DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN MATHEMATICS 8

I. Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
a. define Relation and Function
b. determine the Domain and Range of a relation
c. determine whether the given relation is a function
d. apply Vertical Line Test to determine if the given graphs are function

II. Subject Matter

Topic: Relation and Function
Sub-topic: Introduction of Relation and Function
Reference: Advanced Algebra with Trigonometry and Statistics Page 1-11
Materials: Visual aids, Power Point presentation chalk, white board marker and eraser

III. Procedure
A. Preparation
- Opening prayer
- Cleaning
- Checking of attendance
B. Review/ Motivation
As a review, we will be having an activity. Now, I have here a crossword puzzle
and what you have to do is to answer each item correctly.
 C. Presentation

Teacher’s Activity Students’ Activity

Before we start I’ll be presenting two columns of
pictures here. The only thing you have to do is to
connect each picture from column A to its
corresponding picture on column B using arrows.
Column A Column B

Who wants to connect the pictures from column A to

its corresponding picture in column B?
(One student will do)
Now, what do exist between the pictures in column A There is a connection or relationship
and column B? What can you observe? between the pictures in column A and
column B.
Very good! Connection and relationship is part of our
topic for today which is Relation and Function

In daily life, there are things that are related or

connected to one another. Just for instance, Boyfriend
and Girlfriend, Parents and Children, Employees and
Employers, Teachers and Students, like me and you. I
am related to you, you are related to me. As long there
is an, exist connection between two objects, things,
numbers or anything we considered that as Relation.
I have here a table that shows the connection between
distance and fare.
Distance Fare
1 km 7 php
2km 10 php
5 km 20 php

Let’s say you are travelling, Distance( how far) is

related to Fare( expense), the farther the distance, the
higher the amount to be paid.
For every 1 km it costs 7 php.
2 km costs 10 php
5 km costs 20 php
Each data from this table may be represented as
ordered pairs (x,y). The first value represents the
Distance, which can also represented by x. The second Ma,am, it would be (1km,7),(2km, 10),
value represents Rate which can be represented by y. (3km, 20)
What could be the ordered pairs from the table?
Very good! So these following ordered pairs define Ma’am, the Domain would be the first
Relation. In mathematics, Relation defines as any set coordinates and those are: { 1km, 2km,
of ordered pairs(x,y), where the first value (x) 5km}
represents Domain and the second value (y) represents and the Range would be the second
the Range. What would be the Domain and Range of coordinates and those are {7php, 10
the given? php, 20 php}
Excellent! Considering this Relation: {(0,0), (8,- Ma’am , the Domain {0,8,1,3,-8} and
4),(1/2,1),(3,-4),(-8,0). Let’s find its Domain and Range {0,-4,1}.
Range. The domain and range would be?
Now, there are ways to describe a relation.
Let’s have this relation: {(-2, -3), (1, 1), (0,-1), (1,3)}

We can use ” table of values” to represent the given

relation.

X(domain) -2 -1 0 1
Y(range) 3 -1 1 3

Here we can see the correspondence between the

domain and range. -2 corresponds to 3, -1 corresponds
to -1, 0 corresponds to 1 and 1 corresponds to 3 also.

We can also use correspondence by an arrow

diagram, where the values in the domain are
connected by arrows to the values in range.

X Y

-1 1

-2 -1

0 -3

1 3

A relation may also define by means of a graph and

an equation, with the used of ordered pairs. We plot
the points to make a graph. Using the given relation,
we plot the points, then connect the
points to make the graph. And,
all graphs have names which
are equations. The equation of
this graph is y=2x+1.

Let’s have an example. Using an arrow diagram,

illustrate this relation: {(a, 0), (b, 1), (c, 3), (d, 2), (e,
0)}
X Y

a 0
b
1
c
2
d
3
e

Ma’am, the domain={a, b, c, d, e}

Now, could you give me the domain?
Very good! How about the range? Ma’am, the range= {0,1,2,3}

Very good! (The teacher will post another example,

then the students will answer on the board)

Do you understand? Yes ma’am!

How do we define Relation again? Relation is defined as a set of ordered
pairs. Where x is the Domain and y is
the Range.
Good! Since, relation is defined as a set of ordered
pairs. Where x is the Domain and y is the Range. The
values of x are being connected with the values in y.
Suppose I have here relations defined by an arrow
diagram.
X Y

1 2

2 3

7
What are the ordered pairs from this relation?
Ma’am the ordered pairs are
(1,2),(1,3),(1,4), (2,4), (2,7).
Very good!

I also have another set of relations defined by an arrow

diagram again.

X Y

1 1

-1 2

-2 3

What are the ordered pairs from this set?

Ma’am the ordered pairs are: (1,1),(1,2)
and (-2,3).
Good! Let’s compare the two. Now what can you
observe about the two sets of pairs? What can you
notice?

1. (1,2) 2. (-1,1)
(1,3)
(1,4) (1,2)
(2,7)
(-2,3)
(2,5) Ma’am, the first set has values of x
which are repeated. The 2nd set has no
values of x which are repeated.
Very good observation! If a relation has no repeating
first coordinate or value of x, it would be a special
relation and that is Function.

Function is Relation in which no two ordered pairs

have the same first coordinate. The second coordinate
(Range) may repeat but, if there would be a repetition
on the first coordinate (domain), a Relation is no
longer a Function.

Between the two sets of relation, which is the The 2nd set ma’am, because it has no
function? repeating values of x.
Very good! Or simply, the values of the domain are
unique.
Let’s have an example. It is a function ma’am, since the
Determine if the given relation is a function. domain has no repeating values.
{(-1, 0), (5, 3), (10, 2), (a, 3), (4, 7)}

Is it a function or not? Explain why.

Very good! Now, what would be its domain and Ma’am, its domain would be { -1, 5,
range? 10, a, 4} and its range would be {0, 3,
2, 3, 7}
Good!
We have here two relations which are defined as
equations. Let’s determine if the relations are
functions.
a. Y=x2-1 b. y2=x

To determine if an equation is a function, we simply

substitute any value for x. If we gained a single value
for y, we can say that the relation is a function. But, if
we gained two or more values for y, then the relation
is not a function.

Very good! Let’s have the 1st

Y=x2-1,
Suppose we chose 2 and 3 as values for domain. What
would be the value for y when x=2? Ma’am, it’s 3.
Very good! When x=3 what would be the value for y? Ma’am it’s 8.
Could anyone give me the ordered pairs? Ma’am (2,3) , (3,8) are the ordered
pairs.
The 2nd relation, y2=x.
Before we substitute any value on x, we must solve y
in terms of x. How do we get rid with the exponent so
that we can solve y in terms of x? Ma’am, by taking the root of both
sides.

Good! If we extract the root of both sides what would Ma’am it would be +2 and -2.
it be?
√y2=√x
It would become? It would become y=√x, ma’am.
Since, y is now solved in terms of x, what would be Ma’am, it would be
the value of y, when x=4? Anyone? y=√4
y=2
We should get the positive and negative of 2 since we It would be (4,2) and (4, -2)
take the root. So therefore what would be the ordered
pairs?
Since the 1st equation has an ordered pairs of (2,3) and Ma’am the 1st equation, because we
(3,8) and the 2nd equation has an ordered pairs of (4,2) gained only one value of y.
and (4, -2), between the two equations, which is
function?
Now since the first equation (y=x2-1), is a function,
this can be written as f(x)= x2-1, using Function
Notation.
Wherein we defined y as a function of x or simply
y=f(x). Now since f(x) is equal to y, we can change the
y of y=x2-1 into f(x).

Changing the y to f(x) of an equation simply denotes

that the equation is a function.
Another, y=3x-2, this can be written in function f(x)=3x-2, ma’am
notation as?
Good! Now, a function may be evaluated at different
values of x by substituting any value in x of the
function.
Example: evaluate the function f(x)=2x, where x=5.
Simply means, “what would be the value of the range
when the domain is 5?”
f(x)=2x
f(5)=2(5)
f(5)=10, which means that f of 5 is 10 or the function
of 5 is 10.
The range is 10 when the domain is 5.

So our coordinate is (5,10).

Ma’am, f(x)= x2-x-6
2
Let’s have another, f(x)=x -x-6, when x=(-2). Who f(-2)= (-2)2-(-2)-6
wants to answer? =4+2-6
=0, our f(-2) is zero.
Very good!
Since, Function is Relation, and relation can be
defined by means of a graph. We can determine if a
graph is a function, by using “Vertical Line Test”
Ma’am it is a parabola that opens
Considering the graphs of the two given relation. upward.
Let’s have the 1st.
What do you call this graph?

Nice! Using Vertical test, we draw a vertical line.

How many possible intersections can the vertical line
makes with the first graph? It makes only one intersection ma’am.

Yes! You are right!

Let’s draw a lot of vertical lines along the graph, it
will only make one intersection.

Let’s have the second graph.

What do you call this graph? It is a circle ma’am.

Good! How many possible intersections can you

Make using vertical line.
Ma’am, we can make two intersections.
Nice! Ma’am, the 1st graph, because the
If the vertical line passes through the graph and “made vertical line only intersects the 1st
one and only one” point of intersection, we consider graph at one point, unlike the 2nd.
the graph as a Function.

But, if the vertical line made 2 intersections, we

consider the graph not a function. So, between the
two, which is the function?
Let’s try another example.

No ma’am, because when we use

vertical line test we can make two
Is this graph a function? intersections.
Very good! How about this one?

Is it a function o not? It is a function ma’am.

Do you all understand? Yes, ma’am!
D. Application
Let’s have a Quiz bee. I’ll be grouping you into 8. I’ll be also distributing
boards with papers where you can write your answer. The quiz bee is composed
of 3 rounds, easy round, moderate round and difficult round. Easy round has
three items, moderate round has 2 items and difficult round has only 1 item.
Before the time ends, each group must raise their answer. The group that got the
correct answer will be given a star. The group which has the most number of stars
is the winner and will be given additional points for your quiz later.

E. Generalization
What makes function different from relation?
How do we determine if a graph is a function?
What is a domain and range of a function?
What do you call a function with a degree of 2?
Ma’am a function is always a relation,
because, it relates a value in domain to
a distinct value in range, but the thing
is, function can’t make one domain
related to 2 or more range.
Ma’am we can determine if a graph is
function by making use of vertical line
test. If the line passes through the graph
at two points, therefore we can no
longer say that it is a function.
Ma’am, domain is the set of all values
of the first coordinate. Range, is all the
values of the second coordinate.
A quadratic function ma’am.
IV. Evaluation
A. Determine which of the following are functions. Explain your answer.
a. {(1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,4), (5,4), (6,4), (7,4)}
b. {(4,1), (4,2), (4,4), (5,5), (6,1), (6, 5)}
c. f.

d.

g.

e. x2-y2= 4 h. y= 7-3x

V. Assignment

Infinite Domain and Range

Look for a way on how to describe the domain and range of a relation
when the domain and range are infinite.