𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑛

• 𝑃𝑐 = circular pitch in or
𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ
Equations
Linear Velocity Diametral Pitch (Pinion and Gear)
𝑁 𝜋 1
𝑣 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁 𝑃𝑑 = = =
𝐷 𝑃𝑐 𝑀
Where:
Where:
• 𝑣 = linear velocity
• 𝐷 = diameter 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ
• 𝑃𝑑 = diametral pitch in or
• 𝑁 = rpm 𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑛

Rolling Cylinders Addendum

External Contact 1
𝑎=
𝑐 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑃𝑑

Internal Contact Dedendum

𝑐 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 For 14.5° and 22.5°
1.157
Where: 𝑑=
𝑃𝑑
• 𝑐 = distance center For 20° and 25°
• 𝑟 = radius 1.25
𝑑=
Rolling Cones 𝑃𝑑
sin 𝜃𝑇
tan 𝜃1 = Clearance
𝑁2
+ cos 𝜃𝑇 𝑐 =𝑑−𝑎
𝑁1
sin 𝜃𝑇 𝑐 = 𝑊 − 𝑊𝑟
tan 𝜃2 =
𝑁1
+ cos 𝜃𝑇
𝑁2 Where:

External Contact • 𝑐 = clearance

𝜃𝑇 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
• 𝑑 = dedendum
Internal Contact • 𝑎 = addendum
𝜃𝑇 = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 • 𝑊 = whole depth
• 𝑊𝑟 = working depth
Where:

• 𝜃𝑇 = angle between shafts Outside Diameter (Pinion and Gear)

𝑁+2
• 𝜃1 = angle of smaller cone 𝐷𝑜 =
𝑃𝑑
• 𝜃2 = angle of larger cone
𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷 + 2𝑎
Module
𝐷 Where:
𝑀=
𝑁
• 𝐷𝑜 = outside diameter
Where: • 𝐷 = diametral
𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑛 Root Diameter
• 𝑀 = module in or
𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ
For Pinion
• 𝐷 = diameter of gear
𝐷𝑟 = 𝐷 − 2𝑎
• 𝑁 = no. of teeth
For Gears
Circular Pitch (Pinion and Gear) 𝐷𝑟 = 𝐷 − 2𝑑
𝜋𝐷
𝑃𝑐 = = 𝜋𝑀 Where:
𝑁
• 𝐷𝑟 = root diameter
Where:
• 𝐷 = diameter
• 𝑎 = addendum
Whole Depth 8 12.5
<𝑏<
𝑊 =𝑎+𝑑 𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑟 + 𝑐 Where:
Where: • 𝑏 = face width
• 𝑎 = addendum
• 𝑑 = dedendum
• 𝑊𝑟 = working depth
• 𝑐 = clearance

Working Depth
𝑊𝑟 = 2𝑎

𝑊𝑟 = 𝑊 − 𝑐

Tooth Thickness
Backlash is 0
𝑃𝑐
𝑇=
2
Backlash is not 0
𝑃𝑐 − 𝐵
𝑇=
2
Where:

• 𝑇 = tooth thickness
• 𝐵 = backlash

Tooth Space
𝑆 =𝑇+𝐵

Where:

• 𝑆 = tooth space

Base Circle Diameter

𝐷𝑏 = 𝐷 cos 𝜃

Where:

• 𝐷𝑏 = base circle diameter

• 𝐷 = diameter
• 𝜃 = pressure angle

Backlash
𝐵 =𝑆−𝑇
0.03 0.04
𝐵= 𝑡𝑜
𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑

Where:

• 𝐵 = backlash
• 𝑆 = tooth space
• 𝑇 = tooth thickness
• 𝑃𝑑 = diametral pitch

Face Width
2.5𝑃𝑐 < 𝑏 < 4𝑃𝑐
 Root Diameter
Formulas (Summary)
For Pinion
Tangential Speed/Velocity 𝐷𝑟 = 𝐷 − 2𝑎
𝑣 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁
For Gears
Rolling Cylinders 𝐷𝑟 = 𝐷 − 2𝑑
External Contact
𝑐 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 Whole Depth
𝑊 =𝑎+𝑑
Internal Contact
𝑐 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑟 + 𝑐

Rolling Cones Working Depth

sin 𝜃𝑇 𝑊𝑟 = 2𝑎
tan 𝜃1 =
𝑁2
+ cos 𝜃𝑇 𝑊𝑟 = 𝑊 − 𝑐
𝑁1
sin 𝜃𝑇 Tooth Thickness
tan 𝜃2 = Backlash is 0
𝑁1
+ cos 𝜃𝑇 𝑃𝑐
𝑁2
𝑇=
2
External Contact
𝜃𝑇 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 Backlash is not 0
𝑃𝑐 − 𝐵
Internal Contact 𝑇=
2
𝜃𝑇 = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
Tooth Space
Module 𝑆 =𝑇+𝐵
𝐷
𝑀= Base Circle Diameter
𝑁
𝐷𝑏 = 𝐷 cos 𝜃
Circular Pitch (Pinion and Gear)
𝜋𝐷 Backlash
𝑃𝑐 = = 𝜋𝑀 𝐵 =𝑆−𝑇
𝑁
0.03 0.04
Diametral Pitch (Pinion and Gear) 𝐵= 𝑡𝑜
𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑
𝑁 𝜋 1
𝑃𝑑 = = =
𝐷 𝑃𝑐 𝑀 Face Width
2.5𝑃𝑐 < 𝑏 < 4𝑃𝑐
Addendum
1 8 12.5
𝑎= <𝑏<
𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑

Dedendum
For 14.5° and 22.5°
1.157
𝑑=
𝑃𝑑

For 20° and 25°

1.25
𝑑=
𝑃𝑑

Clearance
𝑐 =𝑑−𝑎

𝑐 = 𝑊 − 𝑊𝑟

Outside Diameter (Pinion and Gear)

𝑁+2
𝐷𝑜 =
𝑃𝑑

𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷 + 2𝑎
Sample Problems
Sample Problem 1
Find the tooth thickness on the tooth circle of a 20-degree full depth involute tooth having a diametral pitch of 3, circular pitch of 1.0472 and whole
depth of tooth at 0.60.

Given: Solution:
𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑐 1.0472
𝑃𝑑 = 3 𝑡= =
𝑖𝑛 2 2
𝑖𝑛 𝑡 = 0.5236 𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑐 = 1.0472
𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ
𝑊 = 0.60

Sample Problem 2
A 36-tooth pinion with a turning speed of 300 rpm drives 120 tooth gear of 14 ½ degrees involute full depth pressure angle. What would be the speed
of the driven gear?

Given: Solution:
𝑁𝑇1 = 36 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑣 = 𝜋𝐷1 𝑁1 = 𝜋𝐷2 𝑁2
𝑁1 = 300 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝜋𝐷 𝑃𝑐
𝑃𝑐 = →𝐷=
𝑁𝑇2 = 120 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑁𝑇 𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝑃𝑐 𝑃𝑐
𝜋( ) 𝑁1 = 𝜋 ( )𝑁
𝜋𝑁𝑇1 𝜋𝑁𝑇2 2
𝑁𝑇1 𝑁1 = 𝑁𝑇2 𝑁2
𝑁𝑇1 𝑁1
𝑁2 =
𝑁𝑇2
36 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ (300 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
𝑁2 =
120 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ
𝑁2 = 90 𝑟𝑝𝑚

Sample Problem 3
What is the minimum whole depth of spur gear of 14 ½ degree involute type with diametral pitch of 24 and circular pitch of 0.1309?

Given: Solution:
𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑟 − 𝑐
𝑃𝑑 = 24
𝑖𝑛 𝑊 =𝑎+𝑑
𝑖𝑛 1
𝑃𝑐 = 0.1309 𝑎= = 0.04167 𝑖𝑛
𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑑
1.157
𝑑= = 0.04821 𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑑
𝑊 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 0.04167 𝑖𝑛 + 0.04821 𝑖𝑛
𝑊 = 0.08988 𝑖𝑛

Sample Problem 4
The minimum clearance allowed for meshing spur gears with a circular pitch of 0.1571 and diametral pitch of 20. The spur gear has 25 teeth.

Given: Solution:
𝑖𝑛 𝑐 =𝑑−𝑎
𝑃𝑐 = 0.1571 1.157 1 0.157
𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ
𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑐= − =
𝑃𝑑 = 20 𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑 𝑃𝑑
𝑖𝑛 0.157
𝑁 = 25 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑐=
20
𝑐 = 0.00785

Sample Problem 5
A cylinder, 3 meters in diameter, rolls without slipping on a horizontal surface. If the velocity of the center of the cylinder is 0.3 m/s, determine the
velocity of point “A” on the cylinder which is 0.8m to the left and 0.9m above the center.
 Given: Solution:
𝐷 =3𝑚
𝑚
𝑣 = 0.3
𝑠
𝑥 = 0.8 𝑚
𝑦 = 0.9 𝑚

𝜔𝐴 = 𝜔𝑐
𝑣
𝜔=
𝑟

𝑣𝐴 𝑣𝑐
=
𝑟𝐴 𝑟𝑐
𝑣𝑐 𝑟𝐴
𝑣𝐴 =
𝑟𝑐
2
𝑟𝐴 = (𝑥)2 + (𝑟𝑐 + 𝑦)2
𝑟𝐴 = √𝑥 2 + (𝑟𝑐 + 𝑦)2
𝑣𝐶 𝑟𝐶
𝑣𝐴 =
√𝑥 + (𝑟𝑐 + 𝑦)2
2

2
𝑚 √ 3𝑚
0.3 ( (0.8 𝑚)2 + ( + 0.9 𝑚) )
𝑠 2
𝑣𝐴 =
3𝑚
( 2 )
𝑚
𝑣𝐴 = 0.5060
𝑠

Sample Problem 6
Two idlers of 28T and 26T are introduced between the 24T pinion with a turning speed of 400 rpm driving a final 96T gear. What would be the final
speed of the driven gear and its direction relative to the driving gear rotation? Having a diametral pitch of 3, determine the distance between the 24T
and 90T gear.

Given: Solution:
𝑇1 = 24 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 𝑣3 = 𝑣4
𝑇2 = 28 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑣1 = 𝑣4
𝑇3 = 26 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑇1 𝑁1 = 𝑇4 𝑁4
𝑇4 = 96 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑇1 𝑁1 24 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ (400 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
𝑁4 = =
𝑁1 = 400 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑇4 96 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
𝑖𝑛 𝑁4 = 100 𝑟𝑝𝑚, 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝑑 = 3
𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝐷
𝑃𝑑 = → 𝐷 = 𝑃𝑑 𝑇
𝑇
𝐷1 = 3(24) = 72 𝑖𝑛
𝐷2 = 3(28) = 84 𝑖𝑛
𝐷3 = 3(26) = 78 𝑖𝑛
𝐷4 = 3(96) = 288 𝑖𝑛
𝐷1 𝐷4
𝑐 = 𝑟1 + 𝐷2 + 𝐷3 + 𝑟4 = + 𝐷2 + 𝐷3 +
2 2
72 288
𝑐= + 84 + 78 +
2 2
𝑐 = 342 𝑖𝑛
Sample Problem 7
Two cylinders are rolling in contact with each other. If the smaller cylinder has a diameter of 5 in and has a speed ratio of 4:1, determine the center
distance between the two if they rotate in different direction. Determine also the center distance if they rotate on the same direction.

Given: Solution:
𝐷1 = 5 𝑖𝑛 𝐷2 𝐷1 +𝐷1
𝑁1 4 𝑐 = 𝑟2 + 𝑟1 = − =
= 2 2 2
𝑁2 1 𝐷2 𝑁2 = 𝐷1 𝑁1
𝐷1 𝑁1
𝐷2 =
𝑁2
𝐷2 = 5 𝑖𝑛(4)
𝐷2 = 20 𝑖𝑛
20 + 5
𝑐=
2
𝑐 = 12.5 𝑖𝑛
𝐷2 − 𝐷1
𝑐 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 =
2
20 − 5
𝑐=
2
𝑐 = 7.5 𝑖𝑛

Sample Problem 8
Two shafts, A and B, are connected by rolling frustums that turn in the opposite directions. Calculate the cone angle in degrees of the bigger cone if
the shaft angle used is 60 degrees and the frustums have a speed ratio of 3:1.

Given: Solution:
𝜃𝑇 = 60° sin 𝜃𝑇
𝑁1 tan 𝜃2 =
𝑁1
=3 + cos 𝜃𝑇
𝑁2 𝑁2
sin 60°
tan 𝜃2 =
3 + cos 60°
−1
sin 60
𝜃2 = tan ( )
3 + cos 60
𝜃2 = 46.1021°
𝜃𝑇 = 𝜃2 + 𝜃1
60° = 46.1021° + 𝜃1
𝜃1 = 60° − 46.1021°
𝜃1 = 13.8979°
sin 𝜃𝑇 sin 60°
tan 𝜃1 = =
𝑁2 1
+ cos 𝜃𝑇 + cos 60°
𝑁1 3
sin 60
𝜃1 = tan−1 ( )
1
+ cos 60
3
𝜃1 = 13.8979°

Sample Problem 9
Determine the shaft angle between two frustums if the base radii are 3” and 6” and the cone angle of the smaller frustum is 18 degrees. The
frustums rotate in the opposite directions.

Given: Solution:
𝐷1 = 3 𝑖𝑛 𝐷1 𝑁1 = 𝐷2 𝑁2
𝐷2 = 6 𝑖𝑛 𝑁1 𝐷2 6
= =
𝜃1 = 18° 𝑁2 𝐷1 3
𝑁1
=2
𝑁2
sin 𝜃𝑇
tan 𝜃1 =
𝑁2
+ cos 𝜃𝑇
𝑁1
 sin 𝜃𝑇
tan 18° =
1
+ cos 𝜃𝑇
2
𝜃𝑇 = 56.1727°

Sample Problem 10
A machinist made two 8 diametral pitch spur gear to be mounted on a center distance of 16 in with speed ratio of 7 to 9. The number of teeth in each
gear are?

Given: Solution:
𝑃𝑑 = 8 𝐷
𝑃𝑑 = → 𝐷 = 𝑃𝑑 𝑇
𝑐 = 16 𝑖𝑛 𝑇
𝑁𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑁1 7 𝐷2 + 𝐷1
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = = 𝑐= = 16 𝑖𝑛
𝑁𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑁2 9 2
𝐷2 = 2𝑐 − 𝐷1
𝐷2 = 2𝑐 − 𝑃𝑑 𝑇1

Sample Problem 11
A cylinder turning at 200 rpm fastened to a shaft X transmit motion at the same direction to a smaller cylinder fastened to shaft Y at 24 inches
between the center of the two shafts. Compute the tangential speed of shaft Y in feet per minute if the diameter of its cylinder is 6 inches.

Given: Solution:
𝑁𝑥 = 200 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑐 = 𝐷𝑥 − 𝐷𝑦
𝑐 = 24 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑥 = 𝑐 + 𝐷𝑦 = 24 𝑖𝑛 + 6 𝑖𝑛
𝐷𝑦 = 6 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑥 = 30 𝑖𝑛
𝑣 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁
1 𝑓𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑣 = 𝜋 (30 𝑖𝑛 × ) (300 )
12 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑡
𝑣 = 2356.1945
𝑚𝑖𝑛

Sample Problem 12
Four cylinders A:B:C:D rolling in external contact has a speed ratio of 8:6:2:1. If the center distance between B and D is 65 inches, find the center
distance between A and D.

Given: Solution:
𝑣𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 = 𝑣𝐶 = 𝑣𝐷 𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐷
𝑐𝐵𝐷 = + 𝐷𝐶 +
8: 6: 2: 1 2 2
𝑐𝐵𝐷 = 65 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐶 𝑁𝐶 2
𝐷𝐵 = = 𝐷𝐶
𝑁𝐵 6
𝐷𝐶 𝑁𝐶
𝐷𝐷 = = 2𝐷𝐶
𝑁𝐷
𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐷
𝑐𝐵𝐷 = + 𝐷𝐶 +
2 2
1 2 2𝐷𝐶
65 𝑖𝑛 = ( ) 𝐷𝐶 + 𝐷𝐶 +
2 6 2
𝐷𝐶 = 30 𝑖𝑛
2(30)
𝐷𝐵 = = 10 𝑖𝑛
6
𝐷𝐷 = 2(30) = 60 𝑖𝑛
𝐷𝐶 𝑁𝐶 2𝐷𝐶 2(30)
𝐷𝐴 = = = = 7.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑁𝐴 8 8
𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐷
𝑐𝐴𝐷 = + 𝐷𝐵 + 𝐷𝐶 +
2 2
7.5 𝑖𝑛 60
𝑐𝐴𝐷 = + 10 + 30 +
2 2
𝑐 = 73.75 𝑖𝑛
Sample Problem 13
Five cylinders A:B:C:D:E rolling in external contact has a speed ratio of 12:9:6:3:1. If the center distance between B and D is 70 inches, find the
center distance between A and E in inches.

Given: Solution:
12: 9: 6: 3: 1 𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐷
𝑐𝐵𝐷 = + 𝐷𝐶 +
𝑐𝐵𝐷 = 70 𝑖𝑛 2 2
𝐷𝐶 𝑁𝐶 6𝐷𝐶 2𝐷𝐶
𝐷𝐵 = = =
𝑁𝐵 9 3
𝐷𝐶 𝑁𝐶 𝐷𝐶 (6)
𝐷𝐷 = = = 2𝐷𝐶
𝑁𝐷 3
𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐷
𝑐𝐵𝐷 = + 𝐷𝐶 +
2 2
1 2 2𝐷𝐶
𝑐𝐵𝐷 = ( 𝐷𝐶 ) + 𝐷𝐶 +
2 3 2
1
70 𝑖𝑛 = 𝐷𝐶 + 𝐷𝐶 + 𝐷𝐶
3
𝐷𝐶 = 30 𝑖𝑛
𝐷𝐷 = 2𝐷𝐶 = 2(30) = 60 𝑖𝑛
2(30)
𝐷𝐵 = = 20 𝑖𝑛
3
𝐷𝐵 𝑁𝐵
𝐷𝐸 = = 9𝐷𝐵 = 9(20) = 180 𝑖𝑛
𝑁𝐸
𝐷𝐵 𝑁𝐵 9𝐷𝐵 9(20)
𝐷𝐴 = = = = 15 𝑖𝑛
𝑁𝐴 12 12
𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐸
𝑐𝐴𝐸 = + 𝐷𝐵 + 𝐷𝐶 + 𝐷𝐷 +
2 2
15 180
𝑐𝐴𝐸 = + 20 + 30 + 60 +
2 2
𝑐𝐴𝐸 = 207.5 𝑖𝑛

Sample Problem 14
Four cylinders rolling in opposite directions has a speed ratio of A:B:C:D = 5:3:1:4. If center distance between cylinder A and C is 70 inches, find the
diameter of cylinder D.

Given: Solution:
5: 3: 1: 4 𝑁𝐴 𝐷𝐵 5
= =
𝑐𝐴𝐶 = 70 𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝐵 𝐷𝐴 3
3𝐷𝐵
𝐷𝐴 =
5
𝐷𝐵 𝑁𝐵 = 𝐷𝐶 𝑁𝐶
𝐷𝐵 𝑁𝐵
𝐷𝐶 = = 3𝐷𝐵
𝑁𝐶
𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐶
𝑐𝐴𝐶 = 70 𝑖𝑛 = + 𝐷𝐵 +
2 2
3𝐷𝐵
3𝐷𝐵
70 𝑖𝑛 = 5 + 𝐷𝐵 +
2 2
3
70 𝑖𝑛 = 𝐷𝐵 + 𝐷𝐵 + 1.5𝐷𝐵
10
28
70 𝑖𝑛 = 𝐷
10 𝐵
𝐷𝐵 = 25 𝑖𝑛
𝐷𝐶 = 3 (25) = 75
𝐷𝐶 𝑁𝐶 = 𝐷𝐷 𝑁𝐷
𝐷𝐶 𝑁𝐶 75(1)
𝐷𝐷 = =
𝑁𝐷 (4)
𝐷𝐷 = 18.75 𝑖𝑛