7 - Digital Communication Over Fading Channels - 2002 - Simon - Frontmatter and Index

Digital Communication over Fading Channels: A Unified Approach to Performance Analysis
Marvin K. Simon, Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Copyright  2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Print ISBN 0-471-31779-9 Electronic ISBN 0-471-20069-7
Digital Communication
over Fading Channels
i
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Digital Communication
A Unified Approach
over Fading Channels
to Performance Analysis
Marvin K. Simon
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

A Wiley-Interscience Publication
Brisbane ž Singapore ž Toronto

Mohamed-Slim Alouini
ž
Weinheim
ž
Chichester
ž
New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Simon, Marvin Kenneth, 1939–

Digital communication over fading channels : a unified approach to performance
analysis / Marvin K. Simon and Mohamed-Slim Alouini.
p. cm. — (Wiley series in telecommunications and signal processing)
Includes index.
ISBN 0-471-31779-9 (alk. paper)
1. Digital communications — Reliability — Mathematics. I. Alouini, Mohamed-Slim.
II. Title. III. Series.
TK5103.7.S523 2000
621.382 — dc21 99-056352
Printed in the United States of America.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Marvin K. Simon dedicates this book to his wife, Anita,
Mohamed-Slim Alouini dedicates this book

never once faded during its preparation.
whose devotion to him and this project
to his parents and family.

Digital Communication over Fading Channels: A Unified Approach to Performance Analysis.
CONTENTS
Preface xv
PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
1.1 System Performance Measures 4
1.1.1 Average Signal-to-Noise Ratio 4
1.1.2 Outage Probability 5
1.1.3 Average Bit Error Probability 6
1.2 Conclusions 12
References 13
Chapter 2 Fading Channel Characterization and Modeling 15

2.1 Main Characteristics of Fading Channels 15
2.1.1 Envelope and Phase Fluctuations 15
2.1.2 Slow and Fast Fading 16
2.1.3 Frequency-Flat and Frequency-Selective
Fading 16
2.2 Modeling of Flat Fading Channels 17
2.2.1 Multipath Fading 18
2.2.2 Log-Normal Shadowing 23
2.2.3 Composite Multipath/Shadowing 24
2.2.4 Combined (Time-Shared)
Shadowed/Unshadowed Fading 25
2.3 Modeling of Frequency-Selective Fading
Channels 26
References 28
vii
viii CONTENTS
Chapter 3 Types of Communication 31

3.1 Ideal Coherent Detection 31
3.1.1 Multiple Amplitude-Shift-Keying or
Multiple Amplitude Modulation 33
3.1.2 Quadrature Amplitude-Shift-Keying or
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 34
3.1.3 M-ary Phase-Shift-Keying 35
3.1.4 Differentially Encoded M-ary
Phase-Shift-Keying 39
3.1.5 Offset QPSK or Staggered QPSK 41
3.1.6 M-ary Frequency-Shift-Keying 43
3.1.7 Minimum-Shift-Keying 45
3.2 Nonideal Coherent Detection 47
3.3 Noncoherent Detection 53
3.4 Partially Coherent Detection 55
3.4.1 Conventional Detection: One-Symbol
Observation 55
3.4.2 Multiple Symbol Detection 57
3.5 Differentially Coherent Detection 59
3.5.1 M-ary Differential Phase Shift Keying 59
3.5.2 /4-Differential QPSK 65
References 65
PART 2 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
Chapter 4 Alternative Representations of Classical

Functions 69
4.1 Gaussian Q-Function 70
4.1.1 One-Dimensional Case 70
4.1.2 Two-Dimensional Case 72
4.2 Marcum Q-Function 74
4.2.1 First-Order Marcum Q-Function 74
4.2.2 Generalized (mth-Order) Marcum
Q-Function 81
4.3 Other Functions 90
References 94
Appendix 4A: Derivation of Eq. (4.2) 95
Chapter 5 Useful Expressions for Evaluating Average Error

Probability Performance 99
5.1 Integrals Involving the Gaussian Q-Function 99
5.1.1 Rayleigh Fading Channel 101
CONTENTS ix
5.1.2 Nakagami-q (Hoyt) Fading Channel 101

5.1.3 Nakagami-n (Rice) Fading Channel 102
5.1.4 Nakagami-m Fading Channel 102
5.1.5 Log-Normal Shadowing Channel 104
5.1.6 Composite Log-Normal
Shadowing/Nakagami-m Fading Channel 104
5.2 Integrals Involving the Marcum Q-Function 107
5.3 Integrals Involving the Incomplete Gamma
Function 111
5.4 Integrals Involving Other Functions 114
5.4.1 M-PSK Error Probability Integral 114
5.4.2 Arbitrary Two-Dimensional Signal
Constellation Error Probability Integral 116
5.4.3 Integer Powers of the Gaussian
Q-Function 117
5.4.4 Integer Powers of M-PSK Error
Probability Integrals 121
References 124
Appendix 5A: Evaluation of Definite Integrals
Associated with Rayleigh and Nakagami-m Fading 124
Chapter 6 New Representations of Some PDF’s and CDF’s

for Correlative Fading Applications 141
6.1 Bivariate Rayleigh PDF and CDF 142
6.2 PDF and CDF for Maximum of Two Rayleigh
Random Variables 146
6.3 PDF and CDF for Maximum of Two
Nakagami-m Random Variables 149
References 152
x CONTENTS
PART 3 OPTIMUM RECEPTION AND PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION
Chapter 7 Optimum Receivers for Fading Channels 157

7.1 Case of Known Amplitudes, Phases, and Delays:
Coherent Detection 159
7.2 The Case of Known Phases and Delays,
Unknown Amplitudes 163
7.2.1 Rayleigh Fading 163
7.2.2 Nakagami-m Fading 164
7.3 Case of Known Amplitudes and Delays,
Unknown Phases 166
7.4 Case of Known Delays and Unknown
Amplitudes and Phases 168
7.4.1 One-Symbol Observation: Noncoherent
Detection 168
7.4.2 Two-Symbol Observation: Conventional
Differentially Coherent Detection 181
7.4.3 N-Symbol Observation: Multiple Symbol
7.5 Case of Unknown Amplitudes, Phases, and
Delays 188
7.5.1 One-Symbol Observation: Noncoherent
Detection 188
7.5.2 Two-Symbol Observation: Conventional
References 191
Chapter 8 Performance of Single Channel Receivers 193

8.1 Performance Over the AWGN Channel 193
8.1.1 Ideal Coherent Detection 194
8.1.2 Nonideal Coherent Detection 206
8.1.3 Noncoherent Detection 209
8.1.4 Partially Coherent Detection 210
8.1.5 Differentially Coherent Detection 213
8.1.6 Generic Results for Binary Signaling 218
8.2 Performance Over Fading Channels 219
8.2.1 Ideal Coherent Detection 220
8.2.2 Nonideal Coherent Detection 234
8.2.3 Noncoherent Detection 239
8.2.4 Partially Coherent Detection 242
8.2.5 Differentially Coherent Detection 243
References 251
CONTENTS xi
Appendix 8A: Stein’s Unified Analysis of the Error

Probability Performance of Certain Communication
Systems 253
Chapter 9 Performance of Multichannel Receivers 259

9.1 Diversity Combining 260
9.1.1 Diversity Concept 260
9.1.2 Mathematical Modeling 260
9.1.3 Brief Survey of Diversity Combining
Techniques 261
9.1.4 Complexity–Performance Trade-offs 264
9.2 Maximal-Ratio Combining 265
9.2.1 Receiver Structure 265
9.2.2 PDF-Based Approach 267
9.2.3 MGF-Based Approach 268
9.2.4 Bounds and Asymptotic SER
Expressions 275
9.3 Coherent Equal Gain Combining 278
9.3.1 Receiver Structure 279
9.3.2 Average Output SNR 279
9.3.3 Exact Error Rate Analysis 281
9.3.4 Approximate Error Rate Analysis 288
9.3.5 Asymptotic Error Rate Analysis 289
9.4 Noncoherent Equal-Gain Combining 290
9.4.1 DPSK, DQPSK, and BFSK: Exact and
Bounds 290
9.4.2 M-ary Orthogonal FSK 304
9.5 Outage Probability Performance 311
9.5.1 MRC and Noncoherent EGC 312
9.5.2 Coherent EGC 313
9.5.3 Numerical Examples 314
9.6 Impact of Fading Correlation 316
9.6.1 Model A: Two Correlated Branches with
Nonidentical Fading 320
9.6.2 Model B: D Identically Distributed
Branches with Constant Correlation 323
9.6.3 Model C: D Identically Distributed
Branches with Exponential Correlation 324
9.6.4 Model D: D Nonidentically Distributed
Branches with Arbitrary Correlation 325
9.7 Selection Combining 333
9.7.1 MGF of Output SNR 335
xii CONTENTS
9.7.2 Average Output SNR 336

9.7.3 Outage Probability 338
9.7.4 Average Probability of Error 340
9.8 Switched Diversity 348
9.8.1 Performance of SSC over Independent
Identically Distributed Branches 348
9.8.2 Effect of Branch Unbalance 362
9.8.3 Effect of Branch Correlation 366
9.9 Performance in the Presence of Outdated or
Imperfect Channel Estimates 370
9.9.1 Maximal-Ratio Combining 370
9.9.2 Noncoherent EGC over Rician Fast
Fading 371
9.9.3 Selection Combining 373
9.9.4 Switched Diversity 374
9.9.5 Numerical Results 377
9.10 Hybrid Diversity Schemes 378
9.10.1 Generalized Selection Combining 378
9.10.2 Generalized Switched Diversity 403
9.10.3 Two-Dimensional Diversity Schemes 408
References 411
Appendix 9A: Alternative Forms of the Bit Error
Probability for a Decision Statistic that is a Quadratic
Form of Complex Gaussian Random Variables 421
Appendix 9B: Simple Numerical Techniques for the
Inversion of the Laplace Transform of Cumulative
Distribution Functions 427
9B.1 Euler Summation-Based Technique 427
9B.2 Gauss–Chebyshev Quadrature-Based
Technique 428
Appendix 9C: Proof of Theorem 1 430
Appendix 9D: Direct Proof of Eq. (9.331) 431
Appendix 9E: Special Definite Integrals 432
PART 4 APPLICATION IN PRACTICAL COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS
Chapter 10 Optimum Combining: A Diversity Technique for

Communication Over Fading Channels in the
Presence of Interference 437
10.1 Performance of Optimum Combining
Receivers 438
CONTENTS xiii
10.1.1 Single Interferer, Independent Identically

Distributed Fading 438
10.1.2 Multiple Interferers, Independent
Identically Distributed Fading 454
10.1.3 Comparison with Results for MRC in the
Presence of Interference 466
References 470
Chapter 11 Direct-Sequence Code-Division Multiple Access 473

11.1 Single-Carrier DS-CDMA Systems 474
11.1.1 System and Channel Models 474
11.1.2 Performance Analysis 477
11.2 Multicarrier DS-CDMA Systems 479
11.2.1 System and Channel Models 480
11.2.2 Performance Analysis 483
References 492
PART 5 FURTHER EXTENSIONS
Chapter 12 Coded Communication Over Fading Channels 497

12.1 Coherent Detection 499
12.1.1 System Model 499
12.1.2 Evaluation of Pairwise Error Probability 502
12.1.3 Transfer Function Bound on Average Bit
Error Probability 510
12.1.4 Alternative Formulation of the Transfer
Function Bound 513
12.1.5 Example 514
12.2 Differentially Coherent Detection 520
12.2.1 System Model 520
12.2.2 Performance Evaluation 522
12.2.3 Example 524
12.3 Numerical Results: Comparison of the True
Upper Bounds and Union–Chernoff Bounds 526
References 530
Appendix 12A: Evaluation of a Moment Generating
Function Associated with Differential Detection of
M-PSK Sequences 532
Index 535
Digital Communication over Fading Channels: A Unified Approach to Performance Analysis.
PREFACE
Regardless of the branch of science or engineering, theoreticians have always

been enamored with the notion of expressing their results in the form of
closed-form expressions. Quite often, the elegance of the closed-form solution
is overshadowed by the complexity of its form and the difficulty in evaluating
it numerically. In such instances, one becomes motivated to search instead for
a solution that is simple in form and simple to evaluate. A further motivation
is that the method used to derive these alternative simple forms should also be
applicable in situations where closed-form solutions are ordinarily unobtainable.
The search for and ability to find such a unified approach for problems dealing
with evaluation of the performance of digital communication over generalized
fading channels is what provided the impetus to write this book, the result of
which represents the backbone for the material contained within its pages.
For at least four decades, researchers have studied problems of this type, and
system engineers have used the theoretical and numerical results reported in the
literature to guide the design of their systems. Whereas the results from the earlier
years dealt mainly with simple channel models (e.g., Rayleigh or Rician multipath
fading), applications in more recent years have become increasingly sophisticated,
thereby requiring more complex models and improved diversity techniques.
Along with the complexity of the channel model comes the complexity of the
analytical solution that enables one to assess performance. With the mathematical
tools that were available previously, the solutions to such problems, when
possible, had to be expressed in complicated mathematical form which provided
little insight into the dependence of the performance on the system parameters.
Surprisingly enough, not until recently had anyone demonstrated a unified
approach that not only allows previously obtained complicated results to be
simplified both analytically and computationally but also permits new results
to be obtained for special cases that heretofore had resisted solution in a simple
form. This approach, which the authors first presented to the public in a tutorial-
style article that appeared in the September 1998 issue of the IEEE Proceedings,
has spawned a new wave of publications on the subject that, we foresee based
on the variety of applications to which it has already been applied, will continue
well into the new millennium. The key to the success of the approach relies
xv
xvi PREFACE
on employing alternative representations of classic functions arising in the error

probability analysis of digital communication systems (e.g., the Gaussian Q-
function1 and the Marcum Q-function) in such a manner that the resulting
expressions for average bit or symbol error rate are in a form that is rarely more
complicated than a single integral with finite limits and an integrand composed of
elementary (e.g., exponential and trigonometric) functions. By virtue of replacing
the conventional forms of the above-mentioned functions by their alternative
representations, the integrand will contain the moment generating function (MGF)
of the instantaneous fading signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and as such, the unified
approach is referred to as the MGF-based approach.
In dealing with application of the MGF-based approach, the coverage in
this book is extremely broad, in that coherent, differentially coherent, partially
coherent and noncoherent communication systems are all handled, as well as
a large variety of fading channel models typical of communication links of
practical interest. Both single- and multichannel reception are discussed, and
in the case of the latter, a large variety of diversity types are considered. For
each combination of communication (modulation/detection) type, channel fading
model, and diversity type, the average bit error rate (BER) and/or symbol error
rate (SER) of the system is obtained and represented by an expression that is in
a form that can readily be evaluated.2 All cases considered correspond to real
practical channels, and in many instances the BER and SER expressions obtained
can be evaluated numerically on a hand-held calculator.
In accomplishing the purpose set forth by the discussion above, the book
focuses on developing a compendium of results that to a large extent are not
readily available in standard textbooks on digital communications. Although
some of these results can be found in the myriad of contributions that have
been reported in the technical journal and conference literature, others are new
and as yet unpublished. Indeed, aside from the fact that a significant number
of the reference citations in this book are from 1999 publications, many others
refer to papers that will appear in print in the new millennium. Whether or
not published previously, the value of the results found in this book is that
they are all colocated in a single publication with unified notation and, most
important, a unified presentation framework that lends itself to simplicity of
numerical evaluation. In writing this book, our intent was to spend as little space
as possible duplicating material dealing with basic digital communication theory
and system performance evaluation, which is well documented in many fine
textbooks on the subject. Rather, this book serves to advance the material found
in these books and so is of most value to those desiring to extend their knowledge
1 The Gaussian Q-function has a one-to-one mapping with the complementary error function erfc x
p
[i.e., Q x D 12 erfc x/ 2 ] commonly found in standard mathematical tabulations. In much of the
engineering literature, however, the two functions are used interchangeably and as a matter of
convenience we shall do the same in this text.
2 The terms bit error probability (BEP) and symbol error probability (SEP) are quite often used as
alternatives to bit error rate (BER) and symbol error rate (SER). With no loss in generality, we shall
employ both usages in this book.
PREFACE xvii
beyond what ordinarily might be covered in the classroom. In this regard, the
book should have a strong appeal to graduate students doing research in the
field of digital communications over fading channels as well as to practicing
engineers who are responsible for the design and performance evaluation of
such systems. With regard to the latter, the book contains copious numerical
evaluations that are illustrated in the form of parametric performance curves
(e.g., average error probability versus average SNR). The applications chosen
for the numerical illustrations correspond to real practical channels, therefore
the performance curves provided will have far more than academic value. The
availability of such a large collection of system performance curves in a single
compilation allows the researcher or system designer to perform trade-off studies
among the various communication type/fading channel/diversity combinations so
as to determine the optimum choice in the face of his or her available constraints.
The book is composed of four parts, each with an express purpose. The
first part contains an introduction to the subject of communication system
performance evaluation followed by discussions of the various types of fading
channel models and modulation/detection schemes that together form the overall
system. Part 2 starts by introducing the alternative forms of the classic functions
mentioned above and then proceeds to show how these forms can be used
to (1) evaluate certain integrals characteristic of communication system error
probability performance, and (2) find new representations for certain probability
density and distribution functions typical of correlated fading applications.
Part 3 is the “heart and soul” of the book, since in keeping with its title, the
primary focus of this part is on performance evaluation of the various types of
fading channel models and modulation/detection schemes introduced in Part 1
for both single- and multichannel (diversity) reception. Before presenting this
comprehensive performance evaluation study, however, Part 3 begins by deriving
the optimum receiver structures corresponding to a variety of combinations
concerning the knowledge or lack thereof of the fading parameters (i.e.,
amplitude, phase, delay). Several of these structures might be deemed as too
complex to implement in practice; nevertheless, their performances serve as
benchmarks against which many suboptimum but practical structures discussed
in the ensuing chapters might be compared. In Part 4, which deals with practical
applications, we consider first the problem of optimum combining (diversity) in
the presence of co-channel interference and then apply the unified approach to
studying the performance of single- and multiple-carrier direct-sequence code-
division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems typical of the current digital
cellular wireless standard. Finally, in Part 5 we extend the theory developed in the
preceding parts for uncoded communication to error-correction-coded systems.
In summary, the authors know of no other textbook currently on the market
that addresses the subject of digital communication over fading channels in as
comprehensive and unified a manner as is done herein. In fact, prior to the
publication of this book, to the authors’ best knowledge, there existed only two
works (the textbook by Kennedy [1] and the reprint book by Brayer [2]) that like
our book are totally dedicated to this subject, and both of them are more than a
xviii PREFACE
quarter of a century old. Although a number of other textbooks [3–11] devote

part of their contents3 to fading channel performance evaluation, by comparison
with our book the treatment is brief and therefore incomplete. In view of the
above, we believe that our book is unique in the field.
By way of acknowledgment, we wish to thank Dr. Payman Arabshahi of the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA for providing his expertise in solving
a variey of problems that arose during the preparation of the electronic version
of the manuscript. Mohamed-Slim Alouini would also like to express his sincere
acknowledgment and gratitude to his PhD advisor Prof. Andrea J. Goldsmith
of Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA for her guidance, support, and constant
encouragement. Some of the material presented in Chapters 9 and 11 is the result
of joint work with Prof. Goldsmith. Mohamed-Slim Alouini would also like to
thank Young-Chai Ko and Yan Xin of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
MN for their significant contributions in some of the results presented in Chapters
9 and 7, respectively.
MARVIN K. SIMON
MOHAMED-SLIM ALOUINI
Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Pasadena, California
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
REFERENCES
1. R. S. Kennedy, Fading Dispersive Communication Channels. New York: Wiley-

Interscience, 1969.
2. K. Brayer, ed., Data Communications via Fading Channels. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
Press, 1975.
3. M. Schwartz, W. R. Bennett, and S. Stein, Communication Systems and Techniques.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
4. W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982.
5. J. Proakis, Digital Communications. New York: McGraw-Hill, 3rd ed., 1995 (1st and
2nd eds. in 1983, 1989, respectively).
6. M. D. Yacoub, Foundations of Mobile Radio Engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press, 1993.
7. W. C. Jakes, Microwave Mobile Communication, 2nd ed., Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
Press, 1994.
3 Although Reference 11 is a book that is entirely devoted to digital communication over fading
channels, the focus is on error-correction coded modulations and therefore would primarily relate
only to Chapter 12 of our book.
PREFACE xix
8. K. Pahlavan and A. H. Levesque, Wireless Information Networks. Wiley Series in

Telecommunications and Signal Processing. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1995.
9. G. L. Stüber, Principles of Mobile Communication. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1996.
10. T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.
11. S. H. Jamali and T. Le-Ngoc, Coded-Modulation Techniques for Fading Channels.
Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994.
INDEX
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN): Antenna array:

bit error probability (BEP), 222, 511 multichannel receivers, 260, 324, 328–329
coded communication, 499, 511–512 optimum combining (OC), 437–438
defined, 17 Arbitrary two-dimensional signal constellation
fading channels and, 23, 27, 48, 57 error probability integral, 116–117
multicarrier DS-CDMA systems, 483
multichannel receivers, 261, 313 Bayes rule, 158
Binary differential phase-shift-keying
optimum receivers, detection of, 162–163,
(BDPSK), see Differentially coherent
181–182, 184, 186
detection, phase-shift-keying
performance, detection methods:
Bhattacharyya parameter, 504, 513
binary signaling, generic results, 218–219 Binary frequency-shift-keying (BFSK):
differentially coherent, 213–218 defined, 44
ideal coherent, 194–205 multichannel receivers:
noncoherent, 209–210 coherent, 343–344
nonideal coherent, 206–209 noncoherent, BDPSK and, 340–343
partially coherent, 210–213 noncoherent equal-gain combining
single carrier DS-CDMA systems, 476 bit error probability, average, 294–303
single channel reception, 193–219 characteristics of, generally, 290–291
Amount of fading (AF): receiver structure, 291–294
defined, 18 optimum receivers, detection of, 169,
Hoyt, see Nakagami-q 171–172, 175–176
Nakagami-m, 23 selection combining, 340–343
Nakagami-n, 21 single channel receivers, 229–230
Nakagami-q, 21 Binary phase-shift-keying (BPSK):
Rayleigh, 20 average error probability performance, 111
Rice, see Nakagami-n fading channels:
optimum receivers for, 157
Amplitude modulation, multiple, see Multiple
single channel receivers, 230, 244
amplitude modulation (M-AM)
ideal coherent detection, 37
Amplitudes, fading channel (state of knowledge
multichannel receivers:
for optimum reception):
hybrid diversity schemes, 388–389,
known: 400–401
known delays, unknown phases, 166–167 switched diversity, 317–318, 330, 357,
known phases and delays, 159–163 359, 369
unknown: single carrier DS-CDMA systems, 475, 478
known delays and unknown phases, Bit error probability (BEP), average:
168–188 characteristics of, 6–12
known phases and delays, 163–166 coded communication, evaluation by transfer
unknown phases and delays, 188–191 function bound, 510
536 INDEX
Bit error probability (BEP), average: system model, 499–502

(Continued) transfer function bound
for decision statistic, quadratic form of alternative formulation of, 513–514
complex Gaussian random variables, on average bit error probability,
421–426 510–513
integrals involving: differentially coherent detection, 520–525
arbitrary two-dimensional signal overview, 497–499
constellation error probability true upper bounds (TUB), 512–513, 517, 524
integral, 116–117 comparison with union-Chernoff bounds,
definite integrals associated with Rayleigh 526–530
and Nakagami-m fading, 124–139 Coherence bandwidth fc , defined, 16
Gaussian Q-function, 99–107, 118–121 Coherence time Tc , defined, 16
incomplete gamma function, 111–114
Coherent equal gain combining, multichannel
Marcum Q-function, 107–111
receivers:
M-PSK error probability integral,
average output SNR, 279–281
115–116, 121–124
characteristics of, generally, 278–279
multicarrier DS-CDMA systems, 487–488
multichannel receivers: error rate analysis:
M-ary orthogonal FSK, 304–311 approximate, 288–289
noncoherent equal-gain combining, asymptotic, 289–290
294–303 exact, 281–288
optimum combining: exact error rate analysis:
MRC, comparison with, 467, 469 binary signals, 281–287
Nakagami-m fading, 451–454 M-PSK signals, extension to, 287–288
Rayleigh fading, 442–448, 453 outage probability performance, 313–314
Rician fading, 449–451, 453 receiver structure, 279
single interferer, 465–466 Combined (time-shared) shadowed/unshadowed
optimum combining (OC) receivers, 441 fading, 25–26
optimum receivers and, 169, 172, 179–180 Combining, see Diversity combining
single channel receivers and, 214–215, 219, Communication, types of:
221, 242 differentially coherent detection:
Bivariate Nakagami-m CDF, 149–150 M-ary differential phase-shift-keying
Bivariate Rayleigh CDF, 144–146 (M-DPSK), 59–65
Bivariate Rayleigh PDF, 142–145 conventional detection, two-symbol
observation, 60–63
Carrier synchronization loop, 51 multiple symbol detection, 63–65
Channel correlation models, see Correlation /4-differential QPSK, 65
models, channel ideal coherent detection:
Channel state information (CSI), 159, 261, 498,
M-ary frequency-shift keying (M-FSK),
520, 522, 524, 526–527
43–44
Chernoff bound, 71–72, 78–79, 216, 258
M-ary phase-shift-keyed (M-PSK), 35–42
Classical functions, alternative representations:
minimum shift-keying (MSK), 45–47
Gaussian Q-function, 70–74
incomplete gamma function, 84 multiple amplitude modulation (M-AM),
Marcum Q-function, 74–89 33
overview, 89–94 multiple amplitude-shift-keying (M-ASK),
Co-channel interferers (CCI’s), 437, 454, 462 33
Code-division multiple access (CDMA), 259, overview, 31–32
263, 455. See also Direct-sequence quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM),
code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) 34–35
Coded communication: quadrature amplitude-shift-keying
coherent detection: (QASK), 34–35
example of, 514–519 noncoherent detection, 53–55
pairwise error probability, evaluation of, nonideal coherent detection, 47–52
502–510 partially coherent detection:
INDEX 537
conventional detection, one-symbol Differentially coherent detection:

observation, 55–57 in AWGN communication systems:
defined, 49 M-ary differential phase-shift-keying,
multiple symbol detection, 57–59 59–65
Composite log-normal shadowing/Nakagami-m conventional detection, two-symbol
fading channel, 104–107 observation, 60–63
Composite multipath/shadowing, 24–25 multiple symbol detection, 63–65
Constant-envelope signal sets, 162–163, 166 /4-differential QPSK, 65
Continuous phase frequency-shift-keying in fading communication systems
(CPFSK), 45, 47 optimum receivers:
Correlation coefficient, multichannel receivers, Nakagami-m fading, 186
323 overview, 181–183
Correlation models, channel: Rayleigh fading, 183–185
dual branch, nonidentically distributed multichannel receivers, fast fading:
fading, 320–322 noncoherent EGC over Rician fast
multiple branch, identically distributed fading, 371–373
fading, 323–329 multichannel receivers, slow fading:
arbitrary correlation, 325–329 M-ary orthogonal FSK, 307, 309–310
constant correlation, 323–324 noncoherent equal-gain combining:
exponential correlation, 324–325 average bit error probability,
numerical examples, 329–333 294–303
overview, 316–320
characteristics of, generally,
Cumulative distribution function (CDF):
290–291
correlative fading applications, 142–143
receiver structure, 291–294
bivariate Rayleigh, 142–146
single channel receivers, fast fading:
bivariate Nakagami-m, 149–150
M-ary differential phase-shift-keying,
for Gaussian random variable, 70
248–251
for maximum of two Nakagami-m random
single channel receivers, slow fading:
variables, 149–152
M-ary differential phase-shift-keying,
for maximum of two Rayleigh random
variables, 146–149 243–248
multichannel receivers: conventional detection, two-symbol
inversion of Laplace transform, numerical observation, 243–247
techniques, 427–429 multiple symbol detection, 247–248
Differentially encoded M-ary
Deinterleaving, 498 phase-shift-keying (M-DPSK), 202–204
Delays, fading channels (state of knowledge for Differential phase encoding, 184, 186
optimum reception): Direct-sequence code-division multiple access
known: (DS-CDMA):
known amplitudes and unknown phases, channel model:
166–167 single carrier, 475–476
known amplitudes and phases, 159–163 multicarrier, 481
known phases and unknown amplitudes, numerical examples, 489–492
163–166 overview, 473–474
unknown amplitudes and phases, 168–188 performance:
unknown: single carrier, 477–479
unknown amplitudes and phases, 188–191 multicarrier, 483–492
Differential decoding, 39, 47 receiver:
Differential detection, 51 single carrier, 476
Differential detectors, 60 multicarrier, 481–482
Differential encoding, 39, 59, 61 transmitter:
Differential quadrature phase-shift-keying single carrier, 474–475
(DQPSK), see Differentially coherent multicarrier, 480–481
detection, phase-shift-keying Dirichlet transformation, 398
538 INDEX
Diversity combining: true upper bounds, compared with

complexity-performance tradeoffs, 264 Union-Chernoff bounds, 526–530
concept, 260 multichannel receivers, see Correlation
hybrid schemes, see Hybrid diversity models, channel
schemes, multichannel receivers Nakagami-m, 104–107
mathematical modeling, 260–261 Nakagami-n, 102
pure schemes Nakagami-q, 101–102
equal gain combining (EGC), see Equal optimum receivers for:
gain combining, multichannel known amplitudes and delays, unknown
receivers phases, 166–167
maximal ratio combining (MRC), see known amplitudes, phases, and delays,
Maximal ratio combining, 159–163
multichannel receivers known delays and unknown amplitudes
selection combining (SC), see Selection
and phases, 168–188
combining, multichannel receivers
known phases and delays, unknown
switch and stay combining (SSC), see
amplitudes, 163–166
Switch and stay combining,
unknown amplitudes, phases, and delays,
multichannel receivers
188–191
Doppler frequency shift, 370
Doppler spread fd : performance, detection:
defined, 16 differentially coherent, 243–251
effect on error probability performance in ideal coherent, 220–234
fast fading: noncoherent detection, 239–241
multichannel receivers, 373 nonideal coherent, 234–239
single-channel receivers, 250–251 partially coherent, 242–243
relation to correlation and spectral properties single channel receivers:
of fading process, 17 differentially coherent detection, 243–251
ideal coherent detection, 220–234
Encoder, defined, 501 noncoherent detection, 239–241
Envelope fluctuations, in fading channels, nonideal coherent detection, 234–239
15–16, 503 partially coherent detection, 242–243
Equal-gain combining (EGC): Fast fading, defined, 16
characteristics of, generally, 262–263 Flat fading channels:
coded communication, 507 frequency, 16–17
coherent, see Coherent equal gain combining modeling:
defined, 11, 169 combined (time-shared)
noncoherent, see Noncoherent equal gain shadowed/unshadowed fading, 25–26
combining composite multipath/shadowing, 24–25
single carrier DS-CDMA systems, 478 log-normal shadowing, 23–24
Euler summation-based technique, 427–428 multipath fading, 18–23
Frequency nonselective fading, see Flat fading
Fading channels. See also specific types of channels
fading channels: Frequency selective fading,
characteristics of: characteristics of, 16–17
envelope fluctuations, 15–16, 325 modeling, 26–28
fast fading, 16
frequency-flat fading, 16–17
frequency-selective fading, 16–17 Gamma/log-normal PDF, 25
phase fluctuations, 15–16 Gauss quadrature integration:
slow fading, 16 Gauss-Chebyshev, 9, 519, 428–429, 528
coded communication: Gauss-Hermite, 105, 230–231, 291, 519
coherent detection, 499–519 Gaussian Q-function:
differentially coherent detection, 520–525 alternative form, 71
overview, 497–499 classical form, 70
INDEX 539
integrals involving: Ideal coherent detection:

composite log-normal in communication systems:
shadowing/Nakagami-m fading M-ary frequency-shift keying (M-FSK),
channel, 104–107 43–44
integer powers of, 118–121 M-ary phase-shift-keyed (M-PSK), 35–42
log-normal shadowing channel, 104–107 minimum-shift-keying (MSK), 45–47
Nakagami-m fading channel, 102–107 multiple amplitude modulation (M-AM),
Nakagami-n (Rice) fading channel, 102 33
Nakagami-q (Hoyt) fading channel, multiple amplitude-shift-keying (M-ASK),
101–102 33
overview, 99–101 overview, 31–32
Rayleigh fading channel, 101 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM),
one-dimensional case, 70–72 34–35
proofs of alternative form, 95–97 quadrature amplitude-shift-keying
two-dimensional case, 72–74 (QASK), 34–35
Generalized multilink fading channel, 260 multichannel receivers, performance over
Generalized selection combining (GSC): fading channels:
average error rate, 388–391 coherent equal-gain combining, 278–290
average output SNR, 384, 386 hybrid diversity schemes, 378–411
characteristics of, 5, 378–381 maximal-ratio combining, 265–278,
Nakagami-m channels, performance over, 370–371
391–403 selection combining, 333–347, 373–374
outage probability, 386–388 switch and stay combining, 348–369,
statistics, 381–384 374–378
Generalized switch and stay combining single channel receivers, performance over
(GSSC), see Generalized switched AWGN channel:
diversity M-ary frequency-shift-keying, 204–205
Generalized switched diversity, 403–411 M-ary phase-shift-keying, 197–204
Global System for Mobile (GSM), 455 minimum-shift-keying, 205
Gray code bit-to-symbol mapping, 194 multiple amplitude modulation, 194–195
multiple amplitude-shift-keying, 194–195
Hoyt fading channel: offset QPSK, 204
Gaussian Q-function and, 101–102 /4-QPSK, 202–204
Marcum Q-function and, 109 quadrature amplitude modulation,
multipath fading, 20–21 195–197
single channel receivers, 241 quadrature amplitude-shift-keying,
Hybrid diversity schemes, multichannel 195–197
receivers: staggered QPSK, see Offset QPSK
generalized selection combining (GSC): Interference, optimum combining receivers, see
average error rate, 388–391 Optimum combining (OC) receivers
average output SNR, 384–386 Interleaving, 498
characteristics of, 378–381 Inverse Laplace transform method, for
Nakagami-m channels, performance over, evaluating pairwise error probability
391–403 508–509
outage probability, 386–388 Irreducible error probability, 250
statistics, 381–384
generalized switched diversity: Line-of-sight (LOS) path, multipath fading, 18,
average probability of error, 406–407 21–22. See also Rician fading
characteristics of, 403–405 Log-normal shadowing:
output statistics, 406 Gaussian Q-function and, 104–107
two-dimensional diversity schemes: Marcum Q-function and, 114
numerical examples, 409–411 overview, 23–24
performance analysis, 408–409 Loop SNR, 51
540 INDEX
Marcum Q-function: differentially encoded:

bounds on, 86–90 overview, 39–41
first-order: single channel receivers, 202–204
alternative forms, 76–81 fast fading, 248–251
classical form, 74–75 ideal coherent detection, 35–39
generalized (mth-order): multichannel receivers, 271, 287–289, 357,
alternative form, 82–86 390, 402–403
classical form, 81 multiple symbol detection, 217–218
integrals involving: noncoherent detection, 53
composite log-normal optimum combining, 448–449
shadowing/Nakagami-m fading optimum receivers, detection of, 181–182,
channel, 110–111 186
log-normal shadowing channel, partially coherent detection, 57
109–110 single channel receivers, 197–204, 217–218,
Nakagami-m fading channel, 109 227, 248–251
Nakagami-n (Rice) fading channel, 109 Maximal ratio combining (MRC), multichannel
Nakagami-q (Hoyt) fading channel, 109 receivers:
overview, 107–108 characteristics of, generally, 5, 162, 265
Rayleigh fading channel, 108 coded communication, 504
multichannel receivers, 351, 421–426 multichannel receivers:
noncoherent equal-gain combining, 291 diversity combining and, 262–263
Rice-Ie function, relations between, 257 MGF-based approach, 267–275
outdated/imperfect channel estimates,
single channel receivers, 243
370–371
Toronto function (incomplete), relations
outage probability performance, 315–316
between, 75
receiver structure, 265–267
M-ary differential phase-shift-keying
switched diversity, 340, 353, 360–361
(M-DPSK). See also Differentially
optimum combining, 452, 466–469
coherent detection:
SER expressions:
characteristics of, 59–65, 93–94
asymptotic results, 275–278
coded communication, 521–522
bounds, 275
single carrier DS-CDMA systems, 478
fast fading, 371–373 Maximum delay spread Tmax , 17
slow fading, 290–303 Maximum-likelihood (ML) decision rule, 158
optimum receivers, detection of, 181, 186 Maximum-likelihood (ML) receiver, 501
single channel receivers: Maximum-likelihood sequence estimator
fast fading, 248–251 (MLSE), 502
generally, 213 Minimum-shift-keying (MSK):
slow fading, 243–248 characteristics of, 45–47
M-ary frequency-shift-keyed (M-FSK) signal: error probability performance of, in AWGN,
characteristics of, 43–44, 55, 111 205
single channel receivers, 204–205, 229–234, error probability performance of, in slow
240 fading:
multichannel receivers: single channel reception, 234
bit error probability, average, 304–309 Moment generating function (MGF)-based
numerical examples, 309–311 approach, defined, 8
M-ary phase-shift-keyed (M-PSK) signal: M-PSK error probability integral:
average symbol error rate, 271–272, integer powers of:
390–391 overview, 121–122
coded communication, 499, 532–534 Rayleigh fading channel, 122–124
differentially coherent detection: Nakagami-m fading channel, 115–116
multiple-symbol detection, 63–65 overview, 115–116
overview, 59–60 Rayleigh fading channel, 115
two-symbol observation, 60–64 single channel receivers, 223
INDEX 541
Multicarrier systems (MC-CDMA). See also numerical techniques for inversion of

Direct-sequence code-division multiple Laplace transform of cumulative
access (DS-CDMA): distribution functions:
characteristics of, 479–480 Euler summation-based technique,
performance analysis: 427–428
average bit error rate, 487–488 Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature-based
conditional SNR, 483–487 technique, 428–429
system and channel models: outage probability performance:
channel, 481 characteristics of, generally, 311–312
notation, 482 coherent EGC, 313–314
receiver, 481–482 MRC and noncoherent EGC, 312–313
transmitter, 480–481 numerical examples of, 314–315
Multichannel receivers, performance of: outdated or imperfect channel estimates,
bit error probability, 421–426 performance in presence of:
coherent equal gain combining: MRC, 370–371
approximate error rate analysis, noncoherent EGC over Rician fast fading,
288–289 371–373
asymptotic error rate analysis, 289–290 numerical results, 377–378
average output SNR, 279–281 selection combining, 373–374
characteristics of, generally, 278–279 switched diversity, 374–477
exact error rate analysis, 281–288 selection combining:
receiver structure, 279 average output SNR, 336–338
diversity combining: average probability of error, 340–347
complexity of, 264 characteristics of, generally, 333–335
concept, 260 MGF of output SNR, 335–336
mathematical modeling, 260–261 outage probability, 338–340
techniques, survey of, 261–264 switched diversity:
fading correlation, impact of: branch correlation, effect of, 366–369
correlated branches with nonidentical branch unbalance, effect of, 362–366
fading, 320–323 performance of SSC over independent
identically distributed branches with identically distributed branches,
constant correlation, 323–324 348–362
identically distributed branches with Multipath fading:
exponential correlation, 324–325 defined, 18
nonidentically distributed branches with Nakagami-m model, 22–23
arbitrary correlation, 325–329 Nakagami-n (Rice) model, 21–22
numerical examples, 329–333 Nakagami-q (Hoyt) model, 20–21
overview, 316–320 optimum receivers, detection of, 189
hybrid diversity schemes: Rayleigh model, 18, 20
generalized selection combining (GSC), Multiple access interference (MAI):
378–403 single carrier DS-CDMA systems, 477
generalized switched diversity, 403–407 multicarrier DS-CDMA systems, 483
two-dimensional diversity schemes, Multiple amplitude modulation (M-AM):
408–411 characteristics of, 33
maximal-ratio combining: single channel receivers, 194–195,
MGF-based approach, 268–275 220–221
PDF-based approach, 267–268 multichannel receivers, 272
receiver structure, 265–267 Multiple amplitude-shift-keying (M-ASK), see
SER expressions, bounds and asymptotic, Multiple amplitude modulation (M-AM)
275–278 Multiple interferers, optimum combining,
noncoherent equal-gain combining: 454–466
DPSK, DQPSK, and BFSK, 290–303 Multiple symbol detection, see Differentially
M-ary orthogonal FSK, 304–311 coherent detection
542 INDEX
Nakagami-m fading channel: Offset QPSK (OQPSK)

coded communication, 513 characteristics of, 41–42
definite integrals associated with, 124–139 single channel receivers:
Gaussian Q-function and, 102–107, 119–121 AWGN channel performance, 204
Marcum Q-function and, 109–113 slow fading channel performance, 229
multicarrier systems, DS-CDMA, 488–492 Optimum combining (OC):
multichannel receivers, switched diversity: characteristics of, 437–438
average output SNR, 352 multiple interferers:
average probability of error, 359 number of interferers equal to or greater
fading correlation, 318, 327, 331 than number of array elements,
hybrid diversity schemes, 391–403 462–466
noncoherent equal-gain combining, 308 number of interferers less than number of
numerical examples, 314 array elements, 456–462
switched diversity, 349, 355 single interferer, 438–454
optimum combining receivers, 451–454 Optimum reception, performance evaluation:
optimum receivers: fading channels, optimum receivers for,
characteristics of, 164–165 157–191
detection by, 186–191 ideal coherent detection, 36, 38–40, 44, 48,
single carrier systems, DS-CDMA, 478–479 50
single channel receivers, 222, 246–247 multichannel receivers, 259–433
Nakagami-n (Rice) fading channel, see Rician multiple symbol detection, 58
fading channel for noncoherent detection, 54
Nakagami-q (Hoyt), see Hoyt fading channel for partially coherent detection, 56
Noncentrality parameter, 74 single channel receivers, 193–258
Noncoherent combining loss, 172 Outage probability:
Noncoherent detection: as performance criterion, 5–6
in communication systems, 53–55 diversity combining, 141
multichannel receivers, see Noncoherent
equal-gain combining
coherent EGC, 313–314
optimum receivers:
MRC and noncoherent EGC, 312–313
Nakagami-m fading, 175–181
numerical examples of, 314–315
Rayleigh fading, 168–175
performance, 311–312
single channel receivers:
hybrid diversity schemes, 386–388
AWGN channel performance, 209–210
switched diversity, 354–357
slow fading channel performance,
Outdated or imperfect channel estimates,
239–242
performance in presence of:
Noncoherent equal-gain combining,
maximal-ratio combining, 370–371
noncoherent EGC over Rician fast fading,
DPSK, DQPSK, and BFSK, 290–303
371–373
M-ary orthogonal FSK, 304–311
outage probability performance, 312–313 numerical results, 377–378
outdated/imperfect channel estimates, selection combining, 373–374
371–373 switched diversity, 374–477
Nonideal coherent detection:
in communication systems, 47–52 Pairwise error probability, coded
single channel receivers: communication:
AWGN channel performance, 206–209 defined, 8, 497
slow fading channel performance, evaluation of:
234–239 known channel state information, 503–506
Numerical techniques, inversion of Laplace overview of, 502–503
transform of CDFs: unknown channel state information,
Euler summation-based technique, 427–428 506–510
Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature-based Partial-band interference (PBI)
technique, 428–429 multicarrier DS-CDMA systems, 485–487
INDEX 543
Partially coherent detection: Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM):

conventional detection, one-symbol characteristics of, 34–35
observation, 55–57 error probability performance of, in AWGN,
defined, 49 195–197
M-ary phase-shift-keyed (M-PSK) signal, 57 error probability performance of, in slow
multiple symbol detection, 57–59 fading:
single channel receivers: single channel reception, 224
AWGN channel performance, 210–213 multichannel reception, 272–275, 278,
slow fading channel performance, 361, 391, 404–405
242–243 Quadrature amplitude-shift-keying (QASK),
Phase-locked loop (PLL), 51 see Quadrature amplitude
Phase-shift-keying (PSK), see Binary modulation
phase-shift-keying
Phases, fading channels (state of knowledge for RAKE receivers:
optimum reception): fading channels, optimum receivers,
known: 160–161
known amplitudes and delays, 159–163 multicarrier DS-CDMA systems, 479, 484
known phases, unknown amplitudes, multichannel, 263, 304, 314, 317, 330, 409
163–166 optimum combining receivers, 439
unknown: single carrier DS-CDMA systems, 478
known amplitudes and delays, 166–167 Rayleigh fading channel:
known delays and unknown amplitudes, coded communication, 513
168–188 evaluation of definite integrals associated
unknown amplitudes, phases, and delays, with, 124–139
188–191
Gaussian Q-function and, 101, 105–106,
/4-QPSK, 202–204, 218
118–119
/4-differential QPSK, detection of:
Marcum Q-function and, 108, 112
communications systems, 65
M-PSK error probability integrals, integer
optimum receivers, detection of, 218
powers of, 122–124
single channel receivers, 251
Pilot tone-aided detection, 51
hybrid diversity schemes, 381, 401
Power decay factor, 28
outdated/imperfect channel estimates, 378
Precoded MSK, 47, 49–50
switched diversity, 351–352, 354–355
Probability density function (PDF):
optimum combining (OC), average bit error
bivariate Rayleigh, 142–146
probability, 442–448
composite gamma/log-normal, 25
for maximum of two Nakagami-m random optimum receivers:
variables, 149–152 characteristics of, 163–164
for maximum of two Rayleigh random detection by, 183–190
variables, 146–149 single channel receivers, 223, 238, 245
Hoyt, see Nakagami-q Rician fading channel:
Nakagami-m, 22–23 characteristics of, 21–22, 102, 109, 113
Nakagami-n, 21–22 coded communication, 513
Nakagami-q, 20–21 fast, 248–249, 371–373
Rayleigh, 18 Gaussian Q-function and, 102
Rice, see Nakagami-n Marcum Q-function and, 109
shadowed/unshadowed fading, 26 multichannel receivers, outdated/imperfect
channel estimates, 371–373
Quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK): optimum combining receivers, 449–451
characteristics of, 37–39 single channel receivers, 223, 234, 239, 246,
error probability performance of, in AWGN, 248–249
197
error probability performance of, in slow Selection combining (SC):
fading: characteristics of, generally, 262–263
single channel reception, 224 defined, 141
544 INDEX
Selection combining (SC): (Continued) system and channel models:

multichannel receivers: channel model, 475–476
average output SNR, 336–338 receiver, 476
average probability of error, 340–347 transmitted signal, 474–475
characteristics of, generally, 333–335 Single channel reception:
MGF of output SNR, 335–336 performance over AWGN channel, 193–219
outage probability, 338–340 performance over fading channels, 219–251
outdated/imperfect channel estimates, Slow fading, defined, 16
373–374 Staggered QPSK (SQPSK),
switched diversity, 360–361 see Offset QPSK
Self-adaptive receivers, 159 Stein’s unified analysis of error probability
Self-interference, 485 performance, 253–258
Shadowing: Switch and stay combining (SSC), see
combined (time-shared) Switched diversity
shadowed/unshadowed fading, Switched diversity:
25–26 branch correlation, effect of, 366–369
composite multipath, 24–25 branch unbalance, effect of, 362–366
log-normal, 23–24, 104–117, 109–111 generalized, hybrid diversity schemes:
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): average probability of error, 406–407
as performance criterion, 4–5 characteristics of, 403–405
common fading channels, 19 output statistics, 406
conditional, in multicarrier DS-CDMA multichannel receivers:
systems, 483–484, 486 branch correlation, effect of, 366–369
flat fading channels, 17–18 branch unbalance, effect of, 362–366
instantaneous, 99–100, 102, 107–109, 148, outdated/imperfect channel estimates,
150–151, 219 374–377
multichannel receivers: performance of SSC over independent
coherent equal gain combining, 279–281 identically distributed branches,
diversity combining, 260, 264 348–362
fading correlation, 323, 325, 327 System performance measures:
hybrid diversity schemes, 384–386 bit error probability (BEP), average, 6–12
M-ary orthogonal FSK, 304–307, 310 average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 4–5
noncoherent equal-gain combining, outage probability, 5–6
300–301
outage probability performance, 312–313, TDMA system, 455
331 Tikhonov distribution, 51
selection combining, 333–347 Toronto function (incomplete), relation to
switched diversity, 348–349, 352–354, generalized Marcum Q-function, 81
365–368, 376–377 Transfer function bound, see Coded
multipath fading, 20 communication, coherent detection
optimum receivers and, 164, 172 Trellis-coded modulation (TCM),
shadowed/unshadowed fading, 26 498, 511–512
Single carrier systems, DS-CDMA. See also True upper bounds (TUB),
Direct-sequence code-division multiple see Coded communication, coherent
access (DS-CDMA): detection
performance analysis:
characteristics of, 477–478 Uniform error probability (UEP), 512
general case, 478 Union-Chernoff bound, 514, 526–530
Nakagami-m fading channels, application
to, 478–479 Viterbi algorithm, 499
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Digital Communication over Fading Channels: A Unified Approach to Performance Analysis

Marvin K. Simon, Mohamed-Slim Alouini

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

Brisbane ž Singapore ž Toronto

This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-31779-9.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Simon, Marvin Kenneth, 1939–

Printed in the United States of America.

Mohamed-Slim Alouini dedicates this book

to his parents and family.

Chapter 2 Fading Channel Characterization and Modeling 15

Chapter 3 Types of Communication 31

PART 2 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS

Chapter 4 Alternative Representations of Classical

Chapter 5 Useful Expressions for Evaluating Average Error

5.1.2 Nakagami-q (Hoyt) Fading Channel 101

Chapter 6 New Representations of Some PDF’s and CDF’s

PART 3 OPTIMUM RECEPTION AND PERFORMANCE

Chapter 7 Optimum Receivers for Fading Channels 157

Chapter 8 Performance of Single Channel Receivers 193

Appendix 8A: Stein’s Unified Analysis of the Error

Chapter 9 Performance of Multichannel Receivers 259

9.7.2 Average Output SNR 336

PART 4 APPLICATION IN PRACTICAL COMMUNICATION

Chapter 10 Optimum Combining: A Diversity Technique for

10.1.1 Single Interferer, Independent Identically

Chapter 11 Direct-Sequence Code-Division Multiple Access 473

PART 5 FURTHER EXTENSIONS

Chapter 12 Coded Communication Over Fading Channels 497

Regardless of the branch of science or engineering, theoreticians have always

on employing alternative representations of classic functions arising in the error

quarter of a century old. Although a number of other textbooks [3–11] devote

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

1. R. S. Kennedy, Fading Dispersive Communication Channels. New York: Wiley-

8. K. Pahlavan and A. H. Levesque, Wireless Information Networks. Wiley Series in

Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN): Antenna array:

Bit error probability (BEP), average: system model, 499–502

conventional detection, one-symbol Differentially coherent detection:

Diversity combining: true upper bounds, compared with

integrals involving: Ideal coherent detection:

Marcum Q-function: differentially encoded:

Multicarrier systems (MC-CDMA). See also numerical techniques for inversion of

Nakagami-m fading channel: Offset QPSK (OQPSK)

Partially coherent detection: Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM):

Selection combining (SC): (Continued) system and channel models:

WILEY SERIES IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Introduction to Digital Mobil Communications

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