic talent in painting
E) the large amount of time allocated by Leonardo
da Vinci to his works
 6. As is implied in the passage, Coleridge ----.
5. – 8. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız. A) was the most prolific poet of his age
B) is a very popular subject among film makers

Samuel Taylor Coleridge is widely known to have C) also produced works other than poems
used opium as an anti-depressant, a relaxant, D) started taking drugs in his late twenties
and treatment for his several health concerns. It is E) chose opium as the main theme in his poems
absolutely true that he began taking opium when
he was a schoolboy in London, and was seriously
addicted by the time he settled in the Lake District
in 1801 aged 29. Yet, with this addiction and though
he was most of the time on drugs, much to our
surprise, he was one of the most prominent poets
of 19th century England. Along with his friend
William Wordsworth, he was one of the founders of
the Romantic Movement in England and one of the
Lake Poets. Among his well-known poems were “the
Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and “Kubla Khan”, as
well as the prose Biographia Literaria. Coleridge’s 7. We can conclude from the passage that

career was marked by the triangle formation of his Coleridge’s works ----.

unique intellectuality, the burdens in his economic A) were marked with his opium addiction and
conditions, and the pain he suffered emotionally health concerns
resulting from being dependent to the household of B) got inspired from the economic conditions of
Wordsworth. The household included Wordsworth’s England at that time
charming sister-in-law Sara Hutchinson with whom C) evoke pessimistic feelings towards love on the
Coleridge –inclined away from his wife Sarah readers
Fricker– fell in love with and had an affair afterwards.
D) surpassed all the other works composed in 19th
This part of Coleridge’s story, though popular among
century England
recent film-makers, is still little known even to them.
E) were more inspired by his turbulent love
This emotional commitment along with the feelings
involvement rather than his opium addiction
of being enchanted, impressed, possessed, or even
damned by it, had far more inspirational influence on
his works than his drug dependence.

5. It can be inferred from the passage that William

8. It can be inferred from the passage that ----.
Wordsworth ----.
A) Coleridge fell in love with the sister of
A) wrote the poems “the Rime of the Ancient
Wordsworth’s wife
Mariner” and “Kubla Khan”
B) Opium was widely used to treat health disorders
B) was wishing to marry Sara Hutchinson to
in 1800s in England
Coleridge
C) Coleridge’s poems were confined to “the Rime
C) hosted the poets of Romantic Movement in his
of the Ancient Mariner” and “Kubla Khan”
house
D) Coleridge and Lake Poets were the first
D) was a poet contemporary of Samuel Taylor
representatives of the Romantic Movement in
Coleridge
England
E) was actually the sole cause of Coleridge’s
E) Coleridge got separated from his wife Sarah
sufferings
Fricker before his affair with Hutchinson

82
 9.- 12. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
9. Ballad writing in the poetry form began in the
European folk tradition centuries ago. The form has
always experienced a direct relationship to music
and thereby in many cases it has been accompanied
by musical instruments. Initially, ballads were not
composed in written forms but rather they were
passed down from generation to generation orally.
----. With these subject matters, ballads have been
existing in Western culture for hundreds of years.
A) The main themes of ballads were religion, love,
tragedy, and political propaganda
B) Whether they were written in traditional or lyrical
form, they offered tales to listeners and readers
C) Ballads were originally popular songs in the
British Isles which later spread to Americas and
Japan
D) Afterwards, sentimental ballads flourished in
19th century and have gained the form of jazz
ballads in the modern version
E) However, they still play an important role as they
are in a way the representatives of historical
events
12. ----. Among the former, creating lasting and reliable
10. ----. Contrary to popular belief, they are not apex
predators. They are indeed easy and typical preys
for many of the world’s predators due in part to their
medium size and peaceful nature. Common hunters
of the seals include orcas (killer whales), sharks and
polar bears. Unfortunately, they are being hunted by
even humans who mainly use their oil.
A) Killer whales can prey on anything ranging
from small fish to even large marine mammals
including seals
B) Sea lions and walruses are often mistaken for
their relatives because of their appearance
C) The Mediterranean monk seals are thought to
live up to 45 years old
D) Seals are marine carnivorous whose diet
consists mainly of fish, crustaceans and shellfish
E) A serious problem which has marked
oceanography since the very beginning is the
lack of observations on Southern seals
83
11. Although most people find bats terrifying, they
are actually beneficial mammals because they
eat harmful insects. Many bats feed on insect
pests and in this way they not only help farmers
protect their crops but also create lower costs
in agricultural economy. Therefore, they are
economically important because they reduce the
need for pesticides. ----. As a matter of fact, if bats
died out, the insect population would reach an
alarmingly high number.
A) Vampire bats, on the other hand, feed on the
blood of warm-blooded animals such as birds,
horses and cattle
B) Bats hunt and fly in the dark, in other words,
they are nocturnal animals that are not visible to
us during the day
C) About 70% bat species worldwide feed
exclusively on insects and this makes them
even more useful
D) Bats are mammals, which means that they give
birth to their young, and nurse them just like
humans do
E) However, the bats could only feed on insects at
nights at the beginning of their evolution process
standards for peace and security across Europe can
be underlined as a major reason. Hitler’s aggressive
politics based on pushing the boundaries and trying
to get away with what he could take is another long-
reaching cause for the war. As for the short term
ones, the passive attitude of the League of Nations
for maintaining peace in all countries made the
plans for negotiations fail.
A) There were a wide range of reasons for the
outbreak of the war including rearmament,
failure of the Treaty of Versailles and the
expansionist politics of Hitler
B) The reasons for World War II can be examined
under two headings; long term causes and short
term causes
C) Economic conditions in Europe in those times
were another important cause of this renewed
conflict
D) Germany, after occupying Czechoslovakia,
formed alliances including the ones with Turkey,
Greece, Romania, and Poland
E) Actually, World War I paved the way for World
War II with its unsolved conflicts across Europe
 13. - 16. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okun-
duğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
13. (I) Seasons are caused by the yearly rotation of
the Earth around the Sun. (II) Throughout the year,
the northern and southern hemispheres are pulled
towards or away from the Sun. (III) For the southern
hemisphere, summer is the coldest time of year.
(IV) The hemisphere turned to the Sun gets more
sunlight and is in summer. (V) In contrast, the other
hemisphere is subjected to less sun and is in winter.
15. (I) Today, anybody who wants to find out the weather
forecast can readily obtain it by just checking their
phone. (II) A barometer was an instrument for
measuring atmospheric pressure, used especially
in weather forecasting. (III) That wasn’t always the
case, though. (IV) Hundreds of years ago, prior
to the invention of television and radio, people
employed tools to forecast the forthcoming weather.
(V) Used in measuring changes in air, one of these
tools was the barometer.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

16. (I) In March, 2015, record carbon dioxide

14. (I) Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi is a Muslim saint
and an Anatolian mystic known for his outstanding
poetry and doctrine offering unlimited tolerance,
charity, and awareness through love. (II) His poems
were translated into many languages making him
known in the west. (III) In his late thirties, he met
a wandering holy man by the name of Shams. (IV)
Furthermore, the United Nations declared 2007 as
the Year of Rumi. (V) He’s now one of the most
widely read poets throughout the World.
concentrations in the atmosphere were reported
across the globe. (II) This unexpected development
became a benchmark for global warming. (III) Thus,
the longest unceasing carbon dioxide records of
atmosphere began at Mauna Loa Observatory in
Hawaii in 1958. (IV) According to reports, also this
year, carbon dioxide amounts have exceeded 400
parts per million. (V) The major reason lying behind
is the greenhouse gases human beings release into
the atmosphere every year.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........

Doğru Yanlış Boş Net

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
........... ........... ........... ...........

84
 Bu testin çözüm süresi 40 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız. TEST 5
2. We can infer from the passage that skilled
1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap- workers ----.
layınız.
A) didn’t prefer to enroll in a union since they
already had elevated rights
Trade unions, as an organized establishment,
emerged in 19th century in Great Britain, continental B) enjoyed more benefits than unskilled ones
Europe, and the United States simultaneously. They during the period of the first unions
were concerned with collective bargaining, mutual C) gave rise to bad relations between the two
benefit activities among workers, and the endeavor groups
to set up standard rates and conditions. Actually,
D) represented the concept of industrial union from
there was the appearance of smaller movements of
the 20th century on
workers in Britain in the 18th century, but they were
scattered, aloof, and as a result short-lived partly E) originated in 19th century together with the
owing to the reactions they got from employers question of equality
and the government that opposed to such a new
form of political and economic activity. Despite the
objections, trade unions survived into the twentieth
century when they lost ground to industrial unions.
This alteration was actually a befitting one as the
earliest unions were developed in order to stand for
skilled workers. Unskilled workers were regarded
as inappropriate for a union organization. However,
3. The most suitable title for this passage would be
the industrial unions of 1900s represented the
----.
workers on all levels. The period between two World
Wars refers to the deterioration of the industrial A) Industrial Union as a novel formation
production in Great Britain. As a consequence of B) how to deal with the strikes in England
this, unemployment rates had increased 20% by
C) A brief history of trade unions in Great Britain
the end of 1930 causing decreasing rates of union
membership. The general strike of 1926, the biggest D) the purposes of trade unions across Europe
strike Britain had ever seen, also occurred in this E) definition and the overall development of trade
period. The government declared strikes illegal unions
after this incident and placed restrictions through
the Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act for trade
unions which continued up until the World War II.

1. We clearly understand from the passage that

one of the main aims of trade unions ----.
A) was no longer to fight for long working hours
B) has always been to contradict the management
C) was to guarantee skilled and unskilled workers
had the same benefits in every aspect of life
D) has been keeping the salaries and office hours
to a minimum
E) was to keep payment rates and working
conditions equivalent among workers
4. According to the passage, Britain declared
strikes illegal ----.
A) because of the general strike of 1926
B) to protect the rights of the workers
C) in order to eliminate the anarchic movements
D) due to the unceasing conflicts resulting from the
World War II
E) in the regions where economic conditions were
desperately dark

85
 6. According to the passage, phonautograph ----.
5. – 8. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız. A) was invented for scientific purposes
B) led to subsequent researches and developments

There is a misconception as to the emergence of related to sounds

the first recorded song. It was once thought that the C) remained as an unsuccessful attempt of
earliest recording of the human voice was made by Martinville
Thomas Edison in 1877. But we actually owe this D) made its debut in 1877
breakthrough to Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville E) hindered the possibility of forthcoming
who also invented phonautograph, the earliest innovations to emerge
known sound recording device which was patented
in France on 25 March 1857. Scott sang French song
‘Au clair de la lune’ into the phonautograph, which
recorded the sound waves of his voice, but since the
phonautograph couldn’t play sounds, only recorded
them, the singing of Scott was not listened to till its
rediscovery in 2008. The recording was turned into a
playable digital audio file from its original “squiggles
on paper” version by scientists at the Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory in California. It is now
7. It may be inferred from the passage that prior to
the earliest known recording of singing in existence.
‘Au clair de la lune’ ----.
Contrary to Edison’s later invention of phonograph
in 1877, the phonautograph only created visual A) scientific laboratories didn’t pay much to
representations of the sound and it wasn’t capable inventors for their research
of playing back its recordings. Therefore, it was used B) people couldn’t produce sounds
merely for scientific investigations concerning sound C) singing wasn’t a wide-spread practice throughout
waves. Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville was able the world
to sell a few phonautographs to scientific laboratories D) Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville wasn’t able to
to be used in sound investigation. It turned out to be earn enough for a living
useful in the study of vowel sounds and also led to
E) there was no known recording of singing
the invention, manometric flame of Koenig, a tool
available
able to image sounds. However, Martinville couldn’t
profit from his invention and spend the rest of his life
in Paris as a librarian and bookseller.

5. It can be understood from the passage that

Thomas Edison ----.

A) was the first person to invent a sound recording

8. With “squiggles on paper,” the author may be
device
referring to ----.
B) recorded the first song ever known
A) notated songs to be played
C) found out phonograph, a device for recording
B) printable versions of the digital audio file
sound
C) a novel discovery of Lawrence Berkeley National
D) owed his success to Édouard-Léon Scott de
Laboratory
Martinville
D) letters written by Martinville
E) became famous through his invention of
E) the representation of sound waves on paper
phonograph

86
 9.- 12. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
9. Private colleges are the ones which are not
administered by governments while receiving the
same public student loans, tax discounts, and
grants. This situation is in contrast with the public
colleges. ----. All other British universities are mostly
publicly funded and managed. However, dissimilar
to other colleges across Europe, British government
just serves as the authority to accept funds and
supply the necessary requirements for the college’s
education.
A) In Great Britain, there are quite a lot of similarities
between the administrations of private and
public colleges
B) The community provides the required assets
and the university staff for the colleges in the UK
C) Universities throughout Europe offer splendid
campus environments and student activities
helping students to achieve the academic
standards
D) Yet, they employ a common teaching
methodology for the students to gain entrance
to the world’s most distinguished universities
E) In the United Kingdom, there are four public
colleges which are privately funded by charity
associations
10. Charles Willson Peale was a prolific artist, and the
creator of the first well-to-do American museum of
art and natural history. ----. Among them can be
mentioned the portraits of Franklin, Jefferson, and
mostly George Washington. He opened a portrait
gallery of revolutionary figures and established an
institution with an intention to studying natural law.
Known as Peale’s museum, it reached the masses
and was copied by the other museums in the
country.
A) His daughter Sera Peale was the first
professional female portrait painter in America
B) They reflected theories of art and lives belonging
to the contemporary painters
C) Throughout his career as an artist, Charles
Willson Peale had to deal with several problems
with his painting style
D) It was the world’s first popular museum of
natural history and art displaying animals in their
natural settings
E) He was most notable for his portraits of leading
figures of the American Revolution
87
11. Until more than ten thousand years ago, Asia and
North America were supposed to be connected by
a vast landmass called Beringia. It is believed that
the first Americans arrived in America by means of
this only link between the hemispheres. They were
mobile hunters who were most probably looking for
prey out of Asia and while following mammoths and
other prey, they arrived in the Siberian-Alaskan land
bridge, Beringia. ----. This was during the last ice
age.
A) A team of sophisticated archeologists visited the
sites near the strait and found the evidence of
first mammoth existed
B) They brought along plenty of weapons, clothing
and unquestionably the skills required for
hunting
C) Given that Asia and North America were
connected by a land bridge, most of the Asians
could have easily migrated to America
D) Many native American tribes still prevail in the
Southeast parts of the continent
E) Some of these places have been known and
studied for years by the researchers
12. Although all mammal and bird species are classified
as vertebrates which have the ability to migrate,
there are actually significant variations between
mammals and birds. ----. Secondly, the former have
feathers while the latter have only fur or hair. There
is also a difference in the feeding of the young.
Mammals nourish their babies with milk while young
birds are fed on partially digested food given by their
parents.
A) Firstly, birds can travel vast distances, but
mammals can also achieve this by migrating
B) Whales, which are among the greatest mammals
of all, live in sea
C) First of all, mammals give birth to their young
whereas birds lay eggs
D) Initially, mammals were small, mostly insect
eating creatures
E) First came insects in the history of birds -for over
100 million years ago- ruling the sky
 13. - 16. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okun-
duğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
13. (I) The pig who appears as the leader of “Animal
Farm” has a reputation for getting his own way
instead of talking to others. (II) It was an allegorical
work mirroring occurrences leading up to the
Russian Revolution of 1917. (III) He was given the
name Napoleon by the author George Orwell. (IV)
He was a big and rude Berkshire boar, the only
Berkshire on the farm. (V) He was not democratic,
to the contrary, cruel and treacherous.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
16. (I) Sports are more preferable for some people when
14. (I) Celts were a group of peoples that thrived in the
lands extending from the British Isles to Gallatia in
Iron Age Europe. (II) By the end of Iron Age, they
had spread out over a wide range of places such as
Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula, and Central Anatolia
to the East. (III) Evidence shows that Celts expanded
across a vast area as far east as Mesopotamia.
(IV) They even served as legionnaires for Queen
Cleopatra in Egypt. (V) They were already split into
several language groups though coming from a
single origin belonging to Indo-European family.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
88
15. (I) Although flu is a common disease which one
can be contracted to every year, pneumonia is a
rather serious matter which can be triggered by flu.
(II) While it may be seen as similar to cold and flu
in the symptoms, it’s indeed a completely different
lung disease. (III) The symptoms of pneumonia can
range from simple ones such as fatigue, fever and
headache to severe ones including fever, chest pain
and phlegmy cough with yellow or green mucus.
(IV) Both influenza and some types of pneumonia
can actually be avoided through vaccination. (V)
These symptoms may even lead to the death of the
patients if they are not treated immediately.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
they are played in groups rather than individually.
(II) The reason for this preference is highlighted in
the competitive nature of human kind. (III) People
have also the tendency to watch sport competitions
involving rivalry and mutual challenge between
groups. (IV) Therefore, most of the sports that draw
large number of audiences are based on group
games. (V) However, some competitive sports
require self-confidence.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........
Doğru Yanlış Boş Net
........... ........... ........... ...........
 Bu testin çözüm süresi 45 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.
1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
Armstrong was diagnosed with late stage testicular
cancer in 1996 and he was given less than 50%
chance of survival by the first team of doctors he
consulted with. A second team of doctors at Indiana
University estimated that he had almost a 40%
chance of surviving which was actually much lower.
Armstrong’s cycling team called off his contract and
suddenly Armstrong was left both redundant and
without health insurance. Also, the experiences he
passed through had made him not only physically
but also mentally vulnerable. Even so, he got back
on his bike and took up his cycling carrier. He
moved along to win seven Tour de France titles
in a row, from 1999 to 2005. But Armstrong says
“This is not the part of the story of which I am most
proud.” He soon founded “the Lance Armstrong
Foundation (LAF)” providing millions of dollars on
cancer research and society-based programs for
people with cancer aiming to assure that no one
go through the desperation of a cancer diagnosis.
The foundation also established “the Livestrong
Survivorship Center of Excellence Network” and “the
Livestrong Young Adult Alliance.” “The Livestrong
Foundation” has addressed the subject of stigma
–a negative or undesirable perception observed on
cancer patients causing guilt, blame, or shame- and
the silence related to cancer through encouraging
cancer survivors and their acquaintances to open up
their cancer experiences to the community.
1. The most suitable title for this passage would be
----.
A) cancer cases and their possible outcomes in the
community
B) Armstrong’s struggle with his late stage cancer
C) “the Livestrong Foundation” and its achievements
in supporting cancer patients
D) effective treatments in testicular cancer
E) Armstrong’s cancer history and the doings of his
foundation LAF
89
TEST 1
2. With “This is not the part of the story of which
I am most proud”, Armstrong is most probably
referring to ----.
A) “Livestrong Foundation”’s efforts in getting
advocates, teachers, parents, and especially
students to participate in the fight against cancer
B) “the Lance Armstrong Foundation” which
conducts cancer research and community-based
programs for people suffering from cancer
C) his cycling team’s cancelling his contract
D) his struggle with the testicular cancer and the
unexpected victory coming afterwards
E) the cooperative effort of “Livestrong Foundation”
and leading cancer centers to share best cancer
experiences
3. As it is clearly stated in the passage, the second
team of doctors ----.
A) caused Armstrong to set up a foundation to get
better results in cancer cases
B) were given less than 50% chance of survival by
the first team of doctors
C) were the only ones diagnosing Armstrong’s
disorder accurately
D) came up with a more disappointing result as to
Armstrong’s condition
E) led to the cancellation of Armstrong’s contract
with his cycling team
4. It can be inferred from the passage that ----.
A) Armstrong couldn’t overcome his depression in
the aftermath of the testicular cancer diagnosis
B) “the Livestrong Foundation” was established for
commercial purposes
C) survivors’ sharing their cancer experiences with
other patients and the community is an important
factor during the post diagnosis period
D) feelings such as guilt, blame, or shame are the
most noticeable effects seen on cancer patients
during their treatment
E) people were so indifferent to cancer patients’
sufferings that Armstrong had to set up a
foundation dealing with the issue

5. – 8. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
In the view of Turkish lens, the First World War looks
more like “The War of the Ottoman Lineage.” It was
actually a conflict between Austria and Russia with
a view to capturing the areas in the Balkans which
had been ruled by the Ottoman Empire previously.
The spark came from the assassination of Franz
Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28th June 1914 which
triggered Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia and Russia.
Afterwards, Germany declared war on Russia and
France and suddenly the European powers were
included in battle. At first, the Ottoman government
had second thoughts to get involved in the conflict.
However, at the end of October, Enver Pasha –
Minister of War who had replaced Izzet Pasha in
February- against the preference of other Ottoman
ministers, decided to attack Russian targets with the
warships in the Black Sea. This decision resulted
in Turks’ entrance into the war on the side of
the Central Powers in November that year and
eventually the collapse of the Ottoman Empire
along with the end of stability in the Middle East. In
fact, Enver Pasha had been negotiating with both
Germany and Russia secretly aiming to establish
military alliances with each. One of his aims in
leading the Ottoman Empire to war was uniting the
Turkish people of Russian Central Asia with the
Ottoman Turks. Unfortunately, the plans of Enver
Pasha led to a calamitous defeat on 29 December
in Sarikamis where much of the army was deceased
or captured. Enver Pasha’s credibility was damaged
substantially after this defeat.
5. The main focus of the passage is on ----.
A) the strategies the Ottoman government
employed to prevent the First World War
B) the clash of ideas among the Ottoman ministers
regarding the war
C) diplomatic secrets lying behind the First World
War
D) the First World War and the role of Ottoman
Empire in it
E) the break-up of the European Union in the
aftermath of the First World War
90
6. It can be inferred from the passage that Enver
Pasha ----.
A) complied with the uncertainty of the Ottoman
government in sending the warships to attack
Russia
B) who preceded Izzet Pasha in the state post
caused the collapse of the Ottoman Empire
C) was clearly intent to make an alliance with
Germany and Russia in spite of the oppositions
of his colleagues
D) led to the outbreak of the First World War
through his secret negotiations with Germany
and Russia
E) took the Ministry job forcefully from Izzet Pasha
against the wishes of his colleagues
7. According to the passage, ----.
A) Enver Pasha became one of the most well-
known commanders of the Ottoman Empire
thanks to First World War
B) Franz Ferdinand’s plot prompted the first spark
and paved the way for the First World War
C) collapse of Ottoman Empire triggered the start
of a bloody World War
D) Ottoman Empire’s entrance into the war aroused
fear among the European allies
E) most of the Ottoman army was killed under
captivity in Sarikamis
8. With “The War of the Ottoman Lineage,” the
author might be referring to ----.
A) the role of Ottoman Empire in the First World
War and the significant consequences of this
B) Ottomans’ success in creating the struggle
between Austria and Russia
C) Enver Pasha’s befitting decision in leading the
Ottoman army into the war
D) victory of Central Powers over European allies
E) the important decisions taken by the Ottoman
government for the purpose of unifying Turkish
people all around the world
 9.- 12. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
9. On the Giza Plateau, there stands the largest
pyramid ever built. Called “the Great Pyramid of
Giza,” it was built for Khufu, the son of Snefru, and
second ruler of 4th dynasty. It is made up of nearly
2.5 million stone blocks, each of them with weights
ranging from 2.5 to 15 tons. The pyramid has three
burial chambers, one of which is underground. The
second was named by early archeologists as the
queen’s chamber. But, we now have the knowledge
that it wasn’t built with the aim of housing Khufu’s
wife. ----. Finally, the king’s chamber is located at
the center of the pyramid and it has been securely
protected from thieves by its granite blocking
systems.
A) The third is the king’s chamber which holds a
red granite sarcophagus
B) Instead, it was used as a sacred place by the
king himself.
C) All these chambers have been unearthed in the
last century
D) Giza Pyramid is listed among the Seven
Wonders of the World
E) Some people believe that the last chamber
belonging to the king was built over a twenty
year period
12. Abacus, also called a counting frame, is a
10. Microdrone is perhaps the most futuristic invention
made in the last decades and most probably will
stamp the years ahead. It is already used in a
large number of areas including aerial observation,
surveillance, photographing, or disaster
management. The obstacle with the device is that it
can only fly for 70 minutes at its best and must land
on for the recharging of the battery. ----. Even a tree
which is not shown on the map can serve as a threat
for this flying object.
A) Rather than environmental challenges,
microdrones generally face mechanical
obstacles
B) But, the problem, rather, is the prospect of an
unexpected, unwary bird or a wind that is a bit
stronger than a breeze
C) That’s why energy companies try to produce
more durable batteries
D) Some microdrones have intelligence and thus
don’t need an operator
E) However, the prices of the microdrones make
them hardly affordable for ordinary people
91
11. Madagascar, the world’s fourth biggest island,
is a biodiversity hotspot with over 90% its wild
life which is not found anywhere else on earth. It
owes this diversity to having been separated from
the Indian peninsula around 88 million years ago,
allowing the isolation of native plants and animals
in a similar environment. ----. Therefore, the island’s
diverse ecosystems and unprecedented wild life are
threatened by torrential rains and destructive floods.
A) However, the island is frequently exposed to
tropical rain storms like the one in 2004 giving
enormous damage
B) Environmental degradation by the growing
human population is a major worry for
conservationists
C) In 2004 Cyclone Gafilo became the strongest
storm ever recorded to hit Madagascar killing
172 people
D) The Malagasy are known to be descendants
of Africans and Indonesians who inhabited the
island about 2,000 years ago
E) Madagascar was one of the last major
landmasses on Earth to be settled by humans
manual aid to calculating which was in common
use centuries before modern numeral system. In
addition to calculating the fundamental tasks of
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, the
abacus can calculate roots up to the cubic degree.
It is supposed that the abacus was first used by the
Babylonians in about 2,400 BC. ----. Originally made
from beans or stones moving in grooves in sand
or on tablets of wood or stone, today it is usually
constructed as a bamboo frame with beads located
on wires.
A) The Aztec version of an abacus is made from
maize threaded through strings put in a wooden
frame
B) The Chinese and Japanese use different
techniques with their abaci nowadays
C) Since that time, the physical structure of abacus
has changed dramatically
D) This Mesoamerican abacus employs a 5-digit
base-20 system
E) The binary abacus is used to explain how
computers manipulate numbers
 13. - 16. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okun-
duğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
13. (I) Repetition is a simple but effective method
employed by the advertisers to create brand
awareness and customer memory. (II) Advertisers
have found it often more effective to focus on
putting across one specific aspect of their product
by displaying it on billboards. (III) In this method,
the name of the product is repeated several times
during an advertisement. (IV) Jingles are frequently
used in this advertising technique to impose the
product name in the minds of the millions. (V)
Advertisers also make repetition by running an ad
very often.
15. (I) Gaius Julius Caesar was a famous general and
a Roman statesman. (II) He played an important
role in the fall of the Roman Republic and the rise
of the Roman Empire. (III) He was ordered to resign
from the military command and back to Rome by
Senate after the Gallic Wars ended. (IV) However,
he refused to disband his army and resisted arriving
Italy by an illegal way where he declared war against
Pompey. (V) Marcus Junius Brutus, who played the
leading role in Caesar’s assassination, became well
known with Caesar’s remark: “You, too, my child?”
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

16. (I) Cappadocia has such a landscape that you might

14. (I) According to a survey conducted in England,
journalists have been found among the least
trusted professionals in the country. (II) They rank
even below politicians and lawyers as trustworthy
characters. (III) Yet, we depend on journalists to
guide us through their information-rich remarks.
(IV) The results of the survey reveal that only 3% of
nearly 2,000 adults trust journalists. (V) By contrast,
lawyers hold the trust of 24% and accountants 14%
of people respectively.
have never witnessed all your life. (II) Hence, it is
one of the most popular destinations in the world
to go up in a hot air balloon. (III) When you ascend
for sunrise, you will most probably get enchanted by
the spectacular landscape lying below you. (IV) To
the west, Cappadocia is bounded by the historical
regions of Lycaonia, and Galatia to the Northwest.
(V) With the fairy chimneys and valleys scattered
around pigeon houses and orchards, the scenery
will definitely entrance you.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........

Doğru Yanlış Boş Net

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V. ........... ........... ........... ...........

92
 Bu testin çözüm süresi 45 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.
1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
Sir Philip Sidney was a 16th-century English poet,
courtier, scholar, and critic. Though he spent
relatively little time at the English court, and until
his appointment as governor of Flushing in 1585,
received little elevation from Queen Elizabeth, he’s
best remembered as being one of the most pre-
eminent figures of the Elizabethan Age. His works
include “Astrophel and Stella”, “The Defence of
Poesy” (also known as The Defence of Poetry),
and “The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia.” His
“Defence of Poetry” is the only major work of literary
criticism in the 16th century England, a period during
which Italy and France produced large numbers
of critical works, heavily inspired by Aristotle’s
Poetics. Sidney also gave Italian literature the
highest esteem, for instance, his reference in “the
Defence of Poetry” to “Dante’s Beatrice” was the
first by an English man. His works were significantly
shaped by Italian influences though emphasizing
especially those aesthetic principles that are of
primary importance to Elizabethans such as ideal
imitation, moral teaching, and decorum. According
to Sidney, poetry is an imitation of nature but not the
real nature we see; it is rather an ideal nature.
1. The passage is mostly about ----.
A) Sir Philip Sidney’s literary style and the Italian
influence on his works
B) Importance of criticism as a genre in literature
C) the differences between English and Italian
poetry
D) the literary movements of Elizabethan Age
E) the influence of Aristotle’s Poetics on Sir Philip
Sidney’s critical works
93
TEST 2
2. It is implied in the passage that unlike Italy and
France, ----.
A) England gave a superior importance to literature
in 16th century
B) Elizabethans prioritized criticism and satire in
the poetry
C) other European countries were indifferent to the
novel literary movements of the age
D) England composed only a few critical works in
1500s
E) writers in England were true followers of
Aristotle’s Poetics
3. It may be understood from the passage that ----.
A) Dante’s Beatrice was the first work by an
English man in 16th century
B) Sir Philip Sidney spent little time in his post as a
governor
C) There was no other chief work of literary criticism
in 1500s in England other than Sidney’s
D) Queen Elizabeth didn’t like Sir Philip Sidney at
all
E) the main theme of Sir Philip Sidney’s works was
based on nature
4. According to the passage, Sidney regarded
poetry as ----.
A) an instrument of moral teaching
B) the visual representation of the real nature we
see
C) the sum of aesthetic Elizabethan principles
D) a reflection of an idealized nature
E) a compilation of decorative elements
 6. According to the passage, ----.
5. – 8. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız. A) but for Renaissance, Shakespeare and Marlowe
couldn’t have composed lasting works

The Renaissance literally meaning “rebirth” first B) Renaissance originated out of a surge of interest

emerged in Italy. It is actually the period in European towards the learning of classical past and values

civilization immediately after the Medieval Times of it

arousing from the search of interest into classical C) textbooks were the only means for the spread of
learning and values. The period led to revolutionary new ideas during the Renaissance period
developments such as the discovery and exploration D) English Renaissance flourished and improved
of new continents, strong innovations like paper, thanks to Italian poets
gunpowder, printing press, the mariner’s compass, E) people living in countries other than Europe
the decline of the feudal system, and the growth of didn’t appreciate the developments Renaissance
commerce. It came as a powerful remedy following a brought
long period of contagious diseases, cultural decline,
and unproductivity. The spirit and the ideas of
the age gradually spread to Western, Northern
Europe, and finally Britain towards the end of the
16th century. Renaissance came to England when
English poets began to translate Italian sonnets.
The period marked English literary accomplishment.
During the English Renaissance, great writers such 7. It can be inferred from the passage that the
as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe Renaissance ----.
produced works of lasting influence. However, some
A) originated in Italy before Medieval Times
critics prefer to call this literal era as the Elizabethan
time instead of English Renaissance. Actually, in B) was adapted much more differently in Northern

England, the whole literary culture flourished in this Europe

age by the advent of printing because rapid and C) didn’t have much influence on English literature
mass reproduction of texts allowed to reach a wider D) led to the decline of all previous social practices
audience. Textbooks got cheaper, and therefore, and traditions in Europe
more widely available to all people. E) overlapped with the Elizabethan era in England

8. One can conclude from the passage that ----.

A) critics denied the influence of Renaissance on

English literature at the time
B) prolific English writers emerged only after the
5. The most suitable title for this passage would be
advent of mass production of texts
----.
C) invention, innovation and discovery first
A) differences between the Italian and English appeared in the Renaissance age across the
Renaissance world
B) the emergence of Renaissance and its outcomes D) mass printing contributed to the progress of
in England literature substantially in England during the
C) how Renaissance flourished Renaissance period
D) English literature during the Renaissance period E) Renaissance is confined to rebirth of literature
E) development of printing in Renaissance as a term

94
 9.- 12. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
9. Throughout ages, almost all educational systems
whether it is in science, technology, or engineering
have been focused almost exclusively on developing
knowledge itself. Learning was based on a course
of lecture and memorizing the knowledge given in
the past. The whole system was created to stuff
the students up with facts and then evaluate their
capability by testing methods. ----. They suggest
that injecting vision, creative thinking, problem
solving and other important skills to new generations
can only be improved through better-designed
courses. Such courses should include incentives
and innovations which are the fundamental factors
in learning.
A) The impact of grammar translation method is
still prevalent in most of the school curricula
B) Those teaching in high schools had shortage of
innovative practices
C) Today, educators and researchers are calling
for change
D) That’s why, lecture-based learning was severely
opposed by the educators
E) However, teaching the other skills is a frequent
incidence in most of the schools
10. Much of the wealth of a developed country is drawn
from manufacturing. It plays a number of key roles
12. The Dead Sea, also called as the Salt Sea, is the
in a community’s economy. First of all, it offers good
jobs, good salaries and benefits to more workers
who don’t have a college degree. At the same
time, it provides adequate fund for research and
development in private sector leading to a higher
productivity growth. Without manufacturing, there
could be very few consumer goods available to the
people. ----. At that time, the population depended
on farming solely and were forced to produce most
of the necessities for themselves.
A) The United States was in this position in the
early 19th century
B) Then, the lesson we must take is in industry
C) Science, aided by new improvements in
technology, made the situation better in 2005
D) In fact, a well-developed economy should give
priority to technical occupations
E) Lack of manufacturing can cause deficit in trade
these days
95
11. ----. Is it not ridiculous that humans who have been
fighting for their own freedom since the beginning
of history continue carrying out this practice?
Moreover, they are conducting the experiments in a
way giving harm to them through such exercises as
implanting electrodes, trying new drugs or poisoning
them for toxicity testing. According to NEAVS, which
is the acronym for New England Anti-Vivisection
Society, over 25 million of animals are used in
biomedical experimentation, product and cosmetic
testing, and science education every year in the
United States of America. As a result, for the sake
of research and testing, most of them die at the end
of the experiments.
A) Many people oppose to using animals in
scientific experiments claiming that humans are
better test subjects
B) Some people think that human rights is not a
concept superior to animal rights
C) Vivisection can be named as the process
whereby animals are experimented on by
scientists in the labs for the good of humankind
D) In a report of BUAV -the British Union for the
Abolition of Vivisection-, there are almost 100
million animals being killed across the world just
for pleasure each year
E) Even if the trials for the efficiency of drugs on
animals are successful, they are not introduced
into the market before being tested on humans
lowest point on Earth bordered by Jordan to the
east and Israel to the west. It’s about 400 meters
below sea level allowing it to have the highest
concentration of the salt in the world. The quantity of
water that evaporates from it is greater than the one
which flows into it. ----. On the other hand, it attracts
visitors from all around Mediterranean in order for
them to benefit from its healing properties because
the lake is the supplier of a wide variety of healthy
minerals and salt.
A) It provides enormous relaxation to many ailing
visitors who come here regularly
B) It’s named as the Dead Sea because its salinity
hinders the existence of any life forms in the lake
C) Dead Sea is one of the largest treasure throves
of valuable microbial life on Earth
D) Lake Vanda in Antarctica reported higher
salinities than the Dead Sea
E) Therefore, people use the salt from the Dead
Sea to create cosmetics and herbal remedies
 13. - 16. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okun-
duğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
13. (I) The “Lost Generation” was a term popularized by
Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein, referring to
the generation that came of age during World War I.
(II) However, in A Moveable Feast, Hemingway
reveals that the phrase was actually originated by
the garage owner who serviced Stein’s car. (III) One
day, a young mechanic failed to repair his car and
then, the garage owner shouted at the boy, “You
are all a “génération perdue.” (IV) The phenomena
show how right Hemingway and Stein were in
labelling the whole generation as a lost one. (V) At
last, Stein, in telling Hemingway the story, added,
“That is what you are. That’s what you all are ... all
of you young people who served in the war. You are
a lost generation.”
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
16. (I) The Wireless Museum has an extensive
14. (I) A ship sinks in water to a level such that the
weight of the displaced water equals its own weight.
(II) The law of floatation explains that, “A floating
body displaces its own weight of the fluid in which it
floats”. (III) In other words, it does not sink in water
if it is lighter than water and floats on it. (IV) When it
floats, this means that the upthrust of water is equal
to its weight. (V) In such a case, the upward force
balances with the downward force, which is the
weight of the object.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
96
15. (I) Since big cities require more space, a skyscraper
can be described as the ultimate solution of
technological genius. (II) With their high-rise and
thinner construction, they both defy gravity and high
winds along with taking up less place in the crowded
metropolis. (III) These tall buildings also represent
ambition, idealism, strength, and economic growth.
(IV) Although the idea of the skyscraper is modern,
the tendency to build to upward is not new as seen
in the example of pyramids. (V) Just take a glimpse
at Shanghai whose financial capabilities have
enormously increased with an influx of investors
moving into the city after the construction of masses
of skyscrapers.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
collection of valuable assets in both monetary and
historical sense. (II) It has some of the first wireless
radio sets from the early twentieth century which
worked on electronic waves using no external
power source. (III) They were readily made at home
in contrast to their subsequent valve equivalents
which came along in the 1930s. (IV) The museum
also possesses several unique war time radio
receivers produced during the Second World War.
(V) What’s more, it provides a wonderful opportunity
to expose yourself to radio related technologies
while socializing with others of similar interests.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........
Doğru Yanlış Boş Net
........... ........... ........... ...........
 Bu testin çözüm süresi 45 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.
2.
1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
The Hawaiian Islands are a true paradise.
Nevertheless, these islands are frequently exposed
to several kinds of natural disasters such as flooding,
hurricanes, tsunamis, lava flows and earthquakes.
Hurricanes and flash floods are much more common
than other natural disasters in Hawaii. When a
hurricane passes over the island, it may move over
80 miles an hour blowing away windows, roofs,
and even whole buildings. The shower line may
also be damaged because of the gigantic waves
reaching the beaches even breaking up cliffs. In
3.
October 2004, the flood occurring in Mano Valley on
Oahu caused a huge damage measurable in million
dollars. However, hurricane Iniki was the most
powerful one to hit Hawaii in recorded history. It
passed through the island of Kauai in 1992 causing
six deaths and about 1.8 billion dollars of damage.
In the past, people in Hawaii were not anxious about
these storms rarely occurring in the area because
the water around the islands was too warm for
hurricanes. However, this situation has changed and
unlike the days when there were few hurricanes, for
an unknown reason very dangerous hurricanes have
been hitting the islands especially in the past 15
4.
years.
1. The most suitable title for this passage would be
----.
A) the Hawaiian Islands as a true paradise
B) the damages caused by hurricanes and floods in
Hawaii
C) natural disasters on the Hawaiian islands
D) financial consequences of the disasters in
Hawaii
E) several hurricanes in the history of Hawaii
97
TEST 3
We can understand from the passage that ----.
A) there are no other natural disasters occurring
as frequently as hurricanes and flash floods in
Hawaii
B) a hurricane destroys a whole city when it strikes
Hawaii
C) tsunami is ranked as second to hurricanes
in terms of the destruction it creates on the
Hawaiian Islands
D) during a hurricane, the first damaged parts are
windows and roofs
E) The biggest damage ever by a hurricane was
given to Mano Valley in Hawaii in 2004
We can conclude from the passage that the
cause of ----.
A) the hurricanes existing has changed
tremendously over the past fifteen years
B) natural disasters on the Hawaiian Islands has
been the main subject to several researches
C) powerful hurricanes occurring over the last
fifteen years is not certain in Hawaii
D) floods are much more common than other
natural disasters in Hawaii
E) six deaths and billions of dollars can be linked to
the negligence of locals
It is implied the passage that ----.
A) more dangerous hurricanes have been hitting
the Hawaiian Islands for around a decade
because the water around the islands has got
warmer in the mean time
B) many kinds of natural disasters such as
flooding, hurricanes, tsunamis, lava flows, and
earthquakes are induced by hurricanes and
flash floods
C) the speed of a hurricane determines its ability
to create the most powerful whirlwinds and
eruptions
D) if it hadn’t been for the natural disasters,
Hawaiian economy could be ranked among the
prosperous ones across the world
E) Iniki hurricane inflicted much heavier damage
to Hawaii than its equivalents in terms of both
economy and casualties as well as environmental
destruction
 6. The main focus of the passage is on ----.
5. – 8. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız. A) difficulties of hunting in early ages
B) accomplishments of Paleolithic people in every

Paleolithic Age is best characterized by hunting and aspect of life

survival depending on the success of it because C) evolution of human brain beginning from
Paleolithic peoples often fought with each other Paleolithic Age
for the control of hunting territories. There was no D) the way of life depending mostly on hunting and
agriculture and industry; therefore, they lived as developing tools in Paleolithic Age
hunter-gatherers picking berry after berry off from E) main diet of early human beings
bushes, chasing mammals to the point of fatigue,
taking meat, fat and organs from animals which
larger ones had killed. In order to hunt their prey,
cut and chop the meat, flake cores, and to use in
traps, the early Paleolithic humans invented tools of
stone, bone and wood. As the evidence shown by
archeologists during the excavations conducted in
Ethiopia reveals, these people specifically chose the
raw materials in terms of their size and quality for
their requirements. For example, they deliberately
found appropriate-sized stones to make sharp-
edged tools for cutting. Through the ability to make
and use tools, Paleolithic peoples achieved some 7. According to the passage, Paleolithic humans
striking accomplishments to change their way of ----.
living. They could now compete with larger, faster A) were faster than rabbits and deer
and stronger animals such as the mammoth, deer B) ran after animals till they got exhausted
and rabbits. The demands of the hunt sharpened
C) sharpened their wit thanks to supplementary
their wit simultaneously. They began to supplement
feeding
their feeding by collecting fruits, nuts and seeds
D) made tools of only stones and bones
eventually causing to discover the plant world
around them. E) frequently fought to seize one another’s prey

5. It can be inferred from the passage that

Paleolithic people ----.
8. We can infer from the passage that Paleolithic
people’s finding ----.
A) invented tools with the aim of paving the way for
A) appropriate-sized stones occurred unintentionally
industry
B) sharp-edged tools in nature became useful for
B) carried through several remarkable innovations
cutting
in their lifestyles
C) plants around them led to the end of hunting
C) were very much like other hunter-gatherers
D) raw materials was useless because of their size
D) knew how to use tools from the very beginning
and quality
E) used tools for various purposes including
E) stones in suitable sizes was not a coincidence
agriculture

98
 9.- 12. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
9. ----. The findings reveal the rise and fall of a small
kingdom along the Yellow River in the northern part
of China over a 500-year period. The main ancient
accounts as to the period of the kingdom can be
found in the records of the great historian Sima
Qian written between about 109 BC and 91 BC.
He determined the date of the founding of the Xia
dynasty back to around 2200 BC, yet this date has
not been validated since little is known about the
previous clans. If new evidence cannot be found, it
is impossible to know how much of the data in Sima
Qian’s texts is true and how much is unreal about
the dynasty.
A) The task of protecting Yellow River against other
kingdoms was given to Yu the Great by the king
B) There are no certain archaeological remains that
can make an assumption about the presence of
the Xia dynasty
C) According to mythology, the dynasty ended
around 1600 BC as a consequence of the Battle
of Mingtiao
D) There is some archaeological evidence
concerning the probable existence of the Xia
dynasty even though it is debatable whether it
actually existed
E) According to ancient historical legends, the Xia
dynasty was the first clan to rule China
10. Around 640 BC, the Lydians began producing the
first true coins made of precious metals such as gold
and silver. ----. But, this was also further debased
by the Lydians with the addition of copper in the
following years. Being a soft alloy, electrum made
the imprinting of a man or an animal figure possible
on the coin’s face. The most popular figure to be
stamped on the coins was a lion’s head adorned
with a drawing similar to a sunburst which was the
king’s symbol.
A) These coins were initially produced in limited
numbers
B) Gold coins weighed only about 0.15 grams on
average
C) Coins, of course, launched the first commercial
activities
D) To some historians, they were actually an alloy
of gold and silver called electrum
E) First stamped coins in history dates back to 700 BC
99
11. Historical remains reveal that about 10,000 years
ago, at the end of the Ice Age, wild horses became
extinct in Northern America and their number
decreased in Western Europe. The causes for
this phenomenon are ambiguous. However, they
continued to dwell on the plateaus of Eastern Europe
and Central Asia where short grasses and shrubs
grew on vast lands. ----. An increasing amount
of proof suggests that they were domesticated in
both Europe and Asia almost in 4000 BCE. Recent
discoveries as to the issue supports the assumption
that Kazakhstan was the location of the earliest
domestication of the horse.
A) Where and when horses became domesticated
is unclear but a number of hypotheses exist
regarding this
B) Today, very few horses are found in the wild
C) Though the date is not exactly known, horses
quickly spread across Eurasia and continued to
thrive in wildlife
D) Kazakh people seem to have adopted
horseback riding to hunt wild animals in northern
Kazakhstan
E) The presence of horses remaining just in the
regions where they had not previously been
seen is another indicator of domestication
12. ----. These words are then combined with each other
in an organized unity to establish the mood, images
and the meaning in a text and finally forms the
style. In this way, the style of the writer determines
the audience mass of his work. For example, if the
sentences are long and complicated, an educated
reader can be expected but if they are rich in slang
and novel phrases, it means a more general group
is being addressed to.
A) Authors write for a reason; while some wish to
give information, others try to persuade you on
an issue
B) Words can be put together to build larger
elements of language, such as phrases, clauses,
and sentences
C) Tone is the attitude the writer has towards a
subject
D) Style is the literary element that describes
the way the writer picks words and puts them
together
E) Writers’ own beliefs and ideas generally
determine how they thought about a given
subject in the past
 13. - 16. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okun-
duğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
13. (I) The government was customarily moved after the
death of an emperor in Japan because of the ancient
belief that the place of death was polluted. (II) The
successor left the dwelling place for a new palace
upon his father’s death. (III) However, this tradition
changed with the establishment of the permanent
imperial capital in Nara in AD 710. (IV) Following the
demise of sovereign, thus, the center of government
was transferred to another city as well. (V) This
situation led to an establishment of government
including new reforms and bureaucratization.
15. (I) At the beginning of the 16th century, Ottoman
Emperor Sultan Selim put an end to Memluk
caliphate and brought it to Ottoman Empire. (II)
From then on, the Empire began to be ruled under
the religious principles called shariah. (III) The
word khalif comes from Arabic and it refers to the
political and religious leader who is regarded as
the successor to the Islamic prophet. (IV) Caliph
being also the emperor himself had an important
role in both domestic and foreign politics of Ottoman
Empire. (V) However, on 3rd March 1924, this
situation changed with the abolishment of caliphate
subsequent to the unanimity of voting in the Turkish
Great National Assembly.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

16. (I) The perception of time varies from person to

person. (II) Some of us are morning and others
are night persons indicating the best times for
performing several tasks. (III) For example, the
circadian cycles between a morning person and
14. (I) The Decameron is a compilation of a one a night person may differ a few hours from each
hundred allegorical short stories written about 1353 other. (IV) It all depends on how your biological
by the Italian author and poet Giovanni Boccaccio. day is structured. (V) In fact, all of your senses may
(II) He was an important Renaissance humanist be at their keenest during late afternoon and early
who wrote a number of notable works. (III) He evening.
expressed the earthiness of human experience in a
simple style of Italian vernacular prose in his works
including the Decameron. (IV) This differed him A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
from his contemporaries who usually followed more
complicated story patterns. (V) He also made word
by word translations of two epics of Homer called
the Iliad and the Odyssey from Greek to Latin on the ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........
request of his mentor Petrarch.
Doğru Yanlış Boş Net
........... ........... ........... ...........
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

100
 Bu testin çözüm süresi 45 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.
1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
Prior to World War I, the use of parachutes was
undertaken only by people in show business to
impress crowds of spectators. But, the military
operations of the First World War changed this role.
Since a number of troops, for the first time, began
to be transported by aircraft and were landed near
the field of battle, the idea of parachute came into
being. In the years between the World Wars, armies
around the world started to establish their own
paratroop units. Russia was the first to develop the
idea on a large scale and in the 1930s, she invested
heavily in the concept. In 1933, the Soviets made
the first large-scale airborne infantry operation in
history. This was a peace time trial. The Soviets
even conducted trials including dropping armored
units from planes and many of these units would be
making history’s first war time drop in a few years. At
the same time, world powers like Italy, Germany, and
Japan followed Russians’ lead and got started their
own airborne forces. Germany was the first country
to drop infantry into the battlefield during World War
II. The French created an airborne battalion, but
it was disbanded before the Second World War.
England was not interested in developing airborne
forces at all until the outbreak of the Second World
War in 1939.
1. It is clear from the passage that the idea of
parachute ----.
A) was slow to receive acceptance in the military
forces
B) gained importance during World War I
C) was immediately recognized as of crucial
importance prior to World War I
D) paved the way for other airborne vehicles
E) was first put forward by the Russians
101
TEST 4
2. It is implied in the passage that ----.
A) a variety of countries contributed to the
development of parachute out of military
purposes
B) England regarded the parachute as useless so
she was indifferent to the developments
C) the Soviets was the sole powerful military force
because of her airborne forces during World
War I
D) the French were disbanded from the Second
World War
E) parachute was first used in an actual military
operation in 1933 by the Soviets
3. It can be inferred from the passage that one of
the advantages of airborne forces is that ----.
A) they are the cheapest and fastest means of
transportation
B) they encourage nations to trigger conflicts
C) trials in the peacetime can be achieved more
easily
D) crowds of spectators are impressed in show
business
E) troops can be carried by air to a nearby position
close to the battlefield
4. One of the points made in the passage is that
----.
A) England had such a powerful naval force that
she didn’t need to develop airborne forces
B) the Soviets’ military power was limited to
airborne forces
C) parachute was used for a purpose other than its
role in military operations before the First World
War
D) no country except the Soviets invested in the
idea of parachute
E) Germany’s dropped infantries got damaged
upon hitting the ground

5. – 8. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
Although Westerners tend to regard Indians as
a single people, they were, in fact, as diverse as
various nationals of Europe. Since 1492, European
explorers and settlers have tended to ignore the
vast variety of the people who had previously lived
in Americas. Soon after the colonialists settled in the
continent, they began to lump all the local groups
under the term “Indian.” In the modern world, we
still do this although there are experiences and
subcultures peculiar to each group. The Tlingits,
for example, were as different from the Sioux as
Greeks are from Danes. As the people spread
over the North American continent, more than two
hundred languages and dialects developed, and any
two were usually no more alike than, say, French,
and Russian. The United States benefited from
this difference of language among North American
tribes. The US government used the uniqueness of
the Navajo language to its advantage in World War
II. Instead of encrypting radio messages, they made
use of Navajos’ speaking to each other in their daily
language to transfer high-security messages and
it worked well. Social and political formations were
equally diverse in Navajos. Many Indians had an
intense feeling of tribal loyalty, but others kept it in
the family unit. There were areas where a hierarchy
practiced near absolute power, and provinces where
there was no centralized authority.
5. The most suitable title for this passage would be
----.
A) The likeness of Native Americans to each other
B) Indians and Navajo language
C) the dissimilarities among Indians in Americas
D) the history of Indians
E) the varying roles of Indians in social life
102
6. As it is emphasized in the passage, Navajos ----.
A) encrypted radio messages during the World War
II
B) were such a warrior society as to involve in the
second World War
C) spoke more than 200 languages
D) belonged to the only tribe speaking their own
language
E) played an important role during the second
World War
7. By giving the example as to “the Tlingits, Sioux,
Greeks, and Danes”, the author is referring to
----.
A) the differences between European nations
B) the subcultures living in the USA
C) the cruelty of European settlers
D) the diversity of Indian people
E) the difference between Indians and Europeans
8. It may be concluded from the passage that ----.
A) European explorers ignored the Indians entirely
when they first arrived in Americas
B) Language is the most remarkable feature to
differentiate between Indians
C) in some Indian regions, there was a total
absence of central authority
D) Indians were more civilized than Europeans in
some respects in the colonial period
E) Tribal loyalty was the essence of all Native
Americans in the past
 9.- 12. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
9. ----. While the former is involved with the physical
production and acoustic transmission of the sounds
of speech, the latter defines how the sounds operate
in any language or through languages to put the
meaning into codes. In broader sense, phonetics
pertain to descriptive linguistics, and phonology to
the theoretical. Such a distinction wasn’t frequently
made especially until the development of the
modern notion of phoneme in 1950s. A phoneme
is the smallest unit of sound in a language that
holds meaning. Almost all words are made up of a
number of phonemes mixed together. Think about
the word “ball”. It is composed of three phonemes:
/b/ /aw/ /l/. Each of its sounds affects the meaning.
For example, omit the /b/ sound and replace it with
/w/ then you will have a totally different word. Or
substitute the /aw/ for a /e/ sound and again the
meaning changes.
A) Phonology has greatly dealt with the systems of
phonemes in several languages for years
B) The terms phonology and phonetics, dubbed in
the 20th century, have a number of similarities
C) Phonology is usually mistaken for phonetics but
they are actually two different concepts
D) Although they are both sub-branches of
linguistics, phonology is more important than
phonetics in functioning
E) The modern concept of phonology led to an
12. The Fahrenheit scale was invented by the German
awareness on the difference between phonemes
and phonetics
10. Parents generally oppose to video games labelling
them as time-wasters since they regard these
games as the key factors in making their children
behave more violently or anti-social. ----. Indeed,
video games can help youngsters develop greater
mental focus, multitask more effectively, and equip
them with higher levels of thinking from which they
will benefit in the future. Some games can even lead
children to more helpful and sympathetic behaviors.
A) Video games are responsible for the increase in
childhood obesity
B) Even so, all the effects have been found to be
negative
C) Whether children play video games or not, they
will inevitably face violence in society
D) Your child can feel pain and numbs on his limbs
after two hours in front of the computer
E) But, a growing body of research is now revealing
the flip side
103
11. The idea of a satellite system for communications
was actually suggested in 1945 by Arthur C. Clarke,
an English engineer and writer. But, John R.
Pierce, also an engineer from the USA, made a
further study and developed all types of satellite
systems for communications. Pierce was born in
Iowa in 1910. He went to the California Institute of
Technology where he studied electrical engineering.
After the graduation, he got a job in Bell Telephone
Laboratories and achieved some of his most
innovative works. ----. However, he’s possibly most
famous for his independent, ground-breaking work
which turned unmanned communications satellites
a reality. The success of his project caused the
launch of the first commercial communications
satellite also broadcasting the first live television
signals.
A) Moreover, Clarke studied on the possible
use of communications satellites for mass
communications
B) In addition to countries using their own satellites,
there are several countries buying domestic
communication services from abroad
C) The first communications satellite, called Score,
was launched on December 18, 1958
D) In 1948, he coined the term “transistor” for the
tiny, electronic switch developed there
E) Clarke and Pierce were both regarded as the
two fathers of the communications satellite
scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1710. Today, in
Britain, most of the people over 25 know the
Fahrenheit scale but centigrade system (Celsius)
is being used more and more widely. Even so,
weather forecasts on television and newspapers
give temperature in both scales. ----. These figures
have been determined at sea level and standard
atmospheric pressure.
A) The term “Fahrenheit” was derived from the
name of a German scientist
B) The scale has two fixed points; the temperature
at which water freezes into ice (32 degrees) and
the boiling point of water (212 degrees)
C) Fahrenheit scale is divided into 180 equal
intervals called degrees
D) Temperatures in Celsius scale can be turned
into equivalent temperatures of the Fahrenheit
scale by first subtracting 32° from the Fahrenheit
temperature, and then multiplying the result by
5/9
E) Today, the scale is used primarily in the United
States and some Caribbean countries
 13. - 16. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okun-
duğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
13. (I) The superstition of breaking a mirror is an ancient
one and achieved to maintain its effect for many
years. (II) In fact, many superstitions still exist even
in the most educated and sophisticated regions of
the world. (III) Mirrors were believed to hold the key
to the future in the old times so breaking one was to
shatter your own future. (IV) Another superstition for
breaking a mirror was that immediately after a family
member would die. (V) Nevertheless, these days,
the accidental breaking of a mirror usually produces
no more thought in most people than “I have to get
a new mirror.”
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
16. (I) John Donne, known as the founder of
14. (I) When it comes to pollution, we tend to think it is
a problem caused by humans’ ignorance or their
indifference to the environment. (II) In general, air
is made up of two gases, nitrogen and oxygen, with
several other gases like carbon dioxide and argon.
(III) Nevertheless, some kinds of air pollution are
produced by natural phenomena such as erupting
volcanoes, forest fires, or radioactive decay of
rocks inside Earth. (IV) Forest fires and enormous
volcanic eruptions can release too much dust and
smoke into the atmosphere. (V) This emission of
dirty air prevents sunlight and can cause the whole
planet to cool down for at least a year.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
104
15. (I) When it comes to choose the top safari
destination, the African natural life can touch your
hearts and souls. (II) If you want to go for the best
safari, your supposed preference list must certainly
include Africa’s top safari destinations with wildlife
parks. (III) Among these are Kenya, Tanzania,
Uganda, South Africa, Botswana, and Zimbabwe
respectively. (IV) Yet, a Botswana safari will be one
of Africa’s best experiences of all for you. (V) In the
country, the vast lands of wilderness in untouched
condition will bewitch you immediately.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
“Metaphysical Poets,” was an English essayist,
poet, and philosopher in England in the 16th
century. (II) He was famous for his wide variety of
love poetry and sonnets including a realistic and a
sensual style. (III) One of the important themes of
his poems was the concept of true religion. (IV) “The
Metaphysical Poets” are known for their capability to
shock and persuade the reader through their subtle
and paradoxical arguments. (V) He wrote a great
number of spiritual poems showing his substantial
interest in religious matters.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........
Doğru Yanlış Boş Net
........... ........... ........... ...........
 Bu testin çözüm süresi 45 dakikadır.
Soruları verilen sürede çözmeye çalışınız.
1. – 4. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
Iceland is one of the youngest land masses on earth
located through the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and thus, it’s
a country often home to some of the world’s most
active volcanoes. Among them, the leading ones are
Hekla, Eldgjá, Herðubreið and Eldfell. According to
science writer Alexandra Witze, Iceland’s volcanoes
have affected human communities for more than a
thousand years and that Bárđarbunga is responsible
for the largest eruption anywhere on Earth in the
last 10,000 years. The eruption of Laki in 1783,
spreading the biggest lava flow in recorded history
and erupting for 8 months, caused a famine that
killed almost a quarter of the Iceland’s population.
Furthermore, Laki gave off more than 100 million
tons of sulfur dioxide, dust clouds, and haze to
form a dense fog across Europe, spreading to parts
of Asia and Africa a few months later damaging
crops and changing the climate for years. In 2010,
Eyjafjallajökull, another volcano in the Southern of
Iceland erupted for the first time since 1821 with
additional eruptions making hundreds of people
leave their homes and cancelling flights across
Europe. On 21 May 2011, this time Grímsvötn
volcano which was much more powerful than the
2010 Eyjafjallajökull activity erupted, and caused
hundreds of travel delays. Most of the airlines
started cancelling flight to England due to the large
ash cloud hurling into the atmosphere, although
experts expected no repeat of travel chaos from the
eruption of Eyjafjallajökull a year before.
1. It stated in the passage that Iceland ----.
A) is famous for its wide variety of natural disasters
B) is a geologically new land
C) owes volcanic eruptions to human activities
D) frequently cancels flights across Europe
E) first erupted in the 19th century leading to the
largest lava flow
105
TEST 5
2. It is implied in the passage that over the last
decade, ----.
A) no sign of volcanic activity has been recorded in
Iceland
B) the least destructive two eruptions have been
observed in Europe
C) eruptions have merely led to famines
D) all flights to England have been called off
E) two major disruptions have occurred in air travel
in Iceland
3. It is stated in the passage that in the 18th century,
----.
A) Eyjafjallajökull, another volcano in Southern
Iceland, erupted for the first time
B) biggest dual eruptions recorded in Iceland’s
history happened
C) Laki emitted a great amount of dust clouds, and
several gases reaching even to distant parts of
the world
D) the author Alexandra Witze claimed Bárđarbunga
is responsible for the largest eruption on Earth
E) eruptions made hundreds of people abandon
their homes
4. The passage is mostly about ----.
A) volcanic activities across the world
B) Alexandra Witze’s findings as to eruptions in
Iceland
C) damages caused by volcanic eruptions in
Europe
D) volcanic eruptions and their consequences in
Iceland’s history
E) Iceland being home to several kinds of disasters
 6.
5. – 8. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevap-
layınız.
Although the consumption of meat by humans
has been regarded as creating harm and cruelty
especially for animals, it is actually a serious threat
to the whole environment. The production process
of animal protein consumes enormous amounts of
water, fossil fuels and soil in addition to pollution of
water and air. As a matter of fact, the production and
distribution course of meat requires fertilizer and fuel
usage, thereby causing emissions of greenhouse
gases, and a wide range of toxic chemicals into
air and water. According to the analysis made
by the Environmental Working Group (EWG), the
production and distribution of red meat creates 10
to 40 times as much greenhouse gas emission as
common vegetables and grains. Now, there are
almost 20 billion livestock in the world which is about
7.
triple the number of people. Farming and breeding
these animals also need significant amounts of
water, most of which is used in watering the grains
by which animals are fed. The amount is nearly the
same as you could use in your house for six months
for showering. On the contrary, just 1% of this
quantity of water is needed to cultivate one pound
of wheat. Shifting to a plant-based diet or at least
diminishing the amount of meat you consume daily
would be the most beneficial option to save water. .
8.
5. It is stated in the passage that the consumption
of meat by human beings ----.
A) is only hazardous to animals
B) has tripled in proportion in the last decades
C) just causes the emission of greenhouse gases
D) results in air and water pollution, and
overexploitation of water
E) leads to an increase in the water supplies of
animals
106
The main idea of the passage is ----.
A) comparative figures in the consumption of meat
and vegetables
B) hazards coming from greenhouse gases
emissions
C) the environmental harms caused by meat
production and its distribution
D) shortage of water as the most life threatening
factor
E) raising animals to obtain red meat
We can conclude from the passage that ----.
A) cultivating vegetables needs much more water
than raising animals
B) the consumption of vegetables as well as red
meat is the most crucial factor for protecting
animals
C) one can only save water by minimizing the
amount of meat consumed in the daily diet
D) breeding animals is a seriously time-consuming
job
E) raising animals requires a hundred times more
amount of water than growing wheat
It is implied in the passage that the hazard
stemming from the production and distribution
of meat ----.
A) is limited to the exhaustion of natural resources
B) hardly ever refers to ones related to human
health
C) now calls for an alteration from meat-based
consumption to a plant-based diet
D) has only recently been accepted by the
Environmental Working Group
E) is far less than the harm coming from taking a
shower everyday
 9.- 12. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebi-
lecek cümleyi bulunuz.
9. ----. Either way, you should comprehend what
nuclear energy is, how it works, and under which
conditions it becomes detrimental. In order to
understand the answers of these questions, one
must be aware of the difference between a nuclear
power plant and a nuclear bomb. A nuclear reactor
activates by the released energy coming from the
split of a heavy atom’s nucleus. This process is
called fission. In nuclear power plants, the chain
reactions proceed at a relatively slow rate, thus
releasing energy very steadily over a period of many
years. On the other hand, in a nuclear bomb, the
reaction is not controlled and results in releasing a
massive amount of energy in seconds and making
the energy alarmingly destructive..
A) At the end of 1938, new lighter elements were
found; barium and others which were about half
the mass of uranium, showing atomic fission
had occurred
B) Radiation was discovered by Wilhelm Rontgen
in 1895 by passing an electric current through
an evacuated glass tube
C) Chain reactions grow wildly, fast and
uncontrolled, leading to massive and highly
destructive explosions
D) There has been an ongoing controversial
debate about nuclear power amidst scientists
for decades
E) Some people suggest nuclear power is a crucial
way to cope with climate change while others
assert it is dangerous and unnecessary
10. Over the past few years, cycling has gained much
more popularity because of the News on the Internet
as to its benefits on the health. It’s true that regular
cycling can help you lose weight, reduce stress, and
relax. Besides, cycling steadily is one of the finest
ways to reduce the risk of health problems resulting
from a sedentary and monotonous lifestyle. ----.
Therefore, approximately, three million people ride
a bicycle there every month.
A) In a low-impact type of exercise, it is easier on
your joints than running or aerobics
B) While cycling, the most important thing in traffic
is to obey traffic lights and road signs
C) Riding to work is one of the most time-efficient
ways to connect your daily exercise with
everyday routine
D) However, in Turkey, if you are cycling, you
always have to be alert in order to avoid from
accidents
E) It is among the most popular leisure time
activities in the UK
107
11. Although there is not any valid and definite evidence
as to the living of first humans, we can say that in
start they were a hunter-gatherer society in which
most or all food was obtained from wild animals
and plants contrary to the agricultural communities,
which feed mainly on domesticated species. Their
life was simple and centered on survival because
almost all the days were centered around finding
food. But they had intelligence and began noticing
things around them, which made them think more.
For example, they saw the seed in the soil grew
into plants. The idea of growing plants suddenly
occurred to their minds and thus they started
growing food. This was a giant step forward in our
evolution as it eliminated the nomadic way of life
wandering almost forever. ----.
A) Therefore, just as other species they somehow
came up with farming
B) From then on, humans settled in permanent
places and made use of agricultural product
C) Prior to farming, early humans were hunters and
food-gatherers
D) However, the tools they used were rather
primitive and impractical
E) Eventually, first examples of art and belief in
God sprang in this period
12. ----. But, unnecessary or excessive vitamin
consumption is a potential problem for health.
According to studies related to the subject, people
who use such supplements are neither healthier nor
live longer. Actually, getting more of the nutrients
than you need can be dangerous. Therefore,
vitamin and mineral supplements require serious
consideration before taking, unless you are under
the control of your doctor. Otherwise, they may give
harm to your health.
A) Mineral intake from a balanced diet is essential
for maintaining health though excessive amounts
can be toxic
B) Getting weight from supplements can be
dangerous for your health
C) Doctors hardly ever write vitamins in the
prescriptions they give to patients
D) Zinc is a powerful antioxidant, which helps to
prevent cancer and maintain hormone levels in
the body
E) Some people believe that taking fixed quantity
of vitamins and minerals daily contributes to a
healthy diet
 13. - 16. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okun-
duğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
13. (I) The idea of learning during sleep was once
thought very unlikely but now it has been proved
that our brain heavily processes our memories as
we sleep. (II) They are mostly from the day before.
(III) Being unconscious during sleep doesn’t mean
that you can’t remember your memories. (IV) On the
contrary, you can strengthen previously acquired
memories while sleeping. (V) But, whether you
obtain entirely new information or the older ones is
unknown.
15. (I) Fungi are multicellular eukaryotic organisms
whose cells are closely combined with each other
in a way unlike those of other multicellular living
things. (II) Fungi started out 2,400 years ago as
a single spore invisible to the naked eye. (III)
For example, the nuclei formations of cells which
can be observed on plants and animals are not
visible in fungi. (IV) However, similar to animals,
fungi are heterotrophs, namely they obtain their
food by absorbing dissolved molecules. (V) They
achieve this by secreting digestive enzymes into
their environment.
A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

16. (I) Green plants have cell walls and characteristically

obtain most of their energy from sunlight through
photosynthesis. (II) Plants, in general, can be
classified under two categories; algae, and
continental. (III) Algae are marine organisms and
take the water, oxygen, and even mechanical
support directly from their habitat. (IV) On the
contrary, continental plants face a great number
14. (I) Vitamins are organic nutrients that are found in
of obstacles to survive. (V) Their body tissues and
all living tissues and cannot be manufactured by the
reproductive organs should be protected against
body. (II) They are indispensable for good health
drying while extracting water and minerals from the
and normal functioning of all the cells. (III) The
soil.
symptoms of a vitamin deficiency vary as to what
areas of the body the vitamin influences. (IV) But the
most important function of them is the prevention A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
of certain diseases called deficiency diseases from
the body. (V) Therefore, it is important to have a
balanced diet that includes a wide variety of foods
to obtain all of the vitamins you need. ÇÖZÜLEN SÜRE ...........

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A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V. ........... ........... ........... ...........

108
 SEVİYE
TESTLERİ
ÇÖZÜMLERİ

MOR TEST
ÇÖZÜMLER
TEST - 1
1
Armstrong was diagnosed with late stage testicular
cancer in 1996 and he was given less than 50%
chance of survival by the first team of doctors he
consulted with. 3A second team of doctors at Indiana
University estimated that he had almost a 40%
chance of surviving which was actually much lower.
Armstrong’s cycling team called off his contract and
suddenly Armstrong was left both redundant and
without health insurance. Also, the experiences he
passed through had made him not only physically
but also mentally vulnerable. Even so, he got back
on his bike and took up his cycling carrier. He
moved along to win seven Tour de France titles
in a row, from 1999 to 2005. 2But Armstrong says
“this is not the part of the story of which I am most
proud.” He soon founded “the Lance Armstrong
Foundation (LAF)” providing millions of dollars on
cancer research and society-based programs for
people with cancer aiming to assure that no one
go through the desperation of a cancer diagnosis.
The foundation also established “the Livestrong
Survivorship Center of Excellence Network” and “the
Livestrong Young Adult Alliance.” “The Livestrong
Foundation” has addressed the subject of stigma
–a negative or undesirable perception observed on
cancer patients causing guilt, blame, or shame- and
the silence related to cancer 4through encouraging
cancer survivors and their acquaintances to open up
their cancer experiences to the community.
1. E Soru kökünde “The most suitable title for this
passage would be ----” şeklinde bir soru kökü
verilmiş ve parçaya başlık bulmamız istenmiştir.
Eski bir soru tipi olan başlık soruları 2014’ten
itibaren sınavlarda yeniden sorulmaya başlanmıştır.
Başlık sorularının çözümünde birkaç ölçüt devreye
girmektedir. Adaylar ana fikir sorularında olduğu gibi
öncelikle parçanın ilk cümlesinde yazar tarafından
ortaya atılan iddiayı dikkatlice okuyup bu cümleye
“Konu ne? Nesi?” sorularını sorarak parçada ele
111
alınan konuyu ve bu konunun sınırlandığı yön ya da
yönleri tespit etmelidirler. Parçalar anlam bütünlüğü
gösterdiklerinden ilk cümlede ortaya atılan iddia tüm
parça boyunca yazar tarafından ele alınan ve işlenen
konudur. Bazı parçalarda ana fikir ilk cümlede
verilmeyebilir, ortalarda ya da hatta sonda yer
alabilir. Bu tür durumlarda da parçanın en çok hangi
konudan söz ettiğini kendini parça boyunca sık sık
tekrar eden sözcüklerden de yararlanarak bulabiliriz.
Başlıklar hem genel olmalı hem de konuyu en az bir
yönde sınırlayıcı olmalıdırlar. Ayrıca, uygun bir başlık
parçada en çok sözü edilen konuları da içermelidir.
Parçada ilk cümlede verilen “Armstrong was
diagnosed with late stage testicular cancer in
1996 and he was given less than 50% chance of
survival by the first team of doctors he consulted
with” ifadesinden konunun “Armstrong” ele alınan
yönünün ise “kanser” olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak
parçanın gelişme bölümünden itibaren Armstrong’un
büyük başarısı “The Lance Armstrong Foundation
(LAF)”dan söz edilmektedir. Her iki bölümü de içeren
ve konu olarak tüm parçaya hâkim olan, kaba bir
benzetmeyle şemsiye görevi gören, “Armstrong’s
cancer history and the doings of his foundation
LAF” (Genel anlam: Armstrong’un kanser öyküsü ve
kurumunun yaptıkları) ifadesinin verildiği E seçeneği
doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP E
2. B Soru kökünde verilen “With “This is not the
part of the story of which I am most proud”,
Armstrong is most probably referring to ----
” şeklinde YDS’de 2014 yılından itibaren parça
sorularında karşılaştığımız bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu
tür “reference” (gönderme) sorularında gönderme
yapılan ifadenin önceki ve sonraki cümlelerle birlikte
dikkatlice incelenmesi gerekir çünkü alıntılanan
ifade hem kendisinden önceki hem de sonraki bir
kısma gönderme yapabilir. Armstrong’un “This
is not the part of the story of which I am most
proud” sözünden aslında kendisiyle en çok gurur
duyduğu şeyin “Tour de France” yarışmalarını
sırasıyla kazanması değil, hemen ertesinde “the
Lance Armstrong Foundation” derneğini kurması
olduğunu görmekteyiz. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt B
seçeneğidir.
CEVAP B
3. D Soru kökünde verilen “As it is clearly stated Ottoman Turks. Unfortunately, the plans of Enver
in the passage, the second team of doctors --- Pasha led to a calamitous defeat on 29 December
-” ifadesi bizi parçada yer alan “A second team in Sarikamis where much of the army was deceased
of doctors at Indiana University estimated or captured. Enver Pasha’s credibility was damaged
that he had almost a forty percent chance of substantially after this defeat.
surviving which was actually much lower”
(Genel anlam: Indiana üniversitesindeki ikinci doktor
grubu Armstrong’a birinci gruptan daha da az olan, 5. D Soru kökünde verilen “The main focus of the
neredeyse yüzde kırklık bir hayatta kalma şansı passage is on ----” ifadesiyle bizden parçanın ana
verdi) cümlesine yönlendirmektedir. Bu nedenle, fikrini bulmamız istenmiştir. Başlık bulma sorularında
“came up with a more disappointing result as to olduğu gibi ana fikir sorularında da ilk cümle önemli
Armstrong’s condition” (Genel anlam: ikinci doktor bir rol oynar. Parçanın ilk cümlesinde verilen “In the
grubu Armstrong’un hastalığına ilişkin daha ümitsiz view of Turkish lens, the First World War looks
bir sonuçla geldi) ifadesinin verildiği D seçeneği more like The War of the Ottoman Lineage”
doğru yanıttır. (Genel anlam: Türkler açısından bakarsak, Birinci
Dünya Savaşı daha çok Osmanlı Hanedanı’nın
CEVAP D
savaşı olarak düşünülebilir) ifadesinden ve ilerleyen
kısımlarda bu iddianın desteklenmesinden yola
çıkarak “the First World War and the role of
4. C Soru kökünde “It can be inferred from
Ottoman Empire in it” (Genel anlam: Birinci Dünya
the passage that ----“ şeklinde bir çıkarım
Savaşı ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun savaştaki
ifadesi verilmiştir. Parçanın sonlarında yer alan
rolü) ifadesinin verildiği D seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
“through encouraging cancer survivors and
their acquaintances to open up their cancer CEVAP D
experiences to the community” (Genel anlam:
kanser hastalarını ve yakınlarını topluma tecrübelerini
6. C Soru kökünde verilen “It can be inferred from
anlatmaları yönünde cesaretlendirerek) ifadesiyle
the passage that Enver Pasha ----” ifadesi bizi
C seçeneğinde verilen “survivors’ sharing their
parçada yer alan “However, at the end of October,
cancer experiences with other patients and the
Enver Pasha –Minister of War who had replaced
community is an important factor during the
Izzet Pasha in February- against the preference
post diagnosis period” (Genel anlam: kanser
of other Ottoman ministers, decided to attack
hastalarını tecrübelerini diğer hastalarla ve toplumla
Russian targets with the warships in the Black
paylaşmaları teşhis sonrası dönemde önemli bir
Sea” (Genel anlam: Ancak, şubat ayında İzzet
faktörüdür) ifadesi anlamca örtüşmektedir. Bu
Paşa’nın yerine geçen Enver Paşa diğer Osmanlı
nedenle doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
bakanlarının isteğine karşın Rus hedeflerini
CEVAP C Karadeniz’de gemilerle vurmaya karar verdi)
ifadesine götürmektedir. Bu nedenle C seçeneğinde
5, 8
In the view of Turkish lens, the First World War
verilen “was clearly intent to make an alliance with
looks more like “The War of the Ottoman Lineage.”
Germany and Russia in spite of the oppositions
It was actually a conflict between Austria and Russia
of his colleagues” (Genel anlam: Enver Paşa
with a view to capturing the areas in the Balkans
meslektaşlarının karşı çıkmalarına rağmen Almanya
which had been ruled by the Ottoman Empire
ve Rusya’nın yanında savaşa girmekte kararlıydı)
previously. 7The spark came from the assassination
ifadesi doğru yanıttır..
of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28th June 1914
which triggered Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia and CEVAP C
Russia. Afterwards, Germany declared war on
Russia and France and suddenly the European
7. B Soru kökünde “According to the passage, ----”
powers were included in battle. At first, the Ottoman
şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Parçada geçen “The
government had second thoughts to get involved
spark came from the assassination of Franz
in the conflict. 6However, at the end of October,
Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28th June 1914 which
Enver Pasha –Minister of War who had replaced
triggered Austria’s ultimatum to Serbia and
Izzet Pasha in February- against the preference of
Russia” (Genel anlam: Avusturya’nın Sırbistan
other Ottoman ministers, decided to attack Russian
ve Rusya’ya verdiği ültimatomu tetikleyen ilk
targets with the warships in the Black Sea. This
kıvılcım Franz Ferdinand’ın Sarajevo’da 28 haziran
decision resulted in Turks’ entrance into the war on
1914’te suikaste uğramasıyla çıktı) ifadesinden
the side of the Central Powers in November that year
B seçeneğinde verilen “Franz Ferdinand’s plot
and eventually the collapse of the Ottoman Empire
prompted the first spark and paved the way
along with the end of stability in the Middle East. In
for the First World War” (Genel anlam: Franz
fact, Enver Pasha had been negotiating with both
Ferdinand’ın suikastı ilk kıvılcımı çıkardı ve Birinci
Germany and Russia secretly aiming to establish
Dünya savaşına yol açtı) çıkarımına ulaşılabilir. Bu
military alliances with each. One of his aims in
nedenle doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
leading the Ottoman Empire to war was uniting the
Turkish people of Russian Central Asia with the CEVAP B

112
8. A Soru kökünde verilen “With The War of the
Ottoman Lineage (Osmanlı Hanedanının savaşı),
the author might be referring to ----” ifadesiyle
yazarın ima ettiği anlam sorulmuştur. Bu ifade
parçada ilk cümlede yer almaktadır (ifade aynı
zamanda parçanın iddia cümlesi ve konusudur) bu
nedenle parça boyunca desteklenen konu, cümlenin
anlamını da açıklamaktadır. Paragrafta Osmanlı
11. A Paragrafın konusu genel olarak “Madagascar, the
İmparatorluğu’nun Birinci Dünya Savaşındaki rolü ve
bunun doğurduğu önemli sonuçlar ele alınmıştır. Bu
nedenle “the role of Ottoman Empire in the First
World War and the significant consequences of
this” ifadesinin verildiği A seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP A
9. B Paragrafın konusu genel olarak “On the Giza
Plateau, there stands the largest pyramid ever
built. Called the Great Pyramid of Giza …” (Genel
anlam: Giza Platosunda şu ana kadar inşa edilmiş en
büyük piramit Giza’nın Büyük Piramidi yer almaktadır)
şeklinde ilk cümlelerde verilmiştir. Boşluktan sonra
verilen “Finally, the king’s chamber is located at
the center of the pyramid and it has been securely
protected from thieves by its granite blocking
systems” (Genel anlam: Son olarak, Kral’ın odası
piramidin merkezinde yer almaktadır ve granit
engelleme sistemleriyle hırsızlardan korunmaktadır)
cümlesi sorunun çözümünde önemli bir ipucudur.
Bu cümlede üçüncü ve son odaya daha yeni geçiş
yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle boşlukta verilen
ifadenin bir önceki odadan söz etmeye devam
etmesi gerekir. Ayrıca, boşluktan önce verilen “it
wasn’t built with the aim of housing Khufu’s wife”
12. C Paragrafın konusu genel olarak “Abacus, also
(Genel anlam: Khufu’nun eşine ev olması amacıyla
inşa edilmemişti) ifadesi ile B seçeneğinde verilen
“Instead, it was used as a sacred place by the
king himself” (Genel anlam: Bunun yerine Kral’ın
kendisi için kutsal bir yer olarak kullanılmaktaydı)
ifadesi anlamca birbirini tamamlamaktadır. Bu
nedenle boşluğu yapı ve anlam olarak en uygun
biçimde tamamlayan ifadenin verildiği B seçeneği
doğru yanıttır. .
CEVAP B
10. B Paragrafın konusu genel olarak “Microdrone is
perhaps the most futuristic invention made in
the last decades and most probably will stamp
the years ahead” (Genel anlam: “Microdrone” belki
de son yıllarda yapılmış en yenilikçi icattır ve büyük
ihtimalle gelecek yıllara da damgasını vuracaktır)
şeklinde ilk cümlede verilmiştir. Boşluktan sonra
verilen “Even a tree which is not shown on the
map can serve as a threat for this flying object”
(Genel anlam: Haritada gösterilmeyen bir ağaç
bile bu uçan nesne için tehdit oluşturabilir) cümlesi
sorunun çözümünde önemli bir ipucudur. Bu
cümleyle boşluk sonrasında “microdrone”a tehdit
teşkil edebilecek çevresel faktörlerden söz edilmeye
başlandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, boşlukta
“But, the problem, rather, is the prospect of an
unexpected, unwary bird or a wind that is a bit
stronger than a breeze” (Genel anlam: Fakat
problem daha ziyade hafif bir rüzgârdan birazcık
daha güçlü olan beklenmedik, gafil bir kuşun
113
çıkma ihtimalidir) ifadesinin yer alması gerektiği
anlaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle boşluğu yapı ve anlam
olarak en uygun biçimde tamamlayan ifadenin
verildiği B seçeneği doğru yanıttır. .
CEVAP B
world’s fourth biggest island, is a biodiversity
hotspot with over 90% its wild life which is not
found anywhere else on earth” (Genel anlam:
Dünyada başka bir yerde görülmeyen %90 oranında
doğal hayat çeşitliliği ile dünyanın en büyük dördüncü
adası Madagascar bir biyoçeşitlilik merkezidir)
şeklinde ilk cümlede verilmiştir. Boşluktan sonra
verilen “Therefore, the island’s diverse ecosystems
and unprecedented wild life are threatened by
torrential rains and destructive floods” (Genel
anlam: Bu nedenle, adanın farklı ekosistemleri ve
eşsiz doğası yoğun yağış ve yıkıcı sellerle tehdit
altındadır) cümlesi sorunun çözümünde önemli bir
ipucudur. Bu cümleden boşlukta “However, the
island is frequently exposed to tropical rain
storms like the one in 2004 giving enormous
damage” (Genel anlam: Ancak ada sıklıkla 2004’te
büyük zarar veren fırtınada olduğu gibi tropik yağmur
fırtınalarına maruz kalmaktadır) ifadesinin yer alması
gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle boşluğu yapı
ve anlam olarak en uygun biçimde tamamlayan
ifadenin verildiği A seçeneği doğru yanıttır. .
CEVAP A
called a counting frame, is a manual aid to
calculating which was in common use centuries
before modern numeral system” (Genel anlam:
Sayma tablosu olarak da adlandırılan abaküs modern
rakam sisteminden yüzyıllar önce elle yapılan
hesaplamalarda yaygın bir kullanımdı) şeklinde
ilk cümlede verilmiştir. Boşluktan sonra verilen
“Originally made from beans or stones moving in
grooves in sand or on tablets of wood or stone,
today it is usually constructed as a bamboo
frame with beads located on wires” (Genel anlam:
Eskiden kumda ya da ahşap ve tahta tabletlerde
hareket ettirilen fasülye ya da taşlardan yapılan
abaküs günümüzde tellere yerleştirilmiş boncukları
içeren bambu çerçeveler üzerine yapılmaktadır)
cümlesi sorunun çözümünde önemli bir ipucudur.
Ayrıca boşluktan önce verilen “It is supposed that
the abacus was first used by the Babylonians in
about 2,400 BC” (Genel anlam: Abaküsün milattan
önce yaklaşık 2400 yılında ilk olarak Babilliler
tarafından kullanıldığı düşünülmektedir) cümlesi
de C seçeneği ile birleştiğinde tamamlayıcı bir
niteliktedir. Bu cümleden boşluğa “Since that time,
the physical structure of abacus has changed
dramatically” (Genel anlam: O zamandan beri
abaküsün fiziksel yapısı köklü bir biçimde değişti)
ifadesinin gelmesi gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu
nedenle boşluğu yapı ve anlam olarak en uygun
biçimde tamamlayan ifadenin verildiği C seçeneği
doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP C
13. B (I) Repetition is a simple but effective method
employed by the advertisers to create brand
awareness and customer memory. (II) Advertisers
have found it often more effective to focus on
putting across one specific aspect of their product
by displaying it on billboards. (III) In this method, the
name of the product is repeated several times during
an advertisement. (IV) Jingles are frequently used
in this advertising technique to impose the product
name in the minds of the millions. (V) Advertisers
also make repetition by running an ad very often.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “Repetition is a simple but
effective method employed by the advertisers
to create brand awareness and customer
memory” (Genel Anlam: Tekrar etme yöntemi
marka bilinirliği ve müşteri hafızası yaratmak
için reklamcılar tarafından uygulanan basit ama
etkili bir yöntemdir) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Bu iddianın paragrafta diğer cümleler tarafından
desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede
“Advertisers have found it often more effective
to focus on putting across one specific aspect
of their product by displaying it on billboards”
(Genel Anlam: Reklamcılar genelde ürünlerinin bir
yönünü “billboard”larda göstermek yöntemini daha
etkin bulmuşlardır) ve üçüncü cümlede “In this
method, the name of the product is repeated
several times during an advertisement” (Genel
Anlam: Bu yöntemde ürünün adı reklam boyunca
birkaç kez tekrar edilir) şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir.
Dördüncü cümlede “Jingles are frequently used in
this advertising technique to impose the product
name in the minds of the millions” (Genel Anlam:
Bu reklam tekniğinde reklam müzikleri ürünün adını
milyonların zihnine kazımak için sıklıkla kullanılır)
ifadesi verilmiştir. Beşinci cümlede “Advertisers
also make repetition by running an ad very often”
(Genel Anlam: Reklamcılar ayrıca bir reklamı sık sık
piyasaya sürerek tekrar yaparlar) şeklinde son ifade
verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın anlam akışını
bozan bir ifadenin verildiği B seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP B
14. C (I) According to a survey conducted in England,
journalists have been found among the least trusted
professionals in the country. (-) (II) They rank
even below politicians and lawyers as trustworthy
characters. (-) (III) Yet, we depend on journalists
to guide us through their information-rich remarks.
(+) (IV) The results of the survey reveal that only
3% of nearly 2,000 adults trust journalists. (-) (V)
By contrast, lawyers hold the trust of 24% and
accountants 14% of people respectively. (-)
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “According to a survey
conducted in England, journalists have been
found among the least trusted professionals
in the country” (Genel Anlam: İngiltere’de yapılan
114
bir araştırmaya göre gazetecilerin ülkedeki en az
güvenilen meslek grubu oldukları görülmüştür)
şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu iddianın paragrafta
diğer cümleler tarafından desteklenmesi
gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede “They rank even
below politicians and lawyers as trustworthy
characters” (Genel Anlam: Gazeteciler güvenilirlikte
politikacıların ve avukatların bile altına düşmüşlerdir)
ve üçüncü cümlede “Yet, we depend on journalists
to guide us through their information-rich
remarks” (Genel Anlam: Ancak, gazetecilerin
bizleri yönlendirdiği bilgi yönünden zengin sözlerine
güvenmekteyiz) şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir.
Dördüncü cümlede “The results of the survey
reveal that only 3% of nearly 2,000 adults trust
journalists” (Genel Anlam: Araştırmanın sonuçları
2000 yetişkinden yaklaşık sadece yüzde üçünün
gazetecilere güvendiğini göstermektedir) ifadesi
verilmiştir. Beşinci cümlede “By contrast, lawyers
hold the trust of 24% and accountants 14% of
people respectively” (Genel Anlam: Tam aksine
avukatlarda ve muhasebecilerde durum sırasıyla
%24 ve %14 oranlarındadır) şeklinde son ifade
verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın anlam akışını
bozan bir ifadenin verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP C
15. E (I) Gaius Julius Caesar was a famous general and
a Roman statesman. (II) He played an important
role in the fall of the Roman Republic and the rise
of the Roman Empire. (III) He was ordered to resign
from the military command and back to Rome by
Senate after the Gallic Wars ended. (IV) However,
he refused to disband his army and resisted arriving
Italy by an illegal way where he declared war against
Pompey. (V) Marcus Junius Brutus, who played the
leading role in Caesar’s assassination, became well-
known with Caesars’s remark: “You, too, my child?”
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “Gaius Julius Caesar was
a famous general and a Roman statesman”
(Genel Anlam: Gaius Julius Caesar, ünlü bir general
ve Romalı devlet adamıydı) şeklinde bir ifade
verilmiştir. Bu iddianın paragrafta diğer cümleler
tarafından desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. İkinci
cümlede “He played an important role in the fall
of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman
Empire” (Genel Anlam: Sezar Roma cumhuriyetinin
çöküşünde ve İmparatorluğun yükselişinde önemli
bir rol oynamıştır) ve üçüncü cümlede “He was
ordered to resign from the military command
and back to Rome by Senate after the Gallic
Wars ended” (Genel Anlam: Sezar’ın Galler
savaşları bittiklen sonra komutanlıktan istifa etmesi
ve Roma’daki senatoya dönmesi emredildi) şeklinde
ifadeler verilmiştir. Dördüncü cümlede “However, he
refused to disband his army and resisted arriving
Italy by an illegal way where he declared war
 against Pompey” (Genel Anlam: Ancak, o, ordusunu
bırakmayı reddetti ve Pompey’e kanunsuz bir
biçimde savaş ilan ettiği İtalya’ya dönme konusunda
direnç gösterdi) ifadesi verilmiştir. Beşinci cümlede
“Marcus Junius Brutus, who played the leading
role in Caesar’s assassination, became well-
known with Caesars’s remark: “You, too, my
child?” (Genel Anlam: Sezar’ın söylediği “Sen de
mi Brütüs” sözüyle ünlü olan Marcus Junius Brutus
Sezar’ın suikastinde önemli bir rol oynadı) şeklinde
son ifade verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın anlam
akışını bozan bir ifadenin verildiği E seçeneği doğru
yanıttır.
CEVAP E
16. D (I) Cappadocia has such a landscape that you
might have never witnessed all your life. (II) Hence,
it is one of the most popular destinations in the world
to go up in a hot air balloon. (III) When you ascend
for sunrise, you will most probably get enchanted by
the spectacular landscape lying below you. (IV) To
the west, Cappadocia is bounded by the historical
regions of Lycaonia, and Galatia to the Northwest.
(V) With the fairy chimneys and valleys scattered
around pigeon houses and orchards, the scenery will
definitely entrance you.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “Cappadocia has such a
landscape that you might have never witnessed
all your life” (Genel Anlam: Kapadokya’nın belki
de hayatınızda hiç görmediğiniz kadar güzel bir
manzarası vardır) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Bu iddianın paragrafta diğer cümleler tarafından
desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede
“Hence, it is one of the most popular destinations
in the world to go up in a hot air balloon” (Genel
Anlam: Bu nedenle, balona binmek için en popüler
yerlerden biridiri) ve üçüncü cümlede “When you
ascend for sunrise, you will most probably
get enchanted by the spectacular landscape
lying below you” (Genel Anlam: Gün doğumu için
yükselirken altınızda kalan muhteşem manzaradan
muhtemelen büyülenirsiniz) şeklinde ifadeler
verilmiştir. Dördüncü cümlede “To the west,
Cappadocia is bounded by the historical regions
of Lycaonia, and Galatia to the Northwest”
(Genel Anlam: Kapadokya batıya doğru Lycaonia
ve kuzeybatıya doğru Galatia tarihi bölgeleriyle
çevrilmiştir) ifadesi verilmiştir. Beşinci cümlede “With
the fairy chimneys and valleys scattered around
pigeon houses and orchards, the scenery will
definitely entrance you” (Genel Anlam: Peri
bacaları, güvercinlik ve meyve bahçelerinin etrafına
dağılmış vadileri ile manzara sizi kesinlikle ele geçirir)
şeklinde son ifade verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın
anlam akışını bozan bir ifadenin verildiği D seçeneği
doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP D
115
MOR TEST
ÇÖZÜMLER
TEST - 2
1
Sir Philip Sidney was a 16th-century English
poet, courtier, scholar, and critic. Though he spent
relatively little time at the English court, and until
his appointment as governor of Flushing in 1585,
received little elevation from Queen Elizabeth, he’s
best remembered as being one of the most pre-
eminent figures of the Elizabethan Age. His works
include “Astrophel and Stella”, “The Defence of Poesy”
(also known as The Defence of Poetry), and “The
Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia.” 2, 3 His “Defence
of Poetry” is the only major work of literary criticism
in the 16th century England, a period during which
Italy and France produced large numbers of critical
works, heavily inspired by Aristotle’s Poetics. Sidney
also gave Italian literature the highest esteem, for
instance, his reference in “the Defence of Poetry”
to “Dante’s Beatrice” was the first by an English
man. His works were significantly shaped by Italian
influences though emphasizing especially those
aesthetic principles that are of primary importance to
Elizabethans such as ideal imitation, moral teaching,
and decorum. 4According to Sidney, poetry is an
imitation of nature but not the real nature we see; it is
rather an ideal nature.
1. A Soru kökünde verilen “The passage is mostly
about ----” ifadesi ana fikir sorusu olduğu için bizi
öncelikle ilk cümlede verilen “Sir Philip Sidney was
a 16th-century English poet, courtier, scholar,
and critic” ifadesine yönlendirmektedir. İlk cümleden
parçanın konusunun “Sir Philip Sidney” olduğu
anlaşılmaktadır. Parçanın ilerleyen bölümlerinde
Sidney’nin edebi tarzı ve eserlerindeki İtalyan
etkisinin üzerinde durulduğu görülmektedir. Bu
nedenle “Sir Philip Sidney’s literary style and the
Italian influence on his works” ifadesinin verildiği A
seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP A
2. “D Soru kökünde “It is implied in the passage that
unlike Italy and France, ----” (İtalya ve Fransa’nın
aksine) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Parçada yer
alan “His Defence of Poetry is the only major
work of literary criticism in sixteenth-century
England, a period during which Italy and France
 produced large numbers of critical works, heavily
inspired by Aristotle’s Poetics” (Genel anlam:
İtalya ve Fransa’nın yoğun bir biçimde Aristo’nun
Poetika’sından esinlenerek fazla sayıda eleştirel
eser verdiği bir dönem olan 16. yüzyılda, İngiltere’de
Sidney’nin Şiirin Savunması adlı çalışması edebi
eleştirinin tek önemli eseridir) ifadesinden
seçeneğinde verilen “England composed only a
few critical works in 1500s” (Genel anlam: İngiltere
1500’lerde az sayıda edebi eser üretti) çıkarımına
ulaşılabilir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
CEVAP D
3. C Soru kökünde şeklinde “It may be understood
from the passage that ----” bir ifade verilmiştir.
Parçada yer alan “His Defence of Poetry is the
only major work of literary criticism in sixteenth-
century England, a period during which Italy
and France produced large numbers of critical
works, heavily inspired by Aristotle’s Poetics”
(Genel anlam: İtalya ve Fransa’nın yoğun bir
biçimde Aristo’nun Poetika’sından esinlenerek fazla
sayıda eleştirel eser verdiği bir dönem olan 16.
yüzyılda, İngiltere’de Sidney’nin Şiirin Savunması
adlı çalışması edebi eleştirinin tek önemli eseridir)
ifadesinden C seçeneğinde verilen “There was no
other chief work of literary criticism in 1500s
England other than Sidney’s” (Genel anlam:
İngiltere’de 1500’lerde Sydney’nin eseri haricinde
başka önemli bir edebi eleştiri eseri mevcut değildi)
çıkarımına ulaşılabilir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt C
seçeneğidir.
CEVAP C
4. D Soru kökünde “According to the passage,
Sidney regarded poetry as ----” şeklinde bir
ifade verilerek Sidney’nin şiire olan bakış açısı
sorulmuştur. Parçada geçen “According to Sidney,
poetry is an imitation of nature but not the real
nature we see; it is rather an ideal nature” (Genel
anlam: Sidney’e göre şiir bizim gördüğümüz gerçek
doğa değil, onun bir taklididir; şiir daha çok doğanın
idealize edilmiş halidir) ifadesi D seçeneğinde verilen
“a reflection of an idealized nature” (Genel anlam:
idealize edilmiş doğanın bir yansıması) ifadesiyle
anlamca örtüşmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt D
seçeneğidir.
CEVAP D
5
The Renaissance literally meaning “rebirth” first
emerged in Italy. 6It is actually the period in European
civilization immediately after the Medieval Times
arousing from 6the search of interest into classical
learning and values. The period led to revolutionary
developments such as the discovery and exploration
of new continents, strong innovations like paper,
D gunpowder, printing press, the mariner’s compass,
the decline of the feudal system, and the growth of
commerce. It came as a powerful remedy following
a long period of contagious diseases, cultural
decline, and unproductivity. The spirit and the ideas
of the age gradually spread to Western, Northern
Europe, and finally Britain towards the end of the
16th century. Renaissance came to England when
English poets began to translate Italian sonnets.
The period marked English literary accomplishment.
During the English Renaissance, great writers such
as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe
produced works of lasting influence. 7However, some
critics prefer to call this literal era as the Elizabethan
time instead of English Renaissance. 8Actually, in
England, the whole literary culture flourished in this
age by the advent of printing because rapid and
mass reproduction of texts allowed to reach a wider
audience. Textbooks got cheaper, and therefore,
more widely available to all people.
5. B Soru kökünde “The most suitable title for
this passage would be ----” şeklinde bir ifade
verilmiştir. Bizden parçaya seçenekler arasındaki
en uygun başlığı bulmamız istenmiştir. Parçada
ilk cümlede verilen “The Renaissance literally
meaning “rebirth” first emerged in Italy” (Genel
anlam: Yeniden doğuş anlamına gelen Rönesans ilk
olarak İtalya’da ortaya çıktı) ifadesi ve destekleyici
cümlelerde Rönesans’ın İngiltere’de yol açtığı
gelişmelerin anlatılmış olması nedeniyle “the
emergence of Renaissance and its outcomes in
England” (Genel anlam: Rönesans’ın ortaya çıkışı
ve İngiltere’de yol açtığı sonuçlar) ifadesinin verildiği
B seçeneği doğru yanıttır. .
CEVAP B
6. B Soru kökünde “According to the passage, ----
” şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Parçada yer alan “It
is actually the period in European civilization
immediately after the Medieval Times arousing
from the search of interest into classical learning
and values” (Genel anlam: Avrupa’da Ortaçağın
hemen bitiminde gelen, klasik öğreti ve değerlere
dönük bir araştırma isteğinden kaynaklanan
dönemdir) ifadesinden B seçeneğinde verilen
“Renaissance originated out of a surge of interest
towards the learning of classical past and values
of it” (Genel anlam: Rönesans geçmişin klasik öğreti
ve değerlerine dönük bir araştırma ilgisinden ortaya
çıkmıştır) ifadesine ulaşılabilir. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt B seçeneğidir.
CEVAP B
116
7. E Soru kökünde “It can be inferred from the
passage that the Renaissance ----” şeklinde
bir ifade verilmiştir. Parçada yer alan “However,
some critics prefer to call this literal era as the
Elizabethan time instead of English Renaissance”
(Genel anlam: Ancak bazı eleştirmenler bu edebiyat
dönemini İngiliz Rönesans’ı yerine Elizabeth
dönemi olarak adlandırmayı tercih etmektedirler)
ifadesinden E seçeneğinde verilen “overlapped
with the Elizabethan era in England” (Genel
anlam: Rönesans İngiltere’de Elizabeth çağı ile aynı
döneme tekabül eder) çıkarımına ulaşılabilir. Bu
nedenle doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
CEVAP E
8. Soru kökünde “One can conclude from the
passage that ----” şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Parçada yer alan “Actually, in England, the
whole literary culture flourished in this age by
the advent of printing because rapid and mass
reproduction of texts allowed to reach a wider
audience. Textbooks got cheaper, and therefore,
more widely available to all people” (Genel
anlam: Açıkçası, İngiltere’de edebiyat kültürü bu
dönemde matbaanın icadıyla tamamen gelişti çünkü
kaynakların hızlı ve kitle üretimi daha geniş okuyucu
kitlelerine ulaşılmasını sağladı. Kitaplar ucuzladı
ve bu nedenle tüm insanlar için daha ulaşılabilir bir
hale geldi) ifadesinden D seçeneğinde verilen “mass
printing contributed to the progress of literature
substantially in England during the Renaissance
period” (Genel anlam: çoklu sayıda eser basımı
Rönesans döneminde, İngiltere’de edebiyatın
büyük oranda gelişmesine katkı sağladı) çıkarımına
ulaşılabilir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
CEVAP D
9. C Paragrafın konusu genel olarak “Throughout
ages, almost all educational systems whether it
is in science, technology, or engineering have
been focused almost exclusively on developing
knowledge itself” (Genel anlam: Çağlar boyunca
ister bilim ister teknoloji ya da mühendislik olsun tüm
eğitim sistemleri neredeyse sadece bilginin kendisini
geliştirmeye odaklanmıştır) şeklinde ilk cümlede
verilmiş ve boşluğa gelecek olan “Today, educators
and researchers are calling for change” (Genel
anlam: Günümüzde eğitimciler ve araştırmacılar bir
değişim için çağrıda bulunmaktadırlar) ifadesiyle
dönüş yapılmıştır. Boşluktan sonra verilen “They
suggest that injecting vision, creative thinking,
problem solving and other important skills to
new generations can only be improved through
better-designed courses” (Genel anlam: Yeni
nesillere vizyon, yaratıcı düşünce, problem çözme ve
diğer önemli kabiliyetlerin aktarımının sadece daha
iyi tasarlanmış dersler yoluyla geliştirilebileceğini
öngörmektedirler) cümlesi sorunun çözümünde
117
önemli bir ipucudur. Bu nedenle boşluğu yapı ve
anlam olarak en uygun biçimde tamamlayan ifadenin
verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır..
CEVAP C
10. A Paragrafın konusu genel olarak “Much of the
wealth of a developed country is drawn from
manufacturing. It plays a number of key roles in
a community’s economy” (Genel anlam: Gelişmiş
bir ülkenin zenginliğinin çoğu üretimden gelir.
Üretim toplumun ekonomisinde önemli roller oynar)
şeklinde ilk cümlede verilmiştir. Boşluktan sonra
verilen “At that time, the population depended
on farming solely and were forced to produce
most of the necessities for themselves” (Genel
anlam: O zamanlar, nüfus sadece tarıma dayalıydı
ve ihtiyaçlarının çoğunluğunu kendileri üretmek
zorundaydılar) cümlesi sorunun çözümünde önemli
bir ipucudur. Boşluğa hem zaman zarfı içeren
hem de üretimle ilgili olumsuzluk yaşayan bir yerin
verildiği anlamca uygun bir ifade gelmelidir. Bu
nedenle boşluğu yapı ve anlam olarak en uygun
biçimde tamamlayan “The United States was in
this position in the early 19th century (Genel
anlam: Amerika 19. Yüzyılın başında bu durumdaydı)
ifadesinin verildiği A seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP A
11. C Boşluktan sonra verilen “Is it not ridiculous that
humans who have been fighting for their own
freedom since the beginning of history continue
carrying out this practice?” (Genel anlam: Tarihin
başlangıcından beri kendi özgürlükleri için savaşan
insanların bu uygulamayı devam ettirmeleri saçma
değil mi?) cümlesi ve paragrafın geri kalanında
aynı uygulamadan söz edilmiş olması boşlukta
“Vivisection can be named as the process
whereby animals are experimented on by
scientists in the labs for the good of humankind”
(Genel anlam: İnsanların çıkarları doğrultusunda
bilim adamları tarafından laboratuvarlarda hayvanlar
üzerinde deney yapmak “vivisection” olarak
adlandırılabilir) şeklinde bir ifadenin yer alması
gerektiğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle boşluğu
yapı ve anlam olarak en uygun biçimde tamamlayan
ifadenin verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP C
12. B Paragrafın konusu genel olarak “The Dead Sea,
also called as the Salt Sea, is the lowest point
on Earth bordered by Jordan to the east and
Israel to the west” (Genel anlam: Tuz denizi olarak
da adlandırılan ve doğuda Ürdün ile batıda İsrail ile
komşu olan Ölüdeniz dünyadaki en alçak noktadır)
şeklinde ilk cümlede verilmiştir. Boşluktan sonra
verilen “On the other hand, it attracts visitors
from all around Mediterranean in order for them
 to benefit from its healing properties because
the lake is the supplier of healthy a wide variety
of minerals and salt” (Genel anlam: Öte yandan,
gölün iyileştirici özelliklerinden faydalanmak için her
yıl ziyaretçilere ev sahipliği yapar çünkü Ölüdeniz
fazla sayıda sağlıklı mineral ve tuz kaynağına
sahiptir) cümlesi sorunun çözümünde önemli bir
ipucudur. Bu cümleden Ölüdeniz konusunun devam
ettirildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak, “on the other
hand” (öte yandan) geçiş sözcüğü parçalarda dönüş
yapmak (+/-, -/+) için kullanılır. Buradan hareketle,
boşluğa gelmesi gereken ifadenin Ölüdeniz ile ilgili
nispeten daha olumsuz bir yargı içermesi gerektiği
görülmektedir. Bu kıstaslar göz önüne alındığında
boşluğu yapı ve anlam olarak en uygun biçimde
tamamlayan ifadenin B seçeneğinde “It’s named
as the Dead Sea because its salinity hinders the
existence of any life forms in the lake” (Genel
anlam: Ölüdeniz olarak adlandırılır çünkü tuz oranı
gölde tüm hayat formlarının varlığını engeller)
şeklinde verildiği görülmektedir. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt B seçeneğidir.
CEVAP B
13. D (I)The “Lost Generation” was a term popularized by
Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein, referring to
the generation that came of age during World War I.
(II) However, in A Moveable Feast, Hemingway
reveals that the phrase was actually originated by
the garage owner who serviced Stein’s car. (III) One
day, a young mechanic failed to repair his car and
then, the garage owner shouted at the boy, “You are
all a “génération perdue.” (IV) The phenomena show
how right Hemingway and Stein were in labelling the
whole generation as a lost one. (V) At last, Stein,
in telling Hemingway the story, added, “That is
what you are. That’s what you all are ... all of you
young people who served in the war. You are a lost
generation.”
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “The Lost Generation
was a term popularized by Ernest Hemingway
and Gertrude Stein, referring to the generation
that came of age during World War I” (Genel
Anlam: Kayıp nesil Ernest Hemingway ve Gertrude
Stein tarafından Brinci Dünya Savaşı’nda ortaya
çıkan nesilden söz etmek için yaygınlaştırılmış bir
terimdir) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu iddianın
paragrafta diğer cümleler tarafından desteklenmesi
gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede “However, in A
Moveable Feast, Hemingway reveals that the
phrase was actually originated by the garage
owner who serviced Stein’s car” (Genel Anlam:
Ancak, “A Moveable Feast” eserinde Hemingway
118
sözün aslında Stein’in arabasının bakımını yapan
garajın sahibine ait olduğunu açıklar) ve üçüncü
cümlede “One day, a young mechanic failed to
repair his car and then, the garage owner shouted
at the boy, “You are all a génération perdue”
(Genel Anlam: Bir gün genç tamirci Stein’ın arabasını
tamir edememiştir ve sonrasında garajın sahibi
çocuğa bağırır: “Siz hepiniz kayıp bir nesilsiniz”)
şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir. Dördüncü cümlede
“The phenomena show how right Hemingway
and Stein were in labelling the whole generation
as a lost one” (Genel Anlam: Olaylar Hemingway
ve Stein’ın tüm nesli kayıp olarak etiketlemekte ne
kadar haklı olduklarını gösterir) ifadesi verilmiştir.
Beşinci cümlede anlam genel olarak “At last, Stein,
in telling Hemingway the story, added, That is
what you are. That’s what you all are ... all of
you young people who served in the war. You
are a lost generation” (Genel Anlam: Sonuçta,
Stein Hemingway’e hikayeyi anlatırken ekler: “İşte
siz busunuz. Siz hepiniz busunuz. Siz savaşa giden
gençler, sizler kayıp bir nesilsiniz”) şeklinde son
ifade verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın anlam akışını
bozan bir ifadenin verildiği D seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP D
14. (I) A ship sinks in water to a level such that the
weight of the displaced water equals its own weight.
(II) The law of floatation explains that, “A floating
body displaces its own weight of the fluid in which it
floats”. (III) In other words, it does not sink in water
if it is lighter than water and floats on it. (IV) When it
floats, this means that the upthrust of water is equal
to its weight. (V) In such a case, the upward force
balances with the downward force, which is the
weight of the object.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “A ship sinks in water to a
level such that the weight of the displaced water
equals its own weight” (Genel Anlam: Bir gemi içeri
dolan suyun miktarı ile kendi ağırlığı eşit olduğunda
batar) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu iddianın
paragrafta diğer cümleler tarafından desteklenmesi
gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede “The law of floatation
explains that, A floating body displaces its own
weight of the fluid in which it floats” (Genel
Anlam: Suyun kaldırma kuvvetine göre suda bulunan
bir kütle içinde yüzdüğü sıvıdan hafifse su üstünde
kalır) ve üçüncü cümlede “In other words, it does
not sink in water if it is lighter than water and
floats on it” (Genel Anlam: Başka bir deyişle, sudan
daha hafifse suda batmaz ve yüzer) şeklinde ifadeler
verilmiştir. Dördüncü cümlede “When it floats, this
means that the upthrust of water is equal to its
 weight” (Genel Anlam: Kütle su üstünde kaldığı
zaman, suyun kaldırma kuvveti ağırlığına eşittir)
ifadesi verilmiştir. Beşinci cümlede anlam genel
olarak “In such a case, the upward force balances
with the downward force, which is the weight
of the object” (Genel Anlam: Böyle bir durumda,
kaldırma kuvveti batma kuvvetiyle dengelenir ki bu
da kütlenin ağırlığıdır) şeklinde son ifade verilmiştir.
Bu nedenle paragrafın anlam akışını bozan bir
ifadenin verildiği A seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
16. C (I) The Wireless Museum has an extensive
CEVAP A
15. D (I) Since big cities require more space, a
skyscraper can be described as the ultimate solution
of technological genius. (II) With their high-rise and
thinner construction, they both defy gravity and high
winds along with taking up less place in the crowded
metropolis. (III) These tall buildings also represent
ambition, idealism, strength, and economic growth.
(IV) Although the idea of the skyscraper is modern,
the tendency to build to upward is not new as seen
in the example of pyramids. (V) Just take a glimpse
at Shanghai whose financial capabilities have
enormously increased with an influx of investors
moving into the city after the construction of masses
of skyscrapers.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “Since big cities require
more space, a skyscraper can be described as
the ultimate solution of technological genius”
(Genel Anlam: Büyük şehirler daha fazla yere
ihtiyaç duyduğundan, gökdelen teknolojik dehanın
bu duruma bulduğu bir çözüm olabilir) şeklinde
bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu iddianın paragrafta diğer
cümleler tarafından desteklenmesi gerekmektedir.
İkinci cümlede “With their high-rise and thinner
construction, they both defy gravity and high
winds along with taking up less place in the
crowded metropolis” (Genel Anlam: Yükseklikleri
ve ince yapıları ile kalabalık metropolde daha az yer
kaplamakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda yer çekimine
ve kuvvetli rüzgarlara meydan okurlar) ve üçüncü
cümlede “These tall buildings also represent
ambition, idealism, strength, and economic
growth” (Genel Anlam: Bu uzun binalar aynı
zamanda hırs, idealizm, güç ve ekonomik büyümeyi
temsil ederler) şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir. Dördüncü
cümlede “Although the idea of the skyscraper
is modern, the tendency to build to upward is
not new as seen in the example of pyramids”
(Genel Anlam: Gökdelen fikri yeni olmasına rağmen
uzunlamasına inşaat yapmak piramit örneğinde
de görüldüğü gibi yeni değildir) ifadesi verilmiştir.
Beşinci cümlede “Just take a glimpse at Shanghai
whose financial capabilities have enormously
increased with an influx of investors moving
into the city after the construction of masses of
119
skyscrapers” (Genel Anlam: Şangay örneğini ele
alırsak, çok sayıda gökdelenin inşaatından sonra
şehre akın eden yatırımcılar sayesinde ekonomik
imkanları büyük oranda artmıştır) şeklinde son ifade
verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın anlam akışını
bozan bir ifadenin verildiği D seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP D
collection of valuable assets in both monetary and
historical sense. (II) It has some of the first wireless
radio sets from the early twentieth century which
worked on electronic waves using no external power
source. (III) They were readily made at home in
contrast to their subsequent valve equivalents which
came along in the 1930s. (IV) The museum also
possesses several unique war time radio receivers
produced during the Second World War. (V)
What’s more, it provides a wonderful opportunity to
expose yourself to radio related technologies while
socializing with others of similar interests.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “The Wireless Museum has
an extensive collection of valuable assets in both
monetary and historical sense” (Genel Anlam:
Wireless müzesi hem ekonomik hem de tarihi
açıdan fazla sayıda değerli zengin bir koleksiyona
sahiptir) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu iddianın
paragrafta diğer cümleler tarafından desteklenmesi
gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede “It has some of the
first wireless radio sets from the early twentieth
century which worked on electronic waves using
no external power source” (Genel Anlam: Dış güç
kaynağı kullanmaksızın elektrik dalgalarıyla çalışan
20. Yüzyıldan ilk wireless radyolarının bir kısmına
sahiptir) ve üçüncü cümlede “They were readily
made at home in contrast to their subsequent
valve equivalents which came along in the 1930s”
(Genel Anlam: Bu radyolar 1930’larda kendilerinden
sonra gelen valfli muadillerinin aksine evde kolaylıkla
yapılabiliyorlardı) şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir.
Dördüncü cümlede “The museum also possesses
several unique war time radio receivers
produced during the Second World War” (Genel
Anlam: Müze aynı zamanda İkinci Dünya Savaşında
üretilen bazı eşsiz savaş dönemi radyo alıcılarını da
bulundurmaktadır) ifadesi verilmiştir. Beşinci cümlede
anlam genel olarak “What’s more, it provides a
wonderful opportunity to expose yourself to
radio related technologies while socializing with
others of similar interests” (Genel Anlam: Üstelik
müze aynı ilgiye sahip başkalarıyla sosyalleşirken
radyo teknolojilerini incelemeniz için de muhteşem
bir fırsat sağlar) şeklinde son ifade verilmiştir. Bu
nedenle paragrafın anlam akışını bozan bir ifadenin
verildiği C seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP C

MOR TEST
ÇÖZÜMLER
TEST - 3
1
The Hawaiian Islands are a true paradise.
Nevertheless, these islands are frequently exposed
to several kinds of natural disasters such as
flooding, hurricanes, tsunamis, lava flows and
earthquakes. 2Hurricanes and flash floods are
much more common than other natural disasters in
Hawaii. When a hurricane passes over the island,
it may move over 80 miles an hour blowing away
windows, roofs, and even whole buildings. The
shower line may also be damaged because of the
gigantic waves reaching the beaches even breaking
up cliffs. In October 2004, the flood occurring in
Mano Valley on Oahu caused a huge damage
measurable in million dollars. 4However, hurricane
Iniki was the most powerful one to hit Hawaii in
recorded history. It passed through the island of
Kauai in 1992 causing six deaths and about 1.8
billion dollars of damage. In the past, people in
Hawaii were not anxious about these storms rarely
occurring in the area because the water around the
islands was too warm for hurricanes. 3However,
this situation has changed and unlike the the days
when there were few hurricanes, for an unknown
reason very dangerous hurricanes have been hitting
the islands especially in the past 15 years.
1. B Soru kökünde “The most suitable title for
this passage would be ----” şeklinde parçanın
başlığı istenmiştir. İlk cümlede verilen “The
Hawaiian Islands are a true paradise” ifadesi
Hawaii adalarının gerçek bir cennet olduğundan söz
etmektedir. Fakat, “nevertheless” (ancak) ifadesinin
verildiği ikinci cümlede doğal felaketler konusuna
değinilmiştir. Paragrafta kalan tüm cümlelerde ise
konu “hurricanes and flash floods” (kasırgalar
ve seller) düzeyinde olumsuz bir bakış açısıyla
(zararları) ele alınmıştır. Bu nedenle “the damages
caused by hurricanes and floods in Hawaii”
(Genel anlam: Hawaii’de kasırga ve sellerin yol
açtığı zararlar) ifadesinin verildiği B seçeneği doğru
yanıttır.
CEVAP B
2. A Soru kökünde “We can understand from the
passage that ----” şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Parçada yer alan “Hurricanes and flash floods are
much more common than other natural disasters
120
in Hawaii” (Genel anlam: Hawaii’de kasırgalar ve
seller, diğer doğal felaketlerden çok daha yaygındır)
ifadesinden A seçeneğinde verilen “there are no
other natural disasters occurring as frequently
as hurricanes and flash floods in Hawaii” (Genel
anlam: Hawaii’de kasırga ve sel kadar sık olan
başka doğal felaketler yoktur) çıkarımına ulaşılabilir.
Bu nedenle doğru yanıt A seçeneğidir..
CEVAP A
3. C Soru kökünde “We can conclude from the
passage that the cause of ----” (sebebi) şeklinde
bir ifade verilmiştir. Parçada yer alan “However,
this situation has changed and unlike the the
days when there were few hurricanes, for an
unknown reason very dangerous hurricanes
have been hitting the islands especially in the
past 15 years” (Genel anlam: Ancak bu durum
değişti ve çok az kasırganın yaşandığı günlerin
aksine, bilinmeyen bir nedenle özellikle son 15 yıldır
çok tehlikeli kasırgalar adayı vurmakta) ifadesinden
C seçeneğinde verilen “powerful hurricanes
occurring over the last fifteen years is not certain
in Hawaii” (Genel anlam: Son 15 yıldır Hawaii’de
olan güçlü kasırgaların sebebi bilinmemektedir)
çıkarımına ulaşılabilir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt C
seçeneğidir.
CEVAP C
4. E Soru kökünde “It is implied in the passage
that ----” (ima edilmektedir) şeklinde bir ifade
verilmiştir. Parçada yer alan “However, hurricane
Iniki was the most powerful one to hit Hawaii in
recorded history. It passed through the island
of Kauai in 1992 causing six deaths and about
1.8 billion dollars of damage” (Genel anlam:
Ancak Iniki kasırgası kayıtlı tarihte Hawaii’de olan
en güçlü kasırgaydı. Kauai adasından geçerek
1992’de 6 kişinin ölümüne ve yaklaşık 1.8 milyar
dolarlık hasara yol açtı) ifadesinden E seçeneğinde
verilen “Iniki hurricane inflicted much heavier
damage to Hawaii than its equivalents in terms
of both economy and casualties as well as
environmental destruction” (Genel anlam: Iniki
kasırgası Hawaii’ye hem ekonomi ve can kaybı hem
de çevre yıkımı açısından muadillerinden çok daha
fazla zarar verdi) çıkarımına ulaşılabilir. Bu nedenle
doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir..
CEVAP E
 5, 6
Paleolithic Age is best characterized by hunting
and survival depending on the success of it because
Paleolithic peoples often fought with each other
for the control of hunting territories. There was no
agriculture and industry; therefore, they lived as
hunter-gatherers picking berry after berry off from
bushes, 7chasing mammals to the point of fatigue,
taking meat, fat and organs from animals which
larger ones had killed. 5, 6 In order to hunt their prey,
cut and chop the meat, flake cores, and to use in
traps, the early Paleolithic humans invented tools of
stone, bone and wood. As the evidence shown by
archeologists during the excavations conducted in
Ethiopia reveals, these people specifically chose the
raw materials in terms of their size and quality for
their requirements. 8For example, they deliberately
found appropriate-sized stones to make sharp-
edged tools for cutting. Through the ability to make
and use tools, Paleolithic peoples achieved some
striking accomplishments to change their way of
living. They could now compete with larger, faster
and stronger animals such as the mammoth, deer
and rabbits. The demands of the hunt sharpened
their wit simultaneously. They began to supplement
their feeding by collecting fruits, nuts and seeds
eventually causing to discover the plant world
around them.
5. B Soru kökünde “It can be inferred from the
passage that Paleolithic people ----” şeklinde
bir ifade verilmiştir. Parçada yer alan “In order
to hunt their prey, cut and chop the meat,
flake cores, and to use in traps, the early
Paleolithic humans invented tools of stone,
bone and wood” (Genel anlam: Avlarını avlamak,
eti kesip doğramak, yiyeceklerin pullarını ayıklamak
ve tuzaklarda kullanmak için Paleolitik insanlar taş,
kemik ve ahşaptan aletler icat ettiler) ifadesinden
B seçeneğinde verilen “carried through several
remarkable innovations in their lifestyles” (Genel
anlam: Paleolitik insanlar yaşam şekillerinde dikkate
değer çeşitli yenilikler başardılar) çıkarımına
ulaşılabilir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
CEVAP B
6. D Soru kökünde “The main focus of the passage
is on ----” şeklinde ana fikir soran bir ifade verilmiştir.
Parçada yer alan “Paleolithic Age is best
characterized by hunting and survival depending
on the success of it because Paleolithic peoples
often fought with each other for the control of
hunting territories” (Genel anlam: Paleolitik devrin
en önemli özelliği avlanmak ve bundan gelecek
başarıyla hayatta kalmaktır çünkü Paleolitik insanlar
av bölgelerinin kontrolü için sürekli birbirleriyle
savaşırlardı) ifadesi ve parçanın geri kalanında
verilen ifadeler D seçeneğinde verilen “the way of
life depending mostly on hunting and developing
tools in Paleolithic Age” (Genel anlam: Paleolitik
çağda büyük oranda avlanma ve alet geliştirmeye
dayalı yaşam tarzı) ifadesi ile anlamca örtüşmektedir.
Bu nedenle doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
CEVAP D
121
7. B Soru kökünde “According to the passage,
Paleolithic humans ----” şeklinde bir ifade
verilmiştir. Parçada yer alan “chasing mammals to
the point of fatigue” (Genel anlam: yorgunluktan
tükenene kadar hayvanları kovalamak) ifadesinden
B seçeneğinde verilen “ran after animals till they
got exhausted” (Genel anlam: Paleolitik insanlar
yorgunluktan tükenene kadar hayvanları kovaladılar)
ifadesine ulaşılabilir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt B
seçeneğidir.
CEVAP B
8. E Soru kökünde “We can infer from the passage
that Paleolithic people’s finding ----” (Paleolitik
insanların … bulmaları) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Parçada yer alan “For example, they deliberately
found appropriate-sized stones to make sharp-
edged tools for cutting” (Genel anlam: Örneğin,
kasıtlı olarak kesme işleminde kullanılacak keskin
uçlu aletler yapmak için uygun ölçülerdeki taşları
buldular) ifadesinden E seçeneğinde verilen “stones
in suitable sizes was not a coincidence” (Genel
anlam: Paleolitik insanların uygun ölçülerdeki taşları
bulmaları tesadüf değildi) çıkarımına ulaşılabilir. Bu
nedenle doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir..
CEVAP E
9. D Boşluktan sonra verilen “The findings reveal
the rise and fall of a small kingdom along the
Yellow River in the northern part of China
over a 500-year period” (Genel anlam: Bulgular
500 yılı aşkındır Çin’in kuzeyinde Yellow River
boyunca küçük bir krallığın doğuşunu ve çöküşünü
göstermektedir) cümlesi ve paragrafın geri kalanında
aynı konudan söz edilmiş olması boşlukta “There
is some archaeological evidence concerning
the probable existence of the Xia dynasty
even though it is debatable whether it actually
existed” (Genel anlam: Gerçekte var olup olmadığı
tartışmalı olmasına rağmen Xia Hadenanı’nın
muhtemel varlığına dair biraz arkeolojik kanıt
bulunmaktadır) şeklinde bir ifadenin yer alması
gerektiğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle boşluğu yapı
ve anlam olarak en uygun biçimde tamamlayan
ifadenin verildiği D seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP D
10. D Paragrafın konusu genel olarak “Around 640 BC,
the Lydians began producing the first true coins
made of precious metals such as gold and silver”
(Genel anlam: Milattan önce yaklaşık 640 yılında
Lidyalılar altın ve gümüş gibi değerli madenlerden
yapılan ilk paraları üretmeye başladılar) şeklinde ilk
cümlede verilmiştir. Boşluktan sonra verilen “But,
this was also further debased by the Lydians
with the addition of copper in the following
years” (Genel anlam: Ancak, bunun da ilerleyen
yıllarda bakırın eklenmesiyle Lidyalılar tarafından
değeri düşürüldü) cümlesi ile bir sonraki cümlede
 verilen “Being a soft alloy, electrum made the
imprinting of a man or an animal figure possible
on the coin’s face” (Genel anlam: Yumuşak bir
karışım olan elektrum paranın üstüne insan ya da
hayvan resmi basılmasını mümkün kıldı) ifadesi ilk
kez boşlukta karşımıza çıkan elektrumun kullanım
yerine de değinmesiyle önemli ipuçlarıdır. Bu
cümleden boşlukta “To some historians, they
were actually an alloy of gold and silver called
electrum” (Genel anlam: Bazı tarihçilere göre bu
paralar aslında elektrum adı verilen altın ve gümüşün
karışımıydılar) şeklinde bir ifadenin yer alması
gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle boşluğu yapı
ve anlam olarak en uygun biçimde tamamlayan
ifadenin verildiği D seçeneği doğru yanıttır..
CEVAP D
11. A Paragrafın konusu genel olarak “Historical
remains reveal that about 10,000 years ago, at the
end of the Ice Age, wild horses became extinct
in Northern America and their number decreased
in Western Europe” (Genel anlam: Tarihi kalıntılar
yaklaşık 10,000 yıl önce Buz Devrinin sonunda vahşi
atların Kuzey Amerika’da nesillerinin tükendiğini
ve Avrupanın batısında sayılarının azaldığını
göstermektedir) şeklinde ilk cümlede verilmiştir.
Boşluktan sonra verilen “An increasing amount of
proof suggests that they were domesticated in
both Europe and Asia almost in 4000 BCE” (Genel
anlam: Artan sayıda kanıtlar atların hem Avrupa’da
hem Asya’da milattan önce yaklaşık 4000 yılında
evcilleştirildiğini göstermektedir) cümlesi sorunun
çözümünde önemli bir ipucudur. Bu ifade ile birlikte
konu atların evcilleştirilmesi yönüne çekilmiştir.
Bu cümleden boşlukta “Where and when horses
became domesticated is unclear but a number
of assumptions exist regarding to this” (Genel
anlam: Atların nerede ve ne zaman evcilleştirildikleri
bilinmemektedir ancak duruma ilişkin bir grup tahmin
mevcuttur) şeklinde bir ifadenin yer alması gerektiği
anlaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle boşluğu yapı ve anlam
olarak en uygun biçimde tamamlayan ifadenin
verildiği A seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP A
12. D Boşluktan sonra verilen “These words are
then combined with each other in an organized
unity to establish the mood, images and the
meaning in the text” (Genel anlam: Bu sözcükler
metinde mod, imgeler ve anlam oluşturmak için
organize bir bütünlükle bir araya getirilirler) cümlesi
ve devamında gelen “In this way, the style of
the writer determines the audience mass of
his work” (Genel anlam: Bu nedenle yazarın stili
okuyucu kitlesini belirler) ifadesi parçanın konusunun
“yazarın yazma stili” olduğunu göstermektedir.
Paragrafın geri kalanında da aynı konudan söz
edilmiş olması boşlukta “Style is the literary
122
element that describes the way the writer picks
words and puts them together” (Genel anlam:
Stil, yazarın sözcükleri seçme ve onları bir araya
getirme yolunu belirleyen edebi bir yoldur) şeklinde
bir ifadenin yer alması gerektiğini göstermektedir.
Bu nedenle boşluğu yapı ve anlam olarak en uygun
biçimde tamamlayan ifadenin verildiği D seçeneği
doğru yanıttır..
CEVAP D
13. C (I) The government was customarily moved after
the death of an emperor in Japan because of the
ancient belief that the place of death was polluted. (II)
The successor left the dwelling place for a new palace
upon his father’s death. (III) However, this tradition
changed with the establishment of the permanent
imperial capital in Nara in AD 710. (IV) Following the
demise of sovereign, thus, the center of government
was transferred to another city as well. (V) This
situation led to an establishment of government
including new reforms and bureaucratization.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “The government was
customarily moved after the death of an emperor
in Japan because of the ancient belief that
the place of death was polluted” (Genel Anlam:
Japonya’da ölüm yerinin kirlendiğine dair eski inanış
nedeniyle İmparator’un ölümünden sonra hükümet
geleneksel olarak taşınırdı) şeklinde bir ifade
verilmiştir. Bu iddianın paragrafta diğer cümleler
tarafından desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. İkinci
cümlede “The successor left the dwelling place
for a new palace upon his father’s death” (Genel
Anlam: Varis babasının ölümünün ertesinde yeni bir
saraya giderdi) ve üçüncü cümlede “However, this
tradition changed with the establishment of the
permanent imperial capital in Nara in AD 710”
(Genel Anlam: Ancak bu gelenek milattan sonra
710 yılında Nara İmparatorluk kalıcı başkentinin
kurulmasıyla değişti) şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir.
Dördüncü cümlede “Following the demise of
sovereign, thus, the center of government
was transferred to another city as well” (Genel
Anlam: Bu nedenle hükümdarın ölümünden sonra
hükümetin başkenti de başka bir şehire taşınırdı)
ifadesi verilmiştir . Beşinci cümlede “This situation
led to an establishment of government including
new reforms and bureaucratization” (Genel
Anlam: Bu durum yeni reformlar ve bürokrasi içeren
bir hükümetin kurulmasına yol açardı) şeklinde
son ifade verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın anlam
akışını bozan bir ifadenin verildiği C seçeneği doğru
yanıttır.
CEVAP C
14. E (I) The Decameron is a compilation of a one
hundred allegorical short stories written about 1353
by the Italian author and poet Giovanni Boccaccio.
(II) He was an important Renaissance humanist
who wrote a number of notable works. (III) He
expressed the earthiness of human experience in a
simple style of Italian vernacular prose in his works
 including the Decameron. (IV) This differed him
from his contemporaries who usually followed more
complicated story patterns. (V) He also made word
by word translations of two epics of Homer called
the Iliad and the Odyssey from Greek to Latin on the
request of his mentor Petrarch.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “The Decameron is a
compilation of a one hundred allegorical short
stories written about 1353 by the Italian author
and poet Giovanni Boccaccio” (Genel Anlam:
Decameron 1353 yılında İtalyan yazar ve şair
Giovanni Boccaccio tarafından yazılmış olan 100
kısa hikayeden oluşan bir derlemedir) şeklinde
bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu iddianın paragrafta diğer
cümleler tarafından desteklenmesi gerekmektedir.
İkinci cümlede “He was an important Renaissance
humanist who wrote a number of notable works”
(Genel Anlam: Seçkin eserler veren önemli bir
Rönesans hümanistiydi) ve üçüncü cümlede “He
expressed the earthiness of human experience
in a simple style of Italian vernacular prose in his
works including the Decameron” (Genel Anlam:
İnsan hayatının dünyeviliğini Decameron’u da içeren
bu eserlerinde basit bir İtalyan nesir anlayışıyla ifade
etti) şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir. Dördüncü cümlede
“This differed him from his contemporaries
who usually followed more complicated story
patterns” (Genel Anlam: Bu onu daha karmaşık
hikaye kalıplarını izleyen meslektaşlarından
ayırıyordu) ifadesi verilmiştir. Beşinci cümlede “He
also made word by word translations of two
epics of Homer called the Iliad and the Odyssey
from Greek to Latin on the request of his mentor
Petrarch” (Genel Anlam: Ayrıca hocası Petrarch’ın
isteği üzerine Homer’ın iki destanını –Iliad and
Odyssey- Yunancadan Latinceye çevirdi) şeklinde
son ifade verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın anlam
akışını bozan bir ifadenin verildiği E seçeneği doğru
yanıttır.
CEVAP E
15. C (I) At the beginning of the 16th century, Ottoman
Emperor Sultan Selim put an end to Memluk caliphate
and brought it to Ottoman Empire. (II) From then on,
the Empire began to be ruled under the religious
principles called shariah. (III) The word khalif comes
from Arabic and it refers to the political and religious
leader who is regarded as the successor to the
Islamic prophet. (IV) Caliph being also the emperor
himself had an important role in both domestic and
foreign politics of Ottoman Empire. (V) However,
on 3rd March 1924, this situation changed with the
abolishment of caliphate subsequent to the unanimity
of voting in the Turkish Great National Assembly.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “At the beginning of the
16th century, Ottoman Emperor Sultan Selim
put an end to Memluk caliphate and brought it
to Ottoman Empire” (Genel Anlam: 16. Yüzyılın
başında Osmanlı İmparatoru Sultan Selim Memlük
halifeliğine bir son verdi ve halifeliği Osmanlılara
geçirdi) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu iddianın
paragrafta diğer cümleler tarafından desteklenmesi
gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede “From then on, the
Empire began to be ruled under the religious
123
principles called shariah” (Genel Anlam: Bu
olaydan sonra İmparatorluk şeriat adı verilen dini
kurallarla yönetilmeye başlandı) ve üçüncü cümlede
“The word khalif comes from Arabic and it
refers to the political and religious leader who
is regarded as the successor to the Islamic
prophet” (Genel Anlam: Halife sözcüğü Arapçadan
gelir ve islam peygamberinin arkasından gelen
politik ve dini lider anlamında kullanılır) şeklinde
ifadeler verilmiştir. Dördüncü cümlede “Caliph
being also the emperor himself had an important
role in both domestic and foreign politics of
Ottoman Empire” (Genel Anlam: Aynı zamanda
İmparator olan halifenin Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun
hem iç hem dış politikalarında önemli bir rolü vardı)
ifadesi verilmiştir. Beşinci cümlede “However, on
3rd March 1924, this situation changed with the
abolishment of caliphate subsequent to the
unanimity of voting in the Turkish Great National
Assembly” (Genel Anlam: Ancak 3 mart 1924’te bu
durum Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisindeki oylamanın
sonrasında halifeliğin kaldırılmasıyla değişti)
şeklinde son ifade verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın
anlam akışını bozan bir ifadenin verildiği C seçeneği
doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP C
16. E (I) The perception of time varies from person to
person. (II) Some of us are morning and others are
night persons indicating the best times for performing
several tasks. (III) For example, the circadian cycles
between a morning person and a night person may
differ a few hours from each other. (IV) It all depends
on how your biological day is structured. (V) In fact,
all of your senses may be at their keenest during late
afternoon and early evening.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “The perception of
time varies from person to person” (Genel
Anlam: Zaman algısı kişiden kişiye değişiklik
gösterir) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu iddianın
paragrafta diğer cümleler tarafından desteklenmesi
gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede “Some of us are
morning and others are night persons indicating
the best times for performing several tasks”
(Genel Anlam: Bazılarımız gündüz insanı, bazılarımız
ise gece insanıyız ve bu da çeşitli görevleri yerine
getirme açısından en uygun vakitlerimizi gösterir)
ve üçüncü cümlede “For example, the circadian
cycles between a morning person and a night
person may differ a few hours from each other”
(Genel Anlam: Örneğin, gündüz insanıyla gece
insanı arasındaki gün döngüsü birbirlerinden birkaç
saat farklılık gösterebilir) şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir.
Dördüncü cümlede “It all depends on how your
biological day is structured” (Genel Anlam: Bu
tamamiyle biyolojik gününüzün nasıl şekillendiğine
bağlıdır) ifadesi verilmiştir. Beşinci cümlede “In fact,
all of your senses may be at their keenest during
late afternoon and early evening” (Genel Anlam:
Aslında, tüm duyularınız akşam üstü saatlerinde en
keskin hallerindedirler) şeklinde son ifade verilmiştir.
Bu nedenle paragrafın anlam akışını bozan bir
ifadenin verildiği E seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP E

MOR TEST
ÇÖZÜMLER
TEST - 4
1, 4
Prior to World War I, the use of parachutes
was undertaken only by people in show business
to impress crowds of spectators. 1But, the military
operations of the First World War changed this role.
3
Since a number of troops, for the first time, began to
be transported by aircraft and were landed near the
field of battle, the idea of parachute came into being.
In the years between the World Wars, armies around
the world started to establish their own paratroop
units. Russia was the first to develop the idea on a
large scale and in the 1930s, she invested heavily
in the concept. In 1933, the Soviets made the first
large-scale airborne infantry operation in history. This
was a peace time trial. The Soviets even conducted
trials including dropping armored units from planes
and many of these units would be making history’s
first war time drop in a few years. At the same
time, world powers like Italy, Germany, and Japan
followed Russians’ lead and got started their own
airborne forces. Germany was the first country to
drop infantry into the battlefield during World War II.
The French created an airborne battalion, but it was
disbanded before the Second World War. England
was not interested in developing airborne forces at
all until the outbreak of the Second World War in
1939.
1. B Soru kökünde “It is clear from the passage
that the idea of parachute ----” şeklinde bir ifade
verilmiştir. Parçada yer alan “Prior to World War I,
the use of parachutes was undertaken only by
people in show business to impress crowds of
spectators. But, the military operations of the
First World War changed this role” (Genel anlam:
Birinci Dünya Savaşından önce paraşüt sadece
şov dünyasında izleyici yığınlarını etkilemek için
kullanılıyordu. Ancak, Birinci Dünya Savaşındaki
askeri operasyonlar paraşütün bu rolünü değiştirdi)
ifadesinden B seçeneğinde verilen “gained
importance during World War I” (Genel anlam:
Paraşüt Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında önem
kazandı) ifadesine ulaşılabilir. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt B seçeneğidir.
CEVAP B
124
2. A Soru kökünde “It is implied in the passage
that ----” şeklinde bir çıkarım ifadesi verilmiştir.
Parçada koyu renkle vurgulandığı gibi ülkeler
askeri amaçlar doğrultusunda paraşütün gelişimine
katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt A
seçeneğidir.
CEVAP A
3. E Soru kökünde “It can be inferred from the passage
that one of the advantages of airborne forces is
that ----” (hava kuvvetlerinin avantajlarından biri)
şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Parçada yer alan “Since
a number of troops, for the first time, began to be
transported by aircraft and were landed near the
field of battle, the idea of parachute came into
being” (Genel anlam: Birlikler ilk defa uçakla taşınıp
savaş alanının yakınına indirildikleri için paraşüt fikri
gündeme geldi) ifadesinden E seçeneğinde “troops
can be carried by air to a nearby position close to
the battlefield” (Genel anlam: Birlikler savaş alanına
yakın bir noktaya havayoluyla taşınabilirler) ifadesine
ulaşılabilir bu nedenle doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
CEVAP E
4. C Soru kökünde “One of the points made in the
passage is that ----” şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Parçada yer alan “Prior to World War I, the use
of parachutes was undertaken only by people in
show business to impress crowds of spectators”
(Genel anlam: Birinci Dünya Savaşından önce
paraşüt sadece şov dünyasında izleyici yığınlarını
etkilemek için kullanılıyordu) ifadesinden C
seçeneğinde verilen “parachute was used for a
purpose other than its role in military operations
before the First World War” (Genel anlam: Birinci
Dünya Savaşından önce paraşüt askeri operasyonlar
dışındaki bir amaçla kullanılıyordu) ifadesine
ulaşılabilir. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
CEVAP C
5
Although Westerners tend to regard Indians as
a single people, they were, in fact, as diverse as
various nationals of Europe. Since 1492, European
explorers and settlers have tended to ignore the
vast variety of the people who had previously lived
in Americas. Soon after the colonialists settled in the
continent, they began to lump all the local groups
under the term “Indian.” 7In the modern world, we
still do this although there are experiences and
 subcultures peculiar to each group. The Tlingits,
for example, were as different from the Sioux as
Greeks are from Danes. As the people spread
over the North American continent, more than two
hundred languages and dialects developed, and any
two were usually no more alike than, say, French,
and Russian. The United States benefited from
this difference of language among North American
tribes. 6The US government used the uniqueness of
the Navajo language to its advantage in World War
II. Instead of encrypting radio messages, they made
use of Navajos’ speaking to each other in their daily
language to transfer high-security messages and
it worked well. Social and political formations were
equally diverse in Navajos. Many Indians had an
intense feeling of tribal loyalty, but others kept it in
the family unit. 8There were areas where a hierarchy
practiced near absolute power, and provinces where
there was no centralized authority.
5. C Soru kökünde “The most suitable title for
this passage would be ----” şeklinde bir ifade
verilmiştir. Parçada yer alan “Although Westerners
tend to regard Indians as a single people, they
were, in fact, as diverse as various nationals of
Europe” (Genel anlam: Batılılar Kızılderilileri tek
bir insan grubu gibi algılama eğiliminde olmalarına
rağmen, Kızılderililer aslında Avrupa’nın farklı
milletleri kadar çeşitliydi) ifadesinden ve parçanın
genelinde bu konunun ele alınmış olması sebebiyle
C seçeneğinde verilen “the dissimilarities among
Indians in Americas” (Genel anlam: Amerika
kıtasındaki Kızılderililer arasındaki farklılıklar)
ifadesine ulaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru yanıt C
seçeneğidir.
CEVAP C
6. C E Soru kökünde “As it is emphasized in the
passage, Navajos ----” şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Parçada yer alan “The US government used
the uniqueness of the Navajo language to its
advantage in World War II” (Genel anlam: Amerikan
hükümeti Navajo dilinin özgünlüğünü İkinci Dünya
Savaşı esnasında kendi lehine kullandı) ifadesinden
E seçeneğinde verilen “played an important role
during the second World War” (Genel anlam:
Navajolar İkinci Dünya Savaşı esnasında önemli bir
rol oynadılar) ifadesine ulaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle
doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
CEVAP E
125
7. D Soru kökünde “By giving the example as to “the
Tlingits, Sioux, Greeks, and Danes”, the author is
referring to ----” şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Parçada
yer alan “In the modern world, we still do this
although there are experiences and subcultures
peculiar to each group. The Tlingits, for example,
were as different from the Sioux as Greeks are
from Danes” (Genel anlam: Modern dünyada her
bir gruba özgü deneyimler ve alt kültürler olmasına
rağmen bunu hala biz de yapıyoruz. Örneğin,
Tlingitler, Yunanlılar Danimarkalılardan ne kadar
farklıysa, Sioux kabilesinden o kadar farklıydılar)
ifadesinden D seçeneğinde verilen “the diversity
of Indian people” (Genel anlam: Kızılderililer
arasındaki farklılıklar) ifadesine ulaşılmaktadır. Bu
nedenle doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
CEVAP D
8. C Soru kökünde “It may be concluded from the
passage that ----” şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Parçada yer alan “There were areas where a
hierarchy practiced near absolute power, and
provinces where there was no centralized
authority” (Genel anlam: Mutlak bir gücün olduğu
hiyerarşik bölgeler ve hiçbir merkezi yönetimin
olmadığı alanlar vardı) ifadesinden C seçeneğinde
verilen “in some Indian regions, there was a total
absence of central authority” (Genel anlam: Bazı
Kızılderili bölgelerinde merkezi yönetim tamamiyle
yoktu) ifadesine ulaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle doğru
yanıt C seçeneğidir.
CEVAP C
9. C Paragrafta boşluğun sağ tarafında verilen “the
former” (birincisi) ve “the latter” (ikincisi) ifadeleri
birinci cümlede iki unsurdan söz edilmesi ve
“while” (-e rağmen: taban tabana zıtlık) bağlacı ise
bu iki unsurun arasındaki farklılıklara değinilmesi
gerektiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca parçada ele alınan
temel konu “phonology” ve “phonetics” arasındaki
farklılıklardır. Bu nedenle “Phonology is usually
mistaken for phonetics but they are actually
two different concepts” (Genel anlam: fonoloji
genellikle fonetikle karıştırılır ancak gerçekte ikisi
farklı kavramlardır) ifadesinin verildiği C seçeneği
doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP C
10. E Paragrafın konusu genel olarak “Parents
generally oppose to video games labelling them
as time-wasters since they regard these games
as the key factors in making their children behave
 more violently or anti-social” (Genel anlam:
Ebeveynler video oyunlarına çocuklarının daha
şiddete dönük ya da antisosyal olmalarında anahtar
rol oynadıklarını düşündükleri için onları zaman
kaybı olarak damgalayıp karşı çıkarlar) şeklinde ilk
cümlede verilmiştir. Boşluktan sonra verilen “Indeed,
video games can help youngsters develop
greater mental focus, multitask more effectively,
and equip them with higher levels of thinking
from which they will benefit in the future” (Genel
anlam: Aslında video oyunları gençlere gelecekte
faydalanacakları zihinsel odaklanma, çoklu görevleri
daha iyi yerine getirebilme ve daha gelişmiş
düzeylerde düşünebilme kabiliyetlerini geliştirerek
yardımcı olurlar) cümlesi sorunun çözümünde
önemli bir ipucudur. Bu cümle ile paragrafın girişinde
video oyunlarına yönelik olumsuz bakış açısı ani
bir değişim göstererek olumluya geçmiştir. Bu
değişime seçeneklerde en uygun geçişi sağlayacak
olan “But, a growing body of research is now
revealing the flip side” (Genel anlam: Ancak, artan
sayıda araştırmalar şu an tam tersini göstermektedir)
ifadesinin yer alması gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu
nedenle boşluğu yapı ve anlam olarak en uygun
biçimde tamamlayan ifadenin verildiği E seçeneği
doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP E
11. D Paragrafın konusu ilk cümlede “The idea of
a satellite system for communications was
actually suggested in 1945 by Arthur C. Clarke,
an English engineer and writer” (Genel anlam:
İletişimde uydu fikri aslında 1945’te Arthur C. Clarke
tarafından ortaya atılmıştır) şeklinde başlamıştır
fakat ikinci cümlede verilen “But, John R. Pierce,
also an engineer from the USA, made a further
study and developed all types of satellite systems
for communications” (Genel anlam: Fakat, yine
Amerikalı bir mühendis olan John R. Pierce daha
ileri bir çalışma yaptı ve iletişim alanındaki tüm
uydu modellerini geliştirdi) ifadesi konudan dönüş
yapmıştır. Bu nedenle okuyucu olarak beklentimiz
artık konunun sadece John R. Pierce ve yaptıkları
yönünde ilerlemesidir. Boşluktan sonra verilen
“However, he’s possibly most famous for his
independent, ground-breaking work which turned
unmanned communications satellites a reality”
(Genel anlam: Ancak, belki de en çok, kendi yaptığı
ve çığır açan insansız uyduları gerçeğe dönüştürme
başarısıyla ünlüdür) cümlesi de sorunun çözümünde
önemli bir ipucudur. Bu cümleden boşlukta “In 1948,
he coined the term “transistor” for the tiny,
electronic switch developed there” (Genel anlam:
126
1948’te orada geliştirilen küçük elektronik aygıta
transistör adını verdi) şeklinde bir ifadenin yer alması
gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle boşluğu yapı
ve anlam olarak en uygun biçimde tamamlayan
ifadenin verildiği D seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP D
12. B Paragrafın konusu genel olarak “The Fahrenheit
scale was invented by the German scientist
Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1710” (Genel anlam:
Fahrenayt Alman bilim adamı Gabriel Fahrenheit
tarafından 1710’da bulundu) şeklinde ilk cümlede
verilmiştir. Boşluktan sonra verilen “These figures
have been determined at sea level and standard
atmospheric pressure” (Genel anlam: Bu rakamlar,
deniz seviyesinde ve standart atmosfer basıncında
belirlenmişlerdir) cümlesi sorunun çözümünde
önemli bir ipucudur. Bu cümleden boşlukta “The
scale has two fixed points; the temperature at
which water freezes into ice (32 degrees) and
the boiling point of water (212 degrees)” (Genel
anlam: ölçünün iki kesin noktası vardır; (32 derece)
suyun buza dönüştüğü derece ve (212 derece)
kaynadığı derece) şeklinde bir ifadenin yer alması
gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle boşluğu yapı
ve anlam olarak en uygun biçimde tamamlayan
ifadenin verildiği B seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP B
13. B (I) The superstition of breaking a mirror is an
ancient one and achieved to maintain its effect for
many years. (II) In fact, many superstitions still exist
even in the most educated and sophisticated regions
of the world. (III) Mirrors were believed to hold the
key to the future in the old times so breaking one was
to shatter your own future. (IV) Another superstition
for breaking a mirror was that immediately after a
family member would die. (V) Nevertheless, these
days, the accidental breaking of a mirror usually
produces no more thought in most people than “I
have to get a new mirror.”
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “The superstition of
breaking a mirror is an ancient one and achieved
to maintain its effect for many years” (Genel
Anlam: Ayna kırmaya dair batıl inanç geçmişten gelir
ve etkisini yıllarca sürdürmüştür) şeklinde bir ifade
verilmiştir. Bu iddianın paragrafta diğer cümleler
tarafından desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. İkinci
cümlede “In fact, many superstitions still exist
even in the most educated and sophisticated
regions of the world” (Genel Anlam: Aslında, pek
çok batıl inanç hala dünyanın en eğitimli ve ileri
 bölgelerinde bile varlığını sürdürmektedir) ve üçüncü
cümlede “Mirrors were believed to hold the key to
the future in the old times so breaking one was to
shatter your own future” (Genel Anlam: Aynaların
eski çağlarda geleceğin anahtarları olduğuna
inanılırdı bu yüzden ayna kırmak geleceğinizi
kırmak anlamına gelirdi) şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir.
Dördüncü cümlede “Another superstition for
breaking a mirror was that immediately after a
family member would die” (Genel Anlam: Ayna
kırmaya dair diğer bir batıl inançsa hemen ertesinde
bir aile üyesinin öleceğine ilişkindi) ifadesi verilmiştir.
Beşinci cümlede “Nevertheless, these days, the
accidental breaking of a mirror usually produces
no more thought in most people than I have to get
a new mirror” (Genel Anlam: Ancak, bu günlerde,
bir aynayı kazara kırmak genelde birçok insanda
yeni bir ayna almalıyım dışında bir düşünceye neden
olmaz) şeklinde son ifade verilmiştir. Bu nedenle
paragrafın anlam akışını bozan bir ifadenin verildiği
B seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP B
14. B (I) When it comes to pollution, we tend to think it
is a problem caused by humans’ ignorance or their
indifference to the environment. (II) In general, air
is made up of two gases, nitrogen and oxygen, with
several other gases like carbon dioxide and argon.
(III) Nevertheless, some kinds of air pollution are
produced by natural phenomena such as erupting
volcanoes, forest fires, or radioactive decay of rocks
inside Earth. (IV) Forest fires and enormous volcanic
eruptions can release too much dust and smoke
into the atmosphere. (V) This emission of dirty air
prevents sunlight and can cause the whole planet to
cool down for at least a year.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “When it comes to
pollution, we tend to think it is a problem caused
by humans’ ignorance or their indifference to the
environment” (Genel Anlam: Konu kirliliğe gelince,
bunun insanların cehaletinden ya da çevreye
olan kayıtsızlıklarından kaynaklanan bir problem
olduğunu düşünebiliriz) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Bu iddianın paragrafta diğer cümleler tarafından
desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede “In
general, air is made up of two gases, nitrogen
and oxygen, with several other gases like carbon
dioxide and argon” (Genel Anlam: Genelde hava
karbondioksit ve argon gibi diğer bazı gazlarla
birlikte iki gazdan, nitrojen ve oksijenden, oluşur) ve
üçüncü cümlede “Nevertheless, some kinds of air
pollution are produced by natural phenomena
such as erupting volcanoes, forest fires, or
127
radioactive decay of rocks inside Earth” (Genel
Anlam: Ancak, volkan patlamaları, orman yangınları
ve kayaların radyoaktif aşınmaları gibi bazı hava
kirliliği türleri doğal olaylarla ortaya çıkar) şeklinde
ifadeler verilmiştir. Dördüncü cümlede “Forest fires
and enormous volcanic eruptions can release
too much dust and smoke into the atmosphere”
(Genel Anlam: Orman yangınları ve devasa volkanik
patlamalar, atmosfere çok fazla miktarlarda toz
ve duman yayabilirler) ifadesi verilmiştir. Beşinci
cümlede “This emission of dirty air prevents
sunlight and can cause the whole planet to cool
down for at least a year” (Genel Anlam: Bu kirli
hava salınımı gün ışığını engeller ve tüm gezegenin
en az bir yıl boyunca soğumasına neden olabilir)
şeklinde son ifade verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın
anlam akışını bozan bir ifadenin verildiği B seçeneği
doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP B
15. C A (I) When it comes to choose the top safari
destination, the African natural life can touch your
hearts and souls. (II) If you want to go for the best
safari, your supposed preference list must certainly
include Africa’s top safari destinations with wildlife
parks. (III) Among these are Kenya, Tanzania,
Uganda, South Africa, Botswana, and Zimbabwe
respectively. (IV) Yet, a Botswana safari will be one
of Africa’s best experiences of all for you. (V) In the
country, the vast lands of wilderness in untouched
condition will bewitch you immediately.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “When it comes to choose
the top safari destination, the African natural
life can touch your hearts and souls” (Genel
Anlam: En iyi safari bölgesini seçme konusunda,
Afrika’daki doğal hayat kalbinize ve ruhunuza hitap
edebilir) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu iddianın
paragrafta diğer cümleler tarafından desteklenmesi
gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede “If you want to go
for the best safari, your supposed preference
list must certainly include Africa’s top safari
destinations with wildlife parks” (Genel Anlam:
Eğer en iyi safariye gitmek istiyorsanız, muhtemel
tercih listeniz kesinlikle Afrika’nın en iyi safari
bölgelerini içermelidir) ve üçüncü cümlede “Among
these are Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, South Africa,
Botswana, and Zimbabwe respectively” (Genel
Anlam: Bunlar arasında sırasıyla Kenya, Tanzania,
Uganda, South Africa, Botswana ve Zimbabwe
sayılabilir) şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir. Dördüncü
cümlede “Yet, a Botswana safari will be one of
Africa’s best experiences of all for you” (Genel
Anlam: Ancak, Botswana safarisi hepsinin arasında
 Afrika’daki en iyi tecrübelerden birisi olacaktır) ifadesi
verilmiştir. Beşinci cümlede “In the country, the
vast lands of wilderness in untouched condition
will bewitch you immediately” (Genel Anlam:
Ülkede bulunan el değmemiş uçsuz bucaksız vahşi
topraklar sizi anında büyüleyecektir) şeklinde son
ifade verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın anlam akışını
bozan bir ifadenin verildiği A seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP A
16. D (I) John Donne, known as the founder of
“Metaphysical Poets,” was an English essayist, poet,
and philosopher in England in the 16th century. (II)
He was famous for his wide variety of love poetry
and sonnets including a realistic and a sensual style.
(III) One of the important themes of his poems was
the concept of true religion. (IV) “The Metaphysical
Poets” are known for their capability to shock and
persuade the reader through their subtle and
paradoxical arguments. (V) He wrote a great number
of spiritual poems showing his substantial interest in
religious matters.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “John Donne, known as the
founder of Metaphysical Poets, was an English
essayist, poet, and philosopher in England in
the 16th century” (Genel Anlam: Metafizik şairlerin
kurucusu olarak bilinen John Donne 16. Yüzyılda
İngiltere’de yaşamış olan İngiliz bir makaleci, şair
ve filozoftu) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu iddianın
paragrafta diğer cümleler tarafından desteklenmesi
gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede anlam “He was
famous for his wide variety of love poetry and
sonnets including a realistic and a sensual
style” (Genel Anlam: Donne gerçekçi ve duygusal
bir tarzda yazdığı çok sayıdaki aşk şiirleri ve
soneleriyle ünlüydü) ve üçüncü cümlede “One
of the important themes of his poems was the
concept of true religion” (Genel Anlam: Şiirlerinin
en önemli temalarından birisi gerçek din kavramıydı)
şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir. Dördüncü cümlede “The
Metaphysical Poets are known for their capability
to shock and persuade the reader through their
subtle and paradoxical arguments” (Genel Anlam:
Metafizik şairler okuyucularını belirsiz ve karmaşık
argümanlarla şaşırtıp ikna etme kabiliyetleriyle
ünlüdürler) ifadesi verilmiştir. Beşinci cümlede “He
wrote a great number of spiritual poems showing
his substantial interest in religious matters”
(Genel Anlam: Dini konulara olan büyük ilgisini
gösteren çok sayıda ruhani eser vermiştir) şeklinde
son cümle verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın anlam
akışını bozan bir ifadenin verildiği D seçeneği doğru
yanıttır.
CEVAP D
128
MOR TEST
ÇÖZÜMLER
TEST - 5
1, 4
Iceland is one of the youngest land masses
on earth located through the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
and thus, it’s a country often home to some of
the world’s most active volcanoes. Among them,
the leading ones are Hekla, Eldgjá, Herðubreið
and Eldfell. According to science writer Alexandra
Witze, Iceland’s volcanoes have affected human
communities for more than a thousand years and
that Bárđarbunga is responsible for the largest
eruption anywhere on Earth in the last 10,000
years. 3The eruption of Laki in 1783, spreading the
biggest lava flow in recorded history and erupting
for 8 months, caused a famine that killed almost a
quarter of the Iceland’s population. Furthermore,
Laki gave off more than 100 million tons of sulfur
dioxide, dust clouds, and haze to form a dense fog
across Europe, spreading to parts of Asia and Africa
a few months later damaging crops and changing
the climate for years. 2In 2010, Eyjafjallajökull,
another volcano in the Southern of Iceland erupted
for the first time since 1821 with additional eruptions
making hundreds of people leave their homes
2
and cancelling flights across Europe. 2On 21 May
2011, this time Grímsvötn volcano which was much
more powerful than the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull activity
erupted, and caused hundreds of travel delays. Most
of the airlines started cancelling flight to England due
to the large ash cloud hurling into the atmosphere,
although experts expected no repeat of travel chaos
from the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull a year before.
1. B Soru kökünde “It stated in the passage that
Iceland ----” şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Parçada
yer alan “Iceland is one of the youngest land
masses on earth located through the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge, and thus, it’s a country often home to
some of the world’s most active volcanoes”
(Genel anlam: İzlanda yeryüzündeki en genç kara
parçalarından biridir ve bu nedenle dünyanın en
aktif volkanlarından bir kısmına ev sahipliği yapar)
ifadesinden B seçeneğinde verilen “is a geologically
new land” (Genel anlam: Jeolojik olarak yeni bir
toprak parçasıdır) ifadesine ulaşılmaktadır. Bu
nedenle doğru yanıt B seçeneğidir.
CEVAP B
2. E Soru kökünde “It is implied in the passage that
over the last decade, ----” (Son on yılda … ima
edilmiştir) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Parçada yer
alan “In 2010, Eyjafjallajökull, another volcano in
the Southern of Iceland erupted for the first time
… and cancelling flights across Europe” (Genel
anlam: 2010’da İzlanda’nın güneyinde Eyjafjallajökull
ilk kez patladı ve Avrupa’da uçuşlar iptal edildi) ve
“On 21 May 2011, this time Grímsvötn volcano
which was much more powerful than the 2010
Eyjafjallajökull activity erupted, and caused
hundreds of travel delays” (Genel anlam: 21 mayıs
2011’de bu sefer 2010 Eyjafjallajökull aktivitesinden
daha güçlü bir volkan olan Grímsvötn volkanı patladı
ve yüzlerce uçuş gecikmesine yol açtı) ifadelerinden
E seçeneğinde verilen “two major disruptions have
occurred in air travel in Iceland” (Genel anlam:
İzlanda’da hava ulaşımında son on yılda iki büyük
aksaklık meydana geldi) ifadesine ulaşılmaktadır. Bu
nedenle doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
CEVAP E
3. C Soru kökünde “It is stated in the passage that
in the 18th century,----” (18. Yüzyılda/1700’ler)
şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Parçada yer alan “The
eruption of Laki in 1783, spreading the biggest
lava flow in recorded history and erupting for
8 months, caused a famine that killed almost a
quarter of the Iceland’s population. Furthermore,
Laki gave off more than 100 million tons of sulfur
dioxide, dust clouds, and haze to form a dense
fog across Europe, spreading to parts of Asia
and Africa a few months later damaging crops
and changing the climate for years” (Genel anlam:
1783 Laki patlaması kayıtlı tarihteki en büyük lava
akışını yayarak ve 8 ay boyunca patlayarak İzlanda
nüfusunun neredeyse dörtte birini öldüren bir kıtlağa
neden oldu. Ayrıca, Laki birkaç ay içinde Asya ve
Afrika’ya yayılarak ürünlere zarar veren ve iklimi
yıllarca değiştiren ve Avrupa’da yoğun bir sis dalgası
yaratan yüz milyon tondan fazla sülfür dioksit, toz
bulutu ve pus yaydı) ifadesinden C seçeneğinde
verilen “Laki emitted a great amount of dust clouds,
and several gases reaching even to distant parts
of the world” (Genel anlam: Laki, dünyanın ücra
köşelerine bile ulaşan büyük miktarlarda toz bulutu
ve gaz yaydı) ifadesine ulaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle
doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
CEVAP C
4. D Soru kökünde “The passage is mostly about ---
-” (parçanın ana fikri) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Parçada yer alan “Iceland is one of the youngest
129
land masses on earth located through the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge, and thus, it’s a country often home
to some of the world’s most active volcanoes”
(Genel anlam: İzlanda yeryüzündeki en genç kara
parçalarından biridir ve bu nedenle dünyanın en
aktif volkanlarından bir kısmına ev sahipliği yapar)
ifadesinden ve parçanın genelinde İzlanda’daki
volkanik patlamaların sonuçlarından söz edildiği için
“volcanic eruptions and their consequences in
Iceland’s history” (Genel anlam: İzlanda tarihindeki
volkanik patlamalar ve bunların yol açtığı sonuçlar)
ifadesinin verildiği D seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP D
6
Although the consumption of meat by humans
has been regarded as creating harm and cruelty
especially for animals, it is actually a serious threat
to the whole environment. 5The production process
of animal protein consumes enormous amounts of
water, fossil fuels and soil in addition to pollution of
water and air. 5As a matter of fact, the production and
distribution course of meat requires fertilizer and fuel
usage, thereby causing emissions of greenhouse
gases, and a wide range of toxic chemicals into
air and water. According to the analysis made
by the Environmental Working Group (EWG), the
production and distribution of red meat creates 10
to 40 times as much greenhouse gas emission as
common vegetables and grains. Now, there are
almost 20 billion livestock in the world which is about
triple the number of people. 5Farming and breeding
these animals also need significant amounts of
water, most of which is used in watering the grains
by which animals are fed. The amount is nearly the
same as you could use in your house for six months
for showering. 7On the contrary, just 1% of this
quantity of water is needed to cultivate one pound
of wheat. 8Shifting to a plant-based diet or at least
diminishing the amount of meat you consume daily
would be the most beneficial option to save water.
5. D Soru kökünde “It is stated in the passage that
the consumption of meat by human beings
----” (insanların et tüketimi)şeklinde bir ifade
verilmiştir. Parçada yer alan “As a matter of fact,
the production and distribution course of
meat requires fertilizer and fuel usage, thereby
causing emissions of greenhouse gases, and
a wide range of toxic chemicals into air and
water” (Genel anlam: Aslında et üretim ve dağıtım
aşamaları gübre ve yakıt kullanımı gerektirir bu
nedenle su ve havaya fazla sayıda sera gazları,
ve zehirli kimyasal yayılımına sebep olur ) ve “The
production process of animal protein consumes
 enormous amounts of water, fossil fuels and soil in
addition to pollution of water and air” (Genel anlam:
Hayvan eti üretimi, su ve hava kirliliğine ilaveten
ciddi oranlarda su, fosil yakıtı ve toprak kullanımı
yaratır) ifadelerinden D seçeneğinde verilen “results
in air and water pollution, and overexploitation of
water” (Genel anlam: Hava ve su kirliliğine ve suyun
aşırı tüketimine yol açar) ifadesine ulaşılmaktadır.
Bu nedenle doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.
CEVAP D
6. C Soru kökünde “The main idea of the passage is
----” (ana fikir sorusu) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Parçada yer alan “Although the consumption
of meat by humans has been regarded as
creating harm and cruelty especially for animals,
it is actually a serious threat to the whole
environment” (Genel anlam: İnsanların et tüketmesi
sadece hayvanlar için zarar ve vahşet yaratıyormuş
gibi algılanmasına rağmen, bu aslında tüm çevreye
ciddi bir tehdit teşkil etmektedir) ifadesinden C
seçeneğinde verilen “the environmental harms
caused by meat production and its distribution”
(Genel anlam: Et üretimi ve dağıtımından kaynaklanan
çevresel zararlar) ifadesine ulaşılmaktadır. Bu
nedenle doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
CEVAP C
7. E Soru kökünde “We can conclude from the
passage that ----” şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Parçada yer alan “On the contrary, just 1% of
this quantity of water is needed to cultivate one
pound of wheat” (Genel anlam: Aksine, bir kilo
buğday yetiştirmek için bu suyun sadece yüzde
biri gereklidir) ifadesinden E seçeneğinde verilen
“raising animals requires a hundred times more
amount of water than growing wheat” (Genel
anlam: hayvan yetiştirmek buğday yetiştirmekten yüz
kat daha fazla su gerektirir) ifadesine ulaşılmaktadır.
Bu nedenle doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
CEVAP E
8. C Soru kökünde “It is implied in the passage that
the hazard stemming from the production and
distribution of meat ----” (et üretim ve dağıtımınının
sebep olduğu tehlike) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Parçada yer alan “Shifting to a plant-based diet
or at least diminishing the amount of meat you
consume daily would be the most beneficial
option to save water” (Genel anlam: Sebze ağırlıklı
130
bir beslenmeye geçmek, en azından günlük et tüketim
miktarını azaltmak, su israfını engellemenin en iyi
yolu olurdu) ifadesinden C seçeneğinde verilen “now
calls for an alteration from meat-based consumption
to a plant-based diet” (Genel anlam: Şimdi, et tabanlı
bir tüketimden sebze ağırlıklı bir tüketime geçiş
yapmayı gerektirmektedir) çıkarımına ulaşılmaktadır.
Bu nedenle doğru yanıt C seçeneğidir.
CEVAP C
9. E Paragrafta boşluğun sağ tarafında verilen “either
way” (her iki yolda da) ifadesi boşlukta iki unsurdan
söz edilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir. Konu
“nükleer enerji”dir. Bu nedenle “Some people
suggest nuclear power is a crucial way to cope
with climate change while others assert it is
dangerous and unnecessary” (Genel anlam:
Bazı insanlar nükleer enerjinin iklim değişimiyle baş
etmede hayati bir yol olduğunu iddia etmektedirler
oysa ki diğerleri bunun tehlikeli ve gereksiz olduğunu
belirtirler) ifadesinin verildiği E seçeneği doğru
yanıttır.
CEVAP E
10. E Paragrafın konusu “Over the past few years,
cycling has gained much more popularity
because of the News on the Internet as to its
benefits on the health” (Genel anlam: Son birkaç
yıldır bisiklete binmek, sağlığa dair faydalarını içeren
internet haberleri nedeniyle daha popüler olmuştur)
şeklinde ilk cümlede verilmiştir. Boşluktan sonra
verilen “Therefore, approximately, three million
people ride a bicycle there every month” (Genel
anlam: Bu nedenle, yaklaşık 3 milyon insan orada
her ay bisiklete binmektedir) cümlesi sorunun
çözümünde önemli bir ipucudur. Bu cümlede
boşlukta “It is among the most popular leisure
time activities in the UK” (Genel anlam: Bisiklete
binmek İngiltere’de en popüler boş vakit geçirme
aktiviteleri arasındadır) şeklinde bir ifadenin yer
alması gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu nedenle boşluğu
yapı ve anlam olarak en uygun biçimde tamamlayan
ifadenin verildiği E seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP E
11. B Paragrafın konusu genel olarak “Although
there is not any valid and definite evidence as
to the living of first humans, we can say that
in start they were a hunter-gatherer society in
which most or all food was obtained from wild
animals and plants contrary to the agricultural
 communities, which feed mainly on domesticated
species” (İlk insanların yaşam tarzlarına dair geçerli
ve kesin bir kanıt olmamasına rağmen, evcil türlerle
beslenen tarım toplumlarının aksine, başlangıçta,
yiyeceklerinin çoğunun ya da tamamının vahşi
hayvanlardan ya da bitkilerden elde edildiği avcı-
toplayıcı bir toplum olduklarını söyleyebiliriz) şeklinde
ilk cümlede verilmiştir. Ancak parçanın ilerleyen
bölümlerinde insanların avcı-toplayıcı toplum olma
özelliğinden bitki yetiştirmeye başlayıp çiftçiliğe geçiş
yaptıkları anlatılmıştır. Parçanın son cümlesi boş
bırakılmıştır. Boşluğa gelebilecek ifade insanların
tarımsal ürünlere geçiş yaptığını destekleyici nitelikte
olmalıdır. Bu nedenle “From then on, humans
settled in permanent places and made use of
agricultural product” (Genel anlam: O zamandan
itibaren insanlar kalıcı yerleşim yerlerine yerleştiler
ve tarım ürünleri kullanmaya başladılar) ifadesinin
verildiği B seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP B
12. E Paragraflarda konu ve ana fikirin ilk cümlede
verilmesi yaygındır. Fakat, bu paragrafta ikinci
cümlede kullanılan “but” (ancak) bağlacı nedeniyle
konuya bakış açısı ilk cümlede verilen olumlu
yargıdan olumsuza çekilmiştir. Paragrafın ilerleyen
14. C (I) Vitamins are organic nutrients that are found in
kısımlarında okuyucu olarak beklentimiz artık aşırı
vitamin tüketiminin olumsuz yönlerinden söz edilmesi
olacaktır. Bu nedenle vitamin ve minerallerin olumlu
yönünü ele alan “Some people believe that taking
fixed quantity of vitamins and minerals daily
contributes to a healthy diet” (Genel anlam: Bazı
insanlar, her gün düzenli olarak belirli miktarlarda
vitamin ve mineral alımının sağlıklı bir beslenmeye
katkısı olduğunu düşünmektedirler) ifadesi uygun bir
giriş cümlesi olacaktır. Doğru yanıt E seçeneğidir.
CEVAP E
13. E (I) The idea of learning during sleep was once
thought very unlikely but now it has been proved
that our brain heavily processes our memories as
we sleep. (II) They are mostly from the day before.
(III) Being unconscious during sleep doesn’t mean
that you can’t remember your memories. (IV) On the
contrary, you can strengthen previously acquired
memories while sleeping. (V) But, whether you
obtain entirely new information or the older ones is
unknown.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “The idea of learning
during sleep was once thought very unlikely
but now it has been proved that our brain
heavily processes our memories as we sleep”
131
(Genel anlam: Uykuda öğrenme fikri bir zamanlar
çok mümkün görünmemekteydi fakat şu anda
beynimizin biz uyurken anılarımızı işlemden
geçirdiği ispatlanmıştır) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir.
Bu iddianın paragrafta diğer cümleler tarafından
desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede anlam
genel olarak “They are mostly from the day
before” (Bunlar çoğunlukla bir gün öncesine aittir)
ve üçüncü cümlede anlam genel olarak “Being
unconscious during sleep doesn’t mean that
you can’t remember your memories” (Uykuda
bilinçsiz olmak anılarınızı hatırlayamayacağınız
anlamına gelmez) şeklinde verilmiştir. Dördüncü
cümlede genel olarak “On the contrary, you can
strengthen previously acquired memories while
sleeping” (Tam aksine, daha önceden kazanılan
anıları, uyurken pekiştirebilirsiniz) ve beşinci
cümlede anlam genel olarak “But, whether you
obtain entirely new information or the older ones
is unknown” (Ancak, tamamiyle yeni bilgiler mi
yoksa eskileri mi kazanıyorsunuz bilinmemektedir)
şeklinde verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın anlam
akışını bozan bir ifadenin verildiği E seçeneği doğru
yanıttır.
CEVAP E
all living tissues and cannot be manufactured by the
body. (II) They are indispensable for good health and
normal functioning of all the cells. (III) The symptoms
of a vitamin deficiency vary as to what areas of
the body the vitamin influences. (IV) But the most
important function of them is the prevention of certain
diseases called deficiency diseases from the body.
(V) Therefore, it is important to have a balanced diet
that includes a wide variety of foods to obtain all of
the vitamins you need.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “Vitamins are organic
nutrients that are found in all living tissues
and cannot be manufactured by the body”
(Genel anlam: Vitaminler, tüm yaşam formlarında
bulunan ve vücut tarafından üretilemeyen organik
besin ögeleridir) şeklinde bir ifade verilmiştir. Bu
iddianın paragrafta diğer cümleler tarafından
desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. İkinci cümlede
“They are indispensable for good health and
normal functioning of all the cells” (Genel
anlam: Vitaminler sağlık ve hücrelerin görevlerini
yapabilmeleri için vazgeçilmezdir) ve üçüncü
cümlede “The symptoms of a vitamin deficiency
vary as to what areas of the body the vitamin
influences” (Genel anlam: Vitamin eksiliğinin
belirtilileri vücutta vitaminin etkilediği bölgelere
göre değişiklik gösterir) şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir.
 Dördüncü cümlede “But the most important
function of them is the prevention of certain
diseases called deficiency diseases from the
body” (Genel anlam: Ancak, vitaminlerin en önemli
görevleri yoksunluk hastalıkları olarak adlandırılan
hastalıkların vücuda girmesini engellemektir)
vitaminlerin görevleri konusu devam etmektedir.
Beşinci cümlede “Therefore, it is important to
have a balanced diet that includes a wide variety
of foods to obtain all of the vitamins you need”
(Genel anlam: Bu nedenle, ihtiyaç duyduğunuz tüm
vitaminleri alıcağınız zengin besin çeşitliliği içeren
16. A
dengeli bir beslenmeye sahip olmanız önemlidir)
şeklinde son ifade verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın
anlam akışını bozan cümlenin verildiği C seçeneği
doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP C
15. B (I) Fungi are multicellular eukaryotic organisms
whose cells are closely combined with each other in
a way unlike those of other multicellular living things.
(II) Fungi started out 2,400 years ago as a single
spore invisible to the naked eye. (III) For example,
the nuclei formations of cells which can be observed
on plants and animals are not visible in fungi. (IV)
However, similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs,
namely they obtain their food by absorbing dissolved
molecules. (V) They achieve this by secreting
digestive enzymes into their environment.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “Fungi are multicellular
eukaryotic organisms whose cells are closely
combined with each other in a way unlike those
of other multicellular living things” (Genel
anlam: Mantarlar diğer çok hücreli canlıların aksine
hücreleri birbirlerine farklı bir şekilde bağlanan çok
hücreli ökaryotik organizmalardır) şeklinde bir ifade
verilmiştir. Bu iddianın paragrafta diğer cümleler
tarafından desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. İkinci
cümlede “Fungi started out 2,400 years ago
as a single spore invisible to the naked eye”
(Genel anlam: Mantarlar çıplak göze görünmeyen
tek bir spor olarak 2400 yıl önce ortaya çıktılar)
ve üçüncü cümlede “For example, the nuclei
formations of cells which can be observed on
plants and animals are not visible in fungi”
(Genel anlam: Örneğin, bitkilerde ve hayvanlarda
gözlenebilen çekirdek özelliklerine mantarlarda
rastlanmaz) şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir. Dördüncü
cümlede “However, similar to animals, fungi are
heterotrophs, namely they obtain their food by
absorbing dissolved molecules” (Genel anlam:
Ancak hayvanlara benzer bir biçimde mantarlar
da heterotrofturlar yani yiyeceklerini çözünmemiş
132
moleküllerden özümserler) şeklinde “mantarlar
ve özellikleri” konusu devam etmektedir. Beşinci
cümlede “They achieve this by secreting
digestive enzymes into their environment” (Genel
anlam: Mantarlar bunu çevrelerine sindirim enzimleri
yayarak başarırlar) şeklinde son ifade verilmiştir. Bu
nedenle paragrafın anlam akışını bozan bir ifadenin
verildiği B seçeneği doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP B
(I) Green plants have cell walls and
characteristically obtain most of their energy from
sunlight through photosynthesis. (II) Plants, in
general, can be classified under two categories;
algae, and continental. (III) Algae are marine
organisms and take the water, oxygen, and even
mechanical support directly from their habitat. (IV)
On the contrary, continental plants face a great
number of obstacles to survive. (V) Their body
tissues and reproductive organs should be protected
against drying while extracting water and minerals
from the soil.
Paragrafta ilk cümlede “Green plants have cell
walls and characteristically obtain most of their
energy from sunlight through photosynthesis”
(Genel anlam: Yeşil bitkilerin hücre duvarları vardır
ve karakteristik olarak enerjilerinin çoğunu fotosentez
yoluyla gün ışığından alırlar) şeklinde bir ifade
verilmiştir. Bu iddianın paragrafta diğer cümleler
tarafından desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. İkinci
cümlede “Plants, in general, can be classified
under two categories; algae, and continental”
(Genel anlam: Bitkiler genel olarak iki kategoriye
ayrılabilirler; algler ve karasal bitkiler) ve üçüncü
cümlede “Algae are marine organisms and take
the water, oxygen, and even mechanical support
directly from their habitat” (Genel anlam: Algler
deniz organizmalarıdır ve suyu, oksijeni ve hatta
mekanik desteği direkt olarak yaşam alanlarından
alırlar) şeklinde ifadeler verilmiştir. Dördüncü
cümlede “On the contrary, continental plants face
a great number of obstacles to survive” (Genel
anlam: Aksine, karasal bitkilerin hayatta kalmaları
için birçok zorlukla yüzleşmeleri gerekmektedir )
ifadesi verilmiştir. Beşinci cümlede “Their body
tissues and reproductive organs should be
protected against drying while extracting water
and minerals from the soil” (Genel anlam: Karasal
bitkilerin dokuları ve üreme organları topraktan su ve
mineralleri çekerken kurumaya karşı korunmalıdırlar)
şeklinde son ifade verilmiştir. Bu nedenle paragrafın
anlam akışını bozan bir ifadenin verildiği A seçeneği
doğru yanıttır.
CEVAP A
 CEVAP ANAHTARLARI
SARI TEST 1 SARI TEST 2 SARI TEST 3 SARI TEST 4 SARI TEST 5
Sayfa 39 Sayfa 42 Sayfa 45 Sayfa 48 Sayfa 51
1. A 7. D 1. C 7. B 1. B 7. D 1. C 7. A 1. A 7. A
2. C 8. E 2. D 8. C 2. E 8. A 2. D 8. E 2. C 8. E
3. B 9. E 3. D 9. E 3. B 9. B 3. E 9. C 3. B 9. B
4. D 10. C 4. C 10. C 4. B 10. E 4. B 10. A 4. E 10. A
5. B 11. C 5. A 11. C 5. A 11. C 5. B 11. B 5. B 11. B
6. C 12. C 6. E 12. E 6. C 12. A 6. C 12. C 6. E 12. C

KIRMIZI TEST 1 KIRMIZI TEST 2 KIRMIZI TEST 3 KIRMIZI TEST 4 KIRMIZI TEST 5
Sayfa 54 Sayfa 57 Sayfa 60 Sayfa 63 Sayfa 66
1. C 7. D 1. E 7. B 1. E 7. C 1. A 7. E 1. C 7. B
2. B 8. E 2. A 8. C 2. E 8. B 2. B 8. B 2. C 8. C
3. A 9. B 3. B 9. D 3. C 9. D 3. C 9. E 3. A 9. D
4. D 10. C 4. D 10. C 4. C 10. C 4. D 10. D 4. E 10. D
5. B 11. D 5. B 11. D 5. D 11. A 5. A 11. C 5. A 11. C
6. B 12. B 6. A 12. E 6. B 12. E 6. E 12. D 6. D 12. D

YEŞİL TEST 1 YEŞİL TEST 2 YEŞİL TEST 3 YEŞİL TEST 4 YEŞİL TEST 5
Sayfa 69 Sayfa 73 Sayfa 77 Sayfa 81 Sayfa 85
1. A 9. D 1. D 9. B 1. C 9. E 1. A 9. A 1. E 9. E
2. D 10. D 2. D 10. B 2. B 10. B 2. C 10. D 2. B 10. E
3. C 11. E 3. E 11. E 3. D 11. E 3. D 11. C 3. C 11. B
4. A 12. A 4. D 12. E 4. B 12. D 4. E 12. B 4. A 12. C
5. E 13. B 5. D 13. C 5. C 13. C 5. D 13. C 5. C 13. B
6. B 14. D 6. D 14. C 6. E 14. E 6. C 14. C 6. B 14. E
7. E 15. B 7. B 15. B 7. A 15. C 7. E 15. B 7. E 15. D
8. A 16. A 8. C 16. A 8. B 16. C 8. A 16. C 8. E 16. E

MOR TEST 1 MOR TEST 2 MOR TEST 3 MOR TEST 4 MOR TEST 5
Sayfa 89 Sayfa 93 Sayfa 97 Sayfa 101 Sayfa 105
1. E 9. B 1. A 9. C 1. B 9. D 1. B 9. C 1. B 9. E
2. B 10. B 2. D 10. A 2. A 10. D 2. A 10. E 2. E 10. E
3. D 11. A 3. C 11. C 3. C 11. A 3. E 11. D 3. C 11. B
4. C 12. C 4. D 12. B 4. E 12. D 4. C 12. B 4. D 12. E
5. D 13. B 5. B 13. D 5. B 13. C 5. C 13. B 5. D 13. E
6. C 14. C 6. B 14. A 6. D 14. E 6. E 14. B 6. C 14. C
7. B 15. E 7. E 15. D 7. B 15. C 7. D 15. A 7. E 15. B
8. A 16. D 8. D 16. C 8. E 16. E 8. C 16. D 8. C 16. A

133
 YDS (KPDS/ÜDS)’DE EN ÇOK ÇIKAN KELİMELER Accurately: (adv) tam olarak, doğru olarak, kesin olarak
(exactly, correctly, flawlessly)
Accusation: (n) suçlama (charge)
A Accuse: (v) suçlamak (charge with)
Abandon: (v) terketmek, vazgeçmek (leave, give up) Accustom: (v) alıştırmak, hazırlamak (train, familiarize,
Abide: (v) uymak (obey, comply with, endure) habituate)

Ablaze: (adj) ışıl ışıl, pırıl pırıl, hararetli (flaming, burning, Acknowledge: (v) kabul etmek (admit)
on fire, alight, illuminated) Acquire: (v) edinmek, sahip olmak, kazanmak (get,
Abolish: (v) yürürlükten kaldırmak, iptal etmek, ortadan obtain, receive, attain)
kaldırmak (destroy, cancel, eliminate, get rid of) Acquisition: (n) öğrenme, edinim (gain, achievement,
Abolition: (n) fesetmek, kaldırmak (annulment, accomplishment)
invalidation, cancellation) Acute: (adj) keskin, ciddi (sharp)
Abortion: (n) kürtaj, çocuk aldırma Adapt to: (v) adapte olmak, alışmak, değiştirmek (adjust,
Abound: (v) bol olmak (be plentiful) modify, alter)

Abridge: (v) kısaltmak, azaltmak, özetlemek (shorthen, Additional: ilave, ekstra (extra, spare, further)
cut down, abbreviate) Adequate: (adj) yeterli, uygun, elverişli (enough,
Abrogate: (v) yürürlükten kaldırmak, son vermek (offically sufficient)
end a law) Adequately: yeteri kadar, layıkıyla (abundantly,
Absolutely: (adv) tamamiyle (completely) acceptably)

Absorb: (v) absorbe etmek, anlamak, içine çekmek (take Adjourn: (v) ertelemek, ara vermek (break up)
in, assimilate, suck) Adjust: (v) uydurmak (adapt)
Absorption: (n) içine alma, kendini verme (involment, Admission: (n) giriş ücreti, kabul, itiraf (entrance fee,
consume, digestion) acceptance, confession)

Abstain: (v) geri durmak, çekimser kalmak, reddetmek
(refrain, decline, refuse, reject)
Abundance: (n) bereket, bolluk, zenginlik (plenty,
richness, full)
Abundant: (adj) bol (plentiful, ample)
Adopt: (v) kabul etmek, benimsemek (accept)
Adoption: evlat edinme, kabul etme, benimseme
(acceptance, endorsement, confirmation)
Adore: (adj) tapmak, bayılmak, çok sevmek (love, admire,
worship)

Accelerate: (v) gaza basmak, hızlandırmak, çabuk-
laştırmak (speed up, quicken, step up)
Acceleration: (n) hızlanma (speeding up)
Access: (n) giriş, erişme, yararlanma olanağı
Accessible: (adj) ulaşılabilir, erişilebilir (available,
reachable)
Adversary: (n) düşman, rakip, karşı kimse, hasım (foe,
enemy)
Adversely: (adv) olumsuz olarak (badly, negatively)
Advert: (v) bahsetmek (mention)
Advert: (n) ilan, reklam (advertisement)
Affiliate: (v) birleştirmek (combine)

Acclimatise: (n) iklim (climate) Affirm: (v) doğrulamak (confirm)

Accommodate: (v) yer sağlamak, vermek (oblige) Affluence: (n) bolluk, çokluk, zenginlik, sevet (richness)

Accompany: (v) eşlik etmek (go along with) Affluent: (adj) zengin, varlıklı (rich, wealthy)

Accomplish: başarmak, tamamlamak, sonuçlandırmak Agitate: (v) çalkalamak, karıştırmak (arouse, stir up,
(achieve, succeed, reach, gain) stimulate)

Accomplishment: (n) başarı (achievement) Ailment: (n) hastalık, keyifsizlik, kırgınlık (illness,
sickness, disease)
Accord: (n) uzlaşma (agreement)
Alert: (adj) dikkat (warn)
Accordingly: (adv) ona göre (thus)
Alienate: (v) soğutmak, yabancılaştırmak (be foreign, be
Accumulate: (v) birikmek, biriktirmek (gather, pile up)
unfamiliar)
Accumulation: (n) birikinti, yığın (gathering, collection,
Alienate: (v) yabancılaştırmak, soğutmak (estange)
mass)
Alienate: (v) devretmek, yabancılaştırmak, aralarını
Accurate: (adj) tam, kesin, doğru (exact)
açmak, soğutmak (estrange)

134
Align: (v) sıralamak, dizmek (line up, range) Appropriately: (adv) uygun olarak, doğru biçimde
Alleviate: (v) yatıştırmak, hafifletmek, dindirmek (relieve) (suitably, accordingly, properly)

Alliance: (n) birleşme, birlik, anlaşma, ittifak, bağ (union) Approval: (n) onay, izin, rıza (agreement, acceptance,
consent)
Allocate: (v) tahsis etmek, ayırmak
Apt: (adj) uygun, yerinde (liable)
Allure: (n) çekicilik, cazibe (tempt)
Arguably: tartışılır şekilde, muhtemelen, kanıtlanabilir
Almost: (adv) az daha, hemen hemen, neredeyse
şekilde (possibly, potentially, conceivably)
(nearly, about)
Ascribe: (v) yüklemek, üstüne atmak, atfetmek (impute)
Alteration: (n) değişiklik, başkalaşma, tadilat (change,
modification, transformation) Assert: (v) iddia etmek, ileri sürmek, hakkını savunmak
(state firmly, affirm, maintain, put forward)
Alternatively: (adv) alternatif olarak, karşılıklı, seçimlik
olarak (instead, or else, in turn) Assess: (v) değer biçmek, değerlendirmek, takdir etmek
(measure, evaluate, valuate)
Ambassador: (n) büyükelçi, elçi, temsilci (envoy)
Assign: (v) atamak, devretmek, dağıtmak (apportion,
Ambiguous: (adj) birden fazla anlamı olan, belirsiz
allocate, distribute)
(vague, inclear)
Assigned: (adj) atanmış, tahsis edilmiş (attached,
Ambition: (n) hırs, istek, heves (desire, enthusiasm,
appointed)
eagerness)
Associate: (v) birleştirmek, ilişkilendirmek, bağdaştırmak
Amenable: (adj) uygun, uyumlu, yumuşak başlı
(combine, connect, conjoin)
(accommodating, flexible, open)
At fault: (adj) hatalı, kusurlu (deficiency, error)
Amende: (v) değiştirmek, düzeltmek (improve, correct)
Attachment: (n) ek, alaka, bağlılık (link, fastening, joint)
Amicable: (n) dostça (peaceful, friendly)
Attain: (v) elde etmek, erişmek (achieve, reach)
Ample: (adj) bol, yeterli, iri, geniş (plenty of, abundant,
enough, broad) Attainable: (adj) elde edilebilir, ulaşılabilir, kazanılabilir
(accessible, feasible, avaliable)
Angle: (adj) açılı köşeli (lean)
Attentively: (adv) dikkatlice (carefully, watchfully,
Animated: (adj) canlı, hareketli (lively)
concernedly)
Annotate: (v) açıklayıcı notlar koymak, çıkmalar yapmak
Attentiveness: (n) nezaket, dikkat, incelik (consideration,
(footnote, gloss)
alertness, diligence)
Annually: (adv) yıllık olarak (happening every year)
Attractive: (adj) alımlı, çekici, cazibeli (pretty, handsome,
Antagonize: (v) düşman etmek (antagonise)
charming)
Anticipate: (v) ummak (expect)
Attribute: (v) dayandırmak, atfetmek, yüklemek (charge,
Anxiety: (n) kaygı, endişe (worry, concern) assign, ascribe)
Anxious: (adj) endişeli, kaygılı (worried, eager) Available: (adj) mevcut, uygun, elverişli (convenient,
Appeal: (v) ilgisini çekmek, hitap etmek, rica etmek, accessible, obtainable)
hoşuna gitmek, cezbetmek (attract, interest, charm) Avert: (v) çevirmek, başka tarafa çevirmek, önlemek,
Appetite: (n) iştah, istek, arzu (desire) gidermek

Applause: (n) alkış (clat, cheers) Avid: (adj) gayretli, hevesli, istekli (zealous, greedy)

Apply: (v) müracaat etmek, uygulamak, etkilemek Avidity: (n) gayret, heves, hırs (eagerness,
(administer, join, affect) enthusiastically)

Appraisal: (n) değer biçme, değerlendirme, değer tahmini Avoid: (v) sakınmak, korunmak, engellemek (keep off,
(assessment) escape, prevent)

Appreciation: (n) minnetkarlık, takdir (enjoyment, Aware: (adj) farkında, tetikte, uyanık (alert, alive,
admiration) conscious)

Apprehend: (v) anlamak, kavramak (understand) Awkward: (adj) hantal, sakar, beceriksiz (clumsy,

Apprehension: endişe, tutuklama, görüş (dread, arrest, inexpert, unskilful)

understanding) Awkwardly: (adv) tuhaf bir şekilde, acemice, beceriksizce

Apprehensive: (adj) korkan, endişeli, kaygılı (discerning, (unskillfully, clumsily)

worried)

135
B C
Banish: (v) kovmak, sürgün (exile, deport)
Bankrupt: (v) iflas etmek (ruin)
Barely: (adv) nadiren, zar zor (hardly, scarcely, just)
Barren: (adj) verimsiz çorak (sterille, infertile)
Based on: (adj) dayalı (depend on)
Bashful: (adj) çekingen, utangaç (shy, embarrased,
timid)
Be addicted to: (v) müptela olmak, bağımlı olmak
Be delighted: (adj) hoşnut, keyifli (happy, pleased)
Be entitled to: (v)-e hakkı olmak
Be made up of: (v)-den oluşmak
Be opposed to: (v) -e karşı olmak (be against)
Be promoted: (v) terfi etmek, terfi ettirilmek
Beneficial: (adj) yararlı (useful)
Benefit: (n) çıkar, fayda, imtiyaz (advantage, profit,
welfare)
Betray: (v) ihanet etmek, ifşa etmek, açığa vurmak
(reveal, denounce, let down)
Bid: (v) fiyat attırmak, teklif etmek (ask, request, attempt)
Bilaterally: (adv) iki taraflı (mutually)
Blame for: (v) -den sorumlu tutmak (responsible for,
consider)
Blast: (n) darbe, cümbüş, patlama (explosion, detonation,
crash)
Bleak: (adj) tatsız, soğuk (cheerless, dreary)
Bless: (v) kutsamak, takdis etmek, kutsal saymak
(consecrate, hallow)
Blossom: (v) gelişmek, çiçek açmak (develop, mature,
flower)
Blunder: (v) gaf, gaf yapmak (misjudge)
Boastful: (adj) kendini beğenmiş, kibirli, palavracı (show
off, bragging, ostentatious)
Bother: (v) dert etmek, can sıkmak (disturb, inconvenience)
Breed: (v) üretmek, yetiştirmek, yavrulamak (produce)
Brief: (a) kısa, kısa ve öz, özlü, özet (abrupt, bluff, blunt,
boiled down, breviloquent, brusque)
Brief: (adj) özet, kısa, talimat (short, compressed,
abstract)
Briskly: (adv) hareketli bir şekilde, canlı bir şekilde
(energetically, quickly)
Bruise: (v) yaralamak, zedelemek, solmak (discolor,
blacken, mark, belimish, crush, hurt, injure)
Bruise: (n) yara, ezik, çürük (contusion, discoloration,
black eye, mark, injury) )
Brutally: (adv) vahşice (cruelly, without remorse)
Bump: (v) vurma, toslama (şiş, tümsek (knock, strike, hit)
Bustling: (adj) telaşlı, hareketli, canlı (lively)
Buttress: (n) destek, ayak
Buttress: (v) desteklik etmek, desteklemek (sustain)
By means of: (adv) vasıtasıyla
136
Calamity: (n) afet, facia, felaket (disaster, catastrophe)
Candidate: (n) aday, talip (nominee, office-seeker,
competitor)
Candidly: (adv) açıkca, dürüstçe (frankly, openly,
truthfully)
Capable: (adj) yetenekli (able, competent)
Capsize: (v) alabora olmak, devirmek (overturn, keel
over)
Care: (n) kaygı, aldırış, endişe, merak, tasa, üzüntü, itina,
özen, dikkat, himaye, bakım, ilgi, yapılması gereken
şey, vecibe, borç (affliction, aggravation, alarm,
anguish, annoyance, anxiety)
Care: (n) bakım, ilgi, dikkat (cure, aid, remedy)
Carefree: (adj) kaygısız, tasasız (nonchalant)
Catastrophe: (n) yıkım, facia (disaster, accident)
Ceaselessly: (adv) ara vermeden, durmaksızın (nonstop,
endlessly)
Charge: (v) görevlendirmek, suçlamak (fill, load)
Cheat: (v) kandırmak, aldatmak (defraud, mislead)
Chiefly: (adv) başlıca, en çok (mainly)
Chilly: (adj) soğuk, serin (cool, cold)
Circumstance: (n) vaka, durum, hal (situation, condition,
status)
Cite: (v) alıntı yapmak, bahsetmek, aktarmak (mention,
refer, quote)
Claw: (n) pençe (talon, nail)
Clumsy: (adv) beceriksiz, sakar (awkward)
Clutch: (v) kavramak (snatch, grab)
Cohesion: (n) bağlılık, anlam bütünlüğü, birleşme
(adherence, attachment, union)
Coincide: (v) rastgelme, çakışma (coexist, harmonize)
Coincidence: (n) raslantı, tesadüf, denk gelme
(collabortaion, accordance, conformity)
Collaborate: (v) iş birliği yapmak
Collaboration: (n) işbirliği, uyum, birlik (coaction,
collaborationism, quislingism)
Collapse: (v) çökmek
Colleague: (n) meslektaş (team-mate, fellow-worker)
Colleague: (n) iş arkadaşı (workmate, companion)
Collide: (v) çarpışmak
Collision: (n) çarpışma
Combination: (n) birleştirme, düzen, karma (mixture,
unification, order)
Commence: (v) başlamak, başlatmak (begin)
Commend: (v) övmek (praise)
Common: (adj) ortak, yaygın, kamusal (avegare, casual,
daily)
Commonplace: (adj) bayağı, klişe, olağan (usual, typical,
ordinary)
Compassionately: (adv) merhametli bir şekilde (kindly,
tenderly)
Compatible: (adj) uyumlu, bağdaşan, kabili telif
(adaptable, appropriate, cooperative)
Compel: (v) zorlamak, zorunda bırakmak (oblige)
Compel: (v) mecbur etmek, gerektirmek, ilgi çekmek
(force, obligate, dominate)
Compensation: (n) bedel, tazminat, telafi (repayment,
amends)
Competent: (adj) yetenekli (adequate)
Complacently: (adv) ilgisizce kendinden emin bir şekilde,
sakince (easy-going, confident, egoistic)
Complain: (v) şikayet etmek, yakınmak, ağlamak
(grumble, moan, cry)
Completely: (adv) adamakıllı, büsbütün, düpedüz
(perfectly, fully, totally)
Completion: bitiş, bütünleme, yerine getirme (conclusion,
fulfilment, accomplishment)
Compliance: (n) riayet, uysallık, razı olma (abidance,
conformity, conformation)
Comply: (v) uymak, boyun eğmek (obey)
Comprehensive: (adj) geniş, kapsamlı, anlayışlı, etraflı,
idrak edebilen (extensive, complete, inclusive)
Compromise: (n) uzlaşma
Compulsive: (adj) zorunlu (determined)
Compulsively: (adv) dürtü etkisiyle, zorlayıcı olarak
(obsessively, obsessionally)
Compulsory: (adj) zorunlu, mecburi, zorlayıcı (mandatory)
Conceal: (v) gizli tutmak, örtbas etmek, saklamak (hide,
obscure, mask, cover)
Concern: (n) ilgi, endişe, alaka (interest, care, anxiety)
Concerned: (adj) kaygılı (anxious)
Concisely: (adv) az ve öz, kısaca, özetle (briefly, shortly,
in brief)
Conclusion: (n) sonuç, karar (deduction, decision,
resolution)
Conclusively: (adv) kesin olarak, inandırıcı bir şekilde,
ikna edici bir şekilde (definitively, convincingly,
decisively)
Condemn: (v) suçlamak, ayıplamak, kınamak (censure,
disapprove, blame)
Conditionally: (adv) meşruten, şarta bağlı olarak, yerine
göre
Conducive: (adj) olanak sağlayan, yol açan, vesile olan
(contributing, contributive, tributary)
Conduct: (v) idare etmek, yönlendirmek, rehberlik etmek,
yönetmek, iletmek, geçirmek (administer, control,
manage, care, carrying on, channels, charge)
Confession: (n) itiraf, teslim, günah çıkarma (admission,
affirmation, assertion)
137
Confidently: (adv) ataklıkla, emin olarak, güvenle
(positively, assuredly)
Confinement: (n) hapis, kısıtlama (restriction)
Confirm: (v) doğrulamak, teyit etmek (approve, admit)
Confirmation: (n) teyit, onaylama, kanıt (approval,
agreement, acceptance)
Conflict: (n) savaş, uyuşmazlık (disaggrement)
Confront: (v) yüz yüze getirmek, yüzleştirmek,
karşılaştırmak, karşı koymak (face up)
Confrontation: (v) yüzleştirme, yüzleşme, karşılaşma
(encounter)
Congest: (v) doldurmak, tıkanmak (clog)
Consecutive: (adj) ardışık, ard arda, peş peşe (serial,
straight, sequent)
Consecutively: (adv) ard arda, peşpeşe (following,
continuously, successively)
Considerably: (adv) bir hayli, oldukça, önemli ölçüde
(noticeably, quite, substantially)
Considerate: (adj) hürmetkar, anlayışlı, saygılı (helpful,
thoughtful, kind)
Consideration: (n) düşünce, saygı, değerlendirme
(application, attention, regard)
Consistent: (adj) sürekli, tutarlı bağdaşır
Consolidate: (v) takviye etmek, vadesini uzatmak,
sağlamlaştırmak (add to, combine, strengthen)
Consortium: (n) birlik, konsorsiyum (syndicate)
Contradict: (v) tersini söylemek, çelişkiye düşürmek (say
the opposite)
Contrary: (adj) tersine, zıt (opposite)
Constantly: (adj) kararlı, sadık, vefalı (invariably)
Constantly: (adv) sıkça, sürekli, devamlı (continuously,
permanently)
Constraint: (v) sınırlama, kısıtlama (limit, restrict)
Consult: (v) başvurmak, danışmak, akıl almak (confer,
disscus, talk over)
Consume: (v) tüketmek, bitirmek, çürütmek (absorb,
finish, lavish)
Contaminate: (v) kirletmek, zehirlemek, bozmak (sully)
Contemplate: (v) bakmak, tasarlamak (look, consider,
examine)
Contemporary: (adj) çağdaş (modern, present, latest)
Contribute: (v) katkıda bulunmak, payı olmak, bağışlamak
(provide, donate, afford)
Contribution: (n) katkı
Controversial: (adj) tartışmalı (disputable, debatable)
Controversially: (adv) çekişmeli olarak, ihtilaflı bir şekilde,
su götürür bir biçimde (polemically, contentiously,
disputably)
Convict: (v) suçlu bulmak, mahkum etmek (sentence,
imprison)
Cornerstone: (n) köşe taşı, temel (basic, importance)
Correlation: (n) bağlılık, ilişki, münasebet (alternation,
complement, interaction)
Correspond to: (v) benzemek, bağdaşmak (match, be
similar to)
Corroding: (n) yıkıcı (corrosion)
Counterbalance: (n) eş ağırlık, karşılık (opposition)
Counterbalance: (v) karşılamak (offset)
Counterpart: (n) karşılık, eş, akran, emsâl, benzer
(similitude)
Course: (n) rota, ders, seyir (route, class, flow)
Courteously: (adv) nazik bir şekilde, kibarca (politely,
civilly, kindly)
Cradle: (n) beşik, başlangıç (cot, crib, bed, source, origin,
spring)
Cradle: (v) korumak, sakınmak, beşikte sallamak (hold,
support, rock, lull, nurse, nurture)
Crease: (v) buruşmak, kırışmak (fold, wrinkle, pleat)
Creep: (v) sürünmek (crawl, drag)
Cripple: (v) sakatlamak, baltalamak (disable)
Crooked: (adj) eğri, çarpık, virajlı, hilekâr (uneven,
irregular, angled, dishonest)
Crossover: (n) köprü, geçit (bridge)
Crude: (adj) ham, işlenmemiş, kaba, nezaketsiz, ilkel
(unrefined)
Cuddle: (v) sarılmak, kucaklamak (hug, embrace, hold)
Culminate: (v) doruğa ulaşmak, sonuçlanmak (climax)
Culprit: (n) sanık, suçlu (accused, prisoner)
Cultivate: (v) ekip biçmek, yetiştirmek (farm, grow, plant,
harvest)
Curb: (v) kontrol etmek, dizginlemek (check, restrain,
repress)
Current: (adj) güncel, yaygın (up-to-date, common)
D Denounce: (v) kınamak, suçlamak (implicate)
Damp: (adj) nemli (clammy)
Damp: (v) nemlendirmek, ıslatmak (mute)
Dazzle: (v) göz kamaştırmak (impress)
Dazzling: (adj) baş döndürücü, göz kamaştırıcı (amazing,
sparkling, impressive)
Debate: (n) tartışma (discussion)
Debate: (v) tartışmak, görüşmek (dispute, argue)
Deceit: (n) hilekarlık, kazık, kötüye kullanma (fraud,
trickery, dishonesty)
Deceitful: (adj) hileci, dolandırıcı, güvenilmez (dishonest,
deceptive, insincere)
Deceive: (v) aldatmak, kandırmak, kaybetmek (cheat,
delude, mislay)
138
Decently: (adv) terbiyeli bir şekilde, düzgünce
(respectively, properly)
Deceptively: (adv) aldatıcı şekilde (deceivingly, shrewdly)
Decisive: (adj) kesin, sonuca götüren, belirleyici (certain,
conclusive, critical)
Decisively: (adv) kararı bir biçimde, muhakkak, kesinlikle
(resolutely, firmly, obstinately)
Decline: (v) reddetmek, küçülmek, sapmak (refuse,
shrink, turn down)
Dedicate: (v) adamak, ithaf etmek, söz vermek (donate,
devote, pledge)
Dedicated: (adj) kendini adamış (devoted)
Deduce: (v) anlamak, çıkarsamak, sonucuna varmak
(conclude, infer, understand)
Defer: (v) ağırdan alma, erteleme (delay, suspend)
Deficiency: (n) yoksunluk, gereksinim, kusur, noksan,
eksiklik, yetersizlik, açık, eksik, gerilik, hesap açığı
(absence, dearth, defalcation, default, defect)
Deforest: (v) ağaçları yok etmek, ormansızlaştırmak
(disforest)
Delay: (v) gecikmek, ertelemek, mani olmak (suspend,
postpone, hinder)
Deliberate: (adj) kasti, planlanmış, düşünülmüş
(international, planned, considered)
Deliberately: (adv) bilerek, isteyerek (intentionally,
consciously)
Deluge: (n) sel baskını (great flood)
Demolish: (v) yıkmak, tahrip etmek, yok etmek (destroy,
pull down, flatten)
Demonstration: (n) gösteri, ispat, örnekleme (displsy,
exhibition, illustration)
Demonstrative: (adj) kanıtlayan, belirtici, duygulu
(expansive, emotional, indicate )
Denial: (n) inkâr, yalanlama, geri çevirme (refutation,
contradiction, negation)
Density: (n) kalınlık, yoğunluk, sıklık, sıkışıklık
(denseness)
Departure: (n) ayrılış, değişiklilk, gidiş (leaving, taking of)
Deplete: (n) azaltma, tükenme, boşaltma (empty, drain,
exhaust, run down)
Deplete: (v) tüketmek, bitirmek (consume)
Deprive: (v) yoksun bırakmak (to prevent from sth)
Deputy: (n) vekil, milletvekili (substitute, replacement)
Derelict: (adj) terk edilmiş, sahipsiz (abandoned,
desolate, deserted)
Descend: (v) alçalmak, çökmek (drop, deteriorate, go
down)
Describe: (v) betimlemek, vasıflandırmak, izah etmek
(narrate, depict, identify)
Design: (v) tasarlamak, plan yapmak, çizmek (plan, draw
up, visualize)
Desperately: (adv) umutsuzca, çaresizce, son derece
(severely, badly, fiercely)
Despise: (v) hor görmek, küçümsemek (scorn, look down on)
Destination: amaç, hedef, varış noktası (goal, target,
end)
Destructive: (adj) yıkıcı, zararlı, tahrip edici (harmful,
injurious, dangerous)
Detain: (v) alıkoymak, tutmak (hold up, retard, hinder)
Deteriorate: (v) bozulmak, kötüleşmek, fenalaşmak
(decline)
Determination: (n) kararlılık, istikrar, azim (certainty,
decision, assurance)
Determine: (v) belirlemek, tayin etmek, tanımlamak
(settle, decide, find out)
Detest: (v) nefret etmek, tiksinmek (hate, loathe)
Detriment: (n) zarar, hasar, ziyan (damage, harm,
disadvantage)
Devastating: (adj) yok edici, yıkıcı, çok iyi (crushing,
mordant, savage)
Development: (n) gelişme, ilerleme, kalkınma (growth,
improvement, advancement)
Devise: (v) tasarlamak, planlamak, icat etmek, bulmak
(concoct)
Devote: (v) adamak, kurban etmek (dedicate, sacrifice)
Devote: (v) adamak, kendini vermek (dedicate,
consecrate, give oneself)
Devout: (adj) içten, samimi, yürekten (sincere)
Dictate: (v) dikte etmek (command/ order)
Digest: (v) sindirmek, hazmetmek, kavramak (assimilate)
Dignity: (n) sakinlik (calm behavıour)
Dilemma: (n) ikilem (predicament, quandary)
Diligently: (adv) özenle, itinayla (carefully, meticulously)
Diminish: (v) azaltmak, küçültmek, eksiltmek (decrease,
lessen)
Disaster: (n) afet, felaket, talihsizlik (catastrophe,
calamity, misfortune)
Disconsolate: (adj) çok üzüntülü, kederli (ınconsolable)
Discourage: (v) cesaretini kırmak, hayal kırıklığına
uğratmak, gözünü korkutmak (warn, disappoint,
deter)
Discourteous: (adj) kaba, saygısız (rude, impolite,
disrespectful)
Discover: (v) keşfetmek, ortaya çıkarmak, rastlamak (find
out, search out, identify)
Discrepancy: (n) çelişki (difference, dissimilarity)
Discretion: (n) ağız sıkılılığı, basiret, erginlik (diplomacy,
wisdom, prudence)
139
Disdainful: (adj) kibirli, küçümseyen (scornful, superior,
proud)
Disembark: (v) karaya ayak basmak, inmek (land, arrive)
Disentangle: (v) genişlemek, gevşemek (loose,
disconnect)
Disillusionment: (n) gözünü açma, gerçekleri görmesini
sağlama (disenchantment)
Dismantle: (v) sökmek, parçalamak, yürürlükten
kaldırmak (take apart)
Dismay: (v) dehşete düşmek, korkmak (alarm, daunt,
frighten)
Dismissal: (n) reddetme, af, azat (reject, disregard)
Disparaging: (adj) kötülemek, aşağı görmek (mocking,
scornful, insulting)
Dispatch: (v) göndermek, transfer etmek, idam etmek
(send, transmit, kill, execute)
Dispel: (v) dağıtmak, defetmek (disperse, drive out)
Dispersal: (n) dağılma, yayılma, dağıtım (dispersion)
Display: (v) göstermek, sergilemek, afişe etmek (show,
exhibit, put forth)
Disproportionate: (adj) orantısız, aşırı (unequal, uneven,
excessive)
Dispute: (n) tartışma, ihtilaf, münakaşa, kavga (argument)
Dispute: (v) tartışmak, çekişmek, karşı koymak, itiraz
etmek (debate)
Disrupt: (v) aksatmak, bozmak, dağılmak (disorder,
intrerrupt, disorganize)
Distillation: (n) damıtma (destillment)
Distinction: (n) farklılık, ayrım (difference)
Distraction: (n) dikkat dağıtma, karışıklık (confusion)
Disturbance: (n) kargaşa, endişe, bozulma (disruption,
disorder, interference)
Divert: (v) yön değiştirmek, ayırmak (deflect, redirect,
avert)
Divulge: (v) ifşa etmek, açığa vurmak (disclose, reveal,
leak)
Dominantly: (adv) baskın olarak, zorla, otoriter bir
biçimde (principally, mainly, prevailingly)
Dotty: (adj) kaçık, çılgın (crazy)
Doubt: (n) şüphe, kuşku (suspicion, mistrust)
Downfall: (n) batış, çökme, düşüş (fall, ruin, collapse,
destruction)
Drag: (v) çekme, sürükleme (pull, draw, haul)
Drain: (adj) atık, boş, lağım (empty, remove, evacuate,
strain, exhaust, consume, leak)
Dramatically: (adv) dramatik bi şekilde (strikingly,
significantly)
Draught: (n) kıtlık, kuraklık (dryness, shortage)
Drift: (n) birikinti (accumulation), (v) sürüklenmek (float)
Drowsy: (adj) uykulu, uyku veren (sleepy, tired)
Dump: (v) boşaltmak, atmak (throw, empty out, drop)
Duplicate: (v) kopyasını yapmak (copy)
Duplication: (n) kopya, suret (duplicate)
Dwindle: (v) giderek azalmak (diminish, decrease)
E Erect: (v) ayağa kalkmış, inşa etmek (build, construct, put
Eager: (adj) istekli, hevesli (keen)
Eagerly: (adv) istekli şekilde, heveslice (thirstily)
Elevate: (v) kaldırmak, yüceltmek (lift, raise, highten,
intensify)
Elliptical: (adj) eliptik, elips şeklinde, oval, eksiltili (ovate)
Eloquently: (adv) ikna edici bir şekilde, güçlü bir şekilde
(well-expressed, persuasive, forceful)
Emancipation: (v) azat etme, serbest bırakma
Embark: (v) bindirmek, uçağa yüklemek, yolcu almak,
uçağa binmek (board)
Embellish: (v) süslemek, güzelleştirmek (adorn, decorate)
Embroider: (v) nakış işlemek (lard)
Eminent: (adj) yüksek, seçkin, ünlü (distinguished,
esteemed, exalted)
Emission: (çıkarma, salım, dışarı verme discharge,
ejection, exhalation)
Emit: (v) yaymak, saçmak (give out, release)
Employ: (v) işe almak, meşgul etmek, benimsemek (hire,
enlist, enrol)
Enacted: (v) hükmetmek, emir vermek, yasa çıkarmak
(achieve, appear, act out)
Enamour: (v) büyülemek, aklını başından almak,
etkilemek (capture, trance)
Encircle: (v) kuşatmak, çevrelemek (surround, gird)
Endeavour: (v) çaba göstermek, uğraşmak (attempt, try,
strive)
Endorse: (v) onaylamak, desteklemek (indorse, approve)
Endow: (v) bağışlamak, gelir bağlamak, vermek (indue,
dower)
Endurable: (adj) katlanılır, çekilir, dayanılabilir (tolerable,
bearable, sustainable)
Endure: (v) dayanmak, katlanmak (cope with, put up with,
tolerate)
Enforce: (v) dayatmak, güçlendirmek, yerine getirmek
(impose, put into effect, carry out)
Enhance: (v) arttırmak, genişletmek, büyütmek (increase,
improve, intensify)
Entail: (v) gerektirmek (involve)
Enterprise: (n) girişim, atılım, girişkenlik, teşebbüs,
kuruluş (boldness)
Entitlement: (n) yetki verme, ad verme, görevlendirme
(request, dueness, rights)
140
Entrench: (v) hendek açmak, siper kazmak (intrech)
Epidemic: (n) salgın (plague)
Epitomize: (v) özetlemek, örneği olmak (typify)
Equivalently: (adv) eşit bir biçimde (similarly, equally,
identically)
Eradicate: (v) yok etmek (eliminate)
up, establish)
Erratic: (adj) düzensiz, kararsız (changeable, variable,
irregular, unstable)
Erratically: (adv) düzensizce, kararsızca (inconsistently,
irregularly)
Erudite: (adj) çok bilgili (well-educated)
Escalate: (v) artmak, yükselmek, kızıştırmak (increase,
rise, extend, expand, provoke)
Essential: (adj) asıl, temel, köklü (foremost, crucial, main)
Estimate: (v) tahmin etmek, paha biçmek (assess,
reckon, evaluate, calculate)
Evaluate: (v) değerlendirmek, ölçmek, değer biçmek
(value, assess, estimate)
Eventful: (adj) heyecanlı, önemli, meşgul (notable, busy,
active)
Evoke: (v) çağırmak, ortaya çıkarmak (arouse, provoke,
invoke)
Exaggerate: (v) abartmak, büyütmek, şişirmek, aşırıya
kaçmak (overstate)
Excavate: (v) kazı yapmak (dig)
Exceed: (v) geçmek, aşmak (surpass, overtake)
Exception: (n) istisna, itiraz, ayrılık (exclusion, omission,
rejection)
Exceptionally: (adv) alışılmadık biçimde, istisnaen, son
derece (uncommonly, extraordinarily, excessively)
Excessive: (adj) aşırı, haddinden fazla, lüzümsüz
(extravagant, excess, extreme)
Excessively: (adv) aşırı, fazlaca, çok fazla (overly)
Exchange: (v) bozdurmak, değiştirmek, çevirmek (alter,
modify, replace)
Exclusion: (n) hariç bırakma, kovma, dışlama (ban,
prohibition, denial)
Exclusive: (adj) hariç tutulan, ayrıcalıklı, münhasır
(unshared, limited, absolute)
Executive: (n) yönetici (director, chairman, administrator)
Executive: (n) yönetici, idareci (administration,
management) )
Exemplify: (v) örnek oluşturmak, örneklemek (illusrate)
Exhilarate: (v) keyif vermek, canlandırmak (thrill)
Expand: (v) genişletmek, yaymak, geliştirmek (spread,
stretch, develop)
Expansion: (n) genişleme, ilerleme, yayılım (increase,
extension, spread)
Expansive: (adj) açık, geniş, yaygın (broad, extensive,
widespread)
Explicit: (adj) açık, belirgin, kesin (obvious, certain,
definite)
Express: (v) belli etmek, ifade etmek, anlatmak (indicate,
verbalize, tell)
Expression: (n) anlatım, yüz ifadesi, deyim (utterance,
facial expression, phrase)
Extensively: (adv) geniş ölçüde, kapsamlı olarak (widely,
greatly, largely)
Externally: (adv) harici olarak, dıştan (outwardly, clearly,
apparently)
Extract: (v) çıkarmak, elemek, seçmek (remove, select,
choose) (n) esans, özet (essence, selection,
abstract)
Extravagant: (adj) aşırı, abartılı, ölçüsüz (reckless,
wasteful, profligate)
F Fragile: (adj) kırılgan, narin (breakable)
Fabulous: (adj) müthiş, şahane, harika, uydurma, hayal
ürünü (legendary)
Fade: (v) solmak, rengi atmak (grow faith, whiten)
Failure: (n) eksiklik, yokluk, aksatma, kusur, bulunmama,
yapmama, ihmal, başarısızlık, kıtlık, iflas, batma
(abortion, bankruptcy, bomb, botch, breakdown,
bungle)
Faintly: (adv) hafifçe, zayif olarak, açıkca söylenmeden
(silently, tacitly, quietly)
Fairly: (adv) açıkca, adate, oldukça (adequately, enough,
quite)
Falter: (v) duraksamak, bocalamak, tereddüd etmek
(waver)
Fastidious: (adj) nazlı, titiz, zor beğenen (careful, finicky)
Fatal: (adv) ölümcül (deadly)
Fatally: (adv) kaçınılmaz bir şekilde, ölümcül bir şekilde
(deadly, mortally)
Fate: (n) yazgı, kader (destiny)
Fatigue: (adj) yorgunluk, tükenmişlik (tiredness,
exhaustion) )
Fatigue: (n) yorgun, bitkin (weariness, tiredness) (v)
yormak (tire)
Feast: (n) ziyafet, festival (dinner, festival)
Feeble: (adj) çelimsiz, zayıf, halsiz (weak, exhausted)
Feed: (v) beslemek, bakmak (nourish, cater for, supply) )
Fetch: (v) gidip getirmek, çekmek, gelir sağlamak (bring
back, deliver, earn)
Fiercely: (adv) acımasızca (extremely, harshly)
Filament: (n) lif, iplik, tel (wire, pile, fibre)
Flaw: (n) aksaklık, bozukluk, eksiklik (defact, fault,
imperfection) )
141
Flawless: (adj) kusursuz, defosuz (perfect, pristine)
Flee: (v) kaçmak, sıvışmak, tüymek, aceleyle çıkmak
(quıt, run away)
Fleeble: (adj) zayıf, kuvvetsiz (weak, insufficient)
Flexibly: (adv) değişken olarak, esnek biçimde, değişebilir
şekilde (pliable, modifiable, limber)
Fluctuate: (v) değişmek, inip çıkmak (change, alter, vary)
Forceful: (adj) etkileyici, ikna edici, zorlu (strong, effective,
convincing)
Foremost: (adj) önde gelen, en önemli (primary)
Foremost: (adv) başta, ilk önce (firstly)
Forestall: (v) önlemek, engel olmak (prevent)
Fortify: (v) güçlendirmek (strenghten)
Found: (v) kurmak, inşa etmek (establish, orginate)
Foyer: (n) giriş (anteroom)
Fraction: (n) kesir, parça, kesim, bölüm, bölme (divide)
Fracture: (v) çatlamak, kırılmak (crack, brake, shatter)
Framework: (n) taslak, yapı, çerçeve (foundation, core,
scheme)
Frankly: (adv) açıkça, dobra dobra (honestly, candidly)
Frantically: (adv) çılgınca, telaş içinde (madly, furiously,
wildly)
Frequent: (v) dadanmak, ayağı alışmak, kapısını
aşındırmak (visit, go to, patronize)
Frown: (n) kaş çatmak, sinir olmak, somurtmak (scowl,
glower, dirty look)
Frustrate: (v) engellemek, önlemek (defeat, block)
Functionality: (n) işlevsellik, kullanılırlık (utility,
usefulness, practicableness)
Fussy: (adj) seçici, telaşlı, detaycı (hard to please,
choosy)
Futile: (adj) boşuna, beyhude (pointless, useless,
worthless)
G
Gamble: (v) kumar oynamak, riske atmak (bet, risk)
Gather: (v) toplamak, yığmak, çoğalmak (collect, harvest,
mass)
Generally: (adv) genellikle, çoğunlukla, yoğunlukla
(commonly, broadly, extensively)
Genocide: (n) soykırım (murder)
Genuine: (adj) gerçek, saf, asıl (real, actual, natural,
pure, original, authentic)
Genuinely: (adv) hakikaten, gerçekten (really, sincerely)
Gigantic: (adj) cüsseli, iri, dev gibi (huge, enormous,
vast, giant)
Glamorous: (adj) büyüleyici (smart, gorgeous)
Glaring: (adj) çok parlak, göz kamaştırıcı, ışıl ışıl (blatant)
Glide: (v) kaymak, akmak, süzülmek (slide, skim, float)
Glimpse: (v) göz atmak, anlık bakmak (spy, view, spot)
Glimpse: (n) gözüne ilişme, bir anlık görme (glance)
Gloomy: (adj) karanlık, üzüntülü, mahzun (shadowy,
shaded)
Gloomy: (adj) mutsuz, karamsar (sad, depressed)
Glory: (adj) şan, ün (fame, greatness)
Gorgeous: (adj) çok hoş, harika (splendid, beautiful)
Gorgeous: (adj) harika, muhteşem (magnificent, superb,
brilliant) )
Grasp: (v) tutmak, yakalamak, kavramak (grip)
Greasy: (adj) yağlı, kaygan (oily)
Groundless: (adj) yersiz, nedensiz (baseless, unsound,
idle)
H Incentive: (n) dürtü, teşvik (encouragement, motive)
Hail: (v) selamlaşmak, çağırmak (greet, accost)
Halt: (v) durmak, tökezlemek, beklemek (stop, draw up,
pull up, pause, rest, wait)
Hamper: (v) engellemek, güçleştirmek (hinder, hold up,
handicap)
Haphazardly: (adv) rastgele, tesadüfen (randomly,
arbitrarily)
Harvest: (v) hasat etmek, biçmek (reap, mow, pick,
gather, collect, amass)
Hasten: (v) acele etmek, telaşlanmak, hızlanmak (hurry,
hush, run)
Hazardous: (adj) tehlikeli, zararlı, şüpheli (dangerous,
questionable, risky)
Hectic: (adj) heyecanlı, telaşlı (busy, rushed)
Hiccup: (n) hıçkırık (singultus)
Hike: (v) uzun yürümek, fiyatını arttırmak (walk, trek,
ramble, raise the price)
Hindrance: (n) ayak bağı, engel (obstraction, handicap,
restriction)
Hollow: (adj) içi boş, çökmüş (empty, depressed, sunken)
Hospitalise: (v) hastaneye kaldırmak (hospitalize)
Hover: (v) üstünde uçmak, etrafında gezinmek, sallanmak
(drift, poise)
Hurtle: (v) hızlı hareket etmek (speed)
I Infamy: (n) rezalet, alçaklık (disrepute, disgrace, shame)
Idle: (adj) işsiz, aylak, tembel (jobless, inactive, lazy)
Ignite: (v) ateşlendirmek, tutuşturmak (set fire to, burn)
Illusionary: (adj) aldatıcı, yanıltıcı (fake, misleading)
Illusion: (n) aldanma, hayal, hile (deception, delusion,
trick)
142
Impair: (v) azaltmak, harap etmek, savunmasız bırakmak
(weaken, damage, ruin)
Impartial: (adj) tarafsız, yansız, objektif (objective,
neutral, equal, unbiased)
Impartially: (adv) adil bir şekilde, nesnel bir şekilde
(dispassionately, even-handedly, objectively)
Imperishable: (adj) yok olmaz, bozulmaz, çürümez,
ölümsüz (immortal)
Implement: (v) uygulamak, yerine getirmek (carry out,
enforce, perform)
Implicate: (v) ima etmek, içermek, sezdirmek (imply,
connect, involve)
Imprecise: (n) kesin olmayan, dikkatsiz, özensiz (inxact)
Impress: (v) etkilemek, iz bırakmak, göz doldurmak
(influence, inspire, strike)
Impulsively: (adv) birden bire, düşüncesizce (impetuously,
on the spur of the moment, wildly)
Incessant: (adj) kesintisiz, sürekli (endless, ceaseless)
Incessantly: (adv) aralıksız (endlessly)
Incidentally: (adv) tesadüfen, bu arada, aklıma gelmişken
(accidentally, by chance, by the way)
Incline: (v) yönelmek, eğilmek (influence, dispose, affect)
Inclusively: (adv) kapsamlı bir şekilde, kapsayarak (fully,
generally, comprehensively)
Incorporate: (v) birleşmek, kapsamak (include, embody,
absorb, combine)
Increase: (n) artış, artma, çoğaltma, çoğalma, yükselme,
büyüme, üreme, yavrulama (access, accession,
accretion, accrual, accumulation)
Increase: (v) artırmak, çoğalmak, gelişmek, artmak,
yükselmek (add, grow, enlarge, expand, intensify)
Indefinitely: (adv) belirsiz olarak, süresiz olarak, sonsuza
kadar (endlessly, forever, sine die)
Indicate: (v) belirtmek, fiyat bildirmek, sinyal vermek
(point out, mark, suggest)
Indignantly: (adv) öfkeyle, kızarak, hiddetlen (angerly)
Indulge: (v) boyun eğmek, hoş görmek (gratify, satisfy,
humour)
Indulgent: (adj) anlayışlı, düşkün, müsamahalı (tolerant,
permissive, lenient)
Inedible: (adj) yenmez (uneatable)
Inexpensive: (adj) masrafı az, ucuz (cheap, reasonable,
low-priced)
Inferior: (adj) aşağı derecede, aşağı, alt, ast, değersiz
(lower)
Infinitely: (adv) çok, son derece, inanılmaz derecede
(boundlessly, immeasurably, endlessly)
Inflate: (n) enflasyon, şişirmek (blow up, pump up,
expand)
Inflate: (v) şişirmek (balon, expand)
Inflict: (v) acı vermek, vurmak, ika etmek (bring down,
force on/upon, impose)
Initial: (adj) baştaki, baş, ilk (beginning, primary, first)
Initially: (adv) başlarda, ilk olarak, önceden (beginning,
primary, firstly)
Initiative: (n) öncelik, teşebbüs, girişim (enterprise,
originality, leadership)
Inlaid: (adj) kakma, gömme (set into)
Innovative: (adj) ilerleyen (advanced)
Insignificant: (adj) önemsiz, dikkate değmek
(unimportant)
Inspire: (v) ilham vermek, sebep olmak, soluk vermek
(encourage, hearten, influence)
Intensive: (adj) aşırı, pekiştirmeli, şiddetli (focused,
comprehensive, exhaustive)
Intention: (n) kasıt, niyet, maksat (aim, purpose, goal)
Interaction: (n) etkileşim, ilişki, interaksiyon (connection,
contact, intercourse)
Interfere: (v) burnunu sokmak, araya girmek (interrupt,
intervene, poke one’s nose in)
Intermittent: (adj) kesik kesik, aralıklı (occasional,
periodic, sporadic)
Interpretation: (n) yorumlama, tercüme, canlandırma
(explanation, clarification, simplification)
Intervene: (v) araya girmek (interfece)
Intersection: (n) bileşke, kavşak, kesişim (crossroad,
crossing, carrefour)
Intervention: (n) müdahale, girişim, aracılık (interruption,
arbitration, intercession)
Intimate: (v) sezindirmek, ima etmek (suggest)
Intimidate: (v) gözünü korkutmak, tehdit etmek, yıldırmak
(frighten, threathen, appal)
Intruder: (n) davetsiz misafir, izinsiz giren kişi (trespasser,
gatecrasher)
Intractable: (adj) kontrol edilmesi zor (diffucult to control)
Intrepid: (adj) korkusuz, cesur, yılmaz (brave, fearless)
Introverted: (adj) içe dönük, kapalı (introspective, self-
examining)
Invade: (n) istila etmek (attack, enter)
Investment: (n) yatırım, atama, kuşatma (expense, loan,
finance)
Involve: içermek, kapsamak, işe karışmak (include,
embrace, assosicate)
Irresistible: (adj) dayanılmaz, karşı konulmaz, çekici
(unescapable, charming, unavoidable)
Issue: (n) nüsha, konu, sorun (concern, topic, affair)
Issue: (v) tebliğ etmek, piyasaya çıkarmak, bildirmek
(distribute, announce, emerge)
143
J
Jeopardy: (n) risk, hasar, tehlike (danger, peril, risk,
hazard)
Judgement: (n) hüküm, değerlendirme, bildiri (reasoning,
perception, wisdom)
Justify: (v) haklı göstermek, mazur göstermek (defend,
forgive, excuse)
K
Keen: (adj) hevesli, meraklı, istekli (interested, eager,
devoted)
L
Lace: (v) bağlamak (thread, weave)
Law: (n) kanun, kural, yasa (rule, regulation, order)
Leap: (v) atlamak, fırlamak (jump over, bound, skip)
Lease: (n) kiralama, icar (contract, rental)
Lenient: (adj) müşfik, yumuşak (gentle, kindly, indulgent)
Lethal: (adj) öldürücü (fatal, deathly)
Liable: (adj) duyarlı, hassas, eğilimli (responsible,
answerable, accountable)
Lift: (v) kaldırmak, yükseltmek, asansör (uphold, arise,
elevate)
Liken: (v) benzetmek, eşleştirmek (compare, equate,
match)
Limp: (v) aksamak, topallamak (hobble, falter, shamble)
Linger: (v) bekletmek, oyalamak, geçiktirmek (hang on,
endure, persist)
Literacy: (n) edebi kültür, yazın yeteneği, okuryazarlık
(being lıterate)
Lofty: (adj) azametli, yüce (high, impressive)
Loiter: (v) oyalanmak, sallanmak, aylak aylak dolaşmak
(dawdle, hang about, idle, linger, dally, delay)
Loose: (adj) bol, gevşek, başıboş (sloppy, apart, relaxed)
Loot: (n) ganimet, yağma
Loot: (v) yağmalamak (plunder, sack)
Luminous: (adj) parlak, aydınlık (shiny, bright)
M
Maddeningly: (adv) sinirlice, delirerek (angrily, madly)
Magnify: (v) abartmak, övmek, methetmek (glorify,
praise, exaggerate)
Maintain: (v) geçindirmek, bakmak (take care of, look
after)
Makes out: (v) anlam çıkarmak, anlamak, ayırt etmek
(spot, recognize, pick out)
Malignant: (adj) zarar verici, habis, kötücül, kötü niyetli
(virulent)
Marginal: (adj) az, sınırdaki, kenarda olan (borderline,
edge, bound)
Marvellous: (adj) harika, muhteşem (wonderful, excellent) Nominate: (v) aday olarak göstermek, seçmek (choose,
Massacre: (n) katliam (kill) select)

Means: (n) araç, vasıta, vesile (way, method, system) Nominee: (n) aday (candidate)

Meddle: (v) karışmak (interfere) Notably: (adv) apaçık, açıkça, bilhassa (especially,
importantly, particularly)
Memorably: (adv) unutulmaz bir şekilde (unforgettably)
Notorious: (adj) adı çıkmış, kötü şöhretli (widely known)
Menace: (v) gözdağı vermek, korkutmak (threaten,
frighten, terrorize) Notoriously: (adv) kötü olarak herkesin bildiği gibi
(infamously)
Merit: (n) erdem, fazilet, layık olmak (worth, value)
Nourish: (v) beslemek, desteklemek (nurture, feed,
Method: (n) yöntem, düzen, teknik (way, route, technique)
foster, care for)
Meticulous: (adj) titiz, dikkatli (careful, precise)
Meticulously: (adv) özenle, titizlikle (precisely, exactly,
O
accurately)
Obligation: (n) mecburiyet, yükümlülük, minnet (duty,
Mettle: (n) azim, heves (courage, determanation)
charge, compulsion)
Mighty: (n) güç, kuvvet (strength, power)
Observation: (n) gözlem, inceleme, görüş (attention,
Migrate: (v) göçmek, taşınmak, geçmek (move, leave,
cognition, remark)
journey)
Obsess: (v) aklına takılmak, sabit fikirli olmak (preoccupy,
Mildly: (adv) tatlılıkla yumuşakça (gently)
dominate, rule)
Mingle: (v) karıştırmak (mix, intermix, combine, blend,
Obsessed: (adj) endişeli, tedirgin (worried, nervous)
merge, unite)
Obsession: (n) saplantı, takıntı, sabit fikir (fixation,
Miscarry: (v) çocuk düşürme, düşük yapma (fail, abort)
desire, passion)
Misuse: (v) istismar etmek, kötüye kullanmak (abuse,
Obstruct: (v) engellemek (hinder, prevent)
mistreat)
Obstructive: (adj) engelleyici, zorluk çıkarıcı, obstruktif
Mock: (v) alay etmek, dalga geçmek (make fun of, laugh
(clogging, hindering, impeding)
at)
Obvious: belli, muhakkak, açık (apparent, conclusive,
Moderate: (adj, n) orta (midway, not extreme)
explicit)
Modify: (v) azaltmak, değişiklik yapmak, tadil etmek
Occupy: (v) oturmak, tutmak, işgal etmek, almak
(adjust, adapt, change)
(zaman), meşgul etmek (absorb, amuse, attend,
Mold: (v) kalıba dökmek (mildew) be active with, beconcerned with, busy)
Molten: (adj) erimiş (melted) Odour: (n) itibar, iz, koku (smell, scent)
Mouldy: (adj) küflü (mildew) Offend: (v) suç işlemek, gücendirmek (affront, insult,
Murky: (adj) karanlık, nahoş (muddy) slight)
Mutineer: (n) isyancı, asi (rebel) Offspring: (n) ürün, döl, çocuk, çoluk çocuk (progeny)
Onward: (adv) ileri, ileriye doğru (forward, ahead, in front)
N Ornate: (adj) çok süslü, ayrıntılı (elabrote)
Naive: (adj) sade, toy, çaylak (unsophisticated, ingenuous) Outburst: (n) fışkırma, infilak, taşma (outbreak, eruption,
Nasty: (n) fena, çirkin, edepsiz (dirty, offensive, horrible) explosion)

Necessary: (adj) gerekli, zorunlu, elzem (essential, chief, Outgrow: (v) –den daha çabuk büyümek (too big)
crucial) Outnumber: (v) sayıca çok olmak, fazla gelmek (to be
Negligently: (adv) baştan savma, gelişi güzel, dikkatsizce more, great)
(carelessly, inadequately, poorly) Outrageous: (adj) nefret uyandırıcı, öfkelendirici
Negotiable: görüşülebilir, aşılabilir, devredilebilir (shocking, offensive)
(debatable, assignable, variable) Outstanding: (n) olağanüstü, göze çarpan, üstün
Negotiate: (v) görüşmek, müzakere etmek (deal, bargain, (excellent, superior, remarkable, notable)
haggle) Outweigh: (v) ağır basmak, daha önemli olmak
Neighbourhood: (n) çevre, bölge (district) (predominate)

Nightfall: (n) akşam vakti, alacakaranlık (sunset, dusk, Overcome: (v) aşmak, üstesinden gelmek, aşmak
twilight, evening, gloaming) (defeat, beat, master, overwhelm)

144
Overdue: (adj) vadesi geçmiş, gecikmiş (beyond the time
fixed)
Overhear: (v) kulak misafiri olmak (accidentally hear)
Overlook: (v) gözden kaçırmak, hoş görmek, aldırmamak
(face, look on to, look over, ignore, let pass, excuse,
forgive)
Overwhelm: (v) alt etmek, ezmek, boğmak, mahçup
etmek (weigh down, inundate)
Owe: (v) borçlu olmak, mecbur olmak, minnettar olmak
(beholden, bound, be in debt)
P by chance)
Pace: (v) adım, hız (step, stride)
Pacify: (v) yatıştırmak, sakinleştirmek (lenify)
Painstaking: (adj) dikkatli, özenli (careful, meticulous)
Pale: (adj) renksiz, solgun (clourness)
Parade: (n) geçit, tören (march, process)
Particularly: (adv) özellikle, ayrıntılı olarak, bilhassa
(especially, decidedly, distinctly)
Pavement: (n) kaldırım, asfalt (floor, surface, cover,
asphalt)
Peasant: (n) köylü, cahil tip (rustic)
Peaty: (adj) turbaya benzer (see peat)
Peculiar: (adj) acayip, garip (strange, odd)
Penalty: (n) ceza (punishment, fine)
Penetrate: (v) içine işlemek, delip geçmek (pierce, enter)
Penetration: (v) içe girme, işleme: içine işleme, delme
(piercing)
Pensively: (adv) dalgın dalgın, düşünceli bir halde
(intellectually, introspectively, inwardly, pensively,
psychically)
Pensively: (adv) dalgın dalgın, düşünceli şekilde
(thoughtfully, seriously, sadly)
Perception: (n) algı, idrak, sezgi (understanding, sense,
realization)
Perpetuity: (n) süreklilik, ebedilik (eternity)
Persevere: (v) devam etmek, direnmek (continue, carry
on, stand firm, hold on)
Persist: (v) sürmek, devam etmek, sürdürmek, ısrar
etmek (persevere)
Persistent: (adj) ısrarcı, inatçı (incessant, determined,
relentless)
Perspire: (v) terlemek (sweat)
Persuade: (v) ikna etmek (convince, encourage)
Persuade: (v) ikna etmek, laf anlatmak, inandırmak
(convince, urge, induce)
Pertain: (v) ait olmak, uygun olmak, yakışmak (relevant,
appropriate, relate)
145
Pesticide: (n) böcek zehiri, zararlı bitki zehiri
Pioneer: (n) öncü, önder
Pioneer: (v) çığır açmak, öncü olmak, önayak olmak
(innovator)
Placid: (adj) durgun, sakin, uysal (calm, untroubled, cool)
Plain: (adj, v, n) düz, kolay (easy see or understand,
clear)
Pleasingly: (adv) memnuniyetle (willingly, pleasantly,
charmingly)
Plunge: (v) dalma, fırlama (dive, jump, sink)
Possibly: (adv) belki, muhtemel, herhalde (likely, maybe,
Postpone: (v) ertelemek (delay, adjoum)
Postulate: (v) sanmak, farz etmek (suppose, assume)
Posture: (n) görünüş, duruş (pose, model)
Potentially: (adv) imkan dahilinde, potansiyel olarak, güç
halinde (likely, maybe, possibly)
Precipitous: (adj) dik, sarp, uçurum gibi, aceleci, çabuk,
hızlı (abrupt, step)
Precisely: (adv) açık olarak, eksiksiz olarak, elbette
(correctly, exactly, absolutely)
Predecessor: (n) ata, cet (ancestor, forefather)
Predictable: (adj) önceden kestirilebilir, öngörülebilir,
tahmin edilebilir (expected, likely, prepared)
Prediction: (n) tahmin, öngörü, beklenti (foretelling,
foresight, guess)
Preferably: (adv) tercihen, öncelikli olarak, mümkünse
(rather, sooner)
Preference: (n) tercih, üstünlük, yeğleme (choice, option,
favourite)
Preliminary: (n) tanıtım (introduction)
Preposterous: (adj) saçma, mantıksız (ridiculous, foolish)
Prescriptive: (adj) kuralcı, yerleşik, zaman aşımına
uğramış (authoritative, accepted, rigid)
Prevail: (v) yenmek (defeat)
Prevalent: (adj) çok rastlanan, geçerli, hâkim olan
(accepted, current, common)
Previous: (adj) önce, eski, geri (former, prior, above)
Primarily: (adv) aslında, başlıca, öncelikle (basically,
fundamentally, mainly)
Priority: (n) öncelik, üstünlük (precedence, seniority,
supremacy)
Privilege: (n) ayrıcalık, imtiyaz, dokunulmazlık, özel hak
(advantage)
Productivity: (n) verimlilik, performans, üretkenlik
(abundance, capacity, potency)
Profoundly: (adv) derinlemesine, ciddi olarak, içtenlikle
(completely, thoroughly, totally)
Prolific: (adj) faydalı (fruitful, productive)
Prominent: (adj) önemli, meşhur, dikkat çeken
(conspicious, important, remarkable)
Promise: (v) söz vermek, belirtisi olmak, vaatte bulunmak
(assure, swear, undertake)
Promising: (adj) umut verici, gelecek vaadeden, geleceği
parlak (hopeful)
Promotion: (n) terfi, tanıtma, destek (advance,
encouragment, support)
Promptly: (adv) vadeli (quickly, pronto)
Proofread: (v) yanlışları düzeltmek (correct)
Propel: (v) ileri sürmek, itmek, sevk etmek (move, push,
drive, force)
Properly: (adv) hakkıyla, düzgün bir şekilde, tam
anlamıyla (correctly, politely, nicely)
Proportion: (n) oran, orantı (equate)
Propulsion: (n) itme, yürütme, ileriye sürme, yürütücü
güç (drive, impulse)
Pros and cons: (n) eksileri ve artıları (advantages and
disadvantages)
Prosper: (v) geliştirmek, ilerleme (flourish)
Prosperous: (adj) başarılı, yolunda, zengin, refah,
kazançlı (rich)
Protective: (adj) esirgeyici, himayeci, muhafaza edici
(defensive, preservative, safeguarding)
Provide: (v) temin etmek, şart koşmak, önlem almak
(supply, lend, furnish)
Provincial: (n) taşralı (rustic, yokel)
Provision: (n) hüküm, koşul, kayıt (judgement, condition,
register)
Provisional: (adj) çatma, koşullu, geçici (temporary,
conditional, contingent)
Provocative: (adj) kışkırtıcı, neden olan, çekici (tempting,
seductive, irritating)
Provoke: (v) kışkırtmak, öfkelenmek, sebep olmak
(anger, annoy, cause)
Prune: (v) budamak, kesmek (weed, make something
smaller, cut off some of the branches of a tree)
Purchase: (n) satın alma, alım, mübayaa, satın alınan
şey, toprak geliri, mekanik güç, makara sistemi,
sıkı tutma, etki, nüfuz, vesile, dayanak noktası
(acquirement, acquisition, asset, bargain, buy)
Purity: (n) saflık, masumiyet, temizlik (simplicity,
cleanness, wholesomeness)
Purpose: (n) amaç, niyet, karar (intention, aspiration,
determination)
Pursue: (v) kovalamak, peşinden koşmak, takip etmek
(follow, chase, hunt)
Purvey: (v) sağlamak, tedarik etmek (supply good or
information)
146
Q
Quarrel: (v) kavga etmek (argue)
Quench: (v) bastırmak, söndürmek, dindirmek (ssatisfy,
sate, cool, extinguish, put out)
Quota: (n) pay, kota (part, portion)
R
Rarely: (adv) nadiren, seyrek, az (barely, hardly, seldomly)
Ravage: (n) tahrip, yıkım, zarar, yıkıcı etki, tahrip etkisi
(ravages)
Ravage: (v) yıkmak, harap etmek, kırıp geçirmek
(damage)
Rebellious: (adj) asi, inatçı (disobedient, obstinate)
Rebuke: (v) azarlamak (admonish)
Recede: (v) gerilemek, uzaklaşmak (go back, decline)
Recently: (adv) son zamanlar, şu sıralar, bu aralar (lately,
currently, newly)
Reckless: (adj) atılgan, delidolu, dikkatsiz (careless,
thoughtless, incautious)
Recklessly: (adv) pervasızca (rashly)
Recognize: (v) tanımak, fark etmek, ayırt etmek (identify,
detect, recall)
Recommend: (v) tavsiye etmek, beğendirmek, tembih
etmek (advise, suggest, guide)
Recreate: (v) canlandırmak, tazelemek, yeniden yaratmak
(animate, cheer, repair)
Recruit: (v) askere almnak, işe almak (draft, induct)
Rectify: (v) düzeltmek, tamir etmek (correct, repair, put
right)
Recurrence: (n) tekrar, yinelenme, tekerrür, nüksetme,
başa dönme, tekrar söz konusu etme (frequency,
habituation, intermittence, reappearance)
Recurrent: (adj) tekrarlayan, nükseden, yenilenen
(repeating, alternate, chain)
Reduce: (v) alçaltmak, eksiltmek, fethetmek (decrease,
diminish, cut down (on)
Redundancy: (n) bolluk, fazlalık, gereksizlik (dismission,
extra, surplus)
Redundantly: (adv) gereksiz yere, fazla olarak
(unnecessarily, superfluously, needlessly)
Redundant: (adj) gereksiz, lüzumsuz (unnecessary)
Reference: (n) kaynak, ilişki, ima (allusion, referral,
referral)
Refugee: (n) mülteci (displaced person, escapee)
Refusal: (n) reddetme (rejection, denial)
Regulate: (v) ayarlamak, düzenlemek (arrange, adjust,
coordinate)
Regulation: (n) düzenleme, kural, yasa (adjustment, rule,
law)
Rehearse: (v) prova yapmak, ezberden okumak (practise,
prepare)
Reign: (v) saltanat sürmek, yönetmek (govern, direct,
rule)
Reinstate: (v) iade etmek, eski durumuna getirmek,
haklarını iade etmek (restore, reestablish, redeem)
Rejection: (n) reddetme, geri çevirme, atık (refusal,
denial, rebuff)
Relapse: (v) kötüye gitmek, yeniden eski haline dönmek,
kötü yola sapmak (get back, get worse, deteriorate)
Relate: (v) bağlantı kurmak, nakletmek, rivayet etmek
(associate, connect, tie)
Relative: (adj) göreceli, bağıntılı, yakın ( notional,
relevant, relation)
Relatively: (adv) nispeten, oldukça, göreceli olarak
(comparatively, somewhat, rather)
Relent: (v) yumuşama, gevşeme (soften, give in, relax)
Relentless: (adj) amansız, amaçsız (inexorable)
Relief: (n) rahatlama, ferahlama (comfort, cure, relaxation)
Reluctant: (adj) isteksiz, gönülsüz, tereddütlü (unwilling,
hesistant, backward)
Reluctantly: (adv) ağırdan alarak, gönülsüzce, tereddüt
içinde (cautiously, hesitantly, involuntarily)
Remarkably: (adv) dikkat çekecek biçimde, önemli
biçimde, kayda değer biçimde (unusually,
outstandingy, signally)
Remedy: (v) tedavi etmek, iyileştirmek (cure, treat) (n)
çare, ilaç (treatment, cure) )
Remedy: (n) çare (cure)
Reminiscent: (adj) benzeri (similar to)
Remote: (adj) uzak, ırak (distant, far)
Render: (v) iletmek, hale, tasvir (depict, deliver, return)
Renew: (v) tazelemek, yenilemek (refresh)
Renew: (v) yinelemek, tekrar etmek (repeat, restate)
Renovation: (n) yenileme, tecdit, onarım (restoration,
repairment)
Renown: (n) görkem, ün (fame, celebrity, glory)
Reparation: (n) tamir, onarım (repairment, mend,
maintenance) )
Repel: (v) tiksindirmek, iğrendirmek (repulse)
Repulse: (v) püskürtmek, reddetmek, itmek (refuse, turn
down, resist)
Resentment: (n) alınmak, kırılmak, gücenmek (envy,
jealousy, irritation)
Reserve: (n) yedek, rezerv, stok (supply, asset, store)
Reserved: (adj) ağzı kenetli, çekingen, mesafeli
(davranış) (reticent, unresponsive, cool)
Resign: (v) istifa etmek, ayrılmak (quit, leave, vacate)
Resignation: (n) istifa, terk etme, vazgeçme
(abandonment, renunciation, abdication)
147
Respectively: (adv) sırasıyla, ayrı ayrı (properly, equally,
consequently)
Restrain: (v) engellemek (confine)
Resume: (v) tekrarlamak, yeniden başlamak, sürdürmek
(contunie, restart, carry on)
Retire: (v) emekli olmak, geri çekilmek (leave, depart,
withdraw)
Retirement: (n) emeklilik, geri çekilme, gizli yer (retreat,
recess)
Reveal: (v) belli etmek, açığa vurmak, gözler önüne
sermek (expose, display)
Revelation: (n) belli etme, açığa çıkma (uncovering,
display, unmasking)
Revenge: (n) intikam, öç (payback, vengeance)
Reversal: (n) tersine çevirme (cancellation)
Reverse: (v) tersine çevirmek, bozmak, iptal etmek
(exchange, overturn, cancel)
Revitalize: (v) canlandırmak (regenerate)
Revolt: (n) isyan, başkaldırış (rebellion, uprising,
revolution)
Rigid: (adj) sert, şiddetli, kaskatı (stiff, harsh, strict)
Rinse: (v) çalkalamak, durulamak (swill, bathe, wash,
clean)
Rip: (v) sökmek, parçalamak, ayırmak (tear, split,
separate)
Robust: (adj) dayanıklı, dirençli, kuvvetli (strong, tough)
Rotten: (adj) çürük, bozuk, koşmuş (rotted, immoral)
Roughly: (adv) aşağı yukarı, kabataslak (approximately,
estimately, inexactly)
Row: (n) sıra, dizi, tartışma, zıtlık (line, queue, argument,
quarrel, controversy)
Rusty: (adj) paslı (rust, hoary)
S
Sanction: (n) onaylamak (confirmation)
Sane: (adj) mantıklı, akla yatkın (rational, logical, right-
minded)
Sarcastically: (adv) alaylı bir şekilde (ironically,
mockingly)
Satisfy: (v) hoşnut etmek, yerine getirmek, inandırmak
(amuse, please, appease)
Saturate: (v) doyurmak, emdirmek, ıslatmak, sırılsıklam
etmek (soak, wet)
Scar: (n) yara izi, iz, çizik (mark, injury, wound)
Scatter: (v) dağılmak, saçılmak, ayırmak (disperse, break
up, diffuse)
Scatter: (v) saçmak, perişan etmek, saçıp savurmak,
serpmek (spread)
Scope: (n) kapsama alanı, saha (field, area)
Scourge: (n) bela, afet (misfortune, affliction)
Scrape: (v) gıcırdamak, aşındırmak, ovmak (grate, grind,
rub)
Scrupulous: (adj) adil, dürüst, vicdanlı (honest,
meticulous, strict)
Secularise: (v) laikleştirmek (secularize)
Sedimentation: (n) çökme, tortulaşmak (alluviation)
Seep: (v) sızmak (leak)
Segregation: (n) ayrı tutma, ayrım (separation,
segmentation)
Seize: (v) el koymak, zaptetmek, tutuklamak (grap, take,
catch)
Self-assertive: (adj) ısrarcı, kendinden çok emin, kendine
çok güvenen (bumptious, confident, wise)
Self-contained: (adj) az konuşan, bağımsız, kendi
kendine yeten (self-controlled, self-possessed,
tranquil)
Sequence: (n) dizi, sıra (series, chain, sussession)
Sensitively: (adv) alıngan bir şekilde, duyarlı bir biçimde,
hassasiyetle (softheartedly, amenably, vulnerably)
Severely: (adv) acı, ağır biçimde, keskin biçimde
(seriously, dreadfully, gravely)
Sew: (v) dikmek (stitch)
Shady: (adj) güvenilmez, gölgeli (louche)
Shatter: (v) parçalamak, kırmak, harap etmek, bozmak
(burst)
Shed: (v) dökmek (shake off)
Shortcoming: (n) kusur, eksik (failure, defect, weakness)
Shrink: (v) büzülmek, çekilmek, daralmak (contract,
shorten, lessen, diminish, wrinkle, narrow, decrease)
Shrug: (v) omuz silkmek (raise and lower your shoulder)
Significantly: (adv) anlamlı bir biçimde, mühim seviyede,
hatırı sayılır ölçüde (importantly, considerably,
markedly)
Signify: (v) ifade etmek, belirtmek, anlamına gelmek
(indicate, mean, express)
Similar: (adj) benzer, eş, benzeş (agnate, allied,
coincidental)
Sincere: (adj) samimi, içten, doğru (honest, true, truthful)
Slack: (v) kaytarmak, tembellik etmek (slake, let run)
Smarten: (v) canlandırmak, güzelleştirmek, süslemek
(neaten, tidy, clean, polish)
Snatch: (v) kapmak, kavramak
Sneak: (v) gizlemek, aşırmak, ispiyonlamak (creep, steal,
slip, slink)
Sneaky: (adj) sinsice (furtive)
Sneer: (v) dudağını bükmek, küçümsemek (scorn, look
down on)
Sniff: (v) burun çekmek, koklamak (smell, inhale)
148
Soar: (v) uçmak, yüksekten uçmak, süzülmek, havada
süzülmek (rise, fly)
Sole: (adj) biricik, tek, yeğâne, özel, bekâr, yalnız (only,
particular, remaining)
Solely: (adv) yalnızca, sadece (only)
Soothe: (v) yatıştırmak, sakinleştirmek, hafifletmek (calm,
quieten, ease)
Soothing: (adj) filizlenen, zonklayan, sızlayan (serene,
palliative)
Sophisticate: (adj) kültürlü, ukala, tecrübeli (intellectual,
experienced)
Soundly: (adv) adamakıllı, doğruca, deliksiz (accurately,
carefully, correctly)
Sovereign: (n) hükümdar, padişah, kral, egemen güç
(monarch, supreme)
Spacious: (adj) geniş, ferah (large, broad, huge)
Span: (v) uzatmak, bağlamak, kapsamak (include,
extend, fasten)
Sparkling: (adj) parlak, köpüklü, ışıl ışıl (shining, bubbling)
Spearhead: (v) öncelik etmek, önayak olmak (lead)
Spectacle: (n) gösteri, manzara (sight)
Spectator: (n) seyirci, izleyici (bystander, observer)
Spill: (v) dökmek, akmak (pour, overflow)
Spinster: (adj) evlenmemiş kadın (unmarried)
Splash: (v) sıçramak (spatter)
Splendid: (adj) olağanüstü, mükemmel, müthiş, harika
(excellent, impressive, magneficient)
Split: (v) yırtılmak, bölünmek (divide, separate)
Sprout: (v) filizlenmek, sürmek (bud, spring up)
Squeeze: (v) bastırmak, sıkmak (press, crush)
Stagnant: (adj) dingin, durgun (dull, inactive)
Starchy: (adj) nişastalı, kolalı (stiff, buckram) )
Startle: (v) korkutmak, ürkütmek (frighten)
Steady: (adj) sabit, sağlam, oynamaz (calm, stabilize,
brace)
Steep: (adj) dik, aşırı, aniden (sudden, sharp, headlong)
Stern: (adj) sert, müsamahasız (strict, severe, rigid)
Sternly: (adv) sertçe, acımasızca (severely)
Stiff: (n) ceset, leş (corpse, clay)
Stiff: (adj) katı, sert, koyu (firm, rigid, solid)
Stitch: (v) dikmek (sew, run up)
Strenuous: (adj) güç, ağır, gayretli (difficult, hard, tiring)
Stretch: (v) uzamak, germek (expanse, spread, tighten)
Stringent: (adj) katı, sıkı, uyulması zorunlu (rigorous,
tight)
Strive: (v) rekabet, çalışmak, çaba (endeavour, strain)
Stroll: (v) gezinmek, dolanmak (saunter, amble, dawdle,
ramble, wander)
Structure: (n) yapı, bina, inşaat (form, construction,
framework)
Struggle: (v) çabalamak, mücadele etmek (compete,
strive)
Stubbornly: (adv) inaçtı şekilde (obstınately)
Stun: (v) afallamak, şaşırmak (amaze, astonish)
Submissive: (adj) alçak gönüllü, itaatkâr, uysal (obedient,
uncomplaining, docile)
Submit: (v) boyun eğmek, ileri sürmek (offer)
Subscription: (n) abone olmak, abone ücreti (membership
fee, payment)
Subsidize: (v) para vermek, desteklemek (support,
sponsor)
Substance: (n) madde, asıl, konu (material, stuff, matter)
Substantial: (adj) oldukça, önemli, var olan (abundant,
important, generous)
Substantially: (adv) yeteri kadar çok (mostly)
Subtle: (adj) kurnaz, ustaca, çözümü zor (delicate, fine,
exquisite)
Subtract: (v) çıkarmak, çıkarma işlemi yapmak, azaltmak
(deduct, take away, diminish)
Suburb: (n) varoş (suburbia)
Successive: (a) ard arda, zincirleme, peş peşe (following,
sequential, serial)
Sufficiency: (n) uygunluk, yeterlilik, elverişlilik (enough,
suitability, convenience)
Suitable: (adj) elverişli, uygun, yerinde (convenient,
proper, useful)
Suitably: (adv) doğru olarak, uygun olarak, düzgün
şekilde (appropriately, fittingly, fitly)
Superficial: (adj) yüzey, harici, anlamsız (surface)
Superfluous: (adj) gereksiz, yersiz, lüzumsuz (unneeded,
unwanted, spare)
Supplement: (n) ek, ilave, tamamlayıcı, bütünler açı
(added feature, addendum, addition, additive,
appendix, bell)
Supplementary: (n) takviye, ek (additional, extra)
Support: (v) desteklemek, cesaret vermek, arka çekmek
(stand by, help, strengthen)
Surely: (adj) hakikatten, elbette, kesinlikle (absolutely,
definitely, certainly)
Surmount: (v) üstesinden gelmek, alt etmek (overcome,
succeed)
Surplus: (n) bolluk, fazla, üretim fazlası (excess, leftover)
Susceptible: (adj) alıngan, duyarlı, elverişli (resentful,
impressionable, reachable)
Suspend: (v) askıya almak, ertelemek, müdahale etmek,
sürgün etmek (put off, delay, expel)
Suspicion: (n) şüphe, az miktar, ipucu (doubt, mistrust,
hint)
149
Suspiciously: (adv) kuşkuyla, şüpheyle (distrustfully,
mistrustfully, askance)
Sustain: (v) güçlendirmek, güç vermek (endure)
Swell: (v) kabarmak, şişmek (expand, blow up, fatten)
T
Tackle: (v) uğraşmak, üstesinden gelmek (take on, try
to solve)
Tackle: (n) donanım (gear, rig)
Tactful: (adj) hassas, nazik (discreet, sensitive)
Tearful: (adj) acıklı, ağlamaklı (weeping, crying, sorrowful)
Tedium: (n) bezginlik, bıkkınlık (boredom, monotony)
Tempting: (adj) ayartıcı, baştan çıkarıcı (seductive,
enticing)
Tentative: (adj) deneme niteliğinde, öneri (experimental,
unsure)
Tentatively: (adv) çekinerek, geçici olarak, tereddütle
(temporarily, hesitantly, provisionally)
Testimony: (n) tanıklık, ifade (evidence, statement)
Thoroughly: (adv) eksiksizce, tam ve dikkatli (completely,
downright)
Thrift: (n) ekonomi, tutum (economy, saving, conservation)
Thrifty: (adj) tutumlu, verimli (economical, saving, careful)
Timidly: (adv) ürkerek, çekinerek (nervously, shyly)
Tingle: (v) iğnelemek (prickle)
Torture: (v) işkence etmek, zulmetmek (pain, persecute,
torment)
Toss: (v) atmak, sallamak (throw)
Tranquil: (adj) sakin, huzurlu (peaceful, calm, serene)
Treacherous: (adj) hain, tehlikeli (punic)
Tribute: (n) övgü, takdir (compliment, respect)
Tricky: (adj) nazik hassas (deceitful, shady)
Trigger: (n) dürtü, tetik (lever, catch, stimulus)
Triumph: (n) zafer, başarı (winning, victorious)
Trivial: (adj) önemsiz, saçma (petty)
Troublesome: (adj) baş belası, can sıkıcı (annoying,
irritating)
Tumble: (n) düşme, alt üst etmek, tökezleme (fall, drop,
stumple)
Turmoil: (n) karışıklık, sorun (confusion, trouble)
U
Ultimate: (adj) doruk, en son, esas (final, furthest, basic)
Ultimately: (adv) en sonunda, eninde sonunda (finally)
Undermine: (v) baltalamak, düşürmek, kuyusunu kazmak
(weaken, sabotage, excavate)
Undertake: (v) üzerine alınmak, üstlenmek (assume,
take on)
Undue: (adj) gereksiz, mantıksız, yersiz (unnecessary,
needless, unreasonable)
Unduly: (adv) aşırı derecede, gereğinden çok
(immoderately, excessively)
Uneasy: (adj) endişeli, gergin, kaygılı (nerveous,
awkward, anxious)
Uniformity: (n) değişmezlik, homojenlik, düzgünlük
(regularity, monotony, uniformness)
Unlikely: (adj) alışılmadık, beklenilmedik, muhtemel
olmayan (improbable, doubtful, unthinkable)
Unpredictable: (adj) tahmin edilemez, öngörülemez,
belirsiz (doubtful, uncertain, unreliable)
Upsurge: (v) yükselmek, kabarmak, aniden artmak
(sudden increase)
Usher: (v) eşlik etmek, yönlendirmek (escort, accompany,
lead, direct)
Utilize: (v) kullanmak (use)
Utterly: (adv) tamamen (completely)
V Well-being: (n) refah, esenlik, iyilik (welfare, prosperity)
Vacancy: (n) açıklık, akılsızlık, boş yer (emptiness, gap,
absurdness)
Vaccine: (n) aşı, aşı maddesi
Vaguely: (adv) uzakça, yararsızca (distantly, remotely,
idly)
Vain: (adj) boş, gereksiz (useless, worthless, fruitless)
Validate: (v) geçerli kılmak onaylamak (formalize)
Validity: (n) geçerlik, yasallık, sağlamlık, doğruluk
(cogency)
Vanish: (v) gözden kaybolmak (disappear)
Various: (adj) çeşitli, türlü, birçok, çeşit çeşit (assorted,
changeable, changing, different, disparate, distinct,
distinctive, diverse)
Vastly: (adv) çok, genişce (hugely, extensively, greatly)
Vehement: (adj) şiddetli (fierce)
Velocity: (n) hız, sürat (high speed)
Verdict: (v) hüküm, karar (decision, judjement)
Verifiable: (adj) doğruluğu kanıtlanabilir (confirmable)
Versatile: (adj) çok yönlü (elinden birden fazla iş gelen
(functional, flexible)
Vertically: (adj) dikey bi şekilde (upright)
Viable: (adj) mümkün, yapılabilir (possible, usable)
Vice versa: (adv) kısasa kısas, tersine (conversely, on
the contrary)
Vicinity: (n) civar, bölge, semt (neighbourhood, district)
Vicinity: (n) civar, çevre, etraf, dolay (area)
Vicious: (adj) ahlaksız, kötü, fena, berbat, haince, şiddetli
(immoral, savage)
Vigilant: (adj) uyanık, tetikte (watchful)
150
Vintage: (n) bağbozumu, ekin (year, crop)
Vintage: (adj) kaliteli (quality, choice)
Violate: (v) ihlal etmek, bozmak, uymamak (break,
disobey, ignore)
Vitality: (n) enerji, zindelik, gereklilik (energy, power, life
force)
Vitalize: (v) canlandırmak (act, pretend)
Vivid: (n) parlak (shine)
Volatile: (adj) değişken, dengesiz (changeable,
inconstant, unstable)
Voluntarily: (adv) gönüllü, istekli, ihtiyari (freely, willingly,
spontaneously)
W
Warfare: (n) savaş, harp (battle, war)
War-torn: (adj) savaş mağduru (being destroyed by war)
Weary: (adj) yorgun, bitkin (tired, exhausted)
Welfare: (n) ferahlık, mutluluk (well-being, health)
Whereabouts: (adv) nereye, nerelerde
Whirl: (v) döndürmek, çevirmek (twist, spin, swirl)
Willingly: (adv) isteyerek, memnuniyetle (eagerly,
enthusiasticly)
Wilt: (v) solmak soldurmak (wither)
Wink: (v) göz kırpmak, parıldamak (blink, sparkle)
Wistfully: (adv) dalgın bir şekilde, efkarlı bir biçimde
(thoughtfully, dreamy, wishfully)
Withdraw: ayrılmak, geri çekilmek, iptal etmek (draw
back, retract, cancel)
Wither: (v) solmak, soldurmak, sindirmek (shrink, dry,
decay)
Withhold: (v) alıkoymak, saklamak, esirgemek (retain,
reserve, hold)
Withstand: (v) karşı koymak, direnmek (resist)
Worldwide: dünya çapında, yaygın (common, universal,
global)
Worry: (v) merak etmek, kaygılanmak, üzülmek (fear,
trouble, anxiety)
Worship: (v) ibadet etmek, tapmak (pray to, respect)
Wrestle: (n) güreş, mücâdele, uğraş, boğuşma (grapple)
Wrestle: (v) güreşmek, boğuşmak, uğraşmak, mücâdele
etmek (battle)
Y
Yawn: (v) esnemek, delik açmak (gape, open mouth
wide)
Yearn: (v) hasret çekmek, çok istemek, çok arzu etmek
(desire, want, wish, long for)
YDS (KPDS/ÜDS)’DE EN ÇOK ÇIKAN ÖBEKSİ FİİLLER
Account for: açıklamak (explain)
Act out: dışa vurmak, canlandırmak, yaramazlık yapmak
(display, dramatize, misbehave)
Be accompanied by: beraberinde gelmek, eşlik etmek
(go or be with something, associate with)
Blurt out: ağızdan kaçırmak (utter, tell, spill the beans)
Break down: bozmak, analiz etmek, kırmak (analyze,
break up, destroy)
Break off: kırılıp ayrılmak, birdenbire durmak, ilişiğini
kesmek (cut short)
Break through: üstesinden gelmek, engeli geçmek,
ilerleme kaydetmek (crack, come through, push
through)
Break up: dağılmak, eğlendirmek, ilişkiyi bitirmek
(disperse, separate, break apart)
Break down: (n) sağlığın bozulması, bozulma, çöküntü,
arıza (crush)
Bring in: işe almak, sunmak, para kazanmak (take on,
introduce, earn)
Bring someone down: birini makamından indirmek,
düşürmek (fall over)
Bring together: kavuşturmak, toplamak (accrue, acquire,
add to, agglomerate, aggregate, amalgamate)
Bring together: toplamak, kavuşturmak, birleştirmek
(gather, collect)
Bring up: azarlamak, bahsetmek, büyütmek (scold,
mention, grow)
Bring upon: dert açmak (trouble)
Bump into: karşılaşmak, rastlamak (meet, run into)
By all means: (adv) elbette, şüphesiz (of course)
Call off: iptal etmek (cancel, scrub)
Catch up: yakalamak, yetişmek (gain on, overtake)
Caught on: anlamak, gözde olmak, kapmak (understand,
confirm, find out)
Come along: ilerlemek, ortaya çıkmak, geliştirmek (,
appear, progress, advance)
Come up with: bulmak, ileri sürmek, bir (çözüm, fikir) ile
çıkagelmek (suggest, create, find)
Consist of: oluşmak, meydana gelmek (comprise, be
composed of)
Cope with: baş etmek (deal with, encounter, handle)
Cut down on: azaltmak, indirmek, kısmak (reduce)
Dash out: fırlayıp çıkmak, ani hareket etmek (rush,
hurry)
Deal with: hakkından gelmek, baş etmek, alakadar
olmak (attend to, concern, cope with, handle)
151
Design for: geliştirmek, üretmek, tasarlamak (invent,
develop)
Divide into: bölmek, parçalamak (separate, come apart,
break)
Doze off: şekerleme yapmak (sleep, nod off, nap)
Dredge up: ortaya atmak, ortaya sürmek, eşelemek
(mention again)
Embark on: benimsemek, -e girişmek, başlamak (start,
begin, commence)
End up: sonuçlanmak, bitmek, neticelenmek (cease,
finish, clear up)
Fight off: defetmek, püskürtmek, mücadele etmek (rebel,
resist, defend)
Find out: ortaya çıkarmak, keşfetmek (discover, detect)
Get around: gezinmek, kaçınmak, başarmak (get about,
avoid, swing)
Get on: ilerlemek, devam etmek, giyinmek (wear, assume,
throw on)
Give in: teslim olmak, bırakmak, kabullenmek (abandon,
surrender, quit)
Give up: vazgeçmek, istifa etmek, teslim olmak (abandon,
resign, surrender)
Go in for: alışakanlık edinmek, birseyi yapmaktan
hoslanmak, yer almak (act, take up)
Go with: birbirini tamamlamak, katılmak, uzlaşmak (fit,
enrich, harmonize)
Hold out: uzatmak, ümit vermek, vâât etmek, yeterli
olmak, dayanmak, ısrar etmek, boyun eğmemek,
direnmek, tanıtmak (give, grant, proffer, tempt with)
Hold up: engellemek, gecikmek, desteklemek (prevent,
delay, support)
In charge of: -den sorumlu, -in sorumlusu
In excess of: -den fazla, -i aşan bir şekilde (beyond)
In line with: uyumlu olarak, doğrultusunda, bağdaşan (in
accordance with, in agreement with, in consonance
with)
In the case of: durumunda (in case)
Keep away: uzak durmak (stay away, avoid, take a
backseat)
Keep up with: ayak uydurmak, hızına yetişmek, geri
kalmamak (adapt, string along, fall in step)
Lay emphasis on: altını çizerek belirtmek, önemine
vurgu yapmak, üzerinde durmak (stress, insist)
Lay out: yere sermek, yaymak (range, array)
Let off: affetmek, boşaltmak, salıvermek (excuse, relieve,
exempt)
Look after: göz kulak olmak, kollamak, sahip çıkmak
(accompany, conduct, escort)
Look down on: aşağı görmek, -e tepeden bakmak,
küçümsemek (despise, contemn, sneeze at)
Look out for: dikkat etmek, gözetmek (pay attention,
observe, pay regard)
Look up to: örnek almak, hayran olmak (respect)
Look back: anımsamak, ardına bakmak, geçmişe
bakmak (review, recall, arouse)
Make out: anlam çıkarmak, fark etmek, başarmak (see,
recognize, detect)
Make over: devretmek, değiştirmek, yenilemek (rework,
transfer, convey)
Make sure of: emin olmak, sağlama almak, kesin bilmek
(ensure, assure, check on)
Make up for: telafi etmek (atone, compensate)
Make up: bir araya getirmek, hazırlamak, karar vermek
(construct, create, decide)
On behalf of: -nın adına (in the name of)
Pay for: bedelini ödemek, acısını çekmek, ödemek
(compensate, suffer)
Play up: abartmak, üzerinde durmak, vurgulamak
(highlight, spotlight, foreground)
Point out to: dikkatini çekmek
Point out: göstermek, dikkatini çekmek (show, indicate,
draw attention to)
Pull through: hastalıktan kurtulmak (recover)
Pull up: durdurmak, (bitkiyi) kökünden sökmek, azarlamak
(draw up, haul up, take out)
Put off: alıkoymak, bırakmak (deter, delay, postpone)
Put up with: katlanmak, sineye çekmek, acıya dayanmak
(accept, bear, stand)
Put up with: tahammül etmek, acıya dayanmak,
hazmetmek (bear, endure, accept)
Refrain from: sakınmak, kendini tutmak, kaçınmak (leave
off, abstain, avoid)
Rely on: dayanmak, doğruluğuna güvenmek, -e bel
bağlamak (depen on/upon, count on, trust)
Rule out: göz ardı etmek, çıkarmak, kabul etmemek (
ignore, eliminate, reject)
Run out of: -i tüketmek, kovmak, bitirmek (absorb,
dissipate, run through)
Runs out: bitmek, çıkıntı yapmak, dışarı atmak (fail,
drain,, give out)
Set off: yola çıkmak, başlamak (depart, begin)
Set out: seyahate çıkmak, düzenlemek, sergilemek
(display, arrange, take a trip)
Set up: kurmak, organize etmek, ileri sürmek (arrange,
build, create)
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Settle into: yerleşmek, alışmak (locate, get used to)
Show up: gözükmek, ortaya çıkmak, sırıtmak (come out,
turn up, grin)
Sort out: aydınlatmak, çözümlemek, sınıflandırmak
(illuminate, clear up, classify)
Spread out: yayılmak, genişlemek, ayırmak (divide,
expand, enlarge)
Step down: düşürmek, azaltmak, emekliye ayrılmak (quit,
resign, drop out)
Stop short of: işi belirli bir yere vardıramamak, -e kadar
gidememek (stop short at)
Sweep away: sürüklemek, alıp götürmek, süpürmek
(eliminate, abandon, throw away)
Take charge: sorumlu olmak (look after, organize) )
Take down: aşağılamak, parçalara ayırmak, sökmek
(criticize, deminish, underestimate)
Take for granted: itirazsız kabul etmek (assume)
Take off: işte yükselme, çıkarma, uçağın havalanması
(remove, depart)
Take over: benimsemek, devralmak, üstlenmek (adopt,
seize, assume)
Take up: zaman almak, yer kaplamak (occupy, engage)
Thrive on: başarmak, büyümek, gelişmek (increase,
develop, succeed)
Tidy up: toparlamak, çeki düzen vermek, temizlemek
(clarify, clean, erase)
Trouble by: canı burnuna gelmek (worry, annoy, disturb)
Try on: giysi denemek, ayakkabı denemek, prova etmek
(sample, try, try out)
Turn back: arkaya dönmek, geri çevirmek, kovmak
(refuse, reject, reverse)
Turn into: değiştirmek, dönüşmek, çevirmek (evolve,
alter, convert)
Turn over: devrilmek, ele almak, teslim etmek (tip over,
go about, pass on)
Turn up: görünmek, çıkagelmek (appear, arrive)
Turn over: altüst olmak, çevirmek, yorum yapmak
(assign, comment, confer)
Wait for: beklemek, dört gözle beklemek, gözlemek
(await, expect, look)
Wait on: bakmak, eşlik etmek, hizmet etmek (serve,
attend, assist)
Wipe out: ortadan kaldırma (eradicate, destroy)
Wrap up: kalın giyinmek, bürünmek (wrap, roll up)