ENGINEERING

DATA
ANALYSIS

JOHN
BSAeE I-1
LLOYD SILAROY
ENGR BERNARD JOSHUA C.BUCUD
Legrning Module 01:
OBTAINING DATA

Methods of Data Calecthon

lanning and Conducting Survey
Plonning and Uonductng txperiments
T.DATA COLLECTION
Dortn con e defiwed as a suskmoic
record of porticular quowtity-t is a
a
colecrion of fots avd figues to be
ed for specific prpose
when andnged in o ora0nzed form,
COn be caled ifonmation

Typec ofData
Gua litotive Dota
o type of dotn a t repregef some
choracttr Istics or attri bte. They depict
descriphovs fhat may be obsered but
COnnot be compuHed or calculotd.
Data in qualitortive doa are more
In natu

I explo votory hon core lusive

Exampes
intelligentce cleanliness
- honeshy

wis dom
oveativi tyy

Quawmtitative Doto
be mepsured
-a
typt of data that can be
and not Gimply 0bsenved.They can
calónlathons
numerically represevfed and
Can be performed

Exonple
The number of students at pefcr
online class on foce-to toce class
BSAeE H

The number of stndents ploying diferevrt

in Section 10.
porTS
TERMS
Categorical Data
invones
describes the datan that fits vto the Cotapries as The colegoncal
tgturks SsucM a pevson3 qender
vaviables that des cribe the
Coegprca
hometoun et Cokaprical yneasues Oe
defimed in erms of natwoal laoyoge
speuficaions , but noT in Rrms of u mbes.
Examples
bithdole
- oNorite Sport
- School posteode

Sovnetimes coegonical dota can hold numenical yalues buxt tHhose yalues
,

do not haye a mathematiCa} sense

Nominal Doto
a type of qualitotive iwdormrthion whidn hels to lobel the voriables wthot
providing the nmeicol yalue. Nowivyl dad is oto caled nomivol scole

Examples
-Ieters
-Sumbols
words

gender

Orctinal Doa
of dotn that fo lous o notuwol ordler
a tupe
Exophes
birthorder

weiayt
neighT
Numerical Data
gies inftrvwotion abou the owotities of o cpecific tla- H can e clasifad
into two di flerevtt types boxd on the don sets. The two diftrtt classi
fiations of nvnerical dota ot discrele daha and Covtivnons data-

Discrete Data
Discreke informathon cotins onky a finik number of passible values
Those volues cannor be ubdivided meanivngtully Thivgs can be Countd
in whole numbers

Continuons Data
has an wfinikt nurnber o proboble values tnat con be seleuked within

o speciti onge

DATA COLLECTION
Doto colkchon is a metnodicad vocess of gatheriva ond ovolsiv
Speuti mforwoh on to pvoffr solusfrions to eevaht ueshions ond Noduodt Hhe
resuts It fonses on fovlin ouT al thee is to a parhawlor subyect mater
Dak is collecied to be forther subieccd to nyjothesis tsthvg which seeks
to exploin a pheomenon
Types f Dota Collection
Rrimary Data ollechion
-

gøtnering of rovd data colledkd a the Soce t

is a pocess of colechvg
the originol dota coleckd by a ReArcner for a seci fi veseach pMrpok
Tuvo seaments
Bualitative Reseovdn Metod do not imolve he collection of dota
tat iwolves yln bers or o eed to e dedued thvougn o mathe ma-
tial ealculation,rather it is based on the von-quavtifiobe atevne
t h e feling or emothon ot he resegvdner
2 uovityotive Melod - pecwnted in nunbevs and reAUAYe a mathemstical
Colcultion to deduue

Secondary Doto Collection

cotheri) oSecpvd-hand doton colleced by an individual wo 1s not
Hhe origynal user H is the prus of collectig dato +hat is alHady exis
T be it aleadu Publisned books, journals and lor dnline orhals It is
muLh ess ¬xpensive and easi er to olkct

METtHODs DF DATA COLLECTION

.LiHerathite sovrces
This inolues the collkdion of dn from oltody Aubliched Hext oNaitable
npubli dompin
2.Surveys
Suyey is another vnetuod of gatmeing intorwotion fo retcorch Par
poses Informotibn on gee d throngh questionnaire, mutly baxd on
indi vidual or qoup aperiances renar ding a portionlor phkeronenon -
3- Intryiews
Intrvicw is a aualiotive metmod of dortn Coleetion onase results ae basel
on inkniNe engogemet wjth espondents about a porticular ctady
4. Dbservations
osenorion method of iwfor moion gateriv) is used by movitoriv ptiigots
in a spei fiu sihuoiti oVn or evwivonvmevit.ot a given time ond doy Basically

resegrchevS obstrwe he enoviour of e Sorrounding tnviOnments or

peophe thot oe being) stndied
5. Docnments vd Reuords
This is he pvoess of exomivnn) existi) doaamens and ruovds of an 019ani-
Sotion for tvockino dhonags over a encd of time
6 Experimerts
Exper imevtall esNdn is Causal relationsiip between two
exainina
Variables. ne con o2 manipalokd, ond the otwer is ensuHd- NanablCs Ort
classified as deptm dent and independet Nariables
.PLANNNG AND cONDUCTING SURNENS
6 Steps in Planning a sarvey
I. unat is the purpose oi the Survay-he basic to plannin a survey?
2 Decide on he tovoet gyoupP
3.Reachig yor oroct gronp
4 Breok down he pupos and livnit the sope
5. &uestions to be ocked
- Dreotiy and trwhwming
I0.PLANNING AND cONDULTING ExPERIMENTS
stges in Conducting an Experiment
Specity he sample groups
1 into Covtrol and ut group
Division
3- Determivwing the tne gak and freauency of Sampling
4- Perform te experivment
6- Gatering and 0nalyzing raw dato by statistcal means

Design Eperiment
a powerfusl sthihaal kchniaue for mprNin poducf / Proccss oerignç ovd
Soluing proces/ production Prnblem
Twd Types
Dbservahonal Sthudy
study hgt dont need inkryention but need an obcervation
2. Experi mental ndy
-

study where as you covtol te Couse of the reuponse

CROUPING IN EXPERIMENTS
Contvol Group no treotment appled
JRatmet Gvaup- expe rimertal gvoup. A breatmet is applied
Rondon Ossi gnwment
-

agsigning whert tey belohgxperiment gvoup or

covdol qyp)
Replication
ing enogh experimetal units to mate sun tot the diterenT teotman
groups ort Nmilar
Experimental nits- Variables rclatd to 0bjects
Subjets - Yariable elakd to percons

Terms Needed for Design Experi ment

Confounded Narioble - uncertain efeet doe to too mavny variabe

Common Responsc- Simi lor efect with other voriables

Voriable (x)-- te cause of cange ln a deign expenment
Rs ponce (y) - the datn Hnat is he eftet n te expenineat

Placeboo Efkct a subjet's pasithive riponne to a plagebo.

Placebo subjet csgond dtte rEtly afkr thay retieve a teatment

Neuhal Theatnent - has D Ha efkct)

Leorning Module 02:
PROBABILITY

Sample Space and Kelah onsnip omong tvents

ounting Kules usetul in frobability
Rules of Probobilty
CHAPTER 2: Probabiliy
.Probability
roboolity meons poss1bility.t is a bravh of mothemohs that
urth the occNee of o rondom event. The valwe is expressee tom
zero to ovePoboblihy has been inhrodued in Maths to pedict htuo likely
Ees on to hogen

Moltienatics Definitton of PRoBABILITY

Probability of the likeliood of on eyert to ocuur.
iia measune
Many events cannot be predicted with total certainty- We can pedict onh
the chame of on evtnt to ocmr Pmbability can ranee in fom 0 to, where
0 meng Hhe Nent to be án impossiblet one and| indiaks a cerun
Nent The pobability of all the events in a spmple spoce addls uP to.

Frobability Tormola
The pobobility formula is defined as the pasibiliy of on event fo hoen is
cao to te raho of the namper of fauowoe outomes and the total nar
of outtomes

Number f favourable outcones

PCE) Total Num ber of 0utcomes
Jomple Spae
Sovmye saLe is a colkgdion or a o f possible outtomey of a an-
dom exeriment 1he sampe spaue IS tptsevtd gio the symbol.""-TN sub
at of possibe outuom o on experiment is caled ayets 0 sampk spate may
Cortoin a number of antomes wnich depends on *e experwent lf it coutins
a finite nwmber of ovtomes, then i+ is kngwn as discrele or finie Sam ple
Spates
Note
re gnwnple syues for a randoin evimet is wiHen within garhy broukels
 ossina a Coin
Uhe flippnaa coin two outeowes at posibe, cuch s head and-4oi.
Sovmple Space
S(H,TJ: CHead Tail?
Event
on otcome or colkechon o ttomes o1 a fondowm cxperiment-Eyent is alo
any subset o a somple spoue

Probobiwt d on tvent
cSne on ventE con ocuwr waAg of a sm ot n robablt or poscibe
eually likem wauys. Then the probabjilihy ot hogpentng d te event or swLess
IS expessd ass
PCED
The poobobiih thot Hoe avent will nat ocwr or kvown as t failune is
xpres sed os
PCE)=

wheret represent not the eNeut wnl not occur.

Therefore ao say
PCE)+ PLt) =1
Exam ple
.0 bowsl covtin five piects of fruit.Thec ate Hhee bonanas and
2 opples- find the p-obabilty ot gettvag on opple
Givem: 3 bananas 2 apples
Reqied: Probabilty of gething an apple
Solut ion:
PCE) The probability ot qettin) an opple
PCE) from the bowl is 40 '
PCE) b 4
 1. The ski club is holdind o role to roise, moh Then Sold 120 tidkets.
-

ll of the fickels one

poted in a jor. One tickef will pulled ov of
the jowr o (ondom, omd Hhe winner will reciev a Kinn prize. bonght
34 4ickes find the probabilihy of Kinn oT wnnng a 1ze on
the fvst coll
Given h: I20
T 34
Requrived. Probobilihy of kin t oinnina a rix on e lisT call
Soluathi on
PCE)
PCe) 1-3
PCE) 0.23
PIE): 0-12

The pobobilh D Kin t wnning on the fvst call

I 71

Equally Likely Tves

Eyents haNe the gome thepritical prbdoility of voppeviv
Comple vnentary Eyens
The possibility Ahot heve will be only two ovtoomex whidh stoBes
Tnat on evnt wll octur or wot

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

Somple Sou
The ser of all the possible tucovmes o ocur in ony tvial
Somplo Poiwt
o v e or he passible seals
Trial or ExperiwnenT
O series o achiov's ohene the outunnts ort aluoys untertoin
 Evevnt
Sivgle or compow Ovttome of om experivmert
Outoome
Rossibhe vesults of a knal or experimevt
CownplivmentYy Event
he non-nogpenina vent
Im posei ble vens
The eut Cannor noppen

-couNTING RULES

There are at eact 4 niks to count the vwmbar of posibe outtomts

MuLNPLI CATIVE RULE
The number Rsside sAs is dtfind ay

Exawnlec
I bokery has a selaction of vo aifferewt Cnpcokes , 1o diftrvt donvts, and
15 ditferevit uffins Hovo wmamy differwrt brders ore Here?

( - ) (na) =
( 20)to)(15) 3,000

There ,000 Ordering oprions yon Con dhooSe tom the selection

Z. How many license laks rt sassble if evtn licest pldk is three kttrs fol-

Ibwed y tne dojk?

1 7 5 7 4 doo

There ae 17, 570, 0od difftrent icehse plcde assible

PERAAWTATiON RLE
he aronacment of elements in a distinct order is called permurotion. Gien a
inaye set n ditigtively didfoent eentvt m wis t seee k dements îom
the n avd avraat fhem witi positions
P
ExOmple
too wmanu) thirte t r words oth or withour eaniq Com be forinegl ot of e
eHet cf he wUDY d SwING whtn reetition of lettrs is naT allouwed
n5
k3
5

There are ao thwee lettr words wim or witnout metniva con be

formed
2 tbw many ws can first and eod place ve aworaled to 10 People?

k-2

P2 0-7)!

440 370

Tnete are they can qord 1 puople the Arst ond

Seuond plage
PARTITIONs Rue
Singe set on distindtively dittrent elements exists . yon wish to ptition

hem nto k sets, uith the first set Containing n, dements , the seond conbr
n n ekmens J-* *, and the kn set oontaining nk olem tnty |he number

difftret parthitions is

where n,+nnt. - +n n
n!na!.ng.
bxample
Thert art thot 1od moYbes eoch. Pagl nas 16 red ord
covZi
25 blue morbes Bag2 has co red and 4 blue wornones-Dong 3 us 45 ved ord
56 tlue morbie. A Kid choose one fon one of he l4s o a andon d

pick a vnoble ot andom fom he chosen oaa- Wnot is he prdonibiit)

of fhe kid oehua red ma-b

PCRIB.)= 0-75, P CRIB)= 0.t0 , PlRIB,S =0-45
PR): P(R 18,) (PO.)+ PLR/B») (PUB,)) + P(RIB,) PCB)
(0-75) 3 +0-40)3) t 0-45)

From
0.00
the Rarition of blue ond d morblts the pobnbility of the
kid geth a cd marble is 6o percent
2. a certin discast afkcts abont I oT of 10 ,000 paople.Theve is a test
to heck whemer he pevsorn as the diseaso. Th text is quite aCcUnYale . In

particulo we knoww hot the pobolility thot M kst vesult jis positive (smgges
tivg the pexson hou tme diseose) gNen Hmot the pevzon docs vot hove the diseae,
IS ovnly tuo pertewt. The pobulty thoTme est rsult is nesative (auggestivly
th pevS0 does ot ww h dizence d, given the porson has the dieasejis
onluy one percent. A randovm pavso oets ftsted Jor he diwase and the
fewlts oovmelan. sitive wvat i Ave obloilihy thot he pecon as he

disease
Let D be the evet thot he pevson has tnt dikease , ond et T

be the evet hat tat resnlt i osithve

 P(D 0,000
PCTID')-007
PCT D) =0-01

PTID)CPCD)
PCDI) Pp) PDt PTO*)RD)
0-01 ) Co.oo1
(1-0.0D(o-0001HO-02)CI-o-00o1)

0 - 0c4g
fhis means the thert is less han halF a perce chance a t
the peson has the diseae
COMBINATiDNIS RULE
0 sample of k clements is to be chosen fom a set of etmenis The nmber
of diftvenT famples of k avmples hort can be Selected from n ls equal to

Exam ple
() k!omk)

. In how many ways can a Coacn choose tiree swimmers fm amp

five wimme

3!2
120

he Coacn can choose tn l0 ways.

 2.Six trtndy want to play enoagh aovmes of chess to be sure evwy one pons everyovne ele

How mowy qawnes oitl theuy hot do pou"

2kC-k)
2!1-2).

2!4.
720
48
They necd to play a totol of 15 games
15

L.RULES DF PRDBABIL
DEFINITIONS AND NOTA TlONS

Two eNens Ort nutually tdusive or disjoint f hey cannot oclur ot he

Stime hme
T e pobability tot Evewt A octus gien thal Evert B as octurc , 1 called
a CONDITnoNAL PRoBAOILITY -The Conditloal pvoldaoikituy of Eyent A qiven Eyet
is denoed y the aymbo PCA1B)
The (oMpEMENT of an ovet is the aent not ocunrivg.1ne pobabilihy thot Event

A w ot denoed by PCA')
oCu is

The obobility tot Evenls A and b both cuwr ic me probability of the |NTERSEcnON
of A ond B The obalbilihy of the inkrsecion of evets A and D denotedd by
P(AnB) f Events A and 6 art mutualy cuasive , PCA NB) =o
The poboblity that Evertt A or 0Cur is the prokeeoilitu of ion or A and

The probapility of n union o Events A ond b S dnoted by P(A UB).

1 f the orene of Eent A cChonges he probtbiluty of Nent bhen tvents
A and B ore degendert 0 the other hond, if fne ocunene or Event A does
ot choe the pooubilihy of Event B, then Events A and b ave INDEPENDEIT-
RULe oF SueTRAcToN
Ihe probability hot Evont A will ouur is equol tol minus the pobooiihy tot
even A will ot oc(ur
PCA)=1-PA')

Eyownle
The probablih) *ho Bill wiW orodvoe from olegs is 0-0 whoT is
the proonbility thot Bin woill wot goduott from Colkae
PCA)1-POA)
PCA)1- 0-80
PLA) = 0-zo
The pobobility tho* i l will not grodae is 0.20
2-TMe onchor of a news cndion fore cast te wecner for the vext dog
The Omohor stoed that ther s 5 lo chone of raining in the

ofkmoon-Juhor is the Robobíihy thot i t i n e t Uwn in he oftmoor

PLA)1-PCA')
PCA) I 0-15
PLAD= 0.25
The pobality that it will o vain in the afkrncon is 25°o
RuLE OP MLnlIC RRON
The obobimy on Events A and both ocuwr is eaun to the prubobilH
thetr Event A ocrs tmes tme pobobilihy hot Evet b occu, given that Event

A hos oced

PCAB) P(A) PCBIAS

Example
On urm coains 6 rd mayblcs qnd4 back mavbles-TuO woN bs

ove drawM wihout rexaue ment fvon the m w t is the polzvitihy nat
both of the marbhes e blatK?

PCAD 4)1 PCBIAD= 3]a

PLAB- PLA)LP( BIA))

POAne) (WoDCl«)
The piobability fhot both of Ahe mavbies
PCAOB= 15 ave bluuk it 2l5
 uppose un toke Dut wo Cords fvovn stondord pack of covds e ofkr

Omother wimout raploCAW) Ahe fivet Cord nat is he pvobovili h tnat the
irst cowd is the oct ot spndes, ond he seuond card ir heart

PLA PCM PCeIA

PCA B) ) G )
PCAnB)=
20
RULE OF ADDITON
The robobilihy tnat ExNont A or Event B ocArs is eanal to the pobbilty
thor Extt A ocs pus he pokubi ity thot Exert b occu minus te probobi

that botmtyents A ond b ocuur

PCAUBD PCAD + PCB)- PCAOB)

where
PCAN B) E PA) PL BIA)

Exampe
IA sndent goes tote libra) me probobilih that she checks out
(a) a work fiction is 0.40 ,6) a uok of non-fiction is 0-20,and
Cc both fiction ond non-fiction s 0.20 umot is the probooilituy 4thot tne
Shader decks out a work ot fiction,non-fiction, both?
PCA 0-40 PCO) 0-0 PCAn)= 0-2

PCAUB)- PCA) +PCB) P(An8)

PCAUD)= 0 4o +0-30 0-20
PCAUB= 0-50

2-F upn toke out a svoe card fom o reqno pack of cIordd wxT is the

pro bobilihy thot he avd is either o e or Syode?

PUA) 115 P( sz2 PCA OB)=
PCA U B)= P¢AD + PCB) - PCAB)

PCA UD) 1sz +

")sz
PCAUB)=
CONDITIONAL PROBAbILITY
The CoNDIMDNAL PRoBNOILIN ofon Evet b is the vobobilihy thot the
eveyit wi Ocur given t kbwkdge thot on Evet A has aleody ttued
Ths pdbobilihy is wri ttn PB\), nototion for e pmobabilihy of b ojven Ar
In the cCaGe wheve events A amd b ndeendent (uwhee eventA hos no

eftt on the popatlihy of eentt 8), He conditional pobabilihy of evet b given

evet A is simply the Probobility of t t B, 4thot is PPD
F events A and b oe not ndependent,men the piobobilituy of me intGechion

ond b(the pobilthy thot oth ncnt occa is defined y

P(A and B) PCA) P(BIAD
:

PCA And B PLA) PC BIA)

PUAS
P
Thus the conditioval pobability equation is,
=PCAand B)
PC BIA)
PCA
Example
In a cArd qame s Suppost a plauer needs tv draw tuo covds of the same sit
in order to vin 0f the 52 covds,ere Ore Cards in ach suit Supose firste
plouer dvawS a hea NOW the pauer wishes to dvoau a Seuond neart Since
OMe heort hos alrtody bren chosen, r t 0re now 1z heavts remalnina in a

deck of 51 Cras So Hhe Conditioal pvokobilihy PC Daw second heat| Finst Lavd
*
a neart) 12 I51

2 Suppose an individual opplujna for college deemines that he has on sDo

chawe of being auP, ond ne knous Hho dor mitor) housing nill only be po-
vided for 60°b o al o the oKLApktd chudents The chone * Ahe student bein

OCCAped and reueiving dormitory howEig is .

RaLepied and Dormitory Houinag) =Rarmitory fouivg lcaed)eCaccaphed)
PCOLLepted and Dormitovy toaaina) =0-400-s0
PCA and 6) 0-48 =
BAYE'S fORMUALA
The torwula is based on the xPtession PCBD=PCBIA)PCA) + PLBIA') PLA,
Mich simphy states that h vobgbility of Event b is tme sum t the canditionu
provabilities tt event given tot evtnt A has or has wot ocunrtd.for indepen
dent ewens A ond b, 4his is egyao) to PLD) fCA) + PLB) PCA*S P(B) PCA )f PCA)
of eNot ond its complemevtt must
P(B)(1)-PCP), singe the pobobility am

aluaus Sum to .
PCBIA) PIAD
PCAIB)P B)PYAStIDIAC)PZA")
xompe
GisCn the folowlg stometic , uwhot is tme oolity vut awowan as Cn(er it

She has asitive mammogram result?

One pevcent bf women oNtr 50 aNe bRast cancer.

Ninety pecet of wonen wno ave breasT oOmcRr kst stht on mammodrwSs
igyt perent of wonen will hae foke pasitives
PCBIA)= 0.9 PA)-0-01 P(OIA)= D-08 PCA)=0-99

P(BI+DPCA)
PAIB) CBIA) (PIA)+ PUBIADRAC )
(0- (0-01)
PCAIE) 0.AY0.01)4o -OS) C0-9)
0-007
PCATB) D.001+0-0742
D-00
PCAIB) 0-0892
PCAIb) 0-10zo
 . a Airomdol onaluyst did a reseordh on pabkcly-tvnded companies,b0% the
cOgwies 4hot inease heir shoe price buy noe tan 5oo ivM the last t t yeats
paed tveir CEDs dunino 4e poriod. At he same tivne , only 35°% *e c0m

pomes Hhot did not iueat their shove price y ho en 5°lo tht same
poriod fedoaued their CEOS Knowin thot the pobabitity thot he Stck pvies grow
y mp thon 5010 is lo, find He puaooilit that the shoves of a comgany hed
Fives its (ED will inOSE by woe han S°l
PLA)0-04 PCBIA) 0-60 P CBIA): 0-35 PCA*)= 0, 4

PCBIA) PLA)
PCA16)pLBIA) PA)+ #(MA*) LA)
0-04)
PCAID)- (0-60)
-60(o-01)t l0-35)(0-46
0 024
PCAIB)
0-024+03

pCAIB)= -30
PCAIB)= 0- 066G6
PUAIB) = 0-67
DAS FEATMRES DF PROBABILY

The po mhilihy yanges fvom oto ' o ceroin result; 0: mpassibilityj ond

varios in betueen yalues meosue the ungertoiunty

PLSwm ofall posidle events1=

PLSum of events Sam ct pobabilites of events

ASIC THEOREMS OF PROBABILITY

4. THe pobolyility of the complesmextovy event A? of A is given by PA') = Ped

S PCA+P(A') =PCS
PCAD + PCA') = 1
A
PCA')1P(AD
 Example
PCAD=0 70 2 PCAD 0-01
PCA') 1 - (PA POA) - PCAD
PLA = - 0'01
PCA) -(0-1u
PCA' 0-24 CA') 0.49

2 The pvobabilihy 0f the wmpossvle eset is ze0-

Let A be an impoysile vevt ond s e toe su eNet

PCO) PCAD
PCS) 1PCS)
PCS)= -1

Example
The pobability ot a coin to land on its edge.

2. pro bolity 0 die ond on 7.

1 f B$ubset A
PLAO') = PCA) PCB
A
PLB) A
AnB

Example
TPEre, are 4 red vmorbes in a /ar Supose tht he fob of the orbles on the
jor is 10 avd tuo colors ot ploced in yhut i fhe popability of fhe other colormobles

PCA) 10 PCB)=

PCA B) = PCAD-PLB) PLE)

PCAN B') l0-4 PCE)
AnBS
CE) 0-6
4. 04 PCA)1.
Oy Evet A hidn is o suset of S . AcS. P[A) PCS) o, PCAS L1. For any

Event A oher ton the impassiie eet, PCAD20 Heue, 04 PLA)E |

5. P(AUB)- PCA)+ PLE) - P(ANB).

Hec A'nb B- (AnB) and AnB A-A0B).

Tefoc, PAUB PEAUCA'nB)*POA) +PCAINB)
Ane'Anb PAD+PCG)- PCAn8)
An6

mutiplicotion Theorem
PCAn6) PLA) PCB)
Learning Module 03
DISCRETE
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
RandomVar iables and their Probabilitiy Dishribution
Cwnulative Digtribuhion tunction
Mean and Variance of Rondom Nariables
Bincmial robability Distriburhon
Poison Probability Distribution