SOCSTUD

5 THEMES ● Geography
● PLACE- what it is like ● Egypt –In the continent of Africa
● PHYSICAL- Terrain & landforms ● Bounded by natural barriers
● HUMAN- culture ● NILE RIVER – A narrow strip of land along the
● LOCATION- positions and distribution of people and places on river is fertile and it’s a unifying factor for the
earth’s surface ancient Egyptians
● ABSOLUTE- coordinates ● Government
● RELATIVE- relationship to other locations ● Rulers were called Pharaohs- Great House
● REGION- Places that have common/unifying characteristics ● People believed the pharaoh was a son of the sun
● PHYSICAL- landforms, climate, soil, vegetation, etc God- Amon Re
● HUMAN- economy, social, political, culture ● The government of Egypt was a Theocracy.
● HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION ● Religion
● WE ADAPT TO IT
● Polytheism- the religious belief that worships
● WE DEPEND ON IT
many gods
● WE MODIFY IT
● MOVEMENT ● During the reign of Akhenaton or Amenhotep IV a
● OF IDEAS new belief was born
● OF PEOPLE ● Monotheism- religious belief that worships one
● OF GOODS
god (Aton)
● Economy
CULTURAL EVOLUTION ● Most of the people were farmers. They grow
● HUMAN EVOLUTION barley to make beer and wheat for bread.
● AUSTRALOPITHECINE- APE-LIKE ● Agricultural economy thrived in the Nile river
● HOMO HABILIS- HANDYMAN OR MAN OF SKILLS valleys due to its fertile soil
● HOMO ERECTUS- UPRIGHT MAN ● Men and women became rich through trade
● HOMO SAPIENS- WISE MAN ● Arts and Literature
● STONE AGES ● Egyptians left a rich legacy of art and literature.
● PALEOLITHIC AGE or OLD STONE AGE
Statues, paintings, poems, and tales gave us a
● Humans learn how to hunt and gather food
wealth of information about ancient Egyptian
● NOMADIC COMMUNITIES
● MESOLITHIC AGE or MIDDLE STONE AGE attitudes and values
● TRANSITIONAL PERIOD ● Technology
● NEOLITHIC AGE or NEW STONE AGE ● There were many innovations or developments
● They plant their food for survival and domesticated animals made
(Agricultural Revolution)
● Mummification
● They develop more socio-political organization
● Pyramids
● They perform rituals and ceremonies for better harvest
● Mathematics and Geometry
● METAL AGE
● changed the political and military landscape ● Medicine
● Weapons were mass-produced at this time. ● Wheel
● 12-month calendar
ANCIENT EGYPT ● Papyrus Paper
 ● Irrigation system ● Developments and achievements include the
construction of an irrigation system, the building
of canals, and the expansion of borders

● System of Writing
● NEW KINGDOM
● Egyptians invented their own system of writing called the
HIEROGLYPHICS.
● It was a complicated writing system that required years of
training. This gave rise to a special group of people who were
trained to master the hieroglyphics called the SCRIBES.
● Social Stratification
● As jobs became specialized, so did the status and needs of
● Empire Age (1570-1090 BCE)
● Leaders of Thebes drove the Hyksos out and
restored Egypt.
● Egypt’s territory expanded and became and
became an Empire
● Status of women improved. They could own and
sell a property and enjoy legal and economic

certain individuals. For instance, the need for a knowledgeable rights

and educated religious leader was more RESPECTED than an

unskilled worker. Herders were NEEDED and RESPECTED for the
food while masons were needed for building.
● UPPER
● Pharaoh
● Priests, Vizier, Nobles
● MIDDLE
● Soldiers
● Scribes
● Merchants
● craftsman
● LOWER
● Peasants
● Slaves
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PERIODS
● OLD KINGDOM
● Age of Pyramids (2700-2200BCE)
● Rulers during the old kingdom were called
“PHARAOH” which means “great house” and has
absolute power
● Organized strong centralized government
● Significant achievements were Hieroglyphics
which is the system of writing and knowledge in
engineering
● MIDDLE KINGDOM
● Age of Nobles (2050-1800 BCE)
● Ruled by a prince from Thebes and Egypt became
strong and wealthy under his rule
ROMANS ● Octavian wins and became Augustus – the revered one
Conflicts lead to social and political change. Life and Society
Geography ● Family is patriarchal, led by paterfamilias (father)
● Italian peninsula ● Girls’ minimum age to marry is 12, 14 for Boys
● Apennine Mountain Range ● Girls are educated, but boys must proceed to military
● Plains of Latium, more land for farming
school
● Rome has a good central location to expand
● Slavery is present
Government (Republic)
● Entertainment is present to amuse the masses –
REPUBLIC
Colosseum, theaters, festivals
suffrage – to vote.
Arts and Technology
● Gov’t with leader that is not king
● Latin Language
● Two classes:
● Patricians (landowners) ● Latin developed into the languages of France, Spain,

● Plebeians (merchants, craftsmen, farmers) Portugal, Italy, and Romania

● Consuls (2 per year) ● The official language of the Roman Catholic Church and

● Ran the government and the military language used in scientific names

● Praetors ● More than half of the words in English have a basis in

● In-charge of the civil law Latin

● eight judges chosen for one year by Centuriate Assembly ● Roman Law
(two oversee civil and criminal courts [the others govern ● All persons had the right to equal treatment under the
provinces]) law
● Senate (300 patricians)- ● A person is considered innocent until proven guilty
● chosen from patricians for life (controls foreign and ● The burden of proof rested with the accuser rather
financial policies, advises consuls) than the accused
● Dictator ● A person should be punished only for actions, not for
● Elected in case of conflict thoughts
● Temporary absolute power for 6 months ● Any law that seemed unreasonable or grossly unfair
•Centuriate Assembly- all citizen-soldiers are members for life could be set aside
(selects consuls, makes laws) ● News “paper”
•Tribal Assembly-citizens grouped according to where they live
● Acta Diurna –announcement bulletin of the
are members for life (elects tribunes, makes laws)
government
•Twelve Tables- a list of rules that was the basis of Roman legal
● Carved on stone or metal
system
● Public notices and announcements (trials, birthday,
● Triumvirate
marriages, deaths)
● 1st – Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar
● Colosseum
● Pompey and Julius compete for power
● Entertainment hub
● Julius became dictator-for-life, later murdered
● Later known as Coliseum in the Middle Ages
Government (Empire)
● Can hold 50,000-80,000 spectators
Pax Romana – Roman peace for 200 years
● Gladiatorial contests
● Imperator
● Animal hunts, executions
● Commander-in-chief
● Latin for emperor ● Julian Calendar
● Legates ● Coins
● Governors appointed by the Emperor ● Roads & bridges
● Octavian and Antony compete for power ● Concrete
 ● Public buildings MYCENAEANS
● Religion Considered as the first Greek

● Tolerance to other religions city-state

Religion Located in the mainland

● Rituals are made to have proper relationship with the Greece

gods and goddesses which will guarantee the Romans Commercial trade network of

peace and prosperity. Mycenae is developed

● Romans were tolerant to all religions and even adopted throughout their time of

local gods. peace

Mycenaeans had a warrior
GREECE
culture
Geography According to Homer, the
● Greek peninsula Mycenaeans sacked the city
● Pindus Mountain Range of Troy, on the northwestern
Effects of Greece’s geography on the coast of modern Turkey,
development of the Greeks’ culture around 1250 B.C.E
● Mountains – isolated Greek Agamemnon, king of
● communities caused different Mycenae, led them
● Greek ways of life. It collapsed by 1100 B.C.E.
● Rocky soil – Greeks were after new waves of invaders
● forced to establish colonies and earthquakes plagued the
● abroad and initiate trade nation
● Islands & coastlines – Greek
SPARTA ATHENS
● became seafarers or sea
● travelers Oligarchy- ruled by Government Direct democracy –
Greek city-state a small group of rich people participate
Polis – city people directly in
Acropolis – fortified area, government

gov’t & religious center

Agora – assembly place & No debate, vote only Political Exercises Free and open
market on issues debate, direct
democracy
Minoans and Mycenaeans
MINOANS Public System of Education Private
Minoan civilization Military-oriented Human-oriented
flourished in the island of Discourage new Study of humanity
ideas
Crete
Built ships from oak and
Absolute obedience Status of Women Strictly controlled
cedar trees Greater freedom Less freedom
Traded with Egypt and
southern Greece Helots, “captured Slavery Considered part of
people” the family
The civilization was believed
to be destroyed by a volcano
or by a Greek invasion in
1450-1400BCE
WORLD HISTORY
TOPIC 1: ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
According to Soriano, Celia D. et al. (2017), the ideas
of the great enlightenment thinkers influenced many
political leaders of succeeding generations. These
ideas spread across the world and brought a sense of
nationalism to many imperialized and colonized
countries.
ENLIGHTENMENT ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
THINKERS
● All people are evil.
Hobbes ● To stop evil, people must
surrender freedom.
● Follow the king without
question.
● All people are good.
Locke ● People are entitled to life,
liberty, and property.
● A government must
protect rights.
● People can replace
government if it fails.
● A government should
Montesquieu protect freedom.
● A government divides into
three branches
(Executive, Legislative,
and Judicial).
● Freedom of speech.
Voltaire ● Freedom to speak what is
in your mind.
● All people are good.
Rousseau ● Environment is evil.
● Education is the best
thing to fight evil.
● Majority wins – group
first before individual.
● Sugar Act of 1764- Increased in duties on coffee, sugar,
● Quartering Act of 1765- Ordered to pay for housing and
TOPIC 2: AMERICAN REVOLUTION
COLONY/COLONIES - a country or area under the full or
partial political control of another country, typically a
distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.
COLONIST - a settler in or inhabitant of a colony.
The early colonist
● In 1607, British settlers first established a colony in
Jamestown, Virginia.
● Britain’s thirteen colonies stretched along the Atlantic
coast of North America
The Thirteen Colonies
1. Connecticut 2.Delaware
3.Georgia 4. Maryland
5.Massachusetts 6.New Hampshire
7.New Jersey 8.New York
9.North Carolina 10.South Carolina
11.Rhode Island 12.Virginia
13.Pennsylvania
TENSION IN THE COLONIES (started early 18th century)
Objections to Mercantilist Policies
● they had to support the mercantilist policies
● British paid for the goods at low rates.
● goods can only be sold to British.
● Regulation of Trade and Imposition of Taxes
● French and Indian War
● To recover losses from the war, Britain set out to impose
more taxes on the colonist.
● Colonist protested.
The Parliament passed the following regulation and
taxation laws.
and wine from the West Indies
other supplies for the British soldiers
● Stamp Act of 1765- Taxed printed matter
From Protests to Violence
The Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770, on King Street in
Boston.)
● began as a street brawl between American colonists
and a lone British soldier, but quickly escalated to a
chaotic, bloody slaughter.
● The conflict energized anti-British sentiment and
paved the way for the American Revolution.
The Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773, at Griffin’s
Wharf in Boston, Massachusetts. )
● was a political protest
● Americans angry at Britain for “taxation without
representation,”
● dumped 342 chests of tea, imported by the British East
India Company into the harbor.
The Battle of Lexington and Concord (April 1775)
● British soldiers arrived at the towns of Lexington
and Concord about rumors of gunpowder and
weapons being stored by colonist civilian soldiers
called militia.
● Writ of Assistance gave the right to authorities
to search anywhere for contraband goods as a
measure to curb smuggling.
The Colonies’ moves toward Independence.
Established continental army to be led by George
Washington
● Declaration of Independence
● The Treaty of Paris
George Washington (1732-1799)
(1st president)
● acted on the Enlightenment ideals given form in the
Constitution.
● Washington chose to be addressed as “Mr. President”.
Instead of a grand title, he thought simple was more
appropriate for the leader of a republic
● At the end of his second term, some hoped that he
would become a president for life. Washington
disagreed.
● No president would run for a third term until 1940 –
nearly 150 years after Washington left office.
TOPIC 3: FRENCH REVOLUTION
· Until the mid- 18th century, the French monarchy
reigned with absolute and excessive power.
OLD REGIME
SOCIAL CONDITION WORSENED
● Inequalities created by the divisions in the French
society.
SOCIAL DIVISION
1. First Estate
● The CLERGY
● owned large holdings throughout the country yet did
not pay taxes.
● Despite their vows to serve the poor, they exacted
taxes from the peasants who lived or worked on the
land they owned.
2. Second Estate
● The NOBILITY
● Like the clergy they also owned large estates but did
not pay taxes
● Only members of their class were appointed to the
highest government and church positions.
● they lived off the labor of peasants who served them.
3. Third Estate
● peasants, city workers, middle class, and all not part of
1st & 2nd estate
● were the most heavily taxed by the church.
● The middle class or the bourgeoisie did not have the
lineage of the nobility.
King Louis the XIV (14)- the reigning monarch at the
time, was a firm adherent of absolute rule based on the
principle of the divine right to rule (God’s mandating)
King Louis the XV (15)
● splurged his money on wine and Women.
● 7 people had to get him dressed
● French court revolved around the king’s activities.
● spent millions to build and maintain the Palace of
VERSAILLES (King’s Official Residence)
King Louis XVI (16) (the grandson of the XIV)
● Queen Marie Antoinette of Austria
● they were the last reigning monarch
● called the Estates-General for a meeting in 1789.
(tennis court)
● Estate-General delegates did not resolve the issue at
hand cause they could not agree on voting system
FIRST STAGE OF REVOLUTION
turn of events during the meeting of the Estate-General
alarmed King Louis XVI that he threatened to dissolve it.
On the persuasion of some nobles, he sent some troops to
shut the national assembly that was then meeting in
Paris.
The members of the national assembly stood their ground
and refused to leave until they had written new
constitution for France.
● The Fall of the Bastille (July 14, 1789.)
● Parisian revolutionaries and mutinous troops
storm and dismantle the Bastille (royal fortress
and prison that had come to symbolize the
tyranny of the Bourbon monarchs)
● This signaled the beginning of the French
Revolution
● a decade of political turmoil and terror in which
King Louis XVI was overthrown and the king and
his wife Marie Antoinette, were executed.
● The Peasant Revolts
● During the Peasants’ Revolt, a large mob of
English peasants led by Wat Tyler marches into
London and begins burning and looting the city.
● Several government buildings were destroyed,
prisoners were released, and a judge was
beheaded along with several dozen other leading
citizens.
● The End of Feudalism
SECOND STAGE OF REVOLUTION
From Monarchy to Republic
● Radicals- sought to abolish monarchy.
● They came from the classes of city workers and
wage earners who did not gain much from the
reforms.
● Takeover by the Jacobins
● political club that formed a strong minority in the
National Convention
● The Reign of Terror
● Robespierre led the Jacobins throughout a period
known as Reign of Terror
● The Directory
● A committee composed of five members, to govern
France.
How is French revolution connected to
enlightenment?
The ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in
inspiring the French Revolution, which began in 1789
and emphasized the rights of common men as opposed
to the exclusive rights of the elites. As such, they laid
the foundation for modern, rational, democratic
societies.
TOPIC 4: IMPERIALIST EXPANSION IN AFRICA
· According to Celada and Magpile (2016), the African
continent had come under European colonial rule in the
mid-1800s. Europeans established colonies for different
motives. Towards the late 19th century, the claims on the
African lands brought conflicts among European countries,
especially between Germany and Britain.
The Scramble for Africa
The African continent has been divided and ruled by the
Europeans. The rush to gain African territory has been
called Scramble for Africa.
Motives

● Gold- to enrich their royal treasury.

● Vast Land- to use for plantation.

Types of Colonial Rule in Africa

● Direct Rule- when colonizers established urban

centers managed by officials coming from Europe.

● Indirect Rule- when the indigenous African leaders

assisted colonizing power in administering a colony.

Colonialism Brought Changes

Positive Changes

● Health System Improvement

● Infrastructure Development
● Education and Literacy

Negative Changes

● Constant Conflict and War

● Culture and Identity Dissolving
● Economic Dependence

Despite new ideas introduced, many Africans still

struggled to improve their status and rights in the new
developing society.

Not all African territories fell under the hand of the

colonizers, even when almost all the territories in Africa
were occupied by the Europeans, there were still other
kingdoms and empires that resisted the colonization.

· An Ethiopian emperor, Menelik,

● able to preserve his country’s independence from

colonial and imperialist rule.

● 1st time in history that the European army was

defeated by the African army.

● The African nationalism was expressed as a

political action and an ideological struggle.

African countries slowly resisted colonial and imperial rule

and fought for their independence.