Republic of the Philippines

SOTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY

TOMAS OPPUS CAMPUS
San Isidro, Tomas Oppus, Southern Leyte

UNIT 2
LEARNING
PORTFOLIO

Submitted by: Hezel Ann Lolo

BSED 2.1
Learning insight…

In module 2, we were introduced to the concept of Non-Euclidean Geometry. As far as I

remember, I encountered this word several times but I need a refresher to review my understanding
about this concept. As I go along the lesson, I learned about the postulates, common notions, and
propositions of Euclid. I learned about the three observations about these three. First, Euclid did not
realized the need of undefined terms, but the seven definition were considered essentially undefined.
Second, Euclid made a distinction between postulates and common notions, wherein, postulates are
geometric in nature while common notions are common or applicable to all mathematics. And lastly,
the fifth postulate is much more involved than the other four. Which later leads to an idea that the
fifth postulate was not independent of the first four postulate. Additionally, I learned that there is a
high correlation between Playfair’s Axiom and Euclid’s fifth postulate. However, there are two steps
required to prove this assumption. First is to construct a proof of Playfair’s axiom using Euclid’s five
postulate. Second is to construct a proof of Euclid’s fifth postulate using Euclid’s first four postulates
together with the playfair’s axiom. Meanwhile, I realized that the definitions, postulates, common
notions and propositions are the foundation and the bases in proving a certain axiom or theorem.

With regards to lesson 2.1, I was able to provide my own proof of the equivalence of the two
version of Pasch’s Axiom. Both of which asserts that if a line l passes through the first side of the
triangle or the vertex of the triangle, then line l will continue to pass through to the point segment in
the opposite side of the triangle.
With regards to lesson 2.2, I learned about the hyperbolic geometry. The hyperbolic geometry
rejects the validity of Euclid’s fifth postulate, simply stating that a point not on a given line can a form
a line parallel to the given line. Moreover, I learned that there are two geometric models used to
represent the hyperbolic plane geometry. These are the Poincare model and the Klien model. I
learned that in Poincare model, lines are arcs that meet the boundary orthogonally, whereas in Klien
model, lines and segments are straight Euclidean segment. In this lesson, I was introduced to the
concept of sensed parallelism. I learned that a line is a sensed parallel if it is the first line parallel to a
given line on that side through a given point.

With regards to lesson 2.3, I learned about the concept of elliptic geometry which simply
states that two lines always intersect. It is the negation of Euclid’s parallel postulate. It asserts that in
spherical geometry, there are no parallel lines since any two lines must intersect. However, I learned
that there are two types of elliptic geometry. These are the single elliptic geometry and the double
elliptic geometry which is known as the spherical geometry. In order to obtain a consistent axiom
system, including the elliptic axiom, the preceding proof must also be invalidated. (1) A line separates
the plane, and (2) Two distinct points lie on a unique line. Moreover, for us to obtain a consistent
elliptic axiom, there is a need to negate one of the two assumptions that leads to two types of elliptic
geometry. If the first assumption is maintained and the second is negated, that is, if it assumed that
two distinct points do not necessarily lie on a unique line, then double elliptic geometry is obtained.
This means that a spherical geometry can be formed. A single elliptic geometry on the other hand is
obtained when the second assumption is maintained and the first assumption is negated, that is, a
line does not separate the plane.
In general, I was able to prove propositions using the axioms and propositions in Euclid’s
geometry, proved propositions using axioms of hyperbolic geometry, and understand some
properties of double and single elliptic geometries