PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLE MODERNIZATION PROGRAM:

Acceptability and Timeliness as perceived

by Iloilo City residents

A Research Paper
Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice
PHINMA University of Iloilo

In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the Course
CRI 194 – Criminological Research and Statistics

by
Jonard T. Toledo
Kirk Patrick G. Togonon
John Marvin L. Ticar
Sedrick J. Guirhem
Richard S. Omilig
James S. Demetrio
Cassandra Nadin C. Deo

December 2023
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Since 1950, traditional jeepneys are one of the most

common mode of transportation in the Philippines, which are a

lifeline for Filipino commuters. It offers an affordable and

cheaper mode of transportation that support the livelihood of

thousands of Filipinos. According to Land Transportation

Franchising Regulatory Board (LTFRB) there are about 158,000

traditional jeepneys in the country which is known as “King of

the Road”. However, as years pass by, numerous negative

effects has identified as we continuously utilized the

traditional Jeepneys. It leads to air and noise pollution

which negatively affects the ecosystem and the human health.

Threatening environmental concerns been raised to aid. Energy

generation as source of power to run transportational vehicles

was introduced to attain sustainability, aside from less

emissions are being produce it aspires efficiency, comfortable

and maximum safety standards for passengers due to the fact

that this advanced introduced vehicle has a regular

maintenance. The use of renewable energy sources is advocated

to be permanently utilized as source of power for energy

generation in the near future due to the ever-increasing

hazardous emissions that have a major negative impact on both

natural life and healthcare (Fatih Ecer, 2021). Hence, it

prompted the local authorities to advanced and find more

environmental friendly and sustainable means of

transportation. In light to this, the Department of

Transportation (DOTr) introduced the Public Utility Vehicle

Modernization in 2017. The Jeepney Modernization program is a

policy of the government of the Philippine with the aim of

replacing outdated and inefficient Jeepney. According to

Gatarin, transitioning to cleaner technologies and public

transport service delivery are fundamental needs in addressing

the climate crisis and realizing mobility justice, especially

in the Global South but while low carbon transport is a vital

element of meeting this demand, the transition process must be

just and not disfranchising to the thousands of informal

transport modernization programmed (Gina R. Gitarin, 2023).

However, operators and driver associations are opposed to this

program. Transport strike have become more frequent since 2017

in an effort to inform the public about the consequences of

phasing out of Jeepney use and to support all those protestors

who are contrary to this matter. Given that the proposed

program greatly exceeds the financial capacity of operators.

Moreover, their job security is at stake of this

implementation.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study was conducted to assess the acceptability of

public utility vehicle modernization program as perceived by

mandurriao district residents.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

Specific questions

1. What is the demographic profile of respondents in terms

of age, sex, and family monthly income?

2. What is the level of acceptability of the PUV

modernization program among the residents of mandurriao

district.

3. Is there a significant difference in the level of

acceptability of the PUV modernization when respondents

are classified according to the profile variables.

HYPOTHESIS

Based on the identified inferential question, this hypothesis

is drawn:

There is no significant difference in the level of

acceptability of the PUV modernization program among the

residents of mandurriao district when it taken as a whole and

classified according to sex, age, and family monthly income.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The scope of this study encompasses an in depth

assessment into the acceptability of public utility vehicle

modernization program as perceived by mandurriao district

residents. This study involves collecting of data from diverse

sample of mandurriao district residents across different age,

sex, and family monthly income.

Despite the comprehensive nature of this several

limitations should be acknowledged. The findings may be

limited by the sample size and representativeness of the

participants as the study will focus solely on commuters at

Mandurriao district, Iloilo City.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

By nature and purpose of this study, the result or

findings will bear significant contribution to the following:

To Commuters: The result of this would be beneficial to

the commuters since it gives them further knowledge regarding

to the satisfactory characteristic and drawbacks of both

conventional and modernized jeepney of what is appropriate for

them.

To Operators: the owners or operators of the jeepneys

would have a heavy responsibility. This study would help them

widens their views to further assess the situation before

purchasing modernized jeepney.

To the Drivers: This study would be beneficial especially

to the drivers of Traditional Jeepneys who’s job security is

at risk, this study will help us relay to the drivers what are

the possible risks operating traditional Jeepney.

To Environment: The result of this study will help us

foresee what would be the state or condition of air quality

and noise pollution in the environment in the future.

To the future researchers: This study will serve as

guide to the future researchers with related chosen topic.

They may also use this as reference for studies related to

modernization of public vehicle.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

For the clarification and understanding of this study,

The following terms are given their conceptual and operational

meaning:

PUV Modernization program - The Public Utility Vehicle

Modernization Program (PUVMP) is the government’s response to

address both the aggravating transport related problems and

the future transportation demand of the country. (LTFRB, 2024)

 In this study, Public utility vehicle modernization

program (PUVMP) refers to program introduced by Department of

Transportation (DOTr) in a replacement to traditional

jeepneys, in other words phasing it out.

Residents - it refers to a person living a particular

place permanently for some length of time (Meriam-Webster’s

Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.) 2023)

In this study, residents refers to classified respondents

taken from district of mandurriao.

Public utility vehicle - Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) are

road-based motor vehicles mostly with our wheels that provide

conveyance to the general public (Chuenyindee, et al, 2022).

In this study, the term public utility vehicle refers to

a vehicle designed intended for public transportation, to

carry out passenger with prescribed routes.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes a review of related literature

Including both foreign and local resources. This chapter also

includes published and unpublished works from verified

sources.

To further enhance the study, this chapter presents the

Conceptual and related literature as described above. This

also includes the theoretical and conceptual framework of the

study.

On Foreign Studies

The world’s road transportation system while being a

significant network for global connectivity is not without its

environmental challenges. The complex web of roads are

essential for the movement of people and goods has a

considerable impact on the environment. The rapid increase of

road vehicles contributes to issues such as air pollution and

greenhouse gas emissions. This introduction explores the

different parts of nature of road transportation tracing its

historical significance, present challenges, and the

continuous innovations that shape its future. From ancient

trade routes to modern highways, this covers both the positive

aspects of connectivity and the pressing need to address the

environmental repercussions emphasizing the importance of

sustainable practices in the evolution of global road

transportation. Various countries have come up to a solution

of modernizing the road transportation in response to a

concerning issues have arise environmentally. As stated by

Waqas et al, (2018) The Chinese government has created an

integrated framework that combines environmentally friendly

activities with sustainable transportation to improve people's

quality of life. It is a vital initiative to address concerns

environmentally in view of the fact that it directly impacted

the well-being of planet and especially including the human,

it also risk to the sustainability. It is a fundamental aspect

to ensure the security of environment. On the other hand,

While, governments prioritize the promotion of sustainable

urban transportation, persuading citizens to adopt sustainable

modes of transportation remains a significant challenge due to

several factors, Agaton et el, (2020). According to Beirao

(2007), Various factors, including personal characteristics,

lifestyle, financial limitations, travelling experiences,

perceived service quality of different transportation modes,

and situational variables, play a role in determining

transportation preferences. This indicates the importance of

segmentation based on travel attitudes and behaviors. In

conclusion road transportation sector plays a vital role for

connecting, it may people or goods. This overview has explored

the history of road transportation, current challenges, and

on-going innovations. However, it has some serious significant

impact on environment that has been raised to government to be

taken it seriously and address it that prompted the government

to take measures which is the innovation of transportation.

The latest introduced program, modernization of road

transportation promotes sustainability, eco-friendly, and

efficiency which is fundamental aspect to ensure the well-

being of environment and humans. On the other hand, there are

various factors which constraints this program’s goal. In

order to move forward with this aim of sustainability, it

requires reconsideration the factors to balance its goals for

innovation and the acceptability of citizen.

On Local Studies

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored on the Sustainability Theory

Sustainability is the ability of a group of people, a

system of social institutions, or a way of living to continue

across time. Sustainability is commonly seen as a type of

intergenerational ethics whereby the economic and

environmental decisions made by the current generation do not

reduce the chances that future generations will have

comparable levels of prosperity, utility, or welfare.

The modern environmental movement, which rejected the

unsustainable nature of modern societies where resource usage,

expansion, and consumption patterns endangered ecosystem

integrity and the welfare of future generations, gave rise to

the concept of sustainability. One is offered sustainability

as a substitute for transient, narrow-minded, and wasteful

behaviors. It can be used as a measure for evaluating current

institutions and as a goal that society should strive for.

Sustainability also calls for a critical analysis of the ways

in which current societal structures support harmful behaviors

and a deliberate attempt to change the current state in order

to foster the growth of more sustainable endeavors.

Sustainability is at the core of concepts such as

sustainable yield, sustainable society, and sustainable

development. A society that has mastered living within

ecological constraints is said to be sustainable. Because

habits that placed undue strain on the environment have been

changed or eliminated, it can continue as a collective entity.

Sustainable development is a social progress method that

successfully combines economic, social, and environmental

considerations with the requirements of present and future

generations., (Meadowcroft 2024)

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The focus of this study was undertaken by the following

conceptual framework. This includes two prolonged variables:

the independent variables and dependent variables. The

independent variables includes the age, sex, and family

monthly income. On the other hand, the dependent variables

includes the acceptability of public utility vehicle

modernization program as perceived by mandurriao district

residents.

The figure below shows the independent and dependent

variables of this study.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Profile of Respondents

•Age
Acceptability of Public Utility Vehicle
•Sex Modernization Program as Perceived
by Mandurraio District Residents
•Family Monthly Income

Figure I. Schematic Diagram of the study showing the

inter relationship of the variables.

 Chapter 3

Research Methodology

This chapter is divided into three parts: (1) Research

Design, (2) Methodology, and (3) Statistical Data Analysis

Procedure.

Part One, Research Design, restates the purpose of the

Study and describes the research design.

Part Two, Methodology, describes the respondents, the

Data collection instruments, and the research procedure

employed.

Part Three, Statistical Data Analysis Procedure,

Presents the statistical tool used in the analysis of data.

Research Design

This study was designed as quantitative research that

utilized survey research design. It was used for primary data

that were gathered through field surveys using a self-

administered questionnaire. The questionnaire for this study

consisted of two main sections, namely the profile of the

respondents and specifically designed to assess the

acceptability of public utility vehicle modernization program

as perceived by mandurriao district residents.

The Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study are the one hundred eight

(108) residents taken from seventeen (17) barangays of

mandurriao district who were selected through convenience

sampling.

Research Instrument

A research-made questionnaire was was employed to

gather data using convenience sampling method. It determines

the level of acceptability of public utility vehicle

modernization program as perceived by mandurriao district

residents using researcher-made questionnaire. The

questionnaire contained three (3) parts.

Part I was composed of the information needed for

communication with respondents.

Part II was composed of the respondents profile for the

purpose of gathering the profiles variables needed for this

study.

Part III was composed of fifteen (15) statements

pertaining to he acceptability of public utility vehicle

modernization program as perceived by mandurriao district

residents. Each item was provided with 5 responses using a

likert scale.

Likert Scale with the description of 5-Strongly Agree, 4-

Agree, 3- Undecided, 2- Disagree and 1- Strongly Disagree.

Validity of the Instrument

To ensure the validity of the questionnaire,it was

completed using this procedure. First, the researcher

consulted the teacher-validators to comment on the

questionnaire to provide suggestions, improvements and the

structure of questions. Second, after a series of discussion

sessions with the panel of validators, the face validity of

the questionnaire was established. Last, the questionnaire was

reviewed for the final revision for distribution for actual

testing to be conducted.

Reliability of the Instrument

After the instruments was validated, the evaluation was

conducted by experts to ensure the reliability of the

validated instruments to test the consistency in order to

proceed for pilot testing.

The pilot testing was conducted by researchers and the

respondents were taken from seventeen (17) barangays of

mandurriao. The questionnaire were distributed to every

barangay evenly to complete the total of thirty-six (36)

respondents.

The data gathered were subjected to statistical

treatment using Cronbach alpha to assess the reliability of

the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha is a way of assessing

reliability by comparing the amount of shared variance, or

covariance, among the items making up an instrument to the amount of

overall variance

( Collins, 2007)

As a result of the reliability analysis, the Cronbach

alpha coefficient of the 15 items test was 0.890 which

indicated that the instrument was reliable and shows its

consistency, and ready to use for the conduct of actual

testing.

Data Gathering Procedure

Once the permit to conduct the study is granted by the

School Department, a letter of request will be forwarded to

the Dean of concerned Schools for the administration of the

survey questionnaires.

The questionnaires will be distributed and administered

to the respondents in the Iloilo City. Subsequently the

retrieval of the instruments will do a week after the

respondents answered the questionnaires.

After the validation and reliability testing, the

Questionnaire was finalized and made ready for distribution.

Before that, the researcher prepared a permit for the Dean of
the College of Criminal Justice to conduct the study. Upon
approval, the validated instrument was encoded in the Google
form. The following procedures were followed in the data
gathering: First, the researchers ask permission to the
Principal of Senior High School. Second, after permission was
granted,the validated instrument was encoded in the Google
form. Then, the researcher personally administered the
questionnaire to the respondents. During the administration of
the survey, the researcher had the opportunity to explain to
the respondents the purpose and benefits of the study,
clarified each item, and assured the respondents of the
confidentiality of their identities and responses. All
responses are subject to statistical treatment. Data Analysis
Procedure

Data Analysis Procedure

Statistical Tools

Statistical Treatment of Data

The statistical tools to be used to analyze and

interpret the result of the study are frequency, mean, and
percentage to determine the perception of Iloilo city
residents towards Public Utility Vehicle Modernization
Program in terms of acceptability and timeliness, which will
be solving using excel SPSS.

The following statistical techniques will employ in the

in the analysis and interpretation of the result:

Frequency: The number of times the event occurred in the

experiment study

Percentage: A way of expressing a proportion. A percentage is

calculated by dividing the number of times a particular value
for a variable has been observed, by the total number of
observations in the population, then multiplying this number
by 100.

Mean: It is found by adding the values of the data and

dividing by the total number of values. It is the most
commonly used measure of central tendency. For inferential
statistics, the following statistical technique were used.

Weighted Mean: this will be used for assessing the level of

acceptability of the residents towards the Public Utility
Modernization Program.

Highly Acceptable

Acceptable

Uncertain

Unacceptable

Highly Unacceptable
 Chapter 4

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of data

Descriptive Data Analysis

This section reveals the profile of the respondents and the

Acceptability of public utility vehicle modernization Program
as perceived by Mandurraio district residents when taken as a
whole and when they are classified as to age, sex, family
monthly income. Mean, frequency count and percentage were
utilized.

Profile of the Respondents

There was a total of 108 respondents. When they

were classified according to age, 19 (17.6%) who were 20 years
old and below and 89 (82.4%) who were 21 years old and above.

When they were classified according to sex, there

were 55 (50.9%) were males, and 53 (49.1%) were females.

When they are classified according to their family

monthly income, 40 (37.0%) has an come of 5,000 pesos and
below, 37 (34.3%) has an income of 5,000-10,000 pesos, and 31
(28.7%) has an income of 10,000 pesos and above.

The data are reflected in table 1.

Table 1.1 Profiles of the Respondents

Frequency Percentage

As a whole. 108
100

Age

20 years old and below. 19

17.6

21 years old and above. 89

82.4

Sex

Male
55 50.9

Female 53
49.1

Family Monthly Income

5,000 pesos and below 40

37.0

5,000-10,000 37
34.3

10,000 pesos and above 31

28.7
Acceptability of Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program
as Perceived by Mandurraio District Residents.

As shown in Table 2, the researchers used the mean to

obtain the tendency of the data. When taken as a whole group,
the respondents have a mean score of 3.8426, revealing that
the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program is
“Acceptable”.

When classified according to age, both respondents

with the age of 20 and below

(M-3.6316) and 21 and above (M-3.8876) were “Acceptable”.