I Rin Section J Definition A mon emply wet R, togetrex with tee binaxy composttio + anol « Bunie to fama Ring if Ine feller ing axioms ane uatisftenl : i) Qrlbtc) = (ate) re forall abyceR Qtb= +a - Pex aybeR St. Ato=04 iv) for each wp Sete Y) alae) = vi) @(btc) =a. (btc).a = bat c.a forall asbcek Pema 2 a) Since, use img that + and - ayer binascy composition om R, it is tneterutood that He closuxe properties Wwortite there held in R. Cs okeax swords, toy oll aber, wrique in R. 4bY"one can use cuny Other stymbal instead . of + and » , but fox obviews sears, use Lue Hote two aymbals ( the Propesc-ies look so natural with Hote), Gr fact, Gn fock in -furwe te statement Jat Raa sting, woubl mean that R how toe binary epecatays + anc + dafiredd on Ut ond satisfied He above axioms. Cc) Axtom ( & named associativity ort - aud axiom (vi) b sefeuegt to as disteibuttuity ( aig ) bs iret. + NMG: Nl an abebion grep: e) Since , 0 in anion ay @ identity. wet. +, tb i clear that His eleyent unique + Depintlien : Commutative Ring, A sing, Ru cactleck a commutative sung it Sheva WabeR. onak) be sesahed seestated | King wath Unity tA sing Rie cabled” vung witty unity Jf 3 an Lem ent ec R Sete ae=ca=a ° fox all acer. Remark tpUniby 4 genexadbry oleneited by |, [Lata also caltedl unit element a sud pircottve tdlentity: ) Op uity exists in a ying, , Wren it crrteut be rye + Nolet Furthec in moter, we wilt ussite nit) sek af olf xg matsices over Jnbegerxs uncles maksax cuolelttion ourel mute plication Ue Ring util unity , bur te mot commutalve . Dopinitiog 2 (Zexo Diviscr’) Het R be ascing. An elerjent v#aER Ut caftedt gero divisor, 2f 5 an element OFbER 4.4. ab =0 ox ba=oCIgs> Set of all 2x2 matrices whote Clements ane Intenext is a suing with uw divers wilh wwepect to binds adolition ancl matstx mull plication an two suing compasthions . since sp tet A= F323), 8 (8 0] =) Aas [8 é] without geo Diuisors ¢ An ebeuat Then, Ro udthout geno divisors igh to be A commutalive su. Cirtegral Dornain, =) either a=0 ax b=0 Rw cabled an ab=o ink ie ee Commeasative suing Rit called, our trtegral clemain if R-het geno divisors Qge— C2,t> an dnbegral domain . ZXZ & mot an tntegud clomatr- tot R be a wall a,bER | wei ~ A commutative sung R isan integral.” domain iff for all abso eR (ato) ab =ac 3 b=C Depinition 2 unit An Dement a in a subg, a usikh unity , | Beatle Lwertible (ox anit) wosete mmulk plication if J dome beR such Het ab =| = ba © Note > UAtt ancl unit element (unity ) should not Ring ore a skew ll G2 mon gore elements of R founa group w-sut. mublplication + ox Af mon guo-elements af R hee smutriplicative dnserare. | DePenikien: Field A commutative clivison sung it called, ox ftelel. Go A dioison sing (or fueled ) har atleaut Hoo elemento .o ancl t (2 ddebhity cbemetts wout, + and + }(Piekontd +x) doer mot fore prota. (P= fort +5) fon, greed . | Note unthy & unit but unit G net unthy. | (2,411) B commutative suing sth unily. 1€Z avd tA =t lez and CGN =I SD 1 and-! ane tre unit elemeds | % (24°) But <1 L met de unity of Z > Evouy fiebl tan dey Nigh Dornatn. . but Eoeuy En dined mot : va SED) a ere oes? age Zz ra oleate wt. +9 y bud mat a cell (Because [ane 1 Ose omty snvert da ebemjents y No ofex Quemenis 14 Sm have muttiplicadtue iveruie ) _> AN Sark. ete > Evuug mon goo unite integral, Hemain & a fretd. Daptntiten'é subsing 4 A men eval dubset 8 of a seb R BU be aubeding ee it ra et ; mee aga Werte) 4 aaeubaing of sing, (Ryt3°) « | Motes) 4h R asetng Hen go] anal R 0 “ ; touvial subsing of Reig ) A subsing of an fetak, clermnadn. vill be an “doimictn « Sey 42 chest: poe ees ee Ann empty” subsot S af, a sting, R ba dubsding of R Ag, abeESs =) ab, a-b eS > Depinitien + Subfielel AA moa emphy subset S of of, a fied F is called a aubfielel , if S foums a fell unolen rhe opersdiy in & | oe Ga a eubhiedel af R HL apes (bto) ab", a-b eSRéithack $1) Unit (eld 1 dame as erty hah W) GP Riv asung ulin unity and $ asubsing of R» Then, unily af S Coun be cliffercent fem unity of R. Definition + (Propex Subfreld ) det Fbe a fielol anol S be a webpiele | of F. we tay trot S ira prope SubficeGl of F if SEF. L is cable a” Left Loleal of -R if UY abef 9 avet ft) aed, meR = MAEL £ & cadlect a two sicled on both widest (deol of Ry if it £2 born toft act weight doleat « . So, we aay LU an ideal of R ty gu twostded édeal of R, Eg Trastung R, fo} ancl R one clioays both exdled toleats « Any iclecuis. except Here two i cated a proper ideak, (as eum todvial ) | Rena $1) Teleabsof esting R cxre also { called aubstings af sing R Buct a dubsing af a fing R may nat be teleat - eg SZ, ty7> ck dubmuing af O,+4-> BW Zz & met an idee ed © aheue, Zed Rictimals 2) ch Au = tale varity B farR be ascingy anol H be anctelent af, R. weday brat Mu maximal select af “4 i) MER WW) Gh tree, U4 arr oleal 2 af, R St. NETCR ‘Thon, einer M= 1 os L=R Principle Cdead 2 Ler R be a sing arel an ddeot Loh R is cottedl princthal fdeok if T= Say fore some AER SeF An cdleat of a ring R Je called a porime toleat of R if abes 3 aes axbes Pouige Field 2 A fink ix catleotaboime feekol if Pro mo prefer pubfyreeol fe Fy Ba subfeedd of F. Then f= F Reseadt + 1) det Rbe a CRU. enol Z be an ideo! off AR. Then R/g is dntegral Domain ff £ & Paime Peal. 2) 4et R be a CRU. R.then Rie & fi ideak oe & 3) tet R bea Tren af Cis Maximal, icleal — Lv Prime Tdeal, ie. Ever icteal of & & Prime ideal 4) fet R be a finite CRU. Then Everg maximal ileal ff pxtrie ident. (ay Gerd) t (SL) = bees) +L Lat) Gertst€) = 28+ ml £ be an ident af R. Definition ? Quotient Rina Het Rbea sing ancl £ be an iceal af Ray Then dee sytem < Rt, +> where Be = (eee [ner } anal + ard binary composition of “Yq clefined by + 0x, oS Fath ieRent ning, MEAS te Laleccd I. Lop 3) p= collecting of all cosets of Lin R, and C40 ie Lb she wolesnti ly eLement ah Re, a und T+Ga) b the additive srwene of L+a ~ ~ Moke? Ff R iL Gmmutalive Ring =) Ry u also Commutarive Ring,» -socal ah a Ring let R ancl Ri be hoo rings. Tren mapping $2 Ra! shomemorphian tf 1) Rate) = fiat fle) H) Blab) = fealkw) U called, sing MabeR omerfhism + A mapping BRR’ ancl $l-a) =—$la) . idontitg. Uloment (or eres) of RR’ suespectively, | M) Kock =fop 20g fu 1 HOB PRA" be | | Banclanqontad 7. Kot = {*eR] foo =o' f uibese 0 i gero of R' Remark 29 ban ts am ident of 8 Sartetel Theesem of, Ring Harnom Hornemorphisn Th 82 RAR be onto peinsiri oe tian Ri te Chomnenbhritc 1 a quotient Ring af &. | Tf, Bw p! ken = Fert Teserernoh ThemerphiinaSecond Theacern af, Tsomerpilsn Chanaclersh'e of a Ring wtth unity * tet A,B be twoideate A auing R. ; Then AB x _B 1 bey n Such toed naso fax olf ack a 2 > D ands aio. te smallest such positive iutegen (3 calleal character stic of R. | Tua, Hit ake wmattert positive integer | 1 such teak THRE] =o un Re paicainedh nitions | Exataple - Yet R=Z be the Jung, af inlegens t and 2=1 it tie mubhiplicattoe ilentieg, tok me =o 2 Z ham £.0. 9 without ned Gis lim eo dhelssrs somlao Metter mee an =o =m=0 Aut 140 CHIR) =a =1ch(z)= 0 Simibod, ch(iR) =ch(8) = ch(C) = 0 Ve ch of seting te gene (on udhinity } | [are eloes net exist }4. Eitiinple 22 40k m be a tye trey er peggge Shee suing afeiniegs ddet | Ttnce, made amit toe 2nlqen Tron, Ca(R)= 2 such tuak me =o = A(R) =~ R=Z be factor surg 4 Z. TO tow, a ZI=0 Solute + New, ch(ZI= ereana’t Sd de LEN, Than, © WAN PO AS | identity 8 R - i : %s : aaquotent Ring - % fas a wet ey) Grpantiater, ch.(Z) =f whore p & Aha ther wnttey 1S | (iB) =P pe Qa cprime Nd- (1tmzZ) Example t dat R be acting chiRd= mo -Hren maso HaeR . 4 . Consicter me = (+2) =(LemZ)UtMZ) oo gs a ; | so tet eR ts onl) = qhen, We a= conetder. oe al =mazo WaeR Example Show that the chawncterotic of Gnintegrat Oumain ts either gov on a prime namber. sot m be Hie any tre tue taakeqen meso ite mUlemz) =z 7 anemz =mZz wnez | |} . | ua e | dA" s Het R be or cintegral domain. = 1 aural of CER be ttre mubtipticarye > min amen (ear, ae } handing. oh & i et ch.(R) = 0 Dm doe Lomst tue weer Hibs Me=om=o , Then, we crave nothing to fosuue.! ~~ st — ~ 2 Romans sincera fold t an Integral |e age w. tet meo =) my! . Pe chives] | Domain « foe m=! , wehave [.2 =0 | =me=0 Yea etid. Then ch(F)=o eX e=0 Bute to @ Prime nurabore. <2 S4 is mot possible. { =| ae 2 mr. ’ | Ceamples + charnctenstte of ek subpiend 4 aan we claim trot , mm Le a feime mo. ax Hod of fietet- ot if possible , m iu mat fecime mo. Sol”: tet Kbe afeetd and -F be a sab ftell of K. 4et € be the multi plicaHve identity of K. anal. ch (KJ =m —o ‘ < ofits ; ie mt cempasite mumbex- | whore Joye te a m=mm. o Ink. Bw Ra on tutegral clonal | Examples: canacknshic of a subruing need ~~ ihe me =o ax me =o Dr eiltor cate, We get a conbadiclim a | ; ° | mot be dame as Hat of sing - beth Mim (nynemz) = (0,297) # has oh ~ ohn de exe = ge Nubhiplicadive identity of $ & (0, 11mz) Additive folentity t (o,mZ) nlow, mo, tmz) = (0, mtmZ) = (o,mz) = gow of S$ (moi ) $e, ch(S) exists Soy che of Subting enile sd Remars ti)-Let F be a fete crcl FY = fo} tes (Ft = she wet of non —goro eleryerts of F) “7 Cugey ebement of PP has multiplicative inves and mrubtiplication b asso Cates and eonmutatues .% F* & an abehian group uncter, mublipdicabion - te. CA +) & an abebian quoup. [eenab tee tate aate 4) Da epecrrtartema Tt a. prime teleol nf sitrg, RAB, either CALA) = rome eM Ch(R) Ce @ prime numberr,5) sn fdeal © of R warnaximal ideal 166 me CHR) = 19 sa prime number, 6) tot p be poime th Z, then PZ Lb maximal ident of Z. Henrct, P= Zig va field of p leno. COMPS, Up y we tpt pz fp Suppose , P-has a aucbhielal (say F). Then, t) FAR D be tre fiddl af, suational rumbers. we prove phot OU a prime fine. det F be any subfield of 6+ Then, ler -( 168 G poe usity of 8), tet PieO y whewe mn eZ, nto and Cry) = | ya. + Se, teeth (" Fis cloted tases) om Fees adleli tion = mer Similady, we mag ppuove Haat mek anol mate “tbe ” ant =d exists ad ber Bu then int = EF =I OSF Also, FEO . fe OsF 2 Thus, ® Teorey: tet D be an integral Domain ancl -ch(D) =p +0 b yao ‘The map §: 0B clefineol by -fiar=al Vael ha. suona, emenomorphiany (ene~ one, omoener phiarn ) 1) og D & fitle then $8 an cuctomorphisn 4 0 Vien Fs an aishornerbrcm iff every clemet of, D hoa a pb s0ot D- (ie given aed ,d bed ate a= sh)Probfts Anke be the mublipticative Ident of Rs Since , BO wrth “ewes t eund chi) =p +0 ve p & a pene power: Also, -pa =o ¥aek Define armap’ $2 BIB by pou saP Fach one prove rot » Ba homomor Phin) i) 4et a,b eB ‘ e (atb) = (arb) _ 7 # sate, oh tB ee eT I a4 sabapha Fh sgh —O sine, Pf bce Weep! eee ye, ists Pl ec (parte) y chtD) = P | apaso J}. ; Fae . Mb, [sis pl and ab Bed =» Eb ott =0 _@ fren W@ y we get oftets) = aby nP ie = flat 6b) Bea) = any =aPbP (F her hl) 24 asdng -homsmerphim BR fee one ome tet ae kenf 9 heiso = abso Oa. a “an % . =) feof = Cod = 4 i one-one. Le. 4 & a ring —monomerphisna « Moreover, Sh 1) Now, Let 0 ix finite Since, PF09D B one ene homammplrion = OF Poreo Since, f 4 one-one. So, D ancl $10) Aaue came mo. off elemerts. Bit compnutative)“"But $100 E0 r =) §w)=0 =) § 1030 4 onto. wy 2 0aD W emarene, ono, hemomnsrphiam, $i 04D U Butemorphiim . ‘ =) Be Aut (0) . b) Furst suppose tnat eneny herment of D Compewedy, Suppose Hoot fe Mut(D) Tht, & it onto , tet bed then J aed set. flared = alsb 2 a-K a Uaprsuot of bind. Tus, wey cerrent af D fore pi root in D ei — Teosw: Lot D be an 2.0. with ch.(D)= (+0) Thon, tne mapping 42 0-9D clefinect by 4a) sal ¥acD & one-one, hom omerphism (n21) i 1) Gh Dw finite , Re AutCO) |) BY eneuy otenivdt of D hot p" sant In D, then 4 © @ut (0) Proof: det @ be the multiplicative identity of Re Minee D ie an Integral domain: ) anc chl0)=p + pu a frcmne fy Als, pa= ogi . Define a maps O by fereah aco we prove Haak if & ce -hernomorphiun 1) det a,beD . > late) = (are) = ofan + Ercole —@ & Since, “Pe, yi, teste fr YJ 426% Poo = Ba vt, iste por Such 4Hoeta 1s: 3 O.a..--2 =0 inD eens FP eimes Since, D ts an inbequod Domain + “ a=0 =) Rex $= O03 | fu one-one | fe § oo xing homemerpiiier | Momeoot 1) Mow, det 0 & finite ig 4 Sindy f2D90 | GO eenemaphion ~ Oe se 2 bBo Si, But $10) c 0 . ~ $02) =D =) Boa seieng shomemerpaiat - ='$5 090 iB onto. Te prove cnerone FIRE DAD ik one-one, onto, thomomanphisny et ae Kerf, 2 BSDAD & curtornsrphiuy, =) 4 Aut (0)Ba Fouk auppere that every chenent of, L— 1 Betm D hoa a p* Swot tn O- owe prove that 4% fo, ve haw ZED tote $EI= zPab | go, § & onto : a gina b tly anto,-harno morphiy | = fe Aut (D) : Romank + Ase, You ems show, * febut (0) hb que clement Ln D hos fi -Hh seot tn D- 1 be a family of, i dy ean | ger we aqobs a! gsubpield ee ites e Frelts Z/p2 anal © te. | peginttion +, Batone tele 1A pietel & in collect ah Lb bot me wu Paine Pele. poupos such fiatal etd af F. then FF. cwuerse — Lat be a field ane CFs subpields of F. then of F. Stace coh. Fe aubfeeld of F. So Fe ¥ EEL 3 0,1 € AF¢ vex fe ot EP ~ ~ Pu mon enpte det abe? abe QF Sapem ¥ cet Since, each Fy Ba dubbield e a-be he ¥ier and. olP) 2%3 ob enh =r A gg B) yet a, o#bEP * abe hy ¥iCL (bE?) ; ies ~° " since, each FC & quefcetd bet o abe Fe ¥ Cet ber *@ mabe aFe =P h=P tet =) Pisa Prime Frelel « “yer land ableP i. a forcarbeP, aber one | Examples of fuime Fields Po aubgiend of i lo Qin eat of Rested mesure SS re Aer a aaebperl oO Paame Field « ; "| sols Lat P=8 be fhe, of RaHonals on" nf mmuellbi pli coultve | identity of | a 1 date rut plicalive Ceokenstibey qo Jove pia a Rotiene pindel - | of F- Teaness egieast ob, | Stal eee —O Pp da a aeubgiessl bE fo, tw puove PCF, tet Th EP sate mpne Be , nFo ¥lmnjal Then, me ttlt i eS in c Feo gine, P vate ond Malt et! ees nmrNs, ree w CF) ib an abelian poup. ~ “ar 2am ner tet F be a atibfiedhl of, P. a) POP 1a. iio nfo ond PLO xubfietal Thon, F A a subgroup of P unclex > wnler adartion « = meF => oF) (ovr) —O [8x tegrargels Drasnen a pcre —@ es also, ot?) = 0(%) =p. -@ 4 a © { Hence, P= F aa Alo, Fa o fiedd- = phos no proper aubfietiing 3 otf) za -@ [v 'eF] se og sa manienal ohio of Z Be ars 22-2 is a fieed- \ 3 P thas mo Peeper sien fiatels , 1s ag Rw CoRAOe tens Baa \ a Pw a prune fietal, Fyne gw maximal dcleat of Ri Theorem ? tet P be a prime fied then cite PLO on PE Zhe fer some Pub re 5 wee Claim trek Pa Zz Quine Fiekol + pxune no. b» ok. up te an aernarphism pte only -pacime Fields ae Band Z/pz +uwop > tet P be a. freien fer aun ro @ be multiplicative detent ty of, P. 4 = m(ne).e Conider Hre suing of Lnbeqons 2 t = mene " Define aomap $F E> Po follows = (meyine) oo . yok mez I = fon.fon) > phen me = etete- #8 Pe $B avseing shememor plrisnn, ra tones i 7 gine, 2h. ond PO abetion guoup oo ee mlilted | _ =fmez [erm =0} wy nee? i af mez [me =o] Define, Rem= me yrge= | Then, Ct Teleat al Z ewe claim Haak v sstmomorphin ‘ Since, Z by .psincipp AS Denain, { # Gems ess sgneZ , mz0 oz cereriere teree te | ~ L=fe} va foe ie \ Bul, Hen fu one-one = met ne Lf -s AQ sang fhememorphésm 8 lel 4 = gen) +0) i kext = fof t % a | alco, Qomn) = Lane | L i 93> @e =tanje™ =Crnnyle-e) | ius ies gzjor —O | iad : i 1 stat , every L , uy integral Domain’ thos afield af quotients.use Laamerplte Untegpal Domain ie pave domafnic pelt ob yertions | defines by Ylatmz) = Bal j aez sing, = ® Dowolr « | Also, PB one-one ae Spee) Dakegpot Domain [r2=0@] © Because, Let ee ate eka ges gt wren gama of swnttont ob GE) | 3 plarmZ) =0 A ig tee fans of wtb | = gla =e : \ cydekeg 20=mZ \ 2 aeme a OA aH | =) atme = mz Fegiact t | i Now, myo , if qk A7O m=! ca pen ave taaet OF - i qhon 1.6 =0 3 e=0 Kar, % rere or phism Za Puch Aa combasdictinn (Geeaue ou - . By she unity of Po edo ) Hence Mtl y=) M>lLabi if possible, ma mat puime mo. spmu a composite mun ber , So, bet ms mma wshexe Lomem lemcm : Sint, fom=o in P Cr me keoeg J Ve Pla) =o sa P ’ = $609) fOr) =o dn P. Since, Ptr a feeed : Pa an invert clomoien gem) =0 Sapp, € bench, ptancty 1 Soak Le prime soy. =P nee + en Zn oe He \ i a Th Rt CePA, Tren rp o beet [ a > Z» oB)c? 1] tiny eter wis : (yet F beaumy piedd , duppote Pit -psrime stuf ced 08 F. fot chif} =o, then PXH nol 2B ChlF) =p fo Por some pucime p Hoenn pa Be" ems fe“Feld Extensions dat Kxbe a field . auppove\F boo subpieldiiof K ten collect a) extension, ob \ wy tat F bee fied . Oy exteriov \oh Fy we mean a. pave (ke) kc fet and oi Fak Bamon goco\sing -homemerphind. “Field_Eelension * Definition et K be @ ftelal ancl, duppere Fua subpield.of Ky Hen K & called aur extersion of F- - ee Let F be afield . By aun extension of F, te mean a pale (Fyo) whens Kb o field and oi FAR & a mon Zero Lng, homornorphiam ng ae 2 gS But een, T= 0 (gor ident) VA féekel has only hoo Toleals 0 aul sal 1 Hence, 2 Pak i a one-one -homemophiim > FE o(F) which ua aubfiebd of K So, urermany duppere that, FO a subfield of &. «rag : tek K be an extortion ob O- | fe ik ELE and vend ib FL o~ 2) Jot y be Vector Lpace over ine Piele F af Fane F it cathest Ihe we prow Jrak aveny yectou «pace hat a boars y the number of elements cr gent fiekal. | det veviy <> _V & & vector «pace ovex F =) Ye (Kyt) & veelon apace over Pr Ker yeVv ond «eV (w Rev) vev any two batis is dames fileo, whe mo. af elements in any basis of V is calleat Me dimeniin of V over C.Elierasion_of Eee iG colledt fpile | ol . \ Exaraple Flat Ke © vie ffetil of, complex | mumbo, Fah i dre fete, ab seat muoabeu | . = | =1 020; b=o =) the demo 1, t one, Lf. dn Fo. fron f1,03 due doge of K over F.* dim el(h) = 2=(kKtF]<° stoner, Kv a finite exterwton of Fe es ane. Exempla: et = R ancl F=O Lb the aA. Wpietsl of sural ancl suntiogals saupectively. Sine, FB 0 siubplelct of kK. | Choceferer, Kuan extenun dF. Suppote, the dearer Ces A] <0 Amon, CREF = Csay) tet B= Eyres 7% sh be a bait of Kovex F. > ; Then, eneey demert of, eros te eriqyte eebpswed odin, of He horn AEH tee Ann gi EO “ wo fw one-one anal onto rapping 4 atenee, -concdinaditey of L = canclinadiity oh K Lo use anne, drat covtesion product of & | peudtable seb ik again countable - le [¥ 64 countable ] Rut dren, Ik & countable 2 K=R ob countable , Qombadictian (VIR ib uncountable )signe, tne aap ah LEERY Tus c pdok Kal arhfei abeey oR : j aaXre@ ord b=o : wearbfek 1) FEO end Ke biel Tens ye. ACK 1 = OSk . i woe waits prove thet Keen aubfietd of R| we cecrbls) & (ast baie) = Game Co 34 Wwhert 21% byrb, € 9 * i (2 out G9 be Pras peitcooug serge mame, we Gate CK" ak Budke dubbield of R containing i © (Gare ta eseperctecd alte hotel tn KY tonés, ba extersimas © ; eae i oeen a ares f inn folynemniad Rang ot attonal Funetton % ccage tat R be asearg, «By peje” —— Definition + gm expression: ob He 4} Definiton : An element gek ts cabled svasiogal pet Ry we TAO TOU Whok t ist gos Fatt ee independent vasdoble ome : Sm Poh vt pelynamtalt vs bese v pea. ushich it, \3 $19 © FB : é § og iu fpuion of P. angst ey ial. if| Baddest potynern’ gle ni att styrene and G (PBs ser Pe) to [ta “ ts cLensted over + Depinition : Ler K be an extenuion 2 aud ~ IMEK . The smallest aubscting. of K contains Sayer ring SE MEM TF anda tb called the Bubsing ob a a teneateal by F and K, tured it clenoted Bren So nih BANE Bee],Rauwof's tet R= Ege [doae road (S) w Boar = agtaye ree tA” 4 ell -O mens SOX) 2 Oa FQX Hoes FAQ” Mowe R=P OD Now, af @EP Aer HOO ened Cv geize soe ert) | o. Pode & Fk] ¥oer > Fsred oh K conta Now, 4et Fy be OME ote suber combaining we claim thet wr ch Gd So, bot Men, and X Bo FOOD: £ eG 2 Fi ee 9 her = Fain! 2h ; QsEF SF, an XEF, ater Hi Sark en ¥e 2 Faraier, ¢ . 2 £00 EF, S PIC, SF % 08 | contains Fand x \ called he Subp i biel of K generated by X oer F. and > 8 2 Hexe, FLX} = [a2 Je) | [4e,geo ero gato] {Nee GixipoeFRISk and Ku -fycotet } “oy a = | geek = Le eK Ais i ge and Let Q= here wfa Et f ce Sa Aged EF atte, pack 2 gk Mole et K be anexterwion of Fy 2 et Se ftiitaseyeng SK. \ qererated by S over Fasc -i4 denoted * } by PEST - [1 The ainabtert etuibfyetdl of K condetning: bbe and $ dt callent a. subpietd by aegivarioy of itd of uot onts, i PCs) a a Piet af quotients of FCS] icy i ee a elfty) de be an extention] of Fo and Sstbt be @ uwbeolf K. duppete. B= SUS, \ Fla ,Q15 200). Qn) = P(tad, fa, hon, FUSS) = PEs) FOS.) : . Proof? ~ Bek A.AALSINSN). i . test ® pani iN we aie wmadbert j 2 subpietd of F inl S05. 9 F i = pe Sosek S cre) oy Previous Note, F(5.5,)= 2 Pts) & FSS: 7°a.e Pcsus. )! Continuing tn simile way, wie get = pS) & oo i : a agains F998. & aie. | 3) 2 PF, SS, ‘a i a ega8l ett) -@ \ Ty, USNS), = FLEHED = PLATES) |Deptnttion + Stmple Pi Rarangs Tt ees) oman * va el Feber an} w afore abet, A cide tet eta) | prea io (A ea simple Soy Th SH EWI? weite PLS)taple ¢ bee wx. | Saeed Teerdeb y hE aoe ue a aunplt Fretd Exton then, K+ juen Hoot Peesps we ane Peer” KEPT ZR i ceied=p 2a 2 0 reseiel toon | ante (ber Snot a foie me] i yg 40me «eK such rok «GF | 3 PWT te OLR4B) ¢ 016,8) Now, BAR € 0 (AE D nage ° =) asst rs) Ase, 5B Uv ©) S485 © O(aKR) 2 ah eins) Again, &e OUT HR) D &xL EB =Ghe eins) 9 (RAB) AS =8htaa € OLAHA) -@ Also, Rn € OLEHS) =) 8(u2-H3) € 8 (EHS) =} ahtap cOLans) Problern ? tet (closure Property ) —© fy*S apaw)-lanerf) COR) wang = fe 0Ft8) Again, Fh © O64) > 3348) COLE) and using’ D, we G: (ap.-4353) - (28498) € Ob ie. B Eo(G48) Jwne, Sa SE 0-48) 3) OLR B) 2 8 Ly 8) © i+) Deptedtieg 2 Fi jhety Gewuated Extonsiog An ortention & of Fix cabbed finttedy, gerovated if J patle mes af clement soy Kray eery Xn ek such Hoot Ke PUM Mig eeer Xa) 3. Transitt vity Theowern’ i Stakerqent : tet K be a finite extenwiiny af. F, | ane. L be a finite extenuery of IK. Then, Lib finibe exteniteg of F. ancl, " Cured = Clik] Cesey Proofs we axe given, Lis an extension of k Hl FED wubfield of Lo kee and kt an extenuiny ety R "Faa js Now, we have to-pove , Lib firite extention of F. { deb CurcjJ em 5 Ck:Fl=n Od Hl yay Hn CR fetes sine hawt of kK over & ond Lek yyy, 5. Ym EL foums the baris af L over k, Now, we wild fir bails af L ovex F,Xe, tet s= few) oy lejem Sine, ap EK SL anol gel AwYyEl $0, det S contains yan eLements of £L. wo eden oS ns bavit =f Lover F. Suppowes ager sit. we =o uj = ftegis® Now ; Agen Ahem eR one inea. (dep enclenst Ver F. Ye usien; isism 7 Set Sb Uncen troleperdenh oven F. Now, 4et yet Men, atacks Yartay e+ basis of Lover K. ten ee he LB scab Say QU%iy--o7 den EK St. Ys Ears Again, aj(1sjsm) ek aud Hy y%4---y Xn foens bats of & ever F. 3 seater ist oe Guys] epomt Lover F. f. aek g & + fount the boris of L ovex F. Cure} =n = CUKICK LF]Refi: Tf Clik] & Lnfintte , bron CLEP] is abte dnpinite Gols BL & afwite cxtewion of F , Ono K i cx aebfelal of Luuhich Contains Fy then CetAJ diuicles CLF] Proofs By sumaxf above Ck: F] we finite os Clie) =-finite Also, CLIK] is finite - J, Py Teome Tranaitivity ay Cure] = Cee KIC 6 pan As ae S ei x Cond mk & K=F ig =! Profs Le a Cerel=t , det fad be Q@ baris of, Koen F. de 1EK > 12 Ka ,KEF, X$0 os 1#O a aswterk dat beK + b=pa_> PEF, ach. ~) beR > KER -alto FSK > KEP. 33. Coed: TEL than extension af & anc CusF1 =p = pine no. , trem Here is To field deic sh FoKCL Proof? “Suppose, J afield K sd, PORCL Then, p= CLiP]=CLiKICK:F] CUED = om CeseI=I Let K be an extensifg ku doled to be alge Polynomial o Ohwunise itis called Teanscedertal Element over F Example? sre R= soal feotd ys algeruc eur B= rational piedd as Ji modisfies A mem-ger Polynomial fin = 2-2 COLT However, Te €R axe mot algersic duet H. =) Te ULE transcendental ovr O. Bul Th th suotok Sern ERI aural € & rool of eure CAC) Me ane algebuic’ auor R.Definidion : Algebsic Extention Qn extension K over f i collect algebure exteruion if every XE Kc & odgebric eek, ww mat algetric over Fr | fer FfovePEd] st. fir=0 Yack Dab algebsic over P Yack wR abgebric oven e. D Goo finile extortion Ls algsbuie of an {we shall give Qn example taser to prove bats. | DaRintting & A pebynemin fr fOLOFRT te rubber domain with ni ob poutttve 0) % datocbe on i a po KA, Lb cornet reatadt te g tw0 potynemings Af, whenener geo) ' , canon deg fox) =0 DOA potynonviat of, positive cheaeee , uthich not Dureducible is called Resucible overR. EP eg HE ZL] & boreducthle ovo Z and is reducible oven C es C28 = OE) (eZ)Remaxf £1) Ang potynaeniot of dequte | U jrreducible overt Pietel F. . 0 Conectact bili hy oh potynemial depancs upon sre makwt of fietel - Depiettien > (Marnie etyruemnza A potiynomic fod eaotae tee tank” € RET e aad fo be-mmemic if an=! ie cochhicient of bghot power of % in go 8 eqyad to 1+ 3s. Lo SER ek LbUESbe tre TM Reto -pelynemial depute over F. st. t(s)=0 i) Ana appre . t00) = Agta teen” 3 ueF Th, E00 LU mot meric ond ano ‘hen, 4b qh Do BOO = OR aot aeons ai! +00 Now , Leg-fyatn® aleg tx) euncl flar=o ‘ it , gone C04 i |. cued goer Teer styrene, gq sust- fe. Bla =o ' Then, J amomite [7 norniok Yur of H) Th a goo EPO] Se Gee. \ wae auch Hat $(0) =o man poo gua (ie peo tele geo) | Bees Sreductble + Sarrese foo & reducible feesb 1) we prow rat Fo abintd cond | Segpaes foo = senstaes kia an exkonaton ob F | 23-4,00 B00 € FOI Riso, KEK algebsic Ov e Sete ZOO = 04,00 Le deg 4,09 <1 2 By clefenition » J “hoo ePET Ste hoo & Now, Bx) = 0 1 < dog 4,00 <1 > fuel ALK) = 0 geSince, PCa] wan Guegral Pomab i ciajee at BK 20 uihich & a Conbadickion « s foo ty neh palynemual i Became eee net exact of ten.goe potyrerniol of degree Le than » (ecleq $00) -~@ i we foo powectucibote- | Toshow uniqeners ob ROO. + 1: Gest ek goes such Heat le: qe “ Then, dey gen = cat guo= bet bret Grats i iS Apoty nero t [By eee remton o1 given by @ 4 don to antqya mente. petgrerniat of tenet | daquse Sing «02 sdgebode. 1 Tf) Now, euppere that gageF Cx] st. gK)=o at - we divide .go0 by fou bet qu be dre qtotient and su be the stemainoler. Then, gou canbe unite a, geo = -fooqon +00" Sat. eho deg 3000 < deg. for) wo aun 28 | Th =8 dhe Pov | go> | So tat i043 , then, 4 Alxr= feIqya) tx a aoe o=0 a oo Keb“ cheg, 100) < eg Yad=h UAHA ek Comchradtiction « ion. So 1 [vo & amet a Sist " frase y ] i f % o ef von Zero polynomial ] awe J =) pla) 0, wari cigain a Comttoa ich. of ctegsee Le tran nn fy eae get 2000 = 6 = foo] goPo sew Radke Lat Kee be algebric over F. Then, | Pe = FO) Do vee Foe . Shi freofs + = t bat, i eFle a r gt & wee Mow F eel € PLC] ZI gud Feed to a & ie. conta, on Atro, wivce «tl 24 een of Leaat cleqreee Oe fon O ve, fou hoo ! 5 qe POD & Spoceducitn 2 Qe sho), = pon a 38) ne 2.3 vou) ato site = . a | DeRinitig 2 MiatmneeD Poly nernial ponuon + heaved = I | = Ble) led + HID = | | mak ei ie, any exe a sen be 2 ee Ce bere] algebsde over F. Then, tre wnlqe mrmic 4 irreducible potynamiad mix € eG) =) verse, 7 heate tee Ae) degrees set. MK) =0 i ie teowQomdt: Th Kek a trarscndertal over F ~ Then, FOO 2 F(X) eouEM & Fi a field and Ku an Teen OE Men xCK & algeloaic over | Fag CRKIF] <0 Une degree af Fix) | puex & i finite ) Pree Prstty, auppese dat, Cre) 3 F] <2 oe ie clagree of Fix) over F Be-binile - Le extortion abgebscic sue F. Het KEK alepbsiic j Gormernely » Suppoce i we tutus monic poveduerbte Potyramiady ’ ia qupiee rnin) CFOT Sat mater =o) ae Ag J any oHAoe Polynomial te ros] ’ diayeco Phen moo | tou 4 Set ~4 dak antsy = Osh aphtre Hang ERED writ Then, m(X)SO YF deg mi =n 38. Now, 4e 3 EF lx) Then, 3 foo, go CAO] sete B= Os guy to qe Now, ance gixifo =) mou gin). Gd - Then, 3 hoy CF OD + Jo0= mov-hey + Since, ARR) awot mn) girs, Set. welici ble Petynormial Then, J uo, vone C5 HO moO +VOUgON =I OP UeO me) VER) gee) =| =) vis) gee) = | = VK) = Sine, giao ae DUK) Po 9 880) gen. > ary = delve) €F (x7 5 geFix]2 Bere a gerrd = Fe ¢ ECxT Also, Fi) is feed of quotient af FC] => EXT EP OX) So, we gat Eq) = POI det ge POd= FEI Now, EPL] sete A= OI tren, 2 RE 49 we druide fou by muo- “pot qou be qusttenk an Zon be tne gutsmaindere + *, Be 2 fou = M09, POO ‘a Sy hog 200) eg hie wo §o =F = 0. Uta) Fe) = ed Sene, eibverr deg Ho SN-l MC son) 28 we RERED SUK) = bot bet eet ba me: fe Gowey element 98 Pls Pex] ean be wollen in dineax combtnadion «f Lic yatyerer et over —@ Now, we clair that Suppose, CoHUXH eve ty tt = 5 ocd | Fora ae... Rey, <0 ane Airway Drdeperdent ~® fey eee el euer F, oe fom @ ond © , nix! fot tive batts of XJ over &. Ley aon Wy oey CN! see nea Gnetependert aver F.Sot aumernion of Pec! over FM je Ceeise] = doquer of PIX) ove fu fivite. j AO3 ROWE POT such tant oot = fe) fb. Ss Deprnition * Dope af an alyshaue terqect re ‘ whee) dot K6e on extensBy) of F. ond ERO } “i 4 -1=0 atgenic over Fe “Har pod beth t ub fake gua= xfoo-1 € FO] yainimad polynamiot of & Tp deg m= \ ., sb §@> aterteno fA & Y algebsic over FP. _ F Extention qenenateal by hi : tal by ~binite no. | pitas dlemerts is" pintle (convoue a | fraps Puatey suppor tral, ' LP Kiss eertal SE] <@ (re fete) | and we fro Erory Sud - | fe @xbension L $aeF) | atyebuie , Totes ™ = ocleFs) = PET DEW my eeeyXn) UL abgehoute extenuion of Fand KE PK yen) HC, Ielen 1 6Y debinitirn of algebsic extenniog , 4% Oe Alyebsic over P, we ULL prove Hit sceude by atgebuic over Fy ther Cray ir]<° SCout a ture fer n=! 2 (POnea se] = Crete) sre) TC FOF] ce A [Pid if] <0 _[E Flenes) = Ply u'] F, Rewtt in abso treum for n=d. Suppote, ceutt -toure fox nak, UL Vee oh Mika y cep hp, Oe. abyebeeie oven F rons CA as yeaXa) FE] <0 -O Now, mie aull prove ssibt oe nekt| - Soy SAPPOHE KH. Kay OME algobesc ever F, SINR, Xpuyy B Apebic over F anol Fe Rix, a. fe bused ra) > Cates CF fl tai] shippodneats FI <© (using @) wr Xa) ET SCP Miser peg) PPM pees Ad] [Pears sayeitF] <0 9 CF Kitiye sm) EP] XO Cie. fusite ] oy Rewtk utoue fat sty = eurdl-hence stall reiLe Sydiye-ey%n ER ane algebuic over F. Then, CPs, ..0 40) SF] <0 (ie. Frib) anol ney finite ekbention Ja algebouc PUK Kiger yen) ener is algetvruic over Py Theorem 2 tat K & an exten io of, gintd f and et A= feck [x 4 algebadc over FT 1) Then, A & aebbietd af F (ie Gh K, pe A -Then or 1s" (peg ER) Wi) ap «kek ene en toon «eA BE the ant Aza uiiygoee clenqents of K Hi Byer Pus a aabficbdl of K containing, F st. ne Chement of ke Uihich 4 -aot in @ Is algebuic over A, Proofs vse one given Pina field: and kt “gn extention of F. A= {ek [ Liu finile extenuioy ove Ff.” SLY an algebuic extenuion ove F, tet US = LUX) Then CU se] = (les) = (leo sl) Ces]