Qual

itat
iveMet
hods
Quant
itat
iveMet
hods

Surveys,structured
Met hodsincludefocus intervi
ews&
groups,in-depth observations,andreviews
intervi
ews,andrevi ewsof ofrecordsordocument s
document sfortypesof fornumeri cinformati
on
themes

Primaril
yinduct
ive Primarilydeducti
ve
processusedtoformulat
e processusedt otestpre-
theoryorhypotheses speci
fiedconcepts,
constructs,and
hypothesest hatmakeup
atheory
Moresubjecti
ve:descri
bes Moreobj ective:provi
des
aproblem orcondition observedef f
ects
f
rom thepointofvi ew of (interpretedby
t
hoseexperienci
ngi t researchers)ofaprogram
onaprobl em orconditi
on
Text
-based Number-
based
Morei n-
dept
h Lessin-depthbutmore
inf
ormat i
ononaf
ew breadthofi nformat
ion
cases acrossal argenumberof
cases
Unstruct
uredorsemi - Fi
xedresponseopt
ions
st
ructuredresponse
opti
ons
Nost
ati
sti
calt
est
s Stat
isti
caltest
sareused
foranalysi
s
Canbeval idandrel
iabl
e: Canbeval i
dandrel
iable:
largel
ydependsonskill largelydependsonthe
andri gorofthe measurementdeviceor
researcher instrumentused
Timeexpenditurelight
er Timeexpendi
tureheavier
ont heplanningendand ontheplanningphaseand
heavierduri
ngt he li
ghterontheanalysi
s
analysi
sphase phase
Lessgeneral
izabl
e Moregeneral
izabl
e
A

Q)Di f
ferent
iat
ebet
weenQuant
itat
iveandQual
itat
ive
Research?

Q)Expl
aint
heQual
iti
esofGoodResearch?

A researchisawi detaskandi trequi

resgreateff
ort
sfora
researcher.A goodresearchshouldhavethefoll
owing
qualiti
es:

1
.Cl
ari
ty:

Itisthemostsi gnifi
cantquali
tyofanyresearch.The
researchshoul dbecl earsothatotherscaneasily
understandt henat ureofyourresearch.Theresearch
shouldhaveasi ngleversionsothatpeoplecannotget
sidetracked.Thet opicshouldhavetobeverycl earin
mi ndofresearchersot hathecanproperlyundertakeit.
Theresearcht opi cshouldhavetobef reeofany
vagueness.Clarityalsomeanst hattheresearchshould
havet obedi recti
onalandi tshouldsetthewhol e
researchmet hodol ogy.

2.Pl
annedResearchDesi
gn:

Researchdesignmustbeproperl ypl anned.Forexampl e,

ifaresearcherisusi ngsamplingtechniqueforasel ected
group,t heresearchermustmaket hesampl e
representati
ve.Here,theresearchercancol l
ectprimary
aswel lassecondarydat a.Themajorchal l
engegenerally
seenispersonalbi asinselecti
ngdat abyt heresearcher.
 3.Mai
ntai
nEt
hicalSt
andard:

Mainlyresearchersworki ndependentl
y.Datareliabi
lit
y
shouldbet hemai nconcern.Ethicali
ssuesinvolvedin
conducti
ngresearchshoul dbegi venprecedence.

4.Organi
sedPresent
ati
onofFi
ndi
ngs:

Themosti mport anttaskofaresearcheri stopresent

researchf i
ndingsinanorgani sedmanner.Researcher
shouldavoi dtechnicaljargonsandmusti nclude
objectivi
tyi nresul
ts.8Busi nessResearchMet hods

5.Emphasi
seLi
mit
ati
ons:

Itisdesirabl
ethatt
heresearcherpointsoutlimit
at i
ons
whichhehasgonet hroughtheprocessofresearch.
Limitat
ionsmayberelatedtodat acoll
ect
ion,shortageof
time,money,etc.

6.Rat
ional
iseConcl
usi
ons:

Researchersmustverifyt
heirworkandprovide
rationali
sedconcl
usions,whicharemai
nlyrecei
vedwhen
theresearchworki sfreefrom bi
as.

Advant
agesofResearch:

1.Faci
lit
atesDiscoveri
es:Researchleadstothedevelopmentof
new concepts,theori
es,pri
nciples,tool
s,methods,etc.

2.AnswersQueri
es:Researchanswersquest
ionslikewhat ,
where,whenandhow.Theanswerprovi desarightdirect
ion
andtriestogi
veapropersol uti
on.

3.Facili
tat
esI nt
eracti
onwi thPeopl e:Researchleadsto
interacti
onwi thpeopl eduringtheprocessofdat acollection.
Somet imes,theresearchernotonl ygathersinformationf rom
respondent sbutt heyalsoeducatetherespondent swhi chlead
tosoci alupli
ftment.
4.Predict
sFuture:Researchgathersdat
a,anal
ysesi
tand
helpsanorganisati
oni npredict
ingthefut
urerequi
rement
s
forit.

5.CreatesProgressiveOutlook:Researchcreat
esprogressive
outlooki nanorgani sat
ion.Itdevel
opsempl oyeesthrough
logicalt
hinkingwhi chulti
mat el
yresultsinoveral
lsuccessof
anorgani sat
ion

6.UsesQuestionnaires:Questi
onnairesserveasanimportant
toolt ocol
lectdataandi nformationcanbecheckedasthey
arerecordedonquest i
onnaire,thuseli
minationbi
asand
increasi
ngobj ect
ivi
tyofresearch.

7.Maintai
nsObj ect
ivity:Objecti
vit
yistheabi l
itytoexamine
recordsast heyareexi stingwi t
houtanybi as.Research
mai nt
ainsobj ect
ivityandgi vespropersolutionstoproblems
specif
ied

Li
mit
ati
onsofResearch

1
.Bi
asbyResearcher:

Bi
asi samaj orissueinthesuccessofanyresearch
work.Biastakesplaceatmanyl evel
sli
kepersonalbias
byresearcher,bi
asedquesti
onnaire,bi
asedrespondent
orimpropersampl i
ng.

2.Def
ect
iveDat
aCol
lect
ion:

Whenaresearcherisnotl
oyaltowardshi
swork,he
mayusefaultymethodsofdat
acoll
ecti
onleadi
ngto
f
ault
yconclusions.

3.Exi
stenceofSubj
ect
ivi
ty:

Subj
ect
ivityoccurswhenresearcheri sincl
inedbyl i
kes
anddisl
ikes,beli
efs,fai
th,etc.Thesefact
orsmayhavea
negat
iveimpactont hewort hofresearchandcause
damaget herebyincreasingsubjecti
vityoftheresearch
 work.

4.Lengt
hyandTi
me-
consumi
ng:

Researchi salengthyprocessandatime-consumi
ng
acti
vity.Eventhoughcarriedoutinsyst
emat icmanner,
exploratoryresearchmayrequiremoreti me.

5.Cost
lyProcess:

Researchiscostl
yprocessasi
trequi
resservicesof
experts.Costi
salsoi
nvolvedi
ndatacoll
ecti
on.

PURPOSEOFRESEARCH
1.ProgressandGoodLi fe:Thepurposeofallresearchisprogressandgoodl i
fe.
Progressresult
si fthespaceofi gnorancei
soccupi edbyknowl edgeand
wisdom.Thel atteraret heresul
tsofgoodresearch.Knowl edgeandwi sdom
drivethemanki ndtol i
veanorderl ygoodlif
e.

2.DevelopmentofSci entif
icAttit
ude:Oneoft hepurposesofresearchisto
developscient
ifi
cat ti
tude.Scienti
ficat
tit
udeisonet hatasks‘Why’and‘How’
andanswersaref ound.This‘Know- why’and‘
Know- how’atti
tudenurtures
talentsandsuchi ntel
lect
ualtalentsarethegreatassetsofsociet
y.

3.Creativit
yandI nnovativeness:Oneoft hepurposesofresearchi s
encouragementt ocreativityandi nnovation.New products,new processesand
new usesaret hemeanst hroughwhi chtheworl dgoesdynami c.A dynamic
worldi snotpossi bl
ewi thoutnewnessi ntroducedeverynow andt heni nevery
walkofl if
e.Andt hisispossibleonl ythroughcreat i
vit
yandi nnovation.
Researchki ndl
esthecreat i
vityandi nnovativeinsti
nctsofpeopl eandt hus
experiment sonthepossi bili
tyofnew t hingsinsteadofwai t
ingfort he
acci
dent alandslow experiencepat ht ocreati
vityandinnovation.

4.TestingHypot hesi
sandEst abli
shi
ngTheori es:A veryimportantpurposeof
researchi stest
ingofhypothesisandestabl
ishingt heori
es.Aswasal ready
pointedout ,knowledgeispower.Thatknowl edgecomesf rom t
esti
ng
hypot hesesandestabli
shingnew theori
es.Provenhypot hesesbecomet heori
es.

5.Predicti
onandCont rol :Appliedresearchhasagreatsayi npredictionand
controlinalmostallwal ksofhumanendeavour.Predi ctionisjumpi ngintothe
futureandt hetheori
esconst it
ut ethelaunchpad.Controllooksfordeviat
ion
betweenact ualhappeningandpredi ct
edhappening.Int heprocess,the
theoriesgetreeval
uatedandredef i
ned.
6.PurposiveDevelopment :Devel opment=Growt h+Change.Growt hi suni
-
scal
edwhi lechangei smul t
i-scaled.Inthenaturalprocess,developmentdoes
takeplacethrought rialanderrort hroughcasualobservations,throughactual
exposureandt helike.Butt hisisevol uti
onaryandt i
me-consumi ng.
Revoluti
onarydevelopmentt akesf orththroughdiscontinuouschange.
Researchistheseedofsuchdi chotomouschangeorevendi sruptivechange
whichcont ri
butest opurposi vedevel opment.

7.Problem Solving:Thepurposeofanyresearchi sproblem solvi

ng.Whati sa
problem?Probl em isdeprivati
onordepreci ati
onofsomet hi
ng.Knowl edge
deprivat
ion,ef
ficiencydeprivati
on,productivi
tydepreci
at i
on,etc.exi
st.How
canthesebesol ved?Researchi ntotheforcesthatcausedeprivationand
measurest ocont ai
nt hem from causi
ngdeprivati
oni sneeded.Thus,problem
solvi
ngisagreatpurposeofresearch.

8.Schemati
cEvaluation:Researchisalsocarri
edouttosystemati
cal
lyeval
uate
aprocessorpracticeofanorgani sat
iontoknow itsstrengt
hsandweaknesses
sothatareasf
ori mprovementprocesscanbei dent
ifi
ed.

9.ImpactAnalysi
s:Researchisundertakentoassessthei
mpactofcert ai
n
measuresorchangeintroducedonrelevantvari
ables.I
mpactstudiesareuseful
f
orbiologi
cal
,social
,business,economicandotherareasofdeci
sion-making.

1
0.Met hodol ogicalI mprovement :Anot herpurposeofresearchi simprovi ng
researchmet hodol ogyitself
.Development sint hefiel
dofmeasurementand
scali
ngarei mmense.Whet herthesecanbeappropri atel
yusedi nt hecaseof
particularresearchareas?Toanswert hequest ion,researchneedst obedone.
Vali
dat i
on,revali dationanddeval idat
ionofmet hodologicalaspects,thus,
constitutegoodpi eceofresearch.Andt hi
sisoneoft hepurposesofresearch.
Infact,anyresearchhasaresponsi bili
tyt owardscont ribut
iont o
met hodologicalenri chment .