The union or intersection of two or more sets can be illustrated using

Venn diagram.

Given: M = {3 , 7 , 9 , 11,13 }
N= { 3 ,6 ,9 , 12 ,15 }

1. M ∪ N ={ 3 , 6 , 7 , 9 ,11 ,12 , 13 ,15 }

7 3 6

11 13 9 12 15

The shaded region represents the union of sets M and N, where all
elements of both sets are considered.

2. M ∩ N = {3 , 9 }

7 3 6

11 13 9 12 15

The shaded region represents the intersection of sets M and N,

where the elements 3 and 9 are found in both sets.
Example 2:

If C={ b , o , y } and D= { h , o , p , e }
Then, C ∪ D={ b , o , y , h , p , e }

2. The intersection of two sets A and B, written as A ∩ B and read

as “A intersection B”, is the set of all elements that sets A and B
have in common.

If A={ 10 ,20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , 60 } and B= {5 , 10 , 15 ,20 , 25 , 30 }

Then A ∩ B= {10 , 20 , 30 }

Example 3:

If X ={ l ,o , v , e } and Y = { h , o , p , e }
Then, X ∩Y ={ o , e }

Lesson 4: Venn Diagrams

John Venn was an English Mathema-
tician and logician. He used overlapping
2 6 3
circles, ovals, or any closed figures to indi-
cate sets that have features or some of the 4 11 8 10 12
same elements. The elements were placed
in the overlapping part of the two figures. A B
These diagrams are known as Venn Dia-
grams.
A={ 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 ,11 }
B= {3 , 6 , 8 , 10 ,12 }
Lesson 3: Operations on Sets
Universal Set – is the set of all elements under consideration. It is de-
noted by U.

Let U be a universal set. If U is the set of counting numbers, and

A={ 0 , 1, 2 , … ,10 }, then the elements of A are wholly in U.

Thus, set A is a complementary set of U.

The complement of set A, denoted by A’, is the set of elements that

does not belong to A; that is, the difference of the Universal set U
and A. In symbols,
A '={ x| x ∈U ∧x ∈ A }

Example 1:

a. If ∪={ 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 ,12 } and A={ 4 ,8 , 12 }

Then, A ' ={ 2 ,6 ,10 }
b. If ∪={ x| x is theletter ∈the word honesty } and B= {t , o , y }
Then, B'= { h ,h , e , s }

Consider the given set:

A={ 10 ,20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , 60 }

B= {5 , 10 , 15 ,20 , 25 , 30 }

This is read as “a set of all x’s such that x is a letter in the

word “boy.”
b. G= { x|x is an odd number less than20 }

This read as “the set of all x’s such that x is an odd num-
ber less than 20.
 The elements of two or more sets can also be combined to
form a new set by means of set operations. Some of these opera-
tions are called union and intersection.

1. The union of two sets A and B, written as A ∪ B and read as “A

union B,” is the set of all elements of A together with all ele-
ments of B. Thus, for the given sets,
A ∪ B= {5 , 10 ,15 ,20 , 25 , 30 , 40 ,50 , 60 }
*It is the set of all elements in A and B. Note that the elements 10, 20
and 30 are only listed once in the union of sets A and B.

Lesson 2: Subsets and Proper Sets

Example 1:

a. A={ 0 , 1, 2 }

b. B= {0 , 1 , 2, 3 , 4 ,5 }

If all the elements of A are found in B, then we say A is a subset of

B, written as A ⊆ B and read as “A is a subset of B.”

Example 2:

a. C={ 10 , 20 ,30 , 40 }

b. D= {5 ,15 }

D ⊄C – read as “D is not a subset of C”

*We use the symbol ⊄ to indicate a certain set that is “not a subset
of”
Describing a set in three different ways:

1. The Description Method – a set described by stating the com-

mon properties or characteristics of the elements. The descrip-
tion of the set is closed in braces.

Example 3:

a. A={ even numbers less than 20 }

b. M = {letters∈the word ” honesty ” }

2. The Roster or Listing Method – a set is described by enumerat-

ing or listing the elements; each one is separated by a comma
and enclosed in braces.
Ellipsis (…) – is used to denote the elements that are not
written but are still part of the set.

Example 4:

a. C={ b , o , y }

b. D= {1 , 3 , 5 , … ,19 }

c. E={ … ,−3 ,−2 ,−1 , 0 ,1 , 2 ,3 , … }

Set D is an example of finite set. Finite Set – if it is possible to count

all elements.

Set E is an example of infinite set. Infinite Set – a set in which the

counting of elements would never stop.

3. The Rule or Set-builder Method – the set is described by giving

a rule for the element of the set.

Example 5:

a. F={ x|x is a letter∈the word boy }

 Mathema
Lesson 1: Concepts of Sets
Set – is a well-defined collection of objects.

– it is denoted by capital letters of the English alphabet.

Members or Elements – are the objects or items which belong to a

set.

– if the elements of the set are letters, they

are usually written in small letters.

Braces { } – are used to enclose the elements of a set when we list or

describe them.

Example 1:

A = {l, o, v, e}

Symbol ∈ is used to denote that “l is an element or member of

set A.” We write this asl∈ ” and read as “l is an element of set A.”

When letter m is not an element of set A, we write “m ∉ A .”

Null Set or Empty Set – set with no elements. The symbol ∅ is used to
represent a null set while the symbol {} is used to represent an empty
set.

Example 2:

a. Set G is a set of tigers in the classroom.

b. Set B is a set of blue mangoes.

Hence, G= ∅ ∧B= ∅∨G={}∧B={}.

 Handumanan Integrated Christian Academy
S.Y. 2022-2023
Prepared by: Ms. Elah Grace B. Viajedor

First Grading
Module
Mathematics 7
Name of Student: _______________________________________
Date: September 6-8, 2022

Note: Do not lost/misplaced this printed notes because all items and topics here will come out in the
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