Sajid Sarwar Comp Yr 12

Mathematical Calculus Report
+
Building Design
Sajid Sarwar
10MatCOMP
Part A:
In the realm of mathematics, throughout the many curves that can be created through the manipulation of numbers,
this report focuses upon one of the most convenient and arguably most common curves present in everyday life, the
parabola.
At its core, the parabola is a mathematical construct defined by in this case in the simple equation of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.
The constants in such an equation, crucially ‘a’ determines the orientation of the parabola, a positive value of ‘a’
indicating an upwards facing parabola, much like a smile and a negative value of ‘a’ indicating a downwards facing
parabola, much like a frown. The constant ‘c’ representing the vertical shift of the parabola, if ‘c’ is positive the parabola
is shifted upwards, if ‘c’ is negative then the parabola is shifted downwards, ‘c’ most commonly is known to represent
the y-intercept of the parabola, whether it is concave up or concave down.
In this report, it is worth noting the significance and various practical applications of parabolas in architecture, a key
component in this specific architectural design.
Parabolic Equation:
It is evident that the graph given is a parabola, considering the single turning point at (0, 36) and symmetry across the y-
axis as well as the graph extending outwards towards negative infinity in the ‘y’ direction, all of which satisfy the
elements for a graph to be considered a parabola. To find the parabolic equation of the given parabola to determine the
overall front shape of the building, variables must be determined using the information provided.
As shown in the parabola given, the minimum height of the building is 36 meters and the 2 x-intercepts being: (-36, 0)
and (36, 0). Therefore, the equation: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, is not as effective in determining the equation for the parabolic
curve. A more suitable equation to suit such a case is:
y = a(x - p)(x - q)
In this equation:
‘a’ - The coefficient that determines whether the parabola is concave up or concave down
‘p’ - One x-intercept, the value of x at the intercept.
‘q’ - One x-intercept, the value of x at the intercept.
By using the x –intercepts given in the diagram, it is possible to sub in these values to decrease the number of unknown
values present. This is done by taking the x-values from both interception points, which can be subbed into either of the
two pronumerals, ‘p’ or ‘q’.
(-36, 0) and (36, 0)
‘p' and ‘q’
Now, these two x-values are subbed back into original equation: y = a(x - p)(x - q)
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)(𝑥 − 𝑞)
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − (−36))(𝑥 − (36))
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

As seen in the equation, the only other unknown point is ‘a’.
As given, the minimum height of the building must be 36 meters, meaning that the highest point, or the turning point
must lie on point y=36. In this case, as shown in the diagram above, the highest point is the y-intercept itself. Therefore,
the y-intercept must satisfy the point being 36. The point would then be (0, 36) according to the given argument.
Therefore, since another point is known, the only unknown variable left being ‘a’ can be determined by subbing in the
point (0, 36). *x=0* and *y=36*
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

36 = 𝑎(0 + 36)(0 − 36)
36 = 𝑎(36)(−36)
36 = 𝑎(−1296)
36
=𝑎
(−1296)
36
− =𝑎
1296
1
− =𝑎
36
1
∴𝑎=−
36
The overall shape of the parabolic curve is concave down, therefore as per definition, the value of the coefficient ‘a’
must be negative. Therefore, since the value of a found was negative, it is evident that value given to ‘a’ is the correct
solution.
Therefore, since the final coefficient has been found, the final equation of the parabolic curve can be determined, by
replacing all variables with the values found, being of the form: y = a(x - p)(x - q)
1
𝑦=− (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
36
1 2
𝑦=− 𝑥 + 36
36
Maximum Area:
The building required is dependent upon a square (noting that a square is also classified as a rectangle) that can fit
within the parabolic curve, finding the maximum possible area of the square. To do this, an equation must be found to
satisfy the possible dimensions of such a square to fit within the parabolic curve. The corners of the square cannot
extend the boundaries being the parabola, therefore the corners of the square would be given by certain points on the
parabola, the base of the square would also have another restriction, being the x-axis, or in the actual architectural
design, the ground. Therefore, the square will logically not be able to go into a negative height, in other words into the
ground. The overall diagram will appear as the diagram below (the shape of the square will differ as the dimensions
change, in other words the points of the 2 uppermost corners:
The overall length between each x-intercept of the parabola is given, the distance being 72 meters, also calculatable
through methods such as the following:
Using the two x intercepts: (-36, 0) and (36, 0)
Let d = Distance
Distance Formula ⟶ √((𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 )
2
𝑑 = √((36 − (−36)) + (0 − 0)2 )
𝑑 = √(72)2
𝑑 = ±72
However, since ‘d’, distance, cannot be negative, therefore:
𝑑 = 72 Meters
These observations will aid significantly in finding an equation to determine maximum area:
STEP 1: To find the equation needed to solve the problem, variables must be provided for specific parts in the diagram.
In this instance a variable ‘x’ will be designated to a certain part of the diagram. *Note that the following two diagrams
are just representations of the real parabolic curve and rectangle dimensions, there are not accurate, for visualization
purposes only*
Since the variable ‘x’ had been designated to a specific part in the diagram being the length of the square on either side
of the y-axis, it can be concluded that the overall length of the square is 2x, since x + x = 2x. This is shown is the following
diagram:
To get the equation for the area of the square, the formula for area is crucial:
𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
The length of the square has already been determined in Step 1; the length bring ‘2x’. Therefore, the only variable left to
find in the equation is ‘w’ or width of the rectangle.
Step 2: To determine the width of the square it is necessary to take into consideration the coordinates of the rectangle
against the coordinates of the parabolic curve. This can be done using the intersection points of the rectangle and the
parabolic curve, in essence being the two uppermost points of the square.
On any Cartesian plane, for any point or any graph, there are always coordinates to represent the direction or motion of
the graph. These coordinates are represented by the values of ‘x’ and the values of ‘y’ and are written as (x, y). This
notation is worth noting as it is essential for solving the dimensions of the square.
For instance, for the uppermost point in the 1st quadrant, the coordinates are (x, y), however for the value ‘y’, as seen in
1
the graph of the parabolic curve, 𝑦 = − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36), the value of y can be subbed
36
st
into the coordinate. The final coordinate of the uppermost point of the square in the 1 quadrant will be (x,
1
− (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36) ).
36
For the uppermost point in the second quadrant, the coordinate would be the same however, since the point is located
1
in the 2nd quadrant the values for ‘x’ will be negative, therefore the coordinate would be (-x, − 36 (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
).
Therefore, the width of the rectangle, as seen in both coordinates, is essentially, the value of y of either of the
uppermost points.
1
𝑤=− (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
36
Step 3: To extract an equation for the area for the square from the values found, it is essential to return to the area of a
square formula:
𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
From this equation, it is evident that by subbing in values obtained from Step 1 and Step 2, the values being obtained
being the length and the width of the square, it is possible to find the area due to length and width being in terms of ‘x’.
Sub in 𝑙 , length from Step 1 into the equation for the Area:
𝐴 = 2𝑥 × 𝑤
Sub in 𝑤 , width from Step 2 into the equation for the Area:
1
𝐴 = 2𝑥 × − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
36
Simplification of the equation to determine the final area equation:
2
𝐴=− 𝑥(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
36
1
𝐴=− 𝑥(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
18
1
𝐴=− 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1296)
18
1 3
𝐴=− (𝑥 − 1296𝑥)
18
1 1
𝐴=− × 𝑥3 − × −1296𝑥
18 18
1 3
𝐴=− 𝑥 + 72𝑥
18
The final equation of the area for the square equates to the following:
1 3
𝐴=− 𝑥 + 72𝑥
18
Step 4: To determine the maximum and area of the square, the equation found for the area of the square must be
transformed into a graph, where the maximum point on the graph would depict the maximum area of the square on the
graph. The turning points on the graph are essential in determining the fluctuations in area in accordance with the
dimension of the square, influencing the structure of the architectural design. The turning points of the graph can be
found using the derivative of the equation for area. The derivative found must then be altered to equal 0, since the
derivative is the gradient of the graph, when the gradient is 0, the graph is stationary indicating a turning point at that
particular point.
On the graph A/Area would represent the y-axis and x would represent the x-axis.
To find the turning points to determine the maximum area, the derivative must be found:
1 3
𝐴=− 𝑥 + 72𝑥
18
3 2
𝐴′ = − 𝑥 + 72
18
1
𝐴′ = − 𝑥 2 + 72
6
To determine the turning points, the derivative must equal to 0, since stationary points or turning points have the
gradient of 0:
1
0 = − 𝑥 2 + 72
6
1
−72 = − 𝑥 2
6
432 = 𝑥 2
±√432 = 𝑥
±12√3 = 𝑥
∴ 𝑥 = 12√3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −12√3
To determine if the stationary points truly change concavity and signify the maximum turning points, the maximum area,
instead of being an inflection point where the concavity of the graph does not change, a table test for the 1st derivative
is required.
Regular turning point: Inflection point:

This can be done by subbing in values that are very close to the stationary points, subbing in one greater than the
stationary point and one less than the stationary point, in other words a table of signs can be created:
Value of 𝒙 11√3 12√3 13√3

𝒇′ (𝒙) 11.5 0 −12.5
𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏 + 0 −
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆
Now, another table of signs need to be created so that the negative values of x can also be tested:
Value of 𝒙 −13√3 −12√3 −11√3

𝒇′ (𝒙) −12.5 0 11.5
𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏 − 0 +
As seen in tables above, both points are defined as turning points. However, the points are not necessarily viable
solutions to the maximum area. If the value of ‘x’ is negative, then the maximum area of the rectangle will also be
negative which is impossible, therefore the only correct solution would be if ‘x’ is positive, in other words, 𝑥 = 12√3.
Step 5: As clearly indicated in the table of signs above, the slope of the stationary point indicates the stationary point
resembling a turning point, much like the curve of a parabola. This turning point indicates that the point at which the
value of ‘x’ is 12√3 , is the highest point in the graph of the derivative, indicating that the maximum area is
achieved at this turning point.
Now, since the value of ‘x’ has been determined for the maximum area to be achieved, the maximum area can be
1
determined by subbing the value of ‘x’ back into equation for the maximum area which was 𝐴 = − 18 𝑥 3 + 72𝑥.
1 3
𝐴=− 𝑥 + 72𝑥
18
Sub in ‘x’, 𝑥 = 12√3
1 3
𝐴=− (12√3) + 72(12√3)
18
𝐴 = 576√3
𝐴 = 576√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2
𝐴 = 997.66 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 (2 𝑑. 𝑝)
Therefore, as per calculations and concepts finalized in the above statements, it is clear that the maximum area for the
square inside the parabolic curve is 𝐴 = 576√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 or 𝐴 = 997.66 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 .
Step 6: Since the maximum area of the curve has been determined, as per the question inquired, the dimensions are the
only unknown variable remaining in this problem. The dimensions of the square of which the maximum area has already
been determined must be found by subbing the value of ‘x’ where 𝑥 = 12√3, into the equations determined for both
the length of the square and the width of the square.
The length of the square was given by the equation 𝑙 = 2𝑥. By subbing the value of x back into the equation for length,
‘𝑙 ‘ can be found as a numerical value.
𝑙 = 2𝑥
Sub in the value of ‘x’, 𝑥 = 12√3
𝑙 = 2(12√3)
𝑙 = 24√3
𝑙 = 24√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Therefore, the length of the square given by the equation 𝑙 = 2𝑥 , comes down to 24√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 as shown through the
above calculations.
Similarly, to find the width of the square, all that needs to be done is to sub the value of ‘x’ into the equation for the
1
width of the square. The equation for the width given by 𝑤 = − 36 (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36).
1
𝑤=− (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
36
1
𝑤=− (12√3 + 36)(12√3 − 36)
36
1
𝑤=− (−864)
36
1
𝑤= (864)
36
𝑤 = 24
𝑤 = 24 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
1
Therefore, the width of the square given by the equation 𝑤 = − 36 (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36) , comes down to 24 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 as
shown through the above calculations.
Step 7: To determine that the length and width determined are correct, it is essential to prove the formula for area. This
can be done by subbing in the values achieved from all three equations for length, width and maximum area of the
square. If the maximum area of the square equals the length multiplied by the width of the square, then the calculations
and answers achieved are correct.
𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
Sub in all values for the length (l), width (w) and the maximum area (A)
576√3 = 24√3 × 24
576√3 = 576√3
∴𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
Therefore, since the area equals to the length multiplied by the width, the equation is satisfied, and the values obtained
from the calculations are correct.
Alas, the final dimensions of the rectangle come down to the length and the width, both of which have been determined
through calculations as shown above, specifically Step 6. The overall dimensions of the rectangle sum too, the length
being a total of 24√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 and the width being 24 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠.
Maximum Volume:
The required process to determine the volume of the shape is quite simple in comparison to the other calculations
endured throughout the process of finding the dimensions. To determine the volume of a regular 3D shape it is essential
to take into account the area of the front face of the shape. The regular formula used to find the volume of a 3D shape
is: 𝑉 = 𝑙 × 𝑤 × ℎ
Where ‘V’ is the volume of the 3D shape.

Where ‘l’ is the length of the 3D shape.
Where ‘w’ is the width of the 3D shape
Where ‘h’ is the height/breath of the 3D shape.
For instance, to find the volume of a rectangular prism, the area of the front face of one of the sides need to be found
and then multiplied by the height of the 3D shape:
Much like the rectangular prism, the area of the front face of the square multiplied by the height or in other words the
breath must be multiplied by the area of the front face to determine the overall volume of such a rectangular block.
We are given the breath of the building in the original problem, a clear missing variable in such an equation, the breath
of the rectangular block being 100 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 .
Using the formula𝑉 = 𝑙 × 𝑤 × ℎ, and by subbing in the values of the area of the front face for the values: ‘l’ and ‘w’, the
volume can be determined.
𝑉 =𝑙×𝑤×ℎ
𝑉 = 576√3 × ℎ
Sub in the value of ‘h’ into the equation
𝑉 = 576√3 × 100
𝑉 = 57600√3
𝑉 = 57600√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3
𝑉 = 99766.13 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)

Therefore, through the above calculations, it is evident that the volume of the rectangular block is given by the value:
𝑉 = 57600√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3
Part B:
To investigate how altering the height of the building affects the maximum area of the front face of the rectangular
block as well the dimensions of the block, required to do, the new heights need to be designated in order for correct
observations to be made. To do this, a similar process must be followed to that which has been followed in Part A.
Initially, to determine the equation of the parabolic curve which is essential in determining the dimensions and the
maximum area, a height needs to be designated, in this case the height being 44 meters. Keeping in mind that the width
along the ground of the building remains the same, the intercepts of the parabolic curve must also therefore remain the
same, the only changed variable in this instance being the height. As shown in the diagram below:
As shown in the parabola given, the height of the building is 44 meters and the 2 x-intercepts being: (-36, 0) and (36, 0).
A suitable equation to suit such a case is:
y = a(x - p)(x - q)
In this equation:
(-36, 0) and (36, 0)
‘p' and ‘q’
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)(𝑥 − 𝑞)
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − (−36))(𝑥 − (36))
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

As said previously, the height of the building must be 44 meters, meaning that the highest point, or the turning point
must lie on point y=44. In this case, as shown in the diagram above, the point that is the highest is the y-intercept itself.
Therefore, the y-intercept must satisfy the point being 44. The point would then be (0, 44) according to the given
argument. Therefore, since another point is known, the only unknown variable left being ‘a’ can be determined by
subbing in the point (0, 44). *x=0* and *y=44*
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

𝑦 = 𝑎(0 + 36)(0 − 36)
𝑦 = 𝑎(36)(−36)
𝑦 = 𝑎(−1296)
44 = 𝑎(−1296)
44
=𝑎
(−1296)
44
− =𝑎
1296
11
− =𝑎
324
11
∴𝑎=−
324
solution.
11
𝑦=− (𝑥 − 36)(𝑥 + 36)
324
11 2
𝑦=− 𝑥 + 44
324
Maximum Area:
satisfy the possible dimensions of such a square to fit within the parabolic curve.
In this instance a variable ‘x’ will be designated to a certain part of the diagram:
diagram:
𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
11
the graph of the parabolic curve,𝑦 = − 324 𝑥 2 + 44. The value of ‘y’ can be subbed into the coordinate. The final
11
coordinate of the uppermost point of the square in the 1st quadrant will be (x, 𝑦 = − 324 𝑥 2 + 44).
11 2
in the 2nd quadrant the values for ‘x’ will be negative, therefore the coordinate would be (-x, 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 44).
324
uppermost points.
11 2
𝑤=− 𝑥 + 44
324
square formula:
𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
Sub in, length from Step 1 into the equation for the Area:
𝐴 = 2𝑥 × 𝑤
Sub in, width from Step 2 into the equation for the Area:
11
𝐴 = 2𝑥 × − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
324
22
𝐴=− 𝑥(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
324
11
𝐴=− 𝑥(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
162
11
𝐴=− 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1296)
162
11 3
𝐴=− (𝑥 − 1296𝑥)
162
11 11
𝐴=− × 𝑥3 − × −1296𝑥
162 162
11 3
𝐴=− 𝑥 + 88𝑥
162
11 3
𝐴=− 𝑥 + 88𝑥
162
particular point.
11 3
𝐴=− 𝑥 + 88𝑥
162
33 2
𝐴′ = − 𝑥 + 88
162
11 2
𝐴′ = − 𝑥 + 88
54
gradient of 0:
11 2
0=− 𝑥 + 88
54
11 2
−88 = − 𝑥
54
432 = 𝑥 2
±√432 = 𝑥
±12√3 = 𝑥
𝑥 = 12√3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −12√3
is required.
Value of 𝒙 11√3 12√3 13√3

𝒇′ (𝒙) 253 0 275
−
18 18
Value of 𝒙 −13√3 −12√3 −11√3

𝒇′ (𝒙) 275 0 253
−
18 18
negative which is impossible, therefore the only correct solution would be if ‘x’ is positive, in other words, 𝑥 = 12√3.
value of ‘x’ is 𝑥 = 12√3, is the highest point in the graph of the derivative, indicating that the maximum area
is achieved at this turning point.
11
determined by subbing the value of ‘x’ back into equation for the maximum area which was 𝐴 = − 162 𝑥 3 + 88𝑥.
11 3
𝐴=− 𝑥 + 88𝑥
162
Sub in ‘x’, 𝑥 = 12√3
11 3
𝐴=− (12√3) + 88(12√3)
162
𝐴 = 704√3
𝐴 = 704√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2
𝐴 = 1219.36 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)

square inside the parabolic curve is 𝐴 = 704√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 or 𝐴 = 1219.36 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝).
been determined must be found by subbing the value of ‘x’ where, 𝑥 = 12√3 into the equations determined for both
The length of the square was given by the equation, 𝑙 = 2𝑥 . By subbing the value of x back into the equation for length,
𝑙 = 2𝑥
Sub in ‘x’, 𝑥 = 12√3
𝑙 = 2(12√3)
𝑙 = 24√3
Therefore, the length of the square given by the equation, 𝑙 = 2𝑥 comes down to 24 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 as shown through the
above calculations.
11
width of the square. The equation for the width given by 𝑤 = − (𝑥 − 36)(𝑥 + 36).
324
11
𝑤=− (𝑥 − 36)(𝑥 + 36)
324
11
𝑤=− (12√3 − 36)(12√3 + 36)
324
11
𝑤=− (−864)
324
88
𝑤=
3
88
𝑤= 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
3
𝑤 = 29.33 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)
11 88
Therefore, the width of the square given by the equation 𝑤 = − 324 (𝑥 − 36)(𝑥 + 36), comes down to𝑤 = 3
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
as shown through the above calculations.
𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
88
704√3 = 24√3 ×
3
704√3 = 704√3
∴𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
88
being a total of 24√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 and the width being 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠.
3
Maximum Volume:
is: 𝑉 = 𝑙 × 𝑤 × ℎ
Using the formula 𝑉 = 𝑙 × 𝑤 × ℎ , and by subbing in the values of the area of the front face for the values: ‘l’ and ‘w’,
the volume can be determined.
𝑉 = 704√3 × ℎ
𝑉 = 704√3 × 100
𝑉 = 70400√3
𝑉 = 70400√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3
𝑉 = 121936.38 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)

𝑉 = 70400√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3 .
Second Height:
Initially, to determine the equation of the parabolic curve which is essential in determining the dimensions and the
maximum area, a height needs to be designated, in this case the height being 54 meters. Keeping in mind that the width
along the ground of the building remains the same, the intercepts of the parabolic curve must also therefore remain the
same, the only changed variable in this instance being the height. As shown in the diagram below:
As shown in the parabola given, the height of the building is 54 meters and the 2 x-intercepts being: (-36, 0) and (36, 0).
A suitable equation to suit such a case is:
y = a(x - p)(x - q)
In this equation:
(-36, 0) and (36, 0)
‘p' and ‘q’
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)(𝑥 − 𝑞)
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − (−36))(𝑥 − (36))
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

As said previously, the height of the building must be 54 meters, meaning that the highest point, or the turning point
must lie on point y=54. In this case, as shown in the diagram above, the point that is the highest is the y-intercept itself.
Therefore, the y-intercept must satisfy the point being 54. The point would then be (0, 54) according to the given
argument. Therefore, since another point is known, the only unknown variable left being ‘a’ can be determined by
subbing in the point (0, 54). *x=0* and *y=54*
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

𝑦 = 𝑎(0 + 36)(0 − 36)
𝑦 = 𝑎(36)(−36)
𝑦 = 𝑎(−1296)
54 = 𝑎(−1296)
54
=𝑎
(−1296)
54
− =𝑎
1296
1
− =𝑎
24
solution.
1
𝑦=− (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
24
1 2
𝑦=− 𝑥 +5
24
Maximum Area:
satisfy the possible dimensions of such a square to fit within the parabolic curve.
In this instance a variable ‘x’ will be designated to a certain part of the diagram:
diagram:
𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
1
the graph of the parabolic curve, 𝑦 = − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36). The value of ‘y’ can be subbed into the coordinate. The
24
1
final coordinate of the uppermost point of the square in the 1st quadrant will be (x, 𝑦 = − 24 (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)).
1
in the 2nd quadrant the values for ‘x’ will be negative, therefore the coordinate would be (-x, 𝑦 = − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 −
24
36)).
uppermost points.
1
𝑤=− (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
24
square formula:
𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
Sub in, length from Step 1 into the equation for the Area:
𝐴 = 2𝑥 × 𝑤
Sub in, width from Step 2 into the equation for the Area:
1
𝐴 = 2𝑥 × − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
24
2
𝐴=− 𝑥(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
24
1
𝐴=− 𝑥(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
12
1
𝐴=− 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1296)
12
1 3
𝐴=− (𝑥 − 1296𝑥)
12
1 1
𝐴=− × 𝑥3 − × −1296𝑥
12 12
1 3
𝐴=− 𝑥 + 108𝑥
12
1 3
𝐴=− 𝑥 + 108𝑥
12
particular point.
1 3
𝐴=− 𝑥 + 108𝑥
12
3 2
𝐴′ = − 𝑥 + 108
12
1
𝐴′ = − 𝑥 2 + 108
4
gradient of 0:
1
0 = − 𝑥 2 + 108
4
1
−108 = − 𝑥 2
4
432 = 𝑥 2
±√432 = 𝑥
±12√3 = 𝑥
𝑥 = 12√3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −12√3
is required.
Value of 𝒙 11√3 12√3 13√3

𝒇′ (𝒙) 69 0 75
−
4 4
Value of 𝒙 −13√3 −12√3 −11√3

𝒇′ (𝒙) 75 0 69
−
4 4
negative which is impossible, therefore the only correct solution would be if ‘x’ is positive, in other words,𝑥 = 12√3 .
value of ‘x’ is, 𝑥 = 12√3 is the highest point in the graph of the derivative, indicating that the maximum area is achieved
at this turning point.
1 3
determined by subbing the value of ‘x’ back into equation for the maximum area which was 𝐴 = − 𝑥 + 108𝑥.
12
1 3
𝐴=− 𝑥 + 108𝑥
12
Sub in ‘x’, 𝑥 = 12√3
1 3
𝐴=− (12√3) + 108(12√3)
12
𝐴 = 864√3
𝐴 = 864√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2
𝐴 = 1496.49 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)

square inside the parabolic curve is 𝐴 = 864√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 or 𝐴 = 1469.49 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝).
been determined must be found by subbing the value of ‘x’ where, 𝑥 = 12√3 into the equations determined for both
The length of the square was given by the equation,𝑙 = 2𝑥 . By subbing the value of x back into the equation for length,
𝑙 = 2𝑥
Sub in ‘x’, 𝑥 = 12√3
𝑙 = 2(12√3)
𝑙 = 24√3
Therefore, the length of the square given by the equation, 𝑙 = 2𝑥 comes down to 24 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 as shown through the
above calculations.
1
width of the square. The equation for the width given by 𝑤 = − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36).
24
1
𝑤=− (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
24
1
𝑤=− (12√3 + 36)(12√3 − 36)
24
1
𝑤=− (−864)
24
𝑤 = 36
𝑤 = 36 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
1
Therefore, the width of the square given by the equation 𝑤 = − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36), comes down to 36 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 as
24
shown through the above calculations.
𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
864√3 = 24√3 × 36
864√3 = 864√3
∴𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
being a total of 24√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 and the width being 36 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 .
Maximum Volume:
is: 𝑉 = 𝑙 × 𝑤 × ℎ
Using the formula 𝑉 = 𝑙 × 𝑤 × ℎ , and by subbing in the values of the area of the front face for the values: ‘l’ and ‘w’,
the volume can be determined.
𝑉 = 864√3 × ℎ
𝑉 = 864√3 × 100
𝑉 = 86400√3
𝑉 = 86400√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3
𝑉 = 149649.19 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)

𝑉 = 86400√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3
Part C:
Area:
In any architectural design, it is essential to measure ends, cut off unnecessary corners and minimize errors to maximize
the benefits that a building has to offer.
In this architectural model, a building is to be constructed of parabolic structure, to which a rectangular block of
maximized area is to fit within such a building, the remaining space being considered as ‘wasted space’. The rectangular
block in the architectural design is referred to as ‘useful space’ where the building’s purpose; a Sports Complex, will
serve its usefulness, in the form of a playing ground.
Likewise, to initiate this building’s usefulness in terms of ‘wasted space’ and ‘useful space,’ the area of the front face in
accordance with the rectangular face and the remaining space have to be determined. There are many ways in which
the area of the building can be found, however due to the limited engineering knowledge that is present, these options
are significantly narrowed. Keeping in mind that the area of the building is essentially the area under a parabolic curve,
this problem consequently fits in perfectly with the mathematical concept of integration, however as stated previously,
due to the limited mathematical concepts allowed to be implemented throughout this architectural design, such
techniques are prohibited. Instead, a more suitable technique to use is an estimation of the area under the curve, even
though it is not the most accurate method, it serves as a reminder that nothing is perfect even in the world of
architecture.
To do this, a remarkably simple technique is to be implemented, substituting simple shapes into the parabolic equation
to serve as an estimate to the real area of the front face, the approximate area under the parabolic curve, or in
architectural terms the area of the front face of the building. The diagram below highlights the front face of the curve,
the rectangle in the middle representing the ‘useful space’ and the other spaces representing the ‘wasted space.’
As visible in the diagram above, if the parabolic curve was to be divided up into shapes, then the most suitable shapes
would be triangles and trapezoids. As stated, 6 shapes are to be implemented to determine the approximate area of the
building's front face and thus the volume, in accordance with the area. To ensure that the trapezoids and triangles hold
equal base lengths across the entirety of the parabolic curve to enhance accuracy, they must be divided along the length
across the ground of the building. Since the building spans 72 meters, to divide it into 6 equal sections, each section
must be 12 meters in length across the ground. As shown in the following diagram. The sections colored the same
represent the same shape, with same area due to all lengths being equal.
Now that the parabolic curve has been divided into regular shapes, the area under the curve can be found easily. By
using the formula for area in correspondence with each shape, the overall approximate area can be found.
The area of a trapezoid is as follows:

1
𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ
2
Where:
𝑎 ⟶ Is the length of the base.
𝑏 ⟶ Is the length of the edge opposite the base.
ℎ ⟶ Is the distance between edge ‘a’ and ‘b’.
The area of a triangle is as follows:

1
𝐴= ×𝑏×ℎ
2
Where:
𝑏 ⟶ Is the Length of the base.
ℎ ⟶ Is the perpendicular height of the triangle.

To determine the area of the front face of the parabolic curve, one of the curves needs to be selected. In this case the
1
curve selected is the curve of equation 𝑦 = − 36 (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36).
Step 1: The most straightforward shape to determine is the triangle, as shown in the diagram above, there are two
triangles of equal length and therefore of equal area. As seen in the formula to determine the area of a triangle, 𝐴 =
𝑏 × ℎ , the base is as stated above 12 meters, however there is an unknown variable, being ‘h'. To determine this
unknown variable, graphical techniques are needed such as the equation of lines. As stated above, each shape is placed
with an equal base length to ensure that the shapes are equally spread apart to increase accuracy. Each shape was
designated with a length of 12 meters, therefore, since the triangle is positioned as such that it is 12 meters from the
intercepts on either side, one of the points for the triangle in the 2nd quadrant would be (-36, 0) and the other point
would be (-24, 0). As seen in the diagram below:
If the focus were to remain upon the triangle in the 2nd quadrant, it is evident that if a line of equation 𝑥 = −24
, then this line would highlight the edge of the triangle, and intercept the parabola at a specific point, that point
representing the top of the triangle and completing all 3 corners of the triangle as coordinates upon the graph.
However, to find this point, substitution between the equation of the parabola and the equation of the line is required.
The equation of the line is given as 𝑥 = −24

1
The equation of the parabola is given as 𝑦 = − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
36
Sub the value of ‘x’ into the equation of the parabola

1
𝑦=− (−24 + 36)(−24 − 36)
36
1
𝑦=− (12)(−60)
36
𝑦 = 20
Since 𝑥 = −24, as per the equation of the line, the coordinate of the 3rd corner of the triangle is (-24, 20).
Since the triangle in the 1st quadrant is just the reflection of the triangle in the 2nd quadrant across the y-axis, all the
coordinates are the same except the x-coordinates are flipped from negative to positive.
As per the coordinates, the height of triangle is 20 meters, as shown in the diagram below:
Now since the height of the triangle has been found, the area of both triangles can be determined:
1
𝐴= ×𝑏×ℎ
2
1
𝐴= × 12 × 20
2
𝐴 = 120
𝐴 = 120 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2
Since there are 2 triangles the area that they both occupy altogether is: 𝐴 = 240 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2
Step 2: The next obvious step is to find the area of one pair of trapezoids, the ones closest to the triangles. Like the
triangles, the length being equal amongst all shapes is given by 12 meters, therefore in the case of the trapezoid, the
1
height will be 12 meters. As seen in the equation for area of the trapezoid: 𝐴 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ. Furthermore, the use of
graphical techniques suggests that the smaller length of the base of the trapezoid or rather ‘b’ is given by the height of
the triangle, since they correspond to each other’s lengths. As shown in the diagram below:
Since the base is another 12 meters away from the last coordinate, for the trapezoid in the 2nd quadrant, the coordinate
would be (-12, 0). Therefore, a line can be drawn once again to determine the coordinate of the highest point on the top
of the trapezoid. The equation of the line being 𝑥 = −12 . Again, by using substitution the coordinate of the point can
be determined.
The equation of the line: 𝑥 = −12

1
The equation of the parabolic curve: 𝑦 = − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
36

1
𝑦=− (−12 + 36)(−12 − 36)
36
1
𝑦=− (24)(−48)
36
𝑦 = 32
Since 𝑥 = −12, as per equation of the line, the unknown coordinate of the trapezoid is (-12, 32).
Since the trapezoid in the 1st quadrant is just the reflection of the trapezoid in the 2nd quadrant across the y-axis, all the
As per the coordinate found, the length of the largest base, ‘a', is of length 32 meters as shown in the diagram below:
Now since the height of the triangle has been found, the area of both trapezoids can be determined:
1
𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ
2
1
𝐴 = (32 + 20) × 12
2
1
𝐴 = (52) × 12
2
𝐴 = 312
Since there are 2 trapezoids the area that they both occupy altogether is: 𝐴 = 624 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 .
1
height will be 12 meters. As seen in the equation for the area of the trapezoid: 𝐴 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ. .
Furthermore, the use of graphical techniques suggests that the smaller length of the base of the trapezoid, or rather ‘b’
is given by the height of the smaller trapezoid, since they correspond to each other’s lengths. As shown in the diagram
below:
would be (0, 0). Therefore, a line can be drawn once again to determine the coordinate of the highest point on the top
of the trapezoid. The equation of the line being 𝑥 = 0 . Again, by using substitution the coordinate of the point can be
determined.
The equation of the line: 𝑥 = 0

1
The equation of the parabolic curve: 𝑦 = − 36 (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

1
𝑦=− (0 + 36)(0 − 36)
36
1
𝑦=− (36)(−36)
36
𝑦 = 36
Since 𝑥 = 0, as per the equation of the line, the unknown coordinate of the trapezoid is (0, 36).
1
𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ
2
1
𝐴 = (36 + 32) × 12
2
1
𝐴 = (68) × 12
2
𝐴 = 408
Since there are 2 trapezoids the area that they both occupy altogether is: 𝐴 = 816 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2
Therefore, the summation of all the areas from the shapes would provide for an approximate value for the area under
the parabolic curve and therefore, the front face of the building.
𝐴 = 816 + 624 + 240

𝐴 = 1680
1
Therefore, the total area under the curve for the parabolic curve 𝑦 = − 36 (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36),
is approximately 1680 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 .
Step 4: To determine the ratio of ‘wasted space’ to ‘useful space’ it is essential to determine each one's area. The process
to do so is as follows. Subtract from the total area under the curve from the maximum area of the rectangular front face
to determine the ‘wasted space’ and the maximum area of the rectangular front face being the ‘useful space’.
To determine the useful space of the building and the front face, the maximum area of the rectangle will be defined as
the ‘useful space’, as depicted by previous calculations, through calculus, the ‘useful space’ or the area of the front face
of the rectangular block is 576√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 .
Determining the ‘wasted space’:
1680 − 576√3 = 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
48(35 − 12√3) = 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
682.34 = 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒

682.34 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 = 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
As per definition, to determine the ratio of wasted space to useful space: the simple process is as follows. The ‘wasted
space’ will take form as the numerator of the fraction, since a ratio is to be found, and the ‘useful space’ is to take the
form of the denominator. By doing this, the ratio can be determined.
48(35 − 12√3)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
576√3
35 − 12√3
12√3
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.6839382851 (10. 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.68 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)
Thus, the approximate (according to 2.d.p) ratio of Wasted Space : Useful Space is as follows,
17: 25
Volume:
In continuation, as per the problem, the required solution is to determine the ratio of the volume of ‘wasted space’ to
‘useful space’. To determine the volume of the spaces, like any other 3D regular shape, the area of the front face
multiplied by the length of the shape will produce the volume. As shown through the above calculations, both the area
of the ‘wasted space’ and the ‘front space’ have been determined. To determine the volume of each, essentially is just
the area multiplied by the length being 100 meters.
Volume of ‘Useful space’:
576√3 × 100
57600√3
∴ 57600√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3
Volume of ‘Wasted Space’
48(35 − 12√3) × 100
4800(35 − 12√3)
68233.87
∴ 68233.87 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3
As per definition, to determine the ratio of the volume of wasted space to the volume of useful space: the simple
process is as follows. The ‘wasted space’ will take the form of the numerator of the fraction, since a ratio is to be found,
and the ‘useful space’ is to take the form of the denominator. By doing this, the ratio can be determined.
4800(35 − 12√3)
57600√3
35 − 12√3
12√3
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.6839382851 (10. 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.68 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 17: 25
Curve 2:
Area:
11
curve selected is the curve of the equation 𝑦 = − 324 (𝑥 − 36)(𝑥 + 36).
triangles of equal length and therefore of equal area. As seen in the formula to determine the area of a triangle, 𝐴 =
1
2
× 𝑏 × ℎ, the base is as stated 12 meters, however, there is an unknown variable, being ‘h'. To determine this unknown
variable, graphical techniques are needed such as the equation of lines. As stated above, each shape is placed with an
equal base length to ensure that the shapes are equally spread apart to increase accuracy. Each shape was designated
with a length of 12 meters, therefore, since the triangle is positioned as such that it is 12 meters from the intercepts on
either side, one of the points for the triangle in the 2nd quadrant would be (-36, 0) and the other point would be (-24, 0).
As seen in the diagram below:
If the focus were to remain upon the triangle in the 2nd quadrant, it is evident that if a line of equation 𝑥 = −24 , then
this line would highlight the edge of the triangle, and intercept the parabola at a specific point, that point representing
the top of the triangle and completing all 3 corners of the triangle as coordinates upon the graph. However, to find this
point, substitution between the equation of the parabola and the equation of the line is required.
The equation of the line is given as 𝑥 = −24

11
The equation of the parabolic curve is given as 𝑦 = − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36).
324

11
𝑦=− (−24 + 36)(−24 − 36)
324
11
𝑦=− (12)(−60)
324
220
𝑦=
9
Since 𝑥 = −24 , as per the equation of the line, the coordinate of the 3rd corner of the triangle is (-24, 220/9).
As per the coordinates, the height of triangle is 220/9 meters, as shown in the diagram below:
1
𝐴= ×𝑏×ℎ
2
1 220
𝐴= × 12 ×
2 9
440
𝐴=
3
440
𝐴= 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2
3
880
Since there are 2 triangles the area that they both occupy altogether is: 𝐴 = 3
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2
1
height will be 12 meters. As seen in the equation for the area of the trapezoid: 𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ.Furthermore, the use
2
of graphical techniques suggests that the smaller length of the base of the trapezoid, or rather ‘b’ is given by the height
of the triangle, since they correspond to each other’s lengths. As shown in the diagram below:
be determined.
The equation of the line is as 𝑥 = −12

11
The equation of the parabolic curve is given as: 𝑦 = − 324 (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

11
𝑦=− (−12 + 36)(−12 − 36)
324
11
𝑦=− (24)(−48)
324
352
𝑦=
9
Since 𝑥 = −12 , as per the equation of the line, the unknown coordinate of the trapezoid is (-12, 352/9).
1
𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ
2
1 352 220
𝐴= ( + ) × 12
2 9 9
1 572
𝐴= ( ) × 12
2 9
1144
𝐴=
3
1144
3
2288
Since there are 2 trapezoids the area that they both occupy altogether is: 𝐴 = 3
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 .
1
height will be 12 meters. As seen in the equation for the area of the trapezoid: 𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ. Furthermore, the use
2
of the smaller trapezoid, since they correspond to each other’s lengths. As shown in the diagram below:
determined.
The equation of the line given by 𝑥 = 0 .

11
The equation of the parabolic curve given by 𝑦 = − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
324

11
𝑦=− (0 + 36)(0 − 36)
324
11
𝑦=− (36)(−36)
324
𝑦 = 44
Since 𝑥 = 0 , as per the equation of the line, the unknown coordinate of the trapezoid is (0, 36).
1
𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ
2
1 352
𝐴 = (44 + ) × 12
2 9
1 748
𝐴= ( ) × 12
2 9
1496
𝐴=
3
1496
3
2992
Since there are 2 trapezoids the area that they both occupy altogether is: 𝐴 = 3
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2
2992 2288 880
𝐴= + +
3 3 3
6160
𝐴=
3
6160
3
11
Therefore, the total area under the curve for the parabolic curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36) is approximately
324
6160
3
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 .
of the rectangular block is 704√3.

6160
− 704√3 = 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
3
6160 − 2112√3
= 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
3

6160 − 2112√3
( 3 )
704√3
35 − 12√3
12√3
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.6839382851 (10. 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.68 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)
17 : 25
Volume:
704√3 × 100
70400√3
70400√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3
Volume of ‘Wasted Space’:
6160 − 2112√3
× 100
3
616000 − 211200√3
3
83396.96
83396.96 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3
616000 − 211200√3
( 3 )
70400√3
35 − 12√3
12√3
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.6839382851 (10. 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.68 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)
Thus, the approximate (according to 2.d.p) ratio of Wasted Space: Useful Space is as follows,
17 : 25
Curve 3:
Area:
1
curve selected is the curve of the equation 𝑦 = − 24 (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36).
triangles of equal length and therefore of equal area. As seen in the formula to determine the area of a triangle,
𝐴 = 𝑏 × ℎ , the base is as stated above 12 meters, however there is an unknown variable, being ‘h'. To determine this
unknown variable, graphical techniques are needed such as the equation of lines. As stated above, each shape is placed
with an equal base length to ensure that the shapes are equally spread apart to increase accuracy. Each shape was
designated with a length of 12 meters, therefore, since the triangle is positioned as such that it is 12 meters from the
intercepts on either side, one of the points for the triangle in the 2nd quadrant would be (-36, 0) and the other point
would be (-24, 0). As seen in the diagram below:
If the focus were to remain upon the triangle in the 2nd quadrant, it is evident that if a line of equation 𝑥 = −24 , then
this line would highlight the edge of the triangle, and intercept the parabola at a specific point, that point representing
the top of the triangle and completing all 3 corners of the triangle as coordinates upon the graph. However, to find this
point, a substitution between the equation of the parabola and the equation of the line is required.
The equation of the line is given as 𝑥 = −24 .

1
The equation of the parabolic curve is given as 𝑦 = − 24 (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36).

1
𝑦=− (−24 + 36)(−24 − 36)
24
1
𝑦=− (12)(−60)
24
𝑦 = 30
Since 𝑥 = −24 , as per the equation of the line, the coordinate of the 3rd corner of the triangle is (-24, 30).
As per the coordinates, the height of triangle is 30 meters, as shown in the diagram below:
1
𝐴= ×𝑏×ℎ
2
1
𝐴= × 12 × 30
2
𝐴 = 180
Since there are 2 triangles the area that they both occupy altogether is: 𝐴 = 360 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 .
1
height will be 12 meters. As seen in the equation for the area of the trapezoid: 𝑦 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ. Furthermore, the use
of graphical techniques suggests that the smaller length of the base of the trapezoid or rather ‘b’ is given by the height
of the triangle, since they correspond to each other’s lengths. As shown in the diagram below:
be determined.
The equation of the line is: 𝑥 = −12

1
The equation of the parabolic curve is: 𝑦 = − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
24

1
𝑦=− (−12 + 36)(−12 − 36)
24
1
𝑦=− (24)(−48)
24
𝑦 = 48
Since, 𝑥 = −12 , as per equation of the line, the unknown coordinate of the trapezoid is (-12, 48).
1
𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ
2
1
𝐴 = (48 + 30) × 12
2
1
𝐴 = (78) × 12
2
𝐴 = 468
1
height will be 12 meters. As seen in the equation for the area of the trapezoid: 𝐴 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ. Furthermore, the use
of the smaller trapezoid, since they correspond to each other’s lengths. As shown in the diagram below:
determined.
The equation of the line: 𝑥 = 0

1
The equation of the parabolic curve: 𝑦 = − 24 (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)
1
𝑦=− (0 + 36)(0 − 36)
24
1
𝑦=− (36)(−36)
24
𝑦 = 54
Since 𝑥 = 0 , as per the equation of the line, the unknown coordinate of the trapezoid is (0, 54).
1
𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ
2
1
𝐴 = (54 + 48) × 12
2
1
𝐴 = (102) × 12
2
𝐴 = 612
𝐴 = 1224 + 936 + 360

𝐴 = 2520
1
Therefore, the total area under the curve for the parabolic curve 𝑦 = − (𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36) approximately
24
2520 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 .
of the rectangular block is 864√3.
2520 − 864√3 = 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
72(35 − 12√3) = 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒

72(35 − 12√3)
864√3
35 − 12√3
12√3
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.6839382851 (10. 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.68 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)
17 : 25
Volume:
864√3 × 100
86400√3
∴ 86400√3 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2
Volume of ‘Wasted Space’
72(35 − 12√3) × 100
7200(35 − 12√3)
102350.81
102350.81 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2
∴68233.87 Meters3
7200(35 − 12√3)
86400√3
35 − 12√3
12√3
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.6839382851 (10. 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.68 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)
17 : 25
As shown through the extensive working out and calculations of the approximate area under the curve, a clear trend
was evident and continued throughout the process. It can be concluded that the ratio of the ‘Wasted Space’ to the
‘Useful Space’ remains at a constant ratio as the height of the parabolic curve, the height of the building, changes. The
exact ratio being defined as:
35 − 12√3 : 12√3
Model Review:
Having done 56 pages of working out, calculating the areas of various faces of the parabolic building, the various
volumes, the ratios for such areas and volumes, and the explanations of all these variables, it is evident that this
architectural design is of high complexity.
This architectural design was mainly surrounded by the idea of the parabolic structure, that the building withheld. Such
a structure enabled such calculations to be made, from the area of each dimension to the volume of each section of the
building. Essentially, the building is made in the structure of a parabola, of length 72 meters across the face, and 100
meters long, across the sides. However, the only variable about this building that had to be observed was the change in
height which could not exceed 54 meters and could not be less than 36 meters, the building's overall structural integrity,
reliant upon this factor. As observed throughout the calculations of the area of ‘wasted space’ and ‘useful space’, it is
evident that all heights share a common ratio, indicating the balance of such a building, where the space will always be
evenly distributed in a fixed ratio. Not to say that some heights were better than others, in terms of accessibility and
cost efficiency.
As the calculations came to an end, the selected heights, with respect to their own maximum areas and volumes, are
expressed:
Three heights were selected, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, the heights being: 36 Meters, 44 Meters,
and 54 Meters.
To determine which height between the range of 36 Meters to 54 Meters is, indeed, the best height to satisfy a variety
of conditions as will be mentioned, all of which must maintain the building’s cost efficiency, accessibility, and overall
effectiveness.
In any Sports Complex, it is essential to have a large playing field where there is sufficient height for a variety of sports to
be played. Taking into consideration the sports that are most likely to be played at the venue and designing the building
according to these sports. As seen in the diagram above, all selected heights have a length of 72 meters, indicating that
regardless of the vertical height of the building, such a length will always remain the same. As also seen in previous
calculations in Part B, the playing space always had a length of 24√3 meters, therefore, it is possible to calculate the
length of either side of the parabolic building, indicating the space spared as well as giving an indication of the various
accessories that can be placed in such spots.
The value of x can be determined as shown in the following:
72 − 24√3 = 2𝑥
72 − 24√3
=𝑥
2
𝑥 = 15.22
𝑥 = 15.22 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Therefore, for all heights, on either side of the parabolic building, there will be approximately 15 meters worth of space
for accessories, which equates approximately to 9 stride lengths.
According to the 3 heights selected, it is obvious that both 36 Meters and 54 Meters are the absolute maximum and
minimum heights. According to this, an appropriate value for the ‘perfect height’ or ‘best height’ can be made. By taking
into consideration the 36 Meters tall building, various mathematical assumptions can be made.
Before, calculations are made, the selection of building height is dependent upon two factors:
- Area of the playing field.

- Cost in regard to how big the building is.
If a building height were to satisfy both these principles, then it would be considered as perfect, whilst outperforming
the other heights in the process.
In the following diagram, the length of 36 Meters, is depicted:

In the following height, it is evident that since it is the shortest building possible, due to the restriction upon the height
of the building, this building would be the most cost-efficient. Thus, having satisfied one of the conditions for the ‘best
height’, the other must also be satisfied. Due to being the smallest possible building, the playing height will also be
extremely small, only having a very insufficient height of 24 Meters, as shown in calculations made in Part A. Therefore,
since the top area of the curve, above the rectangle, is another section where accessories for the building will lie, it
needs to be big enough for such accessories to fit.
Since the height of the building is 36 meters and the height of the playing space is 24 meters, then the height above the
playing space would be 12 meters. 12 meters would not serve to be enough space taking into consideration the sloping
sides of the actual space itself.
Since the actual build of the structure of the top consists of walls caving inwards, the realistic room for walking around
would only equate to approximately 35 meters, instead of the 41.5-meter span of the actual floor. The same situation
would be in action for the sides of the parabolic building where there is only 15 Meters worth of space on either side,
realistically, due to such sloped walls, there would only be about 12 meters of usable space on either side. Thus, it is
evident that such a building, though very cheap, would prove to take up usable space and unreasonable heights, for use
as well.
In the following diagram, the length 54 meters is depicted:

In the following height, it is evident that there is ample space for accessories of any kind, the top section of the parabola
is almost as large as the actual playing field, and the sides of the parabola boast an almost complete 15-meter worth of
usable space. Being the tallest possible building due to restrictions, it is the most spacious and large possible building.
However, in architecture, the biggest is not always the best, though this building is able to maintain structural integrity,
the cost of building such a tower would be immense, for instance, if a price were to be given as $50000 for every meter
extended upwards, this building would need $2.7 Million to be built, in comparison to a building which is 45 meters tall
which would cost 2.25 Million, a large saving. Thus, a building of such a large proportion is logically questionable and
would prove to be too much of a high-end expense.
In essence, the complex can be either too expensive to build, or may not be of a great enough size to cater to all the
people interested in using the sporting complex. To cater for these issues, the median height of the building can be
taken, to ensure that the cost and the size of the building are kept to a fixed standard, where it is neither excessively
large nor excessively small. To do this, the median of the range 36-54 needs to be determined. Therefore, the height of
45 meters is to be tested.
In the following height, it is evident that due to the restriction upon the height of the building, this building would be
moderately of low cost. This is due to the fact that if each meter is extended above the ground equates to $50000, then
the cost of the building would be 2.25 million, 0.45 million off the cheapest building and 0.45 million off the most
expensive building. Due to being of equal height to the smallest tower and biggest tower, the playing height will also be
moderate, having a decent height of approximately 30 Meters, estimated from the height of 44 meters in Part B. Since
the height of the building is 45 meters and the height of the playing space is 24 meters, then the height above the
playing space would be 15 meters. 15 meters would serve as ample space taking into consideration the sloping sides of
the actual space itself, which would logically make only about 1.5 meters useless, which would leave a large 12 meters
worth of space for accessories. In comparison to other heights such as 44 meters and 46 meters, the reason behind the
length 45 meters being the ‘best height’ lies upon the same lines, where length 44 meters would be marginally smaller
than length 45 meters, and length 46 meters being marginally more expensive than that of length 44 meters.
Thus, the ‘best length’ is defined as the length being 45 meters, mainly because of the cost efficiency that the building
built with, having the perfect ratio of both cost and space within the sporting complex.
Innovation Inside The Building:
The building of height 45 meters, provides any person interested in visiting the sporting complex with accessories and
facilities to meet their sporting needs. In this day and age, it is essential for a business, company, or franchise to post
something new to the public, to post something that can draw in the crowds, something that will call people to a certain
place rather than others. The design of this sports complex will post something new to not only the public that visits the
place but to the whole community and sporting stars all around the globe.
This project offers the people who enter the gates of this sporting complex various sporting advantages. In the main
playing space, people can find two distinctly separate fields, separated down the middle, on the right proposes to
customers, 7 large basketball tracks, each capable of allowing up to 12 players on a court at any given time, due to their
20 lengths. On the left side of the main playing space, there are two large swimming pools, each of which spans 40
meters in length providing all customers with both dry land and water-related exercises.
Apart from this marvelous inner design, on the outskirts, or in other words, in the corners as shown in the diagram, the
white gaps on the right and left of the main playing space, are designated for other builds. On the left of the main
playing space, consumers can find facilities such as 9 toilets which are kept to the utmost quality, along with various
vending machines. Consumers will also find a large sitting area in addition to a small restaurant where customers may
relax and have a snack after completing their sports. On the corner of this space will be a row of lockers, for people who
plan to stay a couple of hours or wish to leave their belongings.
On the right side, however, will be a gym, for anyone looking for a place to work out, nowadays it is almost impossible to
find a good place to work out, and this sporting complex will offer people that exact place. The space will be further
enhanced with the addition of a small changing room and showers for personal hygiene, and with a small area where
there will be a small spa for relaxing at any time. The area is riddled with various gym structures, repeated around 4
times, so ensure that no customer will ever have to wait.
Furthermore, and lastly, the large area directly on top of the playing field, will serve as the centerpiece for all the
customers that enter the gates of this sporting complex, the place will be divided into two sections once again for
maximum use of the area, however, both sections will be used for the same purpose. For professional players to play
their best, they need help from people who understand the science behind their sport, whether it is to maximize the
force behind a swing such as in tennis, or to make the start to a race the fast as possible. To do this, researchers in sport
and scientists collaborate to determine ways the human body can be pushed to its limits and produce the highest quality
of sport possible. This area will serve this purpose, where ‘sports stars’ or even the local public can visit and can provide
researchers and scientists with valuable information and insight into the mechanics behind the human body, to enhance
players’ abilities and make the sport more enjoyable for the whole community. This space will be mainly made up of
computers and various sporting equipment, giving insights into the future of sport.
All in all, to maximize the space, many things have been inserted into the sporting complex, to recompensate for the
massive cost of building the large structure, from a research facility to a swimming pool, this sporting complex has
something great for anyone who intends to spend their time here, outperforming any other complex or venue there is.
Websites Used:
Year 12 Assignment | Desmos
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Mathematical Calculus Report

‘p’ - One x-intercept, the value of x at the intercept.

‘q’ - One x-intercept, the value of x at the intercept.

(-36, 0) and (36, 0)

‘p' and ‘q’

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − (−36))(𝑥 − (36))

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

Using the two x intercepts: (-36, 0) and (36, 0)

Distance Formula ⟶ √((𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 )

Regular turning point: Inflection point:

Value of 𝒙 11√3 12√3 13√3

Value of 𝒙 −13√3 −12√3 −11√3

Sub in the value of ‘x’, 𝑥 = 12√3

Where ‘V’ is the volume of the 3D shape.

Where ‘w’ is the width of the 3D shape

Where ‘h’ is the height/breath of the 3D shape.

𝑉 = 99766.13 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)

‘p’ - One x-intercept, the value of x at the intercept.

‘q’ - One x-intercept, the value of x at the intercept.

(-36, 0) and (36, 0)

‘p' and ‘q’

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − (−36))(𝑥 − (36))

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

Regular turning point: Inflection point:

Value of 𝒙 11√3 12√3 13√3

Value of 𝒙 −13√3 −12√3 −11√3

𝐴 = 1219.36 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)

Sub in ‘x’, 𝑥 = 12√3

Where ‘V’ is the volume of the 3D shape.

Where ‘l’ is the length of the 3D shape.

Where ‘w’ is the width of the 3D shape

Where ‘h’ is the height/breath of the 3D shape.

𝑉 = 121936.38 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)

‘p’ - One x-intercept, the value of x at the intercept.

‘q’ - One x-intercept, the value of x at the intercept.

(-36, 0) and (36, 0)

‘p' and ‘q’

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − (−36))(𝑥 − (36))

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 36)(𝑥 − 36)

Regular turning point: Inflection point:

Value of 𝒙 11√3 12√3 13√3

Value of 𝒙 −13√3 −12√3 −11√3

𝐴 = 1496.49 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)

Sub in ‘x’, 𝑥 = 12√3

Where ‘V’ is the volume of the 3D shape.

Where ‘l’ is the length of the 3D shape.

Where ‘w’ is the width of the 3D shape

Where ‘h’ is the height/breath of the 3D shape.

𝑉 = 149649.19 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 3 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)

The area of a trapezoid is as follows:

𝑎 ⟶ Is the length of the base.

𝑏 ⟶ Is the length of the edge opposite the base.

ℎ ⟶ Is the distance between edge ‘a’ and ‘b’.

The area of a triangle is as follows:

𝑏 ⟶ Is the Length of the base.

ℎ ⟶ Is the perpendicular height of the triangle.

The equation of the line is given as 𝑥 = −24

Sub the value of ‘x’ into the equation of the parabola

The equation of the line: 𝑥 = −12

Sub the value of ‘x’ into the equation of the parabola

The equation of the line: 𝑥 = 0