Review article

A STUDY OF THE USE OF A PLASTIC WASTE AND SAND

COMPOSITE AS A DIFFERENT BUILDING MATERIAL
Fasil Kebede Tesfaye1, Ayitenew Mogninet1,*, Walelign Wudu2 and Edosa Kefyalew3

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering (Manufacturing Stream), Mizan Tepi University,

Tepi Campus, Illubabur, 121, ETHIOPIA
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering (Automotive Stream), Mizan Tepi University, Tepi
Campus, Illubabur, 121, ETHIOPIA
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering (Design Stream), Mizan Tepi University, Tepi
Campus, Illubabur, 121, ETHIOPIA

* Correspondence: ayitenew@mtu.edu.et/ fasil.kebede@aau.edu.et; Tel: +251-918-290-152;

Fax: +251-047-336-1837.

Abstract: In this review, the use of plastics and their composites as building materials was
examined, and numerous methods for producing composites were found. Sand-reinforced
plastic waste composites for the construction industry were the main topic of study. This article
was developed after a review of various papers on the subject. Case studies, experimental
testing, and background reading were among the research methods used by the original
researchers. The chosen articles' quality and application are emphasized. Keywords were
mostly used in the literature review. This article's goal is to review the various factors that affect
the development of thermal insulation construction materials, to identify a sizable research gap
in the field, and to suggest an investigation of the mechanical and thermal properties of thermal
insulation building materials made from sand-reinforced plastic wastes as an alternative to
metallic sheets in container shops. Plastic can play a significant role in lowering global
warming, while also potentially helping the environment when used in building materials.
Plastics such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET or
PETE) have the potential to be combined with river sand to create building materials. Practical
concerns like fire resistance, cost-effectiveness, thermal conductivity, production processes,
finite element analysis and commercial elements of river sand plastic composites are not
extensively investigated.

Keywords: Composite; Mechanical properties; Plastic waste; Reinforcement; Sand

1. Introduction
Currently, one of the most widely discussed and apparent topics. Petroleum-based plastics
are widely used in packaging, buildings, residences, and a variety of other industries because
of their excellent characteristics [1]. However, because most plastics are not biodegradable and
produce a significant number of toxic by-products, "white pollution" plagued the planet [2],
[3]. Humans developed 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics and 6.3 billion metric tons of waste
in 2015. Due to current consumption patterns and waste management techniques,
approximately 26 billion tons of plastic garbage will be present in landfills and the environment
by the year 2050. By the end of the millennium, there will be millions of tons of plastic on our
planet, since it decomposes slowly. The market needs to be encouraged, and rules demanding
recycling need to be passed because the disposal of this plastic waste has created an urgent
ecological and technological concern. The most often recycled plastics are those made of
polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS),
and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). According to density, polyethylene is typically split into two
categories: low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) [3].
Because it is the largest business in many countries and the largest user of raw materials, the
construction industry is one that has the potential to benefit from the use of plastic waste (PW)
for a variety of reasons. Plastic waste can be used as a building material for civil construction
projects in the form of filler, insulation, and aggregates in cementitious and asphalt
combinations [4]. When used as a building material, PW has a number of obvious advantages,
such as affordability, light weight, toughness, stiffness, resistance to corrosion, and low heat
conductivity. Currently, the majority of small container stores are made of expensive steel
sheets, which are easily corroded by the outside environment. Due to heat transfer from the
environment through metal sheets, containers built of steel sheets are quite subjected to
excessive heat during the day and cold during the night. This article's goal is to examine the
waste plastic-sand composite's potential for usage in construction applications, as well as
present limitations to its utilization.

2. Methods
This article was developed after a review of various papers on the subject. Case studies,
experimental testing, and background reading were among the research methods used by the
original researchers. The chosen articles' quality and application are emphasized. Keywords
were mostly used in the literature review. The remaining portions of the articles are then
described, except for those that were not selected for lacking originality.

3. Plastic Based Composites

3.1. Plastics

The word "plastic" comes from the Greek word "plastikos," which means "able to be formed
or molded" [5]. Plastic is a type of organic polymer having repeating units and molecules with
long carbon chains as their backbones [6]. The repeating units' and atom' types' structures are
what primarily determine the properties of the plastic [7]. The entanglements and Van der
Waals interactions between the big molecules closely pack these long carbon chains together
to create a solid that is strong and often ductile[6] [7]. The thermosetting plastic and the
thermoplastic are the two main categories of commercial plastics. In contrast to thermosetting
plastics, which will degrade and turn into other materials if heated again after molding,
thermoplastics may be reheated, melted, and molded into a variety of shapes[6]–[8]. A
thermoplastic changes from a solid to a liquid when heated without breaking the links between
its molecules due to the losing its entanglement and moves its molecules further apart. On the
other hand, the cross-links between molecules in thermosetting plastic help to pack the
molecules together in addition to entanglement and Van der Waals forces [6], [9]. When a
thermosetting plastic is heated up, the cross-linking between molecules breaks apart and the
plastic turns into another substance when it melts, usually by decomposing [10]–[12].
Nowadays, the word "plastic" is used to describe a wide range of materials created from
polymers and additives and capable of being molded and cast into different shapes [5], [13],
[14]. Molding and casting is mostly done with extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, and
film blowing processes [15] [16]. It is a usual practice to strengthen it with various types of
fibers and use it in the form of composites in order to enhance its mechanical and thermal
characteristics [17] [18].

3.2. River Sand

A naturally occurring granular substance made up of rock and mineral particles, referred to as
river sand [19]. Despite the wide variations in sand's composition, silica (also known as silicon
dioxide or SiO2) is the substance that makes up the majority of it [18]. The type of sand most
frequently employed in building is natural sand. It is very hard and has a high melting
temperature. Additionally, it is quite simple to get around the riverfront area. Each variety of
sand has varied constituent particles that vary according to the location and processes involved
in its formation. Below is a list of some of the most popular minerals.
1. Quartz (silica): This is the principal element in most kinds of sand. The grains range in
color from white to clear to rusty red and are hard and glassy.
2. Mica: This shining mineral comes in black or white varieties. In most sand deposits, it is
flat, quickly fractures, and generates tiny particles.
3. Feldspar: This mineral can vary from milky white to pink. It will develop smaller grains or
be worn away more quickly because it is not as hard as quartz.
4. Dark black and green minerals: The crust of the earth contains a lot of minerals that are
black. The softer ones will be more worn down, while the harder ones will remain as sand
grains.
5. Calcite: Calcium carbonate is most commonly found in bones and shells of living organisms.
When these are broken down, they may form small fragments which can be part of the sand.
Calcium carbonate can be dissolved in rain water, which contains carbonic acid and can also
form clear or milky white crystals. It is soft and easily worn away.

3.3. Composites

The term "composite material" further clarifies that it is a combination of materials [20], [21].
When two or more constituent materials are joined, a new material is created that differs
significantly from the original constituent material in terms of its physical or chemical
properties. In comparison to the quality of individual components, this improvement makes
composite materials more appropriate [16], [20], [21]. In both the fields of engineering and
material sciences, the use of composite materials has increased quickly due to their highly
desirable combination of stiffness and toughness with light weight and corrosion resistance
qualities [20].
Different types of composite materials are illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Types of composites

There are many different techniques for creating composites, and often two or more procedures
are coupled. The type of matrix or fiber material employed determines the production process
selection; several composite manufacturing techniques are categorized in Fig.2 [22], [23].
Figure 2 Composite developing methods

3.4. Sand Reinforced Plastic Composites

Sand plastic composite brick (SPCB) production through recycling of waste plastics was
researched by Mebratu Tufa et al. using a straightforward compression molding by melt mixing
procedure, SPCB with characteristics similar to those of traditional sand-cement bricks were
developed. The optimum mixture design of experiment (DOE) is used to establish the best
possible mixture composition of sand and plastic weight percentage for greater compressive
strength. Additionally, the impact of sand and plastic weight percentage on variations in
compressive strength was investigated. Finally, graph analysis predicts the ideal proportion of
sand and plastic combinations that would produce the highest compressive strength. When the
plastic weight percent of 60% (40 wt% LDPE and 20 wt% HDPE) was melt blended with the
sand weight percent of 40% (25 wt% sand size of 1.18 mm and 15% wt sand size 0.5 mm), the
maximum compressive strength of about 4.95 N/mm2 was obtained. When the amount of waste
plastic is over 70%, the response is severely affected. This is because there are imperfections
in the plastic. Sand has a detrimental impact on compressive strength when its weight
percentage is higher than 42%; this is because the non-coherent plastic and sand mixture in the
sample of SPC caused porosity to develop. The authors came to the conclusion that innovations
like SPCB made from waste plastic offer numerous financial and environmental benefits.
Therefore, the mixture design of experiment can be employed as a substitute mixture design
approach to produce sand-plastic composites with superior mechanical properties [24].
Sand and LDPE waste composite was another alternative building material that Mebratu Tufa
studied on its own. Using CATIA V5 software, the first manually operated compression
molding machine was created for this study. Then, through melt blending and compression
molding, sand reinforced waste plastic composites (SPC) were developed, each containing
various concentration of plastic (LDPE) in relation to the mass of sand. For the study, three
mass percent’s of plastic waste—50%, 55%, and 60%—were combined with sand. Then,
several mechanical and physical characteristics, such as compressive strength, density, and
water absorption, were investigated. The obtained results showed that the mechanical qualities
of the brick made of sand and LDPE with 50% plastic were superior to those of the other plastic
mass ratios. The 50% sand-LDPE brick has a density of 1.12 g/cm3, which confirms with the
specified limit of a hollow cement brick, and its water absorption decreases as the percentage
of LDPE content increases in comparison to standard cement brick. The compression strength
of the 50% sand-LDPE brick was increased by 34.2% (1.2 N/mm2) over the minimum
requirement of standard cement brick. The paper's conclusion is that the mass-produced 50%
to 55% sand-LDPE composite brick can be used in civil engineering applications as an
alternative building material for partitions, fences, panel walks, parapets and balcony railings.
As a result, a significant amount of waste plastic is removed from the environment through this
process [25].
A. K. Mohanty, M. Misra, and G. Hinrichsen looked into the development of a sustainable
construction material using plastic waste and the widely used filler material, sand. Strength and
durability of the recycled LDPE-sand composites have been examined. Two composite
specimens have been made using recycled LDPE, manufactured sand, and river sand.
Laboratory settings have been used to test and study mechanical characteristics such
compression, tension, water absorption, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion. The river
sand composite has been found to have superior compression and split tensile strength than the
manufactured sand composite, while the manufactured sand specimens had higher water
absorption and thermal conductivity. The results of the tests show that the LDPE composite
specimens perform better than regular bricks. These findings demonstrate the viability of
switching to the developed composite for use in construction applications [26].
R. Sultana, R. Akter, and Z. Alam investigated compression-molded sand-reinforced polyester
composites (SPCs) with sand contents ranging from 10% to 60% of the weight of unsaturated
polyester resin. Standard techniques were used to evaluate several physico-mechanical
properties of SPCs, including water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength,
hardness, and thermal conductivity. The SPCs were characterized using Fourier transformed
infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). In-depth
research was done on the effects of sand content on the various mechanical and thermal
properties of SPCs. The findings suggested that the quantity of the reinforcing agent has a
significant impact on the characteristics of SPCs [27].
The durability and morphological traits of high-strength performance bricks made from a
combination of PET waste (PW) and foundry sand (FS) were evaluated by Frank Ikechukwu
Aneke et al. by using different proportions (PW: FS) of 20%, 30%, and 40% of the dry mass
of FS PET waste bricks (PWBs) were developed. The PWBs made were put through durability
tests, tensile and compressive strength tests, and a comparison with baked clay bricks to
determine how much weight they could support in compression and tension. Additionally, tests
using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done to examine the morphological makeup
of the bricks. The test findings showed that the PWBs had a noticeable strength that was 1.5–
2 times more than that of burned clay bricks, and they absorbed less water while maintaining
their maximum strength even after being completely submerged in water and acidic
concentrations. Compared to clay bricks, the PWB morphology had stronger inter cluster
connections on the surface. The results show a practical methodological approach to producing
masonry bricks using a combination of PET waste and used foundry sands [28].
Y. G. Quintero et al. looked at virgin and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for the
fabrication of composites with an addition of 5–20 wt. % of sand particles. Virgin (V-PET) and
recycled (R-PET) PET were used to evaluate density and compressive strength. The
morphology and elemental makeup of the composites were examined. The findings showed
that the highest compressive strengths for virgin and recycled PET without sand, respectively,
were 52.94 MPa and 52.03 MPa. In both situations, the compressive strength diminishes with
the addition of sand. According to environmental results, resource extraction is the most
important stage of life, and gas residues have the most significant influence on the environment
for both types of composites. Because R-PET composites use recycled material, which recovers
some of the embodied energy used in primary production, they are the most environmentally
responsible choice. The findings indicate that they could be investigated for application as
composite pavement blocks or architectural elements [29].
In the study conducted by Paredes Técnica and Uta in 2023, the mechanical behavior of
manufactured masonry veneers built of concrete reinforced with recycled polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) from used plastic bottles was optimized in terms of flexural strength and
compression strength. The compression and flexural properties were assessed using the
response surface methodology by the researchers. A Box-Behnken experimental design with
input factors of PET percentage (15, 20, and 25%), PET size (6, 8, and 14 mm), and aggregate
size (3, 8, and 11 mm) produced a total of 90 experiments. The optimized formulation had 7.36
mm aggregates and 15% of 14 mm PET particles in the mixture, which produced 1.48 MPa of
four-point flexural strength and 3.96 MPa of compression strength [30].
At levels of 10%, 20%, and 30%, the substitution of river-derived quartz sand with PET sand
was assessed. The new state was tested for consistency, air retention, density, and air
incorporation; the hardened state was tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, density,
capillarity, and water absorption. The findings demonstrate that PET sand can be used at levels
up to 10% without negatively affecting the mortar's workability or air-inclusion quality, while
also increasing the mechanical properties. Above that point, there is a significant loss of quality,
mostly of usability and including air. It is impossible to utilize the material at levels higher than
20% because the amount of air that is included in the 30% composition, for instance, reaches
24%, an excessive value that affects the quality of the hardened state. The researchers
concluded that using recycled PET sand could aid in sustainable development by reducing the
extraction of quartz sand from rivers, a non-renewable mineral resource [31].
Sand-plastic waste composites made by different researchers are summarized in Table1.

3.5. Observed Research Gaps

 Much attention is not given to the utilization of highly abundant potential of waste plastic
and river sand for building thermal insulation composites.
 Import substitution of metallic sheets used for the building of container shops should be
given great attention in our country, Ethiopia.
 The poor thermal barrier nature of conventional metallic sheets in container shops and the
request to shift towards other thermal insulation composites are not studied to the required
level.
 There is a very low motivation towards developing sand-reinforced waste plastic thermal
insulation composites in Ethiopia’s context.
 The studies are not being conducted with the necessary standards and consistency, which
could result in a wide range of findings (compressive strength, flexural strength etc.). It
was unable to determine the causes of the large disparity by comparing these studies.
 The flammability and fire resistance of plastic river sand composites (bricks), which are
crucial qualities for practical application in building, were not the subject of any prior
investigations that we could identify.
 There is little information available on the long-term performance of river sand waste
plastic composite because it is a relatively new material. The performance of river sand
waste plastic composites under various environmental circumstances, such as exposure to
sunlight, moisture, and chemicals, needs to be studied over a long period of time.
 Depending on the type of recycled plastic waste employed, the characteristics of river sand
waste plastic composites can change. For instance, high-density polyethylene (HDPE)
composites are often stronger than low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites. In order
to maximize the usage of composite materials, researchers need to further examine
comparative analyses of the effects of various forms of recovered plastic waste on those
materials' qualities.
 No previous pricing comparisons have been made between these materials and other
conventional building materials. But this material has the potential to replace traditional
building materials in a sustainable and economical manner. River sand waste plastic
composites may have a significant effect on the building sector with additional research.
 Most investigations for river sand waste plastic composites did not consider finite element
analysis (ANSYS, ABAQUS). But river sand waste plastic composites can have their
design and performance improved through finite element analysis. To attain the desired
qualities, for instance, the best combination of river sand and waste plastic can be found
using finite element analysis. Additionally, river sand waste plastic composites that are
resistant to particular failure modes, such as fatigue or impact, can be designed using finite
element analysis.

4. Conclusions and Future Works

This paper summarizes the results of current research on the fabrication of plastic waste- and
river sand-based composites (bricks, pavers and roofing tiles), which are sustainable
alternatives to traditional building materials. The following facts have emerged from this
review:
 Both sand and plastic were found to be suitable materials for both indoor and outdoor
applications.
 It was found easy to produce sand-reinforced plastic waste composite using simple
compression molding.
 Sand-reinforced plastic waste composite can be used for low-load-bearing buildings in
Ethiopia.
 Plastics such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET or
PETE) have the potential to be combined with river sand to create building materials.
 Practical concerns like fire resistance, cost-effectiveness, thermal conductivity, production
processes, finite element analysis and commercial elements of river sand plastic composites
are not extensively investigated.

The review's findings, which present the state-of-the-art in waste plastic river sand composites,
enable us to consider how this innovative material may be put to use in the future as well as
how to develop fresh strategies for lowering plastic pollution. Plastic can play a significant role
in lowering global warming, while also potentially helping the environment when used in
building materials. Future studies should address a number of the following problems or issues:

 Enhancing river sand waste plastic composite’s mechanical and thermal

characteristics: By utilizing various kinds of recycled plastic waste and fibres and
optimizing the mix design, researchers are required to increase the strength, toughness,
flammability and fire resistance and durability of river sand waste plastic composites.

 Developing new manufacturing methods for river sand waste plastic composites: River
sand waste plastic composite is currently manufactured in a labour- and time-intensive
manner (mostly compressive molding and casting method). Researchers are intended to
create new, more effective, and scalable manufacturing processes.
 Evaluating river sand waste plastic composite’s long-term performance: There is little
information available on the long-term performance of river sand waste plastic composites
because it is a relatively new material. To learn how river sand waste plastic composite
functions in various environmental contexts, researchers are required to run extensive
studies.
 Dealing with a comparative investigation of waste plastic with different amounts and types.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known financial or interpersonal conflicts that might
have looked to have influenced the studies presented in this paper.
Declarations
Acknowledgment
We appreciate the assistance and would like to thank their parents and Mizan Tepi University,
Ethiopia Mechanical Engineering for their guidance.
Authors’ Contribution:
GT- Conception, data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation, work design, original draft
writing and review, supervision, project administration, writing review, and editing. All of the
authors contributed to the review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding Information:
There is no outside funding for this research work.
Availability of data and materials:
All data and some documents generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not
publicly available due to the company's data confidentiality, but are available from the
corresponding author on reasonable request. All data are included within the article.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Consent for use of images has been granted.
 Table 1 Sand-plastic waste composites made by different researchers
Reinfor Matrix Sand size Sand/Matrix Melting Mixing Fabrication Compactio Curin Comp Density Ref
cement optimal ratio Temp (oc) time method n pressure g time strengt Kg/m3
(%) h
(MPa)

Sand PET 0.01-2.5 mm 70:30 220 5 min 200 KPa 8 hrs 36.18 1887 [32]

Sand LDPE+ 1.18 + 0.5 mm 40:20:25:15 - - - - 4.95 1100 [24]

HDPE

Sand & PET - 10:20:70 <175 - - - 3.01 - [33]

bagasse
Compressio
Sand LDPE 1.18 mm 50:50 200±5 28 min 212 KN 7-28 4.7 1120 [25]
n Molding
days

Sand LDPE 2.36 50:50 170 - 100 - 14 - [34]

Kg/Cm2

Sand Polyester - 10:90 170-200 - - 4-5 90 - [27]

hrs.

Sand PET 0.6 & 1.18 mm 5:95 260 5 min 100 KN - 62.13 1580 [29]
 13

Sand PET 15:85 between Casting 24 hrs. 3.96 1.8gcc [30]

23 and 26
◦C

Sand PET 0.1-8 60/40 & 50/50 230°C Casting - - 1.5868 1899.56 [35]

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