CHAPTER 5: UNDERSTANDING DATA
AND WAYS TO SYSTEMATICALLY
COLLECT DATA
Lesson 1: Qualitative Research Design
Qualitative Research Design
- An umbrella term for a various range of
approaches and methods, w/c vary
consistently in terms of focus,
assumptions about the nature of
knowledge and the role of the
researcher.
1. Ethnography – direct description of a group,
culture or community.
- studies groups of people that share a common
culture (Leedy and Omrod, 2001)
Examples of Research Titles:
 Study of the cultural heritage of the
Kankaneys of Dalipay, Batangas,
Benguet of Dr. Liza Daoanis
 A Story of High School Inclusion: An
Enthographic Case Study
 Bagong Silang Community: An
Enthographic Study of Strategies of
Survival
2. Grounded Theory (GT) – an approach that
generates and modifies a theory.
- method of discovering new theory
- data are collected through non-standardized
interviews & participant observation but also
by access to other data sources.
- the researcher builds theory by making
comparisons.
Examples of Research Titles:
 Perceptions of Filipino Women and Men
on Intimate Partner Violence
 Becoming Selfless: A Grounded Theory
of Commitment to Service
3. Narrative Inquiry – includes stories that
reflect on people’s experience and the meaning
that this experience has for them
- useful way of gaining access to feelings,
thoughts and experience in order to analyze
them.
Narratives are tales of experience or
imagination and come naturally to human
beings.
Examples of Research Titles:
 Enhancing the transparency of
Accounting Research: The Case of
Narrative Analysis
 The Narrative Research Trail: Values
and Ambiguity and Relationships
4. Phenomenological Study
- the purpose is to understand an experience
from the research participant’s point of view
( Leddy and Omrod, 2001)
- Examples are comfort women during WWII,
rehabilitated drug dependents or
rescued trafficked women.
5. Case study
- studies a person, program or event in a
defined time frame.
- examples are case studies of drug
rehabilitated teenagers, transgenders, gay
marriages, success stories
6. Content Analysis
- a detailed systematic examination of the
contents of a particular body of materials for
the purpose of identifying patterns, themes and
biases.
- examines choice and use of words from which
concepts or images are vividly derived.
- it looks at the relationships between words
and their meanings, stressing the system of
relations between words as a source of
meaning.
- examples can be the examination of word
choice and use of words in the SONA of
Philippine Presidents, or speeches in political
conventions
Lesson 2: Sampling Procedures
Qualitative Sampling
The primary goal of sampling is to get a
representative sample, or a small collection of
units or cases from a much larger collection or
population, such that the researcher can study
the smaller group and produce accurate
generalizations about the larger groups.
2 General Categories
1. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
a. Convenience Sampling – involves
choosing of the researcher.
-example is measuring the age distribution of
persons residing in a given locality
d. Systematic Sampling
- researcher selects every nth member after
randomly selecting the first, through nth element as
starting point.
C. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
- researcher uses it to select unique cases that are
especially informative.
-example is selecting only the students who are
involve in teenage pregnancy

Ex: people-in-the-street interviews,

Lesson 3: Data Collection and Analysis
snowball or friendship pyramiding
Procedure
b. Quota Sampling
Primary Data Collection Techniques
- samples a population that has been
1. Interview
subdivided into classes or categories.
- participants are prodded to talk about
-example is a survey in w/c the
their experiences, feelings, beliefs,
researcher desires to obtain a certain number of
outlooks, etc.
respondents from various income categories
a. Structured interview - use a set questions
c. Judgemental Sampling
by the researcher.
- the researcher uses his/her own “expert”
b. Unstructured interview - use open-ended
judgement.
questions which the interviewee or research
-example is the study of poterntial users of a participant answers freely
newsl recreational facility that is limited to
c. Semi- structured Interview - use both closed
those persons who love within the vicinity.
and open-ended questions
2. PROBABILITY SAMPLING
2. Participant Observation - the researcher
a. Simple Random Sampling immerses himself/herself in the natural setting
of the research participant.
- the researcher must have a list of all members
of the population of interest. Form this list, the
sample is drawn so that each personnhas an 3. Focus Group Interview - 6-8 persons
equal chance of being drawn participate in the interview.

b. Stratified Random Sampling

- involves categorizing the members of the
population into mutually exclusive and
collective exhaustive groups.
-example is determining the average
income earned by vendors in a city
4. Observational Evaluation - the researcher
may or may not participate in activities of the
group being observed. But mostly, observes
and records with the verbal and non-verbal
behavior of a person or group of persons.
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c. Cluster Sampling
- the groups are defined in order to maintain
the heterogeneity of the population.
5. Biography/Autobiography - personal
biographies offer a rich source of data or
evidence that can shed light or provide
tentative answers to research questions.
 - example is a diary

Data Analysis Procedures

1. Coding -the research analyst reads the data,

and marks segments within the data; this may
be done at different times throughout the
process.

2. Recursive Abstraction - datasets are

summarized

3. Content or Discourse Analysis - the most

basic technique is counting of words, phrases,
or coincidences of tokens within the data.

4. Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data

Analysis Software
- this has replaced the detailed hand coding and
labeling of the past decade.