Out comes

• What is an intake and output chart

• Purpose of intake and output monitoring
• How does the body loose fluid
• The risk factors to fluid deficit or fluid electrolytes
imbalance
• Describe the assessment of fluid volume deficit or fluid
volume imbalance
What is an intake and output chart
Is a tool used in healthcare settings to monitor and record the
fluid balance of a patient. It tracks the amount of fluid a patient
consumes(intake) and the amount of fluids the excreted(output)
over a specific period of time.
The output section of the chart includes all the fluids a patient
excretes, such as urine, faeces, vomit, and drainage from wounds
or surgical sites. It also includes any fluids lost through sweating
or excessive bleeding.
Purpose of intake and output
• The purpose of intake and output monitoring is to closely track
the amount of fluids that enter and exit a patient`s body, in order
to;
1. Assess the patient`s fluid balance
2. Evaluate kidney function
3. Detect fluid retention or loss
4. Guide treatment decisions
Explain how does the body loses fluids
1) Urination: The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and
produce urine. Urination is one of the primary ways the body
eliminates excess water and waste
2) Sweating: When the body becomes too warm, it produces sweat
as a way to cool down. Sweat is mostly composed of water and
when it evaporates.
3) Breathing: When we exhale we lose small amounts of water as
vapour. This is especially true during activities that increase our
breathing rate such as exercise.
4) Digestion: The digestive system uses fluids to break down food
and absorb nutrients. Remind us of the normal volume of the
above-mentioned
Recognise the risk factors to fluid volume
deficit or fluid and electrolyte imbalance
i. Inadequate fluid intake- Not consuming enough fluids, especially
water can lead to fluid deficit and electrolyte imbalances.
ii. Excessive fluid loss- Conditions such as diarrhoea and excessive
sweating can result in significant fluid loss and electrolyte
imbalances
iii. Medications- Certain medication, such as diuretics can increase
urine output and lead to fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
iv. Chronic illness-People with chronic conditions like kidney disease,
diabetes and heart failure are at a higher risk of developing fluid
deficit and electrolyte imbalance.
v. Age- Infants, older adults and elderly individuals are more
susceptible to fluid and electrolyte imbalances due to their unique
physiological needs and risk factors
Describe the assessment of fluids
volume deficit or fluid volume imbalance
 History and symptoms
 Physical examination
 Fluid intake and output
 Laboratory tests
 Diagnostic imaging

How are you going to detect fluid deficit or volume imbalance

guided by what is listed above?