2.-OEP110330 LTE Radio Network Planning and Optimization in Special Scenarios ISSUE1.00

LTE Radio Network Planning and Optimization in Special Scenarios
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 High-speed railways, such as ICE in Germany, TGV in France, AVE in Spain, and
Shinkansen in Japan, have a speed from 200 km/h to 350 km/h. In China, the speed
of Wuguang and Jinghu High-Speed Railways reaches 350 km/h, and the speed of
Shanghai Maglev Train reaches 431 km/h.
 High Speed
 Changes in the frequencies of received signals is called Doppler effect. The
frequency changes depend on the running speed. That is, if the train speed
changes when a train is leaving from or arriving at the railway station, or is
dispatched, the frequencies of received signals change. This change
deteriorates receiver demodulation performance.
 Due to the high speed of a train, UEs move from one cell to another at a very
short interval, which is shorter than the minimum handover delay that the LTE
network supports. As a result, UE throughput decreases, and services are
interrupted. UE is short for user equipment.
 High Penetration Loss
 High-speed trains are made from metal, which has an obvious shielding effect
on signals. Generally, signal penetration loss ranges from 20 dB to 30 dB on
high-speed railways.

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 Linear Distribution
 High-Speed Railways are distributed as a linear diagram so that eNodeBs for
high-speed railway coverage are deployed in a linear manner, which leads to
the obvious Doppler effect.
 Burst Traffic
 In areas along a high-speed railway, the traffic increases dramatically when
train passes by, while no train passes it’s close to 0. Traffic volume greatly
differs between busy hours and non-busy hours, fluctuating sharply.

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 When a high-speed UE is using services and LOS signals are transmitted between
the UE and eNodeB, the change in frequency caused by the relative motion of UE
and eNodeB is called Doppler Effect.
 The frequency shift caused by the Doppler effect is called Doppler shift, which is
calculated by using the following formula:
f
fd   v  cos
C
where
 fd: denotes the Doppler shift.
 θ: denotes the angle between the UE movement direction and signal
transmission direction.
 v: denotes the UE speed (unit: m/s).
 C: denotes the signal transmission speed. C = 3 x 108 m/s
 f: denotes the uplink and downlink transmit frequencies during the calculation
of the Doppler shift in the uplink and downlink, respectively.

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 TA/TAL Planning
 Public Network
 In this solution the frequency is same with local site, so the parameter
should be planned together with local population. It’s hard to prevent
PCI MOD3 confliction, PRACH reuse issue and TAL issue.
 Dedicated Network
 In this solution, most of the para meters are separately considered,
disregarding the local site. PCI MOD3 can be shifted. PRACH can be
planned separately and TA/TAL could be planned based on cities to
reduce TAU.
 Network Optimization
 Public Network
 In this solution the parameter optimization, RF tuning and feature
deployment should consider the influence to local site.
 Dedicated Network
 In this solution, regardless of local site, the parameter optimization, RF
tuning and feature deployment could be done separately.

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 Transition Area A: the distance between when detecting the signal quality in serving
cell is same with that in the neighbor cell and when the handover threshold criteria
met.
 Handover Area B: the distance between handover threshold criteria met and
handover finished.
 Protection Area C: the margin used to prevent re-measurement caused by signal
fluctuation.

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 Passing by the coverage overlapped area of two cells, UE need to handover. The
delay of handover influence the design of handover overlapped area. Handover delay
define as the time interval between the handover threshold criteria met and handover
finished.

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 Site Height
 The suggested height should be 20-35 meters away from ground, and the
antenna should be 10-25 meters higher than the track. With larger vertical
distance, the antenna height could be higher.
 In urban areas, the vertical distance between the eNodeB and railway track
ranges from 60 to 80 meters.
 In suburban and rural areas, the vertical distance between the eNodeB and
railway track ranges from 80 to 100 meters.
 Antenna selection
 Generally, for dedicated network, antennas with high gains and narrow beams
are suggested. For public network, typical directional antenna are
recommended.
 For dedicated network, suggest 2T4R deployment, but for public network
keeps the same with other site.
 If a site is deployed at a turning corner, antennas with wide beams are used.
 Yagi antennas are used at the tunnel entrance.
 Leaky cables are used in the tunnel to provide even coverage.

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 Semi-persistent Scheduling: High moving speed leads to frequent handover and rapid
change in radio channel. Dynamic scheduling can reduce RRC Reconfiguration
signaling and improve voice quality with more accurate MCS.
 Frequency Selection Scheduling: Frequency selective scheduling need accurate sub-
band CQIs information for scheduling. In high speed scenario, sub-band CQIs
reported can’t reflect channel quality in real-time. In this situation, Frequency Diversity
Scheduling is recommended.
 Open-loop MIMO: UE PMI feedback can’t reflect channel condition in accurate way
and in time. Compared with close-loop MIMO, open-loop MIMO can bring more gain.
 PDCCH Symbol Number Adjust: Due to traffic bursts, PDCCH symbol number adjust
feature may cause intra-frequency interference and insufficient resource scheduling
and thus the handover failure happen.
 In high speed scenario UE move rapidly between cell center and cell edge. TTI
Bundling only functioned in cell edge, so in this situation UE will enter and leave TTI
bundling frequently and thus cause lots of signaling which may induce RRC
Reconfiguration failure in UU interface and Call Drop. Besides, considering TTI
bundling has gain when the UE's channel quality is poor and transmit power is limited,
for high speed scenario it’s not recommended.
 In high speed scenario because Frequency Selection Scheduling is disabled, so no
need to report sub-band CQI. In this situation reduce CQI report period can’t improve
the ability for tracing channel quality, meanwhile CQI report will occupy lots of
PUCCH resource. So in high speed scenario the report period of CQI should be fixed.

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 From the testing result typical HSR speed for Taiwan is around 280-290km/h.

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 From the testing result, 700MHz can support 300km/h speed and no call drop or
handover failure occurs. And from the physical evaluation, it can support highest
450km/h.
 From the testing result, 1800MHz can support 300km/h speed and no call drop or
handover failure occurs.

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 Throughput Comparison Result:
Near Point Middle Point Far Point

RSRP RSRP RSRP
Throughput -80 ~ - -100 ~ - -110 ~ -115
90dbm 105dbm dbm
SINR 25dB SINR 10dB SINR 0dB
2T2R 135.39 96.2 33.81
DL
1T1R 74.35 56.15 26.09
20M
2T2R 49.05 17.81 2.04
Closed UL
Scenari 1T1R 49.02 12.99 1.5
o 2T2R 103.41 75.72 25.47
DL
1T1R 54.24 40.84 20.57
15M
2T2R 33.23 10.53 3.01
UL
1T1R 33.22 9.89 2.38
2T2R 146.3 134.91 33.81
DL
1T1R 74.47 73.06 26.09
20M
2T2R 49.05 15.54 2.04
Open UL
1T1R 49.04 12.9 1.5
Scenari
2T2R 107.63 107 25.47
o DL
1T1R 54.31 53.42 20.57
15M
2T2R 33.2 12.17 3.01
UL
1T1R 33.21 11.53 2.38

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 In addition, the handover zone for buildings near roads is not recommended to be too
close to roads. If a handover zone is too close to roads, it becomes a fixed handover
zone in which UEs in vehicles experience frequent handovers, affecting network
performance.

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 To prevent UEs at the window area in both low-rise and high-rise cells from being
handed over to outdoor cells, use the following methods:
 Indoor and outdoor intra-frequency networking
 Properly plan the antenna location and antenna port power. Use
multiple lower-power antennas to ensure that the RSRP of low-rise
indoor cells at the window area is higher than the RSRP of outdoor
cells.
 Signals are cluttered in the window area, resulting in multiple
superfluous outdoor neighboring cells. In high-rise indoor cells, signals
from side lobes of outdoor cells or super high cells are leaked to indoor
cells due to spacious propagation environment. In this case, choose
only the outdoor cell with strong and stable signals as a neighboring
cell and do not configure neighboring relationships with other outdoor
cells. Adjust the handover parameters as followed:
Paramet Paramete
Adjustment Policy
er ID r Name
In low-rise indoor cells, decrease the value of Ocn of outdoor
cells that have been configured with neighboring relationships,
Cell and increase the difficulty of indoor-to-outdoor handovers
CellIndividu
individual In outdoor cells that affect the signals in the window area of
alOffset
offset indoor cells, decrease the value of Ocn for indoor cells that have
been configured with neighboring relationships, and increase the
difficulty of outdoor-to-indoor handovers

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 Elevator coverage is provided by deploying directional antennas along the elevator

shaft. The penetration loss of an elevator door reaches 20 to 30 dB, and therefore
UEs experience sudden loss of signals when moving into or out of an elevator. To
ensure that UEs are smoothly handed over between floors and elevators, consider the
following factors:
 Enable one cell to provide coverage for all elevators in a building if possible.
Preferentially choose the cell on the top floor or that on the ground floor. In this
way, UEs on different floors are handed over to the same cell when moving
into an elevator, and UEs are not frequently handed over to cells out of the
elevator when the elevator is running.
 Plan the handover zone between the elevator cell and the floor cell in the
elevator hall. Enable the elevator cell to provide coverage for both elevators
and elevator halls. In this way, handovers occur before UEs move to or after
UEs move out of the elevator car, reducing the number of call drops caused by
sudden loss of signals when the elevator door closes and minimizing the
impacts on throughout when the elevator door opens. Figure 3-8 shows
handovers in elevator
Parameter Parameterhalls.
Adjustment Policy
ID Name
In floor cells, increase the parameter value of the
corresponding elevator cell to ensure that UEs are
CellIndividual Cell individual promptly handed over to the elevator cell
Offset offset In elevator cells, increase the parameter value of the
corresponding floor cell to ensure that UEs are
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 Cost: In most cases, only need to add combiner and feeder. Cost is low.
 Performance: Without equipment and construction quality issue, the performance of
the reconstruction can reach LTE requirement.
 Engineering difficulty: In most cases, only need to reconstruct main trunk. Difficulty
coefficient is low.

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 New constructed LTE IBS support MIMO, it can support configure two Single
polarization Omni antenna or Double polarization Omni antenna to support MIMO.
Based on the environment to choose the right installation position of antenna, define
the isolation, configure power of antenna port and satisfy the capacity requirement.
 Analyze of LTE dual solution
 Advantage:
 Introduce the benefit of UL and DL MIMO capacity;
 Flexible on choose two Single polarization Omni antenna or Double
polarization Omni antenna, make the minimum affection for other
system;
 No limitation on LTE antenna system design by exist DAS.
 Disadvantage:
 Need to rebuild dual channel antenna system, difficulty on construction
and cost is higher than single channel system;
 The nodes increase times than DAS.

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 For this LTE dual channel IBS construction solution, one channel is new constructed
while another one is combined with existing 2G/3G. If the existed 2G/3G IBS don’t
support the corresponding LTE band, need to change.
 The location of combiner need to be designed according to the exist frequency band,
power of antenna port, style of passive equipment, antenna type and the condition of
equipment support. Newly deployed part should cooperate and adapt to the limitation
and affect of the combine part, it should choose the proper antenna position and right
isolation to insure continually coverage of LTE.

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 Advantage of Lampsite:
 Simple architecture with uniform network management system.
 Simple structure with only three boxes and one cable, so no more equipment
or deployment quality issue induced and the management focused on main
equipment quality.
 Co-network management system with macro site and no more blind area for
IBS management. With all equipment status under control and easy to monitor
KPI and traffic for each floor individually.
 Support two rank MIMO without IBS reconstructed, and easy to evolve with
modularized interface.
 Easy for network expansion with remote controlled cell split by using software
configuration.

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 Multiple scenarios, like dormitory, teaching building, administrative building, library,

gymnasium and auditorium and so on, needs to be considered.
 Construction Difficulties:
 Sometimes the distribution system may be unable to acquire permission for
indoor installation.
 High requirement on appearance therefore embellished antenna may be
needed
 Difficulties in acquisition of site and equipment room, cabling and house owner
coordination, etc.

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 Campus Building Types:

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 Subscriber Number variation:

 Students register and graduate each year, basically the same number.
 Students leave school and enter school each day, basically the same number.
 More people from Monday to Friday, less people on weekend.
 Less people in summer and winter vocation.
 The number grows in September with a larger roaming number.
 The number decreases in May to July as the graduates leave the school.
 Different area, different requirement.

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 Refer to Stadium Coverage Solution Chapter for more detail information.

 In normal times the traffic in gymnasium is low, but when there is big event the traffic
becomes very high.
 In perspective of capacity and coverage, outdoor BTS cannot satisfy the requirement
well, so DBS+DAS are usually adopted.
 Generally there are the blow rules:
 As static division is the basic rule, divide the cells vertically, with consideration
of the direction of flow of people.
 The stand can be divided into several cells according to the requirement of
capacity and coverage, with each cell absorbing approximate equal traffic. The
playground in the middle is designed an individual cell.

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 Principles for planning:

 Multiple antennas, small power coverage, ensuring accurate coverage and
controlling spillover.
 Broadband components, reasonable cell planning, supporting expansion and
evolution.
 Select antenna type (omni ceiling antenna/directional panel
antenna/embellished antenna) according to the coverage requirement.
 Ensure smooth handovers at the entrances of the building.

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 Campus Dormitory Area has the heaviest traffic load and the peak traffic can be used
as the peak traffic calculation in campus.
 The building for dormitory is of high density, similar with Residential Communities but
the traffic is heavier.
 It’s hard to solve the coverage only with the macro site. But the indoor system may
hard to deploy and some of the buildings is not suitable for indoor deployment.
 Micro system can use for all the area to provide a higher capacity and meanwhile
control the interference.
 Typically the antenna need embellishment.

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 If embellished antennas can be used, they can be used to cover the opposite building
each other. To avoid leakage and interference, the antenna should be installed lower.
 In scenarios of high building, to control the coverage, it is usually not suggested to
build BTS on top of building. If there are areas which cannot be covered by outdoor
BTS such as elevator and underground garage, indoor distributed system is then
needed.

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 In a villa area, areas inside each house require intensive coverage. The user in villa
area is high-end user with high single user traffic requirement. High coverage quality
requirement but low capacity requirement for all the area.
 Users are sensitive to the environment, embellished antenna is required for the
deployment.

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 In multilayer residential community, the user density is high and requirement for the
traffic and data service is also high. In non-working time, the traffic volume is higher
than other time.
 Users are sensitive to the environment, embellished antenna is required for the
deployment.

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 The large integrated residential community including villa residential community,

multilayer residential community, high-rise residential community, and even public
territory. The penetration loss is high and it’s easy to form weak coverage area or
even blind area.
 When design the coverage solution for integrated residential community, consider the
total above coverage scenario. The key point of the solution is design coverage by
area and scenario according to the structure characteristics.

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 When design the coverage solution, consider the usage of exist coverage system to
reduce construction difficulty the OPEX

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 In the long term, the resource usage is low

 During non-activity period, the traffic is very low or even no traffic. So from the
long term, the total resource usage is low.

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 In specific scenario where antenna far away from equipment room and the feeder loss
is large, macro BTS+RRU or BBU+RRU is suggested to reduce the feeder length and
feeder loss.
 If suitable equipment room is available, macro BTS can be considered.
 Considering the network quality, repeaters is not suggested.
 In areas where no indoor coverage available, suggests to use lampsite to absorb
indoor traffic and improve capacity.

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 Multiple scenarios, like emporium, office building, street shops and so on, needs to be
considered.
 Construction Difficulties:
 Sometimes the distribution system may be unable to acquire permission for
indoor installation.
 High requirement on appearance therefore embellished antenna may be
needed
 Difficulties in acquisition of site and equipment room, cabling and house owner
coordination, etc.

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 Besides the reasons listed above, the difficulty of site location acquisition and antenna
setting together may cause coverage issues, such as no main coverage signal in
certain areas.

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 Heavy traffic load in area like famous scenic spots rest room and hotel during
holidays.

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 Cell selection priority

 In overlapped area of big umbrella and small umbrella, the recommendation is
to camp on coverage area of small umbrella. Under area with the coverage of
big umbrella, UE select cell based on coverage. For areas where LTE co-
exists with 2/3G, multimode terminal should camp on LTE.
 Handover priority
 For the coverage of F2, deploy intra-frequency handover policy.
 Deploy F1 inter-frequency handover policy to F2 based on coverage.
 Enable inter-frequency handover between F1 and F2 based on load balance.

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 The coverage solution of natural landscape park please refer to lake scenic area and
mountain scenic area solution.

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 The RF planning principle of macro site is same with other scenarios.

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LTE Radio Network Planning and Optimization in Special Scenarios

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 Throughput Comparison Result:

Near Point Middle Point Far Point

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 Elevator coverage is provided by deploying directional antennas along the elevator

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 Multiple scenarios, like dormitory, teaching building, administrative building, library,

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 Campus Building Types:

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 Subscriber Number variation:

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 Refer to Stadium Coverage Solution Chapter for more detail information.

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 Principles for planning:

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