Janis | 3 lineas Toans fosmakion (H}e)" s- Lek U and V be shoo yeckos spacers oes a fieod fF. A map T: V+V jn called Dineas tsanafosmation it v (aU, )T = UT+ UT % UU eu 2) (uU)T = KCUT) + WeU and KEF = A Lineax toanrfosmation is calded hornomaxbhiatn a a ‘lectos space - Hom ELU;V) ih a Neckov—space over F2— a fae eee ee , ‘ Let Hom pt UW) = GTiuty J such athak T ) bs a Bineax teansfoymation fiom vu do V- The mab oO: ve dedined by xo20 ¥ neU ib a ) ) Yineox teanmPosmation , 40 8 e Home L0,V). ns wie dtbing an addition Gt) in Hormp (UN) ar Podoun 3 Lek TT. © Home (v,V) Deling TL thr v4 v by wht h) = wht ay + vel cteaaty, T+ t € tome WW) With serpect to addition, |Home CUN) becomes an abedian gooup-Again Ok Ker FTE Horae (uyy) Define XTi ur Vo by Uet) = eT) 4 ueuU- thi Blas) deiner 0. realax rmuldipfication In Homp lu) by the elements of iF. Now, it i» tary to see thot Horm p (UN) ib 0 Neckoy space owes Fe Tn pasticulas; U= WV, hen Hong (wv) ts o yectow space ovex F- Dim, (Home (v,v)) = 7 Suppor dime (vu) = mseo and dim, (v) =n <0 het foq, xa, 2, 2q,---, *m3, C4, --- Yng be Lhe oydexed bani» of U and V sespectively oves F- let |< tem and 1 a4 ay + an 4 faye Then Pao erM + L@ zo [Lv ao jay, > One nok all zeso] Chasly, Plt) = Stats are — , att = 4 ne . A = Fat 26 t=O Henee P Gey aatiafied by T Tt showy that LT. of Pinte no. , clemants containy polynomial (fale pel ll alll ar ell el ll el ob ol OB BB 5 SSS /VOEOKOOLVULUULUVUUELULELECECOLELEEEEEEEEEEL LU A -monic pobynomial in FX of smablesk deysee nakinfies by T ts called minimal foynomia® of OT mee F Cheas ty degsee of poo én, [8] bet Dime (v) =m and — Dime Wn Lee Leyte stm and Ld, ---) Sng be the ssdeved baris of oy py wobenely oves F. Lek — Menyn CF be the yectow space alg the myn matsices ovex fF. Define a rob :- 5 Home WY -F Many, LE) a» foddoun 3 Lee Te Home Lv,w) n Subpone “T= Z Og 4b ; re jem Fil Now m(t) = L4yTinyn © Man CF) Since hO — vebvesendaction of On ekement in beams af elements ts 4 of basis in unique, — thesefosg the: map Hines by OT) = MCT) = C8 SImyn ik a well defineol mabe T] Tse Home (uv) fF xe F Then q (my = ¢Mt $l) 4 (ey = KECD,J, Chasackesrtic Rook + te T €AlW 3 ACF Ir 74 ba homomosphisen of yeckox spacer: Geasdy, § ib one-one and onto: In pastiewlay | if us, Then dts) = 4CDt 4) d(ts) = 401) 403) e(aT) = X4FUD n [ at= = MigeJ , mended ,xerH , Ix Len 4A Hence AWD = li = Home WW & myCP) = F L (atgedoa af att nxn matsice) qit)= LHD” 4CT™) = cp” ¥ mo. called a chavactesste soot of ' T iP 3 OF EV such thot uT= AM, the Neckoo uv ts caded — chatactesntic oad verkod Cersperponding tO the chadactewatic wook A> Now vt = av + yt = Aez) a } w (tat) =0 [Lit is a wand fosrati ons cu ve Car) ae PPP PPP TS ee fee eS SS AS AS ASA ; a Since UtO , bo To AT=O a2.VOLLUVLOULUUUUELELLOCOEECOCCEEEEEEEEEEC Com *f : 4 > T-ar in*one- one > Taal in @ dingudaé L.-T. Netsely, dime (vy) £00 and T-al : vey is sin gud.as % T- al ik nok one-one. [i TP Tear is one-one, thenm Singe TAT ik onto then T-Ar is non- % kes (T- AD) #0 = {0} H ' ence J o-KwE Kes CT AD) vouch thot ulT-at)=0 4 yt = ae + A te 0 chawactewrtic woot of T. TP Ae F ib a chasactesriic soot of T and Fob € FOG i» the minimal polynomiod of T. Then A is Q@ chadackésrtic soot of EGO, Adso , iP Ae Fo is a chavactesstic soot of £0), then A th Chabackesstic soot af T Dnvasiont Yn “Theowern 4 $- Let V be a veckow apace cves a ficdd Seen > tet Vo be ao vectos space ovey a fan F and T € AW) = Home WW). A subspace W 4 Vis coded invasiank andes T if WIE W Y we W (ox wren). F and T € ACN): xf Nis gg. subspace of Vooinvasiank undey T: Then JF a LT./ \ Jan 1oU Toy + Vii much thot the minimal po dyno rial of FT ovey fF divide the minima —podynorniad of 1 owen FF. i dey f 7 Subspace vy invasiank un Poosh Let Wo be a p of. Te AW): Conrides the Quotient space Vin” define a map a a foM0ows Lek VtW € 7 » WEV Now wev ond Te AW) So ut EV Therefove VT +H € AD So define wt wT = v1 i Connided, Vit Wh = ‘tH 5 we then view € W > (-w)T ew Cv wreug te, ¥T- wT ¢ H [eT @ Lt, ee NJ Fy, “VTt we WrtH a (Mt WT = Wt n)t + [Fy vette defined] ter uth, wed & 5 wyweev ,weF. ise ol ef 8 9we Geqgeppeewetererirvweeererre ree Se SE SS eS then (Ven tule nF = (vevle HT a (yeu) T+ svt +uT+u es uTtut wTtu 2 (ve wT + C4 wT Also, [X(viw ITF = (vtwyt SLO) T + OW Sok(vt)+ wl = (ut +) H* (b+ Ww) FT Suppone that $e ACW such thet woe W Now if wen, shen W(T+S) = wTt wS e W4+ Hew YW iy invasiant undes- T+S. Then :ov vo THe t wo 7 ap Ih & Lineas Tar» Pogmatian. let uywe x > wey Ten (ut ny Fee) = vdt4s) +H y " UT+uS + w — VT +W+ ust W = (Yt OT + WHEW = (vr wo CF +5) == (J7 i wc W Agaun if » then u(t) = Guts € WS ew > wts) ew => WH is invasiant undes TS Thn FS: Vv v4 T wo} hae Now (vty) = vis) +N, weY = WT)$ + W = (UT t+ w)s = (@+ wT) = (vt WF) . —¢ Fsom this ik follows thot — ae Te = TT = TT =(7T) . — Jp euteu ineve owe Now Le wi = GT a A nimp$e induedon sxhowr — that mynl wre oe Hy mzo and a) Again tek xe F and we W w(t) = x (uwT) € xh eu > Wo ots Invoviant undes aT. Hence, &T ! a ~ In a) LT. =) = T) + W and (ut w CD = ¥ (aT) a vit) t wl = & ( vt +t 4) = of (v4 7 = (v4 W(X) eee mw wo ae 2aphp 222,232,222 / / aaaVOEUVVZFEUUUUUFCECOUOFFCEGCEE ST SS SS } VouvVVE Oo. + [ee al-© Let IT! V+ Y be the identity L.-T. Then Wl = W Thesefose F 2 X. + YX bs given foe Ei em quer by Wtw)E = vit w =a ut w + DT in the identity iT. on 2. W O- $ Finadsy | ns = eee ew [[whese o¢€ aw] These f ove 3 1 WL “ bp o L f 7 > ‘a in Ts (erwd 2 vo + HW = O+W = W + 9 be the zeso deansPowmastion on NM Ww a Le LK) © FIXI be the minimal — polynomial of T and g(x) € FLEXI be athe minimal polynomial of 7 Subpore = uM 4 me mm Then $CT) = TTA TMA Lt in Tt mT? = § Since = 4) = 4 - = ince HE CT) = WO = fof & We) [ew iy invasiont andes ets Theeelose “Tq wat], aa ot £0 6 T + Th Xn, Tt Mme HoeBy ® @ at O 7 wai ———= a x TO t+ BTOT 4 tt nat + Mm = 6 ict =\m et a ee Ft TI ye nF peimE 2 8 7 2) = 3 + fix) is satinfied by T ovex F. Now g(x) € FO & the minimal polynomiat of T and $0) tm on osdinasy polynormiad oute F sadinfied by T . Thevefoxe 900 Ax) Hence the minima polyno mian of F owes F divides dhe minimal bol ynomiat of Tovey F Henee the pocal . How gO) / ayy 7 Po op i- Suppose Se Ay) ond 1x) te the minimad podyrom al af S ows fF lee hOL) € FLX) ouch that A hs) = 6 divide POO by POO in FOI. lel g(x) be the quotient and st) be the demainder. Oat ad a nll lal el eh eel eh ad woh oh ok BE EEE SE So lea Aa 2ZAALP PPT ad al al elLOLOLVDUUULLUELLELULEEECOLEECEEEEEEE CE EL Ls} hO)= 20) 200) + 600 Hhewe cithes six)=0 ov deguee of One degace of foo=m 8y AapbOying 20x co-efficient , we may toxlcte : WOO = cot ak t ~__ +t emym™® er. Now hls) = fisatsy + 5s) 6 = 640s) + abs) + x8) = 6 TP sQO#O , Bhon xls) = 6 % 3 0 non-zovo — polynorniad of degvee esr than ro aati fieol by §, © contea diction. 4+ (= 0 > hos $0020 > 409 Jn * Exevtine 4 > Let W be a subspace of a veckox space a Vo oweS fietor F Suppose Te acy) be such thot WT © W. Then evesy chavacteyastic soot ef TF is oln0 a chasackeantic soot of T- Poo) , l- Now WT EW yy 4 a Bineas tans fosmatan given by tw 2 ure uy 5 weveASN, Ihe minimal poSynamial Sey gO of Tout F divide the rminimad potynomiad nay fo) af T owes OF. het EF be a chavarteastic voot of T , dher A IS a Kook o| the minimad —_ polynomi ah gO of F, ABso 30D) (408) > A wa woot | tw Again aeF and A is @ soot of fie) > a is 0. chasactevstic soot of T ‘Theosem 2 (- ket Wo be a subspace of a yeelos Apece NV ooves 0 field =F such that |W th \nvosiant = oundes T € AW). Then A @ LT Tio Wa W auch thot the rein ral podynamial of Tove F divide the = minimod — polynarnial 3 f Tots Fs Pooof S- Lek W be a pub rpace of Vy inyasiant undes (el ff fm fl 0 T. Define 2 map Trt WF W by wt = wtl, wen Lt wten] as Now (w4ul) T = (te T = wt + wT cl 4 / =e wth +e af ¢Se AQxO @es)T, = (XuL)T = xCeT) = & (wT) * few ed Subbose Se ACY i Auch that hs ew Then W(T4+S) = WT+ WS S WewWew 7 W ib invasionk undes TS. Meee, 49), We ik LT °F w (tts), = w(T4s) = wT + wS = iT + uss, = wl +5) * [FBS] —o AQso Wits) = (ws ¢ ns ew > WN is invasiant undes TS. Then (Ss Wow om & LT Since w(t) = uCTs) = Ds = WTS = (wT )S,= “CGS + (@,- 15 |- —o Again if oer, then wlat) = x(wT) Sen Hence (XT), = w(kT) = x (aT) = «(aT,) = wt (XT, ) + (eae(18) Since (= Cw, = T= GY and wits Wye Thesctove Q simple induction shows shat WOTM) SH 4 m20 Cleasty, oa. wy wis the identity LT. and): WOW in the ze LT. Let FO) = EMA th le KF MR! be she minimnal polynomiad of T and fet* hUy) € FLX] be athe minimal pollynomiad of 7,- fin = 6 Fy TM 4 TM tg aT Heme = 8 Thesefose (1 + QTM lg Tt ED =F 4 , 8 0 1® ard @, Te (I) lTM!), + Lo + Colma) + Wnt = 9, Ly 4 GOT) 4 8 im TL Fmt = 3 + tH= 3, 7 $00 1h patinfied by 7. Since nCX) € FLYXT ts the minima polynomial of T 0/44 ’ Hence the poap . xo ao my ep te om)MV UUUNUVVIVVUOUBDYUUOGUBTUGEGGCEECSESEUCCEECECECEECECEECE uo Renu + Lek eF be a chatacteyitle soot of T , then A in Q@ Boot of hCx)- Since h&x) / Hw ) > dh ib a soot op 40) Since AEF, no A Ke ch. ‘ook of Ts The Tiwaw defined above th called the menial T on W os we write Te Thy def? t- Madsin of Te ALD + Leb V be a verkos space af dimennion on oves, a field F and TE ALD Suphor Lau, ty -—-seng be a bari op VY oves F. Now |[£t¢n then xT EV [sTi va vJ Since fre, ---) mn} i a basis of Vv oves Fy Then 3 unique Oy , ir, ---, Gin € F duch that b “T = Z a4 S ayy + AQt%, + 2 + Undn Then the agquase matotx [ij Jenn Oves fieda F jy coded the mabsin of T in the osdesed banin fy ,%, ---,4 9 of Nv. D n i Let V be a vecto¥ sbace ones a diedd F and TeEAW)sssanpni Let PAE FL be the minimal polynomias of 7. We say thot aQS the chasactesrtic soot of T ase in F ‘y ald the sootrs of to aée in Fy “thease 3 let V bea Finise dimensional vecto¥ npace ef dimension n ovey a fieda Fo and TeAW): TP Qh the chasactesstic soolh of T ase in Fo then 3 a basis op vin. which the matsin of T is Lowes beiangdeules- Poop. '- Let V be a vedtos space of dimension n oes a fald F and TEAL Suppore 400 € FOX] be the minimas polly nomia Ts Ne ase given that alt the chsackeortic soot, of T ase in ¥F. So alt the ch. sooth fw ace in F- let de F be she ch soot of Ts Thon 3 a non-zeso vectos 04 % Such that MTs At We psove the © venudk by induction on dim W) =n, xp n=} Then %#0 implies that eH b Si nenvdy independent - So dime(y) =I: it PPP PTT TT EL SS al Sim ane lal il fo fl fl olboLLLLLLLEULDUEULULUOCEFCeLCECCCCCECECEEEE Let | > Pad ib oO bans of Vv oves Now xiT = ay 7 the dq uase mateire Cady b> the matain op T in the banids fou, Cheasdy, Lady ip a dvian gues matei of osdesx 4: Next Let nzl Subpore by induction, the serult in dou dow ald thone LT. "T” defined on vectoy rpace ef dirn “eT tne Zz (tcgry WW) = Zwaan Se e PPPPPIPISILSILIL IFS TOPNISAAASSHARKRE a /2 ja sd @ p= (9/VULLLLLELELELLLULLELE ve LULUuLuduided. 123 i a + MT - Days e€ We <7 fa 2 Fay EF such that “eT - F ays = any ge2 NT = Oye + FE ay xy = bi . > XT = Z Asx “OO (24tsn) 33 Tole Aue A Then yt = ay = Qt —@® Combining O£ @ , we get Sb KT = 2 ayty [alsien] Ja Now fof is a banis of HW and fat N, XetH, = --9kntHz mm a basis of ae Thesefoxe Pye), jd 1 a bain of ouee F. i Sine oT = & ayay ts tn) i T4375, C ‘These)ose {4,2 -—j%} 1S an avdesed banis of v in iahich the matte of Tt Do we taiangudas makalr « This campSetes the Induction. Hene re boos) .Exescine 2+ Show that ack be a wook ef the mininnad —podynomion of T Hep & be o chasactesstic soot of Ts foe a> let Te AW and POO = aL § Oeney X Fm x0 € FEET be the minimal pofynomiad of 7. le Ae F be a woot ef POO, then Cx-a) ts a factos of fuy- % LO) = Hag) for some gtx) € FE) % LOD) = K-Ax) Gey) > Deguee of 90) = m-| Now f(T) = CT- art) 4tv > (tT argi= 8 Tx $=] Tp T-aT in @ non- singudas. ¥ Then (Tat) ih one-one and onto tsan»fosmation « Then (tary € AW) Hence (T- at) 4CD = 6 4+ (tant (t- apg = > gi) = This a conteadiction to deguee m of fo Hence (T-at) dm singular. 3 (Te at) ts nok one-one and onto > les CT-AE) 4 $03 Then 3 @ non-2eB0 veetos we kes (TAL) SV such that uwCT-a 20 2APPPPPPPPIPPIILILSLIS IL OLRAGF HAHAHAHA AAAsLULLLLLELULLLELELELEe doteeuusiduidede 2s} wT os dw f + A th oO. chawackesstic soot ‘ef T: Conues rely, Suppose dF is a ch soot of T- - 7 oF weEV such that VT = Aw Pe ouT™ = (wT os alvt) =A Cw) eeu A atmpde induetfan shows that vT™ = AMy ¥ m20 Since fet) = 6 TM +t TMT gk OmiT + OmT = 6 ae lT™ 4 Tet y TMT OCT) 4 woe ty amy gt = Lam 4 aan ---tOmaT + QmE) = vd) -~+ Om Lut) + aur > 8 —-- + Amy AL +t amu = 8 + --tmij At Amyues 8 Foam Ak aa t am = 0 [rxu=6 pues ? dtw=so eet RA th O Book ap £ Ox). Sf , Theosern 4. Lat TeAty) whese Win a vectos spac af Theowern 4 dimension n ovexs a field F. TP aM she ch woos of Tt aw in F then T patinfien a polynomiag a) degsee om owes Fe fos} tr Lek VO be o yeckos ppace of dimension n owes a fitch Fo and Te AL) had ale the ch sooth in F. Since ak 4ne ch: Coots oUso T ase in F, Thesefow, 4 a barin (yay) Doty ey =o =, ong of Vooovedy Fach that the matsin 8h Tin Shin basis sri angulas matsie, lee A = [adda be sho modtaix o) Tin she alls ty, aay = X83 of Ne Now ays 0 WP icg and bi maT = Oy HT = Oat + One MT = Qapy + Og + Qaaxy HT = One, + rat + aya = Faye; oy WS h 0 en anT = Any i Put age = , laten Then AT = Oye = A HD) = 4 CAT) >? MT - 4 CAT) =0 ey aCT- x) 2-0 — @ Again aT = Ay, 4 bh e 42 CT- aT) = Wy +s CT- tI CT- aD = 4,, (4 (1D) ee (T- aD CT- at) 2 %1-0 20 Cay OF Since (T-oP)CT BE) = T > bT - aT + abt SUebE)C Tat) ater aa ae etal eld eed lt iS 5 SS 8 Sf > im 3/3/23 | sl aVVOVDLLULULUEUUEFCOLLOULCECELCEEEEE }, | vVVvvVvvVVVIVD \ leq Hence % CT- az) CT- ht) =0 Suppose by Induction, *j (1T- aD) (1 &r)---CT- AD =0 —@ Mog, Wag ed ial Now xia T = = Own 24 ba} = Meg ty t+ Oey cies) MEH i Z OGuygey + Att *Z41 Re > tu CT AD = : Any 4 XY suet CT din) Ce at) t-&t) 2. (TD) 2 fz (aea20] (Ct ad) (1-a--- Ct-arD) do > = quay (2 Ce add) (EAD -- 0 a2) J4 = z agiyj (0) = Ley @] P xig) CT-&T) C1 ad) --- CT~ ai) CT aga) = 0 This competes the induction: Hence *y CT- aT) (TB) _-- T= dnt) so ¥ Ey Heiden Lat $= (t- aE) (T- ast). -- (Chant) Then Se Aly) Since aysS=o ¥ fe Lt, -2-)7, ‘revel ove Lays, ---)%n3 ty ao daair of V imbiie that H s-h tek FO = Ke x2) CH Ke). CH an)—_ oo Then NEP, 4x) € FLT and deqee 4 fen Now FCT) = Ct am) Chad .-- (ident) > = $23 ZT satishies POW). Hence T satistign a polynomial £000€ FUT of degsee on. Similas Makwices t- Let F be a fietd ond MnCO = fr be she adgebsa of o09 nxn matsix ovey F: Lek A fF B € ME) We say that ff is @ simifay to B (Ro FO non— wingubas mathe ce MnlF) such that @ = cect. Now Cbs non atngulas. Ey d= ct ty aso non-singular. Hence A = cect = dled Deline a seldction ~ in MACY as PodBows !- Lek €,8€ My) Then we say that aww i A ix» imidos to @. y As TAIT whese LT is a non- singudas madeira ie, Anas i) Th Aww st A i oimilas to @. > A = cOcrl whese © 1s a Non-singulas motsin. py elaca OPPS StS SS SS StS SSS SSDS SS SSVELELLLLLLLLUELLELELEECeLECE CEC ELEC EEE? pel Lek De CH in also a non- singulay matrix: + 8 = pant = B&B ts oatmidexs to A. YX Ona. ) TP AB and gee Then 3 dwo non- ringuday matin P and R such thot f= Pept and B= RORT Now A= pap! + as placedet = PRCA! Whese PR id also O Non-singulas maksix- PZ Anc. Hence ~ ib an equivadence sebation- Theowern S» Le F be a field and A © Mn(F) be such Shot aX £he chavackesstic soobs of A axe in F then A is oimifay to a teiangulay matrix Psosh, 2 ek ve PP =f Caya,---,an) [are ry be! the Vectos = sbace a} a2d the n-dupfes undex component wine addition and Component wine seodas rudtipdicastion. Lee Leien and take ep= (1 ~--19;40,-..,0)- (ZW p dace) Then, ---) en? be a bars, oh Vo oovey P- [he know thak if Le, ---,enJ te a dasin of a Nreckos pbace Vi ows fF, M4,(F) ‘Then the mop 4: Al) & given by 46) = LoyInen 5 big € F.8 bf n and eiT = E bye; 1 an isomosphinmn of F- algebya. on 7 Lee A= Doda, be the ghien mass - Thine a dinenx Ssanstoxmation TiVV by n n n GT = ay AM 4 gA™l 4 + amy A t+ AmT= 0 + 2-0 Since 30%) id the minima pollynomiad op A oves dO IW/s &)” Simidasdy , using the mab : gts MCF) e AW we gee chat ROD Lg gy) - Sine La) 5 g(k) ase monic, 0 Swe g&): i duudvduinndunccnaanann a / fale CLUSLELUUVULULLOULOGLLLCEECOCCELCCECCECCECECEE L314 Now a9 the chavackesrtic Yooks of A axe in F =P AND the soot» of 30)= FOX) ave in F. 2 AML dhe ch soodn of T ave in Ff. Since a9 the ch sooks of T ase in F, m0 3 0 bonis (ray) $,%, --- anf ef Vo owes Fo such that the motsit say Q = Coy of T in this basis EHlongulas. ‘a Thus T= Z biyry » Wsitn a4 Now fe,en---ytr} ond fo j&,-—y%] ase the bani, of VY oves FP. These Pose, the LT. Rt Y-+ V. defined by R= AL ib Non- Aingulas. » Wsien. Hence = @iR = Hy aint =e; leten LOS if ) Comridey the Gineax transfosmation + RTA EVV Now epCatat) = (aR) TRI s = ated = (ated =(= wy xy) ed pale) = (a0 (2 uy) Ley ei Rta) é Ea bij ey a Since 42 AWG) &@ MM, B® oO homomoxphism , no 8 (Rte = Lou 7 MR) dT eCRI) = B lek C= FR) then de) = Jed! = ct Cv RQ iy none aingudo)[Jan 28) 2 =) So, $ Ct) =A imptes that 4 cact = @ + & is aimidas to Q. > A is wimikay to @- TA ib simikax to a sexiangullas matel- NILPOTENT —} Lek V be a vectos space vey a Field Fo and TE ALY): Then T in calded nidpotenk it 3 a 4ve indegex m auch that Tm. 6 Afro the 4ve inkegey m ts cafded the index af nidpotancy op T Tho oT™s 6 but TMI GS. Theovem 6. Let V be a Nectox space ef dimension aes a id F and TEA) nidpotenct fhen 3 a dais af Vin ahich the matsix af T is Jowex tetanguiav and aX the diagonal endsith abe ze¥0- Pood, t- Lek ¥ be a Neckow space at dimenaion 0 nes a fidd F and et Te AW) be O nitbotent Sinears -teanafosmadion- Subpore T id nikpotenk af index ™, +hen wn § bak Ted HS. Take At) = em © CR] then ACD = m2 4 TY ec cl le eel eee lb od cel wh oh BSS SS 5S SSSVIVVOVVUVUOUUUDOEULELELE EC ebECCEC EEC EL EE: [33] lek gtk) € FET be the minitmad poly nomiag at. Then 9 Wy /t0) + gW= xe) Ie kk em Again gh) is a minima potynomiad of T. > g(t) +5 Pp Tk. % Aig ain nilpo tency index of JT ib m. + Hence » doy = 900 = X™ js the minimad podynormiad of T ovex F- Now 0€F i ahe ondy voot of 2(x)- Thevefose 20 the ch sooty of T ase in F. Hence J a basis pay Passe en] oh viooin which the matvix aay A= Cayd of T is a dviangulay matvix- Thus aij = 0 iP iss i and = Tos ZT aiyxy » Wgden I let 8: AW) —y Myr) be athe ftromosbhiam oh F-algebyas with serpeck 40 the basis Py x2, ---) tH, \Vsien Then xT = = iy xy > dH ae $(MeA Hence 6 UT™)= 4(8) =9 + [epy™ 20 4 ama 0.m 4 0 0 ~-- 0 Avy = | % ar o___o ' v = 0 1 \ M1 On Gn — — — On a 0 nr) ” FF oa" o_O 1 = O 1 a 1 to Kal Mog? afm » igten- 0 0 _.-_0 %, 9 ._- 0 1 \ On)* Unz - -- 0 + A is O Yowex Leiangudas motste in which afd Ane dia gonad efements ase 2es0d- Hence J a dards § xa, --) an} sp yin which the motor of T EAW) ts 0 fowls Aviangulas maksiz and ai® the diagonal entsiers ave 22b0- Lek Y be a vectos space eves a Feud Thessen T. — $,T EAM) be nidhotent Linea Foand teanstoamotion, such Shot Si = TS > / then both SET J ST WE Bienidbotent LT, aaadaadddd@duddubdd dd didi ois;VPULVUVVVUVUULULUUUUOUUUOCCEECRCCECCECCECCCEKEEE? [3s | a2, Pooh s- Lek 8, T © ACY) be such that ST= TS. Then 81> = (gut > CTS) T = T6sT) = TLS) =T's A rimpSe induction shows that stk. tks ¥ kzo Sim ios y 1 Q simpe induction shows that Sete 2 Tksh A 520, keo let S$ be nigbotent sf index m ond T be nidpatent of index n- a > SM 2G ond Th = 6 Noo SM 26 a gmt. 6 Fsom this we conclude that sia 3 ¥ 22m Od 2S gon ) Now (STP = smn qren = (ser (ray =). CO™ = fi) Lek Se men Since ST= TS, theseoxe o> (rvt= s4 By SttT 4 4 deg STA! 4 1% CL@y dino miad en] te, (seth = z dey set qh Q-i > Eta ght 4 F hes ic ior Now Semin gif ocien then 2-i Bm YW OicnHence s-4 Again ion > Ts D Trevefove (S+7)* = F geld). tH £20 o> sO MN i and Th. 8 ~~ Lene + o Again 1? = 5 + CD" = + -t Since = 8(-T) = EDS, Hhevefoxe by above sesult $+ (HT) Bid nispolent: AYVS=-T is nidpotent- Obrewadion ¢— esa 136] Cr shoo + ser] [x 28 ¥ oe) + & Sey get () ynan . na .% corm = Cuno =? sent Suppose TE AW) is nilpocent- 0 Peooh TeALW) ih nidbotent and jf m is index of nibotency of +, Then Now y T k 7m ad ay = amk = OK» 8 iv nidhoten >» kz] | ft fa a a a app pw aLOLULLELULELULULOOEECEECLEC CECE EEL EE SS i [REF ST wiped] feo t- Let wer Then @&T)™ = x™EM 2 aM(G) = 8 7? AT jn nidbotent. Thus oe aM ST EAD, EF % LCSD = &S)T = S(XT) Gi) Lek Ge, ee, ey OF Tone fS= mT 4 G1t+__ + GT © AW) Nee CT). iT) = GtpPCut + id % %T! iy nidpotent 3 i2t * [2 St= TS + StT is niQbotent. Subpos® T, Th, ---) Tr axe nidpotent and TiTp = Ty 4d A rienbde induction Shows that T+T +--+ Te is also nidhotent| Wy (ETB von sing] S500). Now T= 3 Ss [2 t-6 2 I- TM = (a-t) ET aT 4..4T™) 2 (vata. Th) (1-D) Take S= T4T+T 4 __aqmt e aw) Tren T= (2-Ds= -s(i-1) y T-T is an inyewtible Linens tsansfoxmatton- ZfI-T Im non- ningwles.| 38 | Now T is midpotenk < <7 is asd pidpotent: and hence = T= (-T) im also non-singula’ 7 \L4D is non- singudad |. (ME tek Be PF ond x to Psoab. Since XK #0 > ett pT = x(x +(P&)T) Since T is nilpotent, »o (Bf) T ids a%ro niSpokert. > T+ @a)T is non ningudas. Lek Se ALY) be the inuesse of (24 (KIT). Then (2+(2u)T)S = S(T (RT) = I vy (er ters = 8 Cat+et) =at % (ary eryets = xis Cart er =t P XT4 BT ts non—ringulass (i) TE Vs a Veckox space ab dimension n and te Aty) 15 nidpotent of index m. Then msn. Pooo) — Lek ¥ be a veetoxs rbace oy dimension n ayes a fied Fo and T EAW Is nilpotent ef darts Indes om: Ten Ta 8 but TMZ? Since TRL 4d , 0 FA weV dutch that url 20 eudgo ,vtdo,---, wt" 40 ° ennui nnnnnnnanenii ueenuun ao 2299207 SceneBReLEKLLLLUULUUUUUUUOOECOLECCKCECEEECEEEECE [38) We claim that wut, ut, a vT™T xe LT oves F. Subpore if possible vu, uT, ¥TY, 2, uT™ 4 ave LD. oes Ff. Then 3%, -- Xn} CF nok alt zeso uch that Mov + (UT F + Xing CuTPP)=0 -O Let &%j be the tivsk non-zeso co-ePPicient in the above exbwession. Then iem-l fos jp iam, then by QD xXma (uTm™t) =0 Since utd Zo , 70 %my 7? FZ ho, GY wy, --- Xm 29 A contyadiction- 7d dem-l Thuy OO becomes % (vt®) t Xia (util) + --- + bem (ete?) a > uti Lat t ayT +--+ eng TPES O since aj ZO and T is nidpotent , the ve] ox? aT t+ aT + ---+ hp TE ison Investible LT: Let S be the invevne of thin LT. then vti Latter t+-~t aeney TEE] S$ = OR S= @ > et a0 7 utiso LL A untsadicton because wT Lem #0 wt , demel[244an {40} Hence the veetos vy uT uth, vt ase Unearty indebendent oves F Since dive{ 4 dime (VW) =n, The sehove men. L* Th dimen, then mose than n vector» op No ave LD: oves F J Theoxem$. Lek V be a vector space eh dimension n ovexs a field F and TEAY) id Puch that © i> the ondy chasactesstic wook of T- Then T is @ nidbotent LT. Psooh 2 Lek V be a vectos space of dimension n oves a field F. Lek TEAL) be Puch shat O ty the ondy ch: sook of T. He poove the senubt by indudion on dime W)2 n- Now O is dhe chy soot of T- SA a non-zeso verkos Say Vv, EV Auch thot WT = OW =O Th dime WW) = 1, then of HEV ye Ys sh lee wev Then = MY tow nome XeF Now vt= @uyT = be dhe subspace ef V owes ao hold fF. Then dime CW) =I Also we reen * ghove. ute OCH 4+ WEN > utTew te, Wik invaviant undes T. Now WT SH, then Fo a LT T: LAL given by (tT s vT+Hw | uev puch khok the minimad bolynomiad ay) 9Cx) of divide she minimal polynomiag af Po of 1. We note shot dim Aq) > n-l Fo. 8 No xt cn op WK si ¥ kz Renee (urn) FM eo uTM™ + Wo A WEY xq Since FM = B | theeehove ) v we UT? 4s wed = Ww [84 eae Hence uTM en A VEY > yr! © nt gw = eurT = fof > ourml 2 fol F vey > TM = 6 a Tt nidpokent of index Smt. Thin combderes the induction. Hence the psood. Definition —~ Let V be 0 vectox space ef dimenNen - n oey a fietd Fo and TeAW. te W be a »ubrpace of V invasiont undes T- Lee limp CH) = mCén) a Lek Ponta, - = Men J be a borin of W owes F, Now “4ieh > wT EW Csi ar s I a Seemeesesananman Saws Ss Ss sssee Rees DPAPAPA PAPA AIAAAIAAGUANOA(43) Sinee fun, mf bE a banis of w oves fy Qim € F such that ‘Then 3 wnigue jy Qin, ---> m “Te ZT apy (tsiem) sat The mquase matein A = LaijJmem > Called the mats dq on We im th@ barin f2y,%., ---.%m 9. Let 1 = Ths Then the matin A isn caldel the matsin of Te ) * ste lek kobe a He indegex , then the mquase mat sin > J - > > > > 3 > > > > > > 3 3 5 > > > > ? =~ SET ee re Orel Ue 040 9--- 00 004 9--- 99 trot . ‘ao : = MH ( Notation) 09 6 »_ =O! 900 9 __ 09S yyy of osdes £ in denoted by My: 4 a Theosern 9. Let Vi be a vectox apace sf dim n oes a Hickd F and Te AW) is nifpotent af index m. Then 3 0 baris sf Vo im ahtch athe -matdin sf tin ef the foum Mm 0 © ~~ 00 0 Mm, Qo --=- 4 0 1 ' ' \ 7 4 \ 1 $9 8 = a Mma 0 ~ 0 -~ =- 0 Thin, \ whese mam 2mfrool, S-Wlet Te AW) be nidfotené af index mr and dimen G Then J a subspace Y of Voyuch that MT EV, and 3 a basis of yy in which the moatsire of T on Ww Mm. i= Now | TEA) be nitpodent af index rm. xX oT. 8 bat Th 48 Since qmtg § 0 FJ WEV vuch thet wT fo. PSHE HSHEKHSS % wdo , Ut#O, ---, wT! ¢o toe Sf = Sy wT, ow) (the subspace af V genewated by wth esis) ® | p We knows. thot Wy WT, 2, TI owe LT ote F. & I LBy obreavation Wd] © I Hence cime CJ = Mm ¢ 7 c ¢ lake WT & Ny whese 04% o mel a i] Now (yti)yT = yt! c ¢ D i -), th ith wititl ey, a I Ty gem-l, then deftete itlem. =» vytit se ut = v6 2d ey Hence {N, Is invaslank undes Te let xy= Vy, ta = UT, -- jt BT ty = WTI Now a T= WT = % = Ott leat Ong + + Om f ST = QT)T = WT = ay Ont Ot LQ 4---4 OAM Sine T= QTY) T = WTI = Bm 2 O-%1 40% t ~ -— + bam 3393393939333399 Os O84 0% FO. - + 9.8m, ee SmaT AQ THYUTS WTLLLLLLLLLLLLLEL Ee debeLrvadveuededd Bs bb Las/ The matsix af T on i in the banis 1 Mia %y ~—-5 anf in ©! op o..- O90 oo | o9--- 90 to = Min t4 90000 ___o0l © 0 7p 0. ~~ 00 mim (2) Lek ve WON, and Te AW) be such that ViT SV pONsT Sa" Let dime (i)= tm and dime Wh )= m,- dim. (V) = m+m,. Lee Amyxm, be the mots ix of T on be athe motsin of T on Va Cwikh sespect to any bast of Wp va). Then the matein of -T Cin that basir) ip of athe foxin [é | 0 BInen Psa) fH Let Pu, 5 %mJ be a basis of Np ovey @ My, and Bmareny, Fita Ff and [41 %2,--- 8m J be a doris of Hy ovey a Pied F. Then [5 82) ==) XH HBr, — == 8m, 3 soa basis of No ovey fF. Now A= Caigdmnem, th o& motel af T on Wi in tthe bavid fy, -- Hm, ie uiTs aay 4 (C tsb am) gel Again B= Lbiydnrm, in a motain af Toon vy ini U8) dhe basid LT S5%, -- ) m8 “Ee ~ MiT = 2 big yy (tecem,) ve a CE Now 41T = yt) 4 aay _ 8b Qniny%try CE TOY + OY, + ---+ Oyen, * “i ‘ CR STs Gt Ott 4 a trny > : + out OY, 4 -- + O¥m, - fy 0 Oo -~--0 a 0 s 0 as O--- 0 eo tk aw Poa fot | on 0 0 --- ME}nxn ° a a whewe Aj; in the meckoin af mz XK mj * peVOLULELELULBECECC Eee CEC CECE Eee j \. | YS QVVOYV \ Lat} Prost *. — Ts * and T € ALY) at NiT ON Suppose 4 a baris Croy) Bi of Vi let Ve 820%, @ _-_ vy Cigics) at dhe motsix of Toon Yin Ac ( be, the matsix Ty= T/y in the basih Bi is Aj) He use inductive asgaments, da TP ven, then Ve MOV. We kendes that (pwove it) if Ay id the matsin sf Ton in the basin B, and A, ' the = motsin of Toon Vy Ther 8,08, fh @ basid of Vv in i : a; oO a ' 1 this boris 1 in the basis 8, - and the matyix of T phese omy t mycn. (aim (Ni) = mi, Hea 2) Wwe VO WO” _--@ Vs-4 - Let $72 but Then WT = (x AY t Vey) T&T tT +--+ WaT EN AV +--+ Vey SW yY wte¢w be, HW is invaxiankt andex T Now Ag is the matsbe af T on Ny in the barid 8 Usieva) therefowe by induction the = matsix of} T Xt . on Wo in she baald Der i> re A, 0 o ..-0 0 ° te ° 8 ° = 4 (9) rar | 0 0.0 0 Axa bye wheee 4 - SF tty ‘x aim CE)48) Finally ue waite Ve WO W@-.-O Wed Wend We Since WT ¢ Wand WT ¢ Vy , ahesefove by wha He hoya pvoreekd eawtieg , the matyir +} T in the Ba ‘s boris UB ou By = B (am owdexet borir of vy! al [b 0° OAs taxn whith is same os a, 0 9 ° oA 9 -~-- 9 pay 1 1 1 i tort i 0 0 9 ~ -—A¥ Shen « Whee n= Fm ) mys dim (Vy) ta 4) Cyclic Vectos Space + Lek Vi be a vectos apace, owes 0 Redd F and TEAC): A subspace v, ef V is caded cydic ot T if ® 3 a posidive inkeges m omch shot ATM 3 fo3 but = WT! t fo] 3 ZEN much thot Wie < 8,87, aT, ---, 37? cdeadly, dime We m if Z, AT, —--— TM! awe Sineawdy "Gependent oves F. S) lk W be a subspace ef such chek Wi ty cyddic of. dimension mo wok TEA): a} aTm-k = 68 ,ogkam , wey Then 3 ey rach thee t= atk¢ ~ ~~ in) S = a ay ~ so = ~~ ~ =9 e a) 73 +S => =~ =D Ss =D =D — = =) =) — a) — ») —_ } Ve 1. | a) 4a! Peooh s- Now VW is a cycbic vectos space of inlevnion: m1 Wok Te AW): SOUT = [03 but VT # C03 and. J we ouch thot Ne Now dime Qh)= m + wuT,---,uT™ axe Ly ovey F- Now w@e Wis Me tee ET t —-- + Xm uTeks