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Intro To Philosophy Q1 WEEK2 For Teacher 122432
Intro To Philosophy Q1 WEEK2 For Teacher 122432
Introduction to the
Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Methods of Philosophizing
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Methods of Philosophizing
First Edition, 2020
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Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human
Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Methods of Philosophizing
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
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For the learner:
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.
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This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone.
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What I Need to Know
Philosophy is concerned with determining truth since it lies at the heart of any
inquiry. The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on knowledge where
philosophers explore the nature of knowledge and the ways of knowing. This module
will help you demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy and evaluate opinions.
You will be able to master the nature and methods of philosophizing and distinguishing
between fact and opinion which helps develop your critical and analytical skills in both
your reading and listening. It contains activities that will help you reflects on a concrete
experience in a philosophical way and demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy
and evaluate opinion. The module is self – instructional and allows you to learn in your
own space, at your own pace. At the end of this module, you will be able to reflect on
your daily experiences from a holistic point of view and acquires critical and analytical
thinking skills so that you can apply this critical and analytical thinking skills to the
affairs of your daily life and should be able to demonstrate a capacity for a critical and
analytical reflection from the perspective of a holistic and profound vision of life. In
order to achieve the objectives of this module, it is necessary to have completed all
the module for you to fully understand the activities and discussions.
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What I Know
Direction: Read each item carefully and use your notebook to write your answers.
3. This is a series of statements that provide reasons to convince a person that a claim
or opinion is truthful.
a. Arguments c. Fallacies
b. Beliefs d. Knowledge
5. Are statements which need to be examined to determine whether they are true or
False?
a. Opinions c. Claims
b. Explanations d. Arguments
8. These are statements that assume a claim is true and provide reasons to support
them.
a. Fallacies c. Arguments
b. Beliefs d. Explanations
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9. Statements that express convictions that are not easily explained by facts.
a. Beliefs c. Claims
b. Arguments d. Opinions
10. These are comprised of statements that provide views on a certain matter.
a. Claims c. Knowledge
b. Beliefs d. Opinions
12. Which fallacy assumes that what is true of a part is true for the whole.
a. begging the question c. fallacy of composition
b. fallacy of division d. begging the question
14. A type of bias which focuses on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other
aspects.
a. hindsight c. confirmation bias
b. framing d. conflict of interest
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What’s In
Have you encountered the following concepts below? Copy the diagram
below, and write your answers in your notebook.
Fact
OPINION
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What’s New
Directions: Read the statements below and imagine that you are part of the
conversation. How will you react to the statements given? Write your answers in your
activity notebook.
“A Lover’s Quarrel”
Friend 1: Did you hear about what happened between Karla and her boyfriend?
Friend 2: What happened?
Friend 1: They got in a huge fight last night. Karla called me up. She was crying
and she said that Mike hit her.
Friend 3: Wait, what? That’s not right. Mike came by my place last night and he
was pretty shaken up. He had scratch marks on his arms and a bite on his left
hand. He said Karla just attacked her and was accusing him of seeing another girl.
Friend 1: No! Karla said it was Mike who started to hit her and she had to defend
herself.
You: __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
“Some prisoners are chained inside a cave, facing the back wall. Behind
them is a fire, with people passing in front of it. The prisoners cannot turn their
heads, and have always been chained this way. All they can see and hear are
shadows passing back and forth and the echoes bouncing off the wall in front of
them. One day, a prisoner is freed, and dragged outside the cave. He is blinded
by the light, confused, and resists being led outside. But, eventually his eyes
adjusts, so that he is able to see clearly the things around him, and even the sun
itself.
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He came to realize that the things he thought were real were merely shadows of
real things, and that life outside of the cave is far better than his previous life in
chains. He pities those still inside. He ventures back into the cave to share his
discovery with the others—only to be ridiculed because he can hardly see (his
eyes have trouble at first re-adjusting to the darkness). He tried to free the other
prisoners but they violently resisted (the other prisoners refuse to be freed and
led outside, and they even tried to kill him)”.
(https://wmpeople.wm.edu/asset/index/cvance/allegory)
2. How does this passage from Plato help you turn your attention toward the
right thing (i.e., truth, beauty, justice and goodness)?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What is It
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Truth, in metaphysics and the philosophy of language, is the property of
sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts, propositions that are said, in ordinary
discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what the case is. It is most often used to
mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. Truth is
also sometimes defined in modern contexts as an idea of “truth to self”, or authenticity.
A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s sense and
if it is based on facts. Getting consensus or having people agree on a common belief
is another way of determining what is true, although this approach has certain
limitations.
Philosophers also believe that claims and beliefs should be tested in order to
determine the truth. Determining the truth also requires that a person can prove a
statement through action.
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Distinguishing Opinion from Truth
https://www.literacyideas.com/teaching-fact-and-opinion
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Opinion is a statement that holds the element
of belief; it tells how someone feels. In other
words it is what someone believes or thinks, and
is not necessarily the truth
https://www.literacyideas.com/teaching-fact-and-opinion
1. The fact is described as the statement that can be verified or proven to be true.
Opinion is an expression of judgment or belief about something.
2. Fact relies on observation or research while opinion is based on assumption.
3. The fact is an objective reality whereas opinion is a subjective statement.
4. Facts can be verified with the help of evidence or statistics. On the contrary, an
opinion is not supported by any evidence.
5. Facts explain what actually happened. Unlike an opinion, which represents a
perception about something.
6. One important feature of a fact is that it is universal and does not differ from person
to person. As against this, every human being has a different opinion on a particular
subject and so, it varies from one person to another.
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Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and
are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. However, a number of
arguments may be based on faulty reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called
fallacies. Some of the fallacies maybe intentional. As the person making is desperate
to convince you to accept his or her argument.
The following are examples of fallacies.
Fallacy Characteristics Example
Ad hominem attacking the person “of course he believes that the
presenting the argument government is flawed, he is a rebel
instead of the argument and a Communist!”
itself.
Appeal to force using the threat of force “if this peace agreement will not be
or an undesirable event signed by the government, then we
to advance an argument. will have no recourse but to go to
war.”
Appeal to emotion using emotions such as “All these charges are baseless;
pity or sympathy this is just plain harassment – can’t
you see how this is affecting my
family?”
Appeal to the the idea is presented as “Every boy your age already has a
popular acceptable because a lot girlfriend, you should go find one!”
of people accept it.
Appeal to tradition the idea is acceptable “Marriage should be between a
because it has been true man and a woman. It has been so
for a long time. for a long time in this country; it
should remain so today and in the
future.”
Begging the assuming the thing or “I have the right to free speech,
question idea to be proven is true; therefore you cannot stop me from
also known as circular talking.”
argument.
Cause-and-effect assuming “cause-and- “Ever since you bought that
effect” relationship sweater, everything has been
between unrelated going wrong in your life. You
events should get rid of it.”
Fallacy of assuming that what is “These cases of robbery in this
composition true of a part is true for district have convinced me that the
the whole city has become a den of thieves
and criminals.”
Fallacy of division assuming that what is “You come from a family of doctors
true for the whole is true and intellectuals! Surely you can
for its parts. do better in this course!”
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When looking at an opinion, be aware of bias or the personal views of the
person presenting it. Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to
tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.
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Methods of Philosophy Lead to Wisdom and Truth
The methods of philosophy will help in learning the process of doing philosophy
in a systematic way. On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or express oneself
in a philosophical manner.
Although philosophy is an organized body of knowledge, the subject matter of
philosophy is questions, which have three major characteristics;
1. Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in dispute.
2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or
faith.
3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings.
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Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable, which
we can use to form our own views regarding certain matters.
For Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking is a lifelong process of self-
assessment that further consists of:
Defining, analyzing and devising solutions,
Arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions
Applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems
Willingness to say, “I don’t know.”
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determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive
reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.
The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of determining
truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and
hypothesis or theory testing.
Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. It includes analysis
and construction of arguments. It serves as a path to freedom from half-truths and
deception.
TYPES OF REASONING
http://images.slideplayer.com/28/9351128/slides/slide_2.jpg
Deductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points, and
the last will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences. General idea
comes first before the specific or particular idea.
Inductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences come
first followed by the main points and conclusion will be the last part. This is the opposite
of deductive reasoning because a particular idea comes first before the general idea.
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What’s More
Task 1:
Copy an article from any available newspaper or magazine. Identify the facts
and opinions presented in the article by underlining the facts and encircling the
opinions. Determine how you will verify the facts and opinions stated. Write your
answers in your notebook.
Task 2:
Write an Editorial
Newspaper editorials reflect and express the newspaper’s opinion on an
issue. Editorials are opinion stories, but in order for an editorial to be effective, it
must be backed up not only by opinion but also by facts and evidence. Moreover,
the editorial article must also include relevant data.
Instructions:
1. Write a 3-4 paragraph editorial about the Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic.
2. Write it in a short bond paper.
3. You may use the following guide questions for your editorial:
Decide what your position is on the issue.
Give your opinion as to why you have selected this position on the issue.
State the facts, evidence and data (if available) to back up your position.
State the opposing position.
Provide the facts that support the opposing position/opinion.
Dispute, challenge and question the opposing opinions, backed up with
facts.
How will you capture and appeal to your readers?
Rubrics:
Content- 15
Organization/ Structure- 10
Total: 25
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What I Have Learned
Directions: Complete the statements below. Write your answer in your notebook.
What I Can Do
Task 3:
Directions: Observe and study the comic strip below, and answer the questions that
follow. Write your answers in your notebook.
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1513293938691384&type=3
1. Look at the comic strip. Do you agree with the reasoning of the person inside the
car? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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2. If you are the biker, how would you react to the remarks of the person inside the
car?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Task 4:
Directions: Read the statements below and answer the questions that follow. Write
your answers in your notebook.
1. The sun is the center of the solar system.
2. Asia is the largest continent in the world.
3. God made the world in seven days.
4. Man has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
5. China’s continued presence in the Spratly’s is a violation of international law.
6. A person must always consider the interests of his or her family before his or
her happiness.
7. Citizens have the right to take up arms and overthrow an oppressive
government.
8. The President has done very little to uphold democracy and look after the
interests of the Filipino people.
Questions:
1. Which of the following statements are TRUE?
2. Were you able to easily judge the truthfulness of the statements? Why or why
not?
3. Which of the statements are obviously true? Which ones required more
thought to determine their truthfulness?
4. Which of these statements may be true for others but may not be true in your
judgement?
5. Which of these statements do you personally believe to be true but may be
disputed by other people?
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Assessment
A. Identify the concepts described in each number. Choose your answers from the
word pool below. Write your answers in your notebook.
B.
Apply systematic doubt in analyzing the statement below. Describe how you will
determine its truthfulness. Write your answer in your notebook.
1. I am a good student.
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What I Know What I Have Learned
1. b Answer may vary
2. a
3. a
4. d Asessment
5. c A. 1. Philosophical method
6. b 2. Appeal to the popular
7. b 3. Bias
8. d 4. Conclusion
9. a 5. Knowledge
10. b 6. Truth
11. a 7. Begging for question
12. c 8. Argument
13. d 9. Deductive
14. b 10. Opinion
15. b B. Answer may vary
What I Can Do
Task 3: Answer may vary
Task 4: 1. Answer may vary
2. Answer may vary
3. Answer may vary
4. Answer may vary
What’s New
A. Answer may vary
B. 1. Answer may vary
2. Answer may vary
What’s More
Task 1: Answer may vary
Task 2: Answer may vary
Answer Key
References
BOOK
Abella, Roberto D.(2016).Introduction to the PHILOSOPHY of the Human
Person.Quezon City:C & E Publishing, Inc.
TEACHERS GUIDE
Most Essential Learning Competencies
INTERNET SOURCE/PICTURES
https://brooklyn.sjcny.libguides.com/c.php?g=648836&p=4692986
https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-fact-and-opinion.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/facts-vs-opinions-examples-games-activities.html
https://wmpeople.wm.edu/asset/index/cvance/allegory
https://www.literacyideas.com/teaching-fact-and-opinion
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reasoning
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/think-well/201703/facts-truths-beliefs-
opinions-and-alternative-facts
https://www.the-philosophy.com/opinion-philosophical-definitions
https://www.worksheetplace.com/
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