Ko Takeda
Acad NSD 2024/3/29
-Milky Way
the galaxy in which we live
that contains the stars that
make up the Milky Way.
-Andromeda galaxy
the nearest major galaxy to the
Milky Way
-Primordial galaxy
A galaxy that formed very
early in the histsory of the
Universe.
-Plasma
superheated matter – so hot
that the electrons are ripped
away from the atoms forming
an ionized gas.
-Nebula
a cloud of gas and dust in
outer space
(Einstein)
(Edwin Hubble)
(Robert William 1)
The Cosmic Scale
1. Intro
a.“Because there is such a law as gravity, the universe can and will create itself from
nothing”, Stephen Hawking.
b. The Universe is Vast
i. It is a cliche yet significant since we are 1.living and breeding santient
2. born out of rock 3. flying out of a single star 4. existing on a planet
among 200,000,000 other stars.
ii. Milky way‘s blow, when compared with many stars’, is a mere
microscopic thing.
c. Questions
i. Why is the universe like this/ Why is it so large/ How large actually is
it?
ii. The “observable universe” is assumed to have the diameter of 93
billion light years; it contains 2 trillion galaxies and 1 septillion stars.
2. Defining Universe
a. The Language
i. Universe refers to all of space and time. The former means volume that
exists as a backdrop of three-dimensional field. The latter means a
constant flow of cause and effects; it is a catalyst for
life/death/creation/evolution. Combination of the two creates
four-dimensional space, a.k.a space time.
b. Albert Eistein
i. His “special relativity theory”(1805) can be called to be the pioneer of
this topic. It brought the pradigm shift regarding our conception toward
light, mass, and energy. Subsequent theory of “general relativity”
(1915) provided the interpretation of gravity, space, time, and their
links.
ii. Mass is a form of energy that possesses wooping effet. It is the reason
of gravity, the curvature in flat planes. Gravity is the simplest and the
hardest concept. It is the most dominant fundamental forces across all
levels of the universe.
c. Edwin Hubble
i. He subverts the idea that “universe is static”. His discovery of nebula,
the separate collection of stars, worked as the evidence for the claim
that milky way galaxy is one part of large galaxies. He concludes that
“universe is expanding” (1929).
ii. In modern days, “Lambda CDM” model is hegemonic. It is the best
effort for comprehensing the origins and the nature of the universe.
3. Big Bang Theory
a. The process (Big Bang Theory explains the onset of the universe) is the central to
Lambda CDM.
i. Part of extremely high density pressure lies static until 30.8 billion
years ago
ii. Sudden, eradic expansion occurred;(called COSMIC INFLATION)
iii. Tiny universe streched to 10 ^98 volume within a fraction of seconds.
It spreaded sparsely; which measn that the speed far exceeds that of
lightspped(300km/sec)
iv. Energy condensed to the plasma
v. It decayed into particles
vi. Particles decayed into subtopic particles
vii. Attom became gassclouds (14 billion years later form the last strep)
Gasscloud transformed themselves to star. Stars belong to galxies that
comprise the cosmic web.
b. Observable Universe
i. It refers to the area that can be detected fom the Earth. It is a geocentric
space. While light travels in about 300km/s, light delay occurs.
Accordingly, we use the metric of light years.
ii. We cannot see universe as it exists in the current moment due ot the
distance. Proxima Centauri (nearest stars) is 4.2 billion light years
away, but the distance between galaxies are far large. For insatance,.
we see the appearance of Andrometa in the Stone Age... The deeper we
look, the further we look back in time.
4. Hubble Space Telescope
a. Description
i. It is a bathsize satelite that was launched in 1919. Its equipments
include cutting-edge instruments that are frequently updated.
b. Achievement
i. 1.4 billion photos of young universe were obtained. Among them, one
image, the Hubble Deep Field (1995), revolutionized the field of
 astronomy. It captured the furthest distance observable at the time.
c. Robert William
i. He is the biggest contributor of the image. He focused on a seemingly
empty space called the “plough”. Despite its tininesss, 342 photos
taken during 10 day period revealed a majestic view of the universe.
ii. It is a window back through time. The further wee see, the less lumious
the galaxy gets because early ones have not undergone vigorous star
formation.
iii. Big Bang Theory’s “atom-star,clusters of stars, torrid dward of
galaxies” formation order was substantiated.
d. Further Progress
i. Quasar’s image was captured in an attempt to test the original image’s
authenticity(It succeeded in the authorization).
(Robert William 2) 5. Hubble Ultra deep field
a. Once again, the update expanded the limitation of the telescope. To see further,
there was a need to incorporate infrared light detection.
b. In 2007’s update, primordial galaxies was captured. To reach beyond this distance,
we need to wait until the launch of James-Webb telescope.

Space is vast enough to be simply labled as unquantifiable. However,
countless efforts by the past and present astronomers have provided a
handful of insight into its mystery. Einstein and Hubble’s contribution
still remains as the basis of the current astronomical study. A light is
seemingly simple, yet it is one of the most profound matters in the
universe. It offers humans an opprotunity to stare back in time.
Telescopes have been using this mechanism to exolore both the
dimension and the origion of the universe. Hubble Space Telescope has
achieved considerable amounts of discovery, yet the overwhelming
majority of the universe remains untapped.
I was already familiar with the significance of the universe
scale through many sci-fi films. Nevertheless, the presented
number of estimated stars, 200 million was far beyond my
assumption. The concept of light years strucked me as
relatively easy to comprehend since it is incorporated by
many sci-fi works. Similarly, the Big Bang theory’s main idea
was readily comprehensible. Yet, I was ignorant of the
subsequent processes such as the transition from the plasma
to particles.

BIG BANG THEORY(1.ony few milimiters wide, like a blackhole thing

First hemial element in the universe, Helium

Secnd Elements i s hydrogen

We are now in MAtter ERA, and of steller epoch

4. Describe the significance of the Hubble constant and its relationship to the rate of
cosmic expansion.-Hubble constants explain that the universe's expansion rate is
faster than the light speed. This was a revelation, as it demonstrated that we can never
react beyond the expansion rate. Consequently, it is a rather an inflation.

6. Explain why the observable universe's radius is approximately 46 billion

light-years.--The radius cannot be determined. Yet, since we see the point where the
Bing Bag started as the center, and it is estimated to be occurred at 13.7 billion years
ago, we say that the radius of the observable universe is more than 48 billion
light-years.
10. Summarize the eventual fate of the universe as described in the lecture, including
the concept of heat death.-The eventual fate is that the universe inflation eventually
brings the demise of the universe. Specifically, the loss of energy will be brought as the
interaction between every matter diminishes. The concept of heat death was
introduced as the post-isolation phenomenon.

Big Bang happned in about 13.8 bilion

years ago.

10. What advancements in observing distant galaxies were made possible by

Hubble's infrared-detecting instruments?- Infrared detecting instruments enabled us
to observe primordial galaxies that barely contain bright stars because of their early
development stage.