Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Schools Division of Pangasinan II
Binalonan, Pangasinan
TAYUG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Tayug, Pangasinan 2445

LEARNING MODULES IN PRECALCULUS FOR

SPECIAL PROGRAM IN MATHEMATICS 10

QUARTER I
Module 1: Weeks 1 - 4

Prepared by:

JONATHAN DAVE L. YEH

TEACHER – I

Noted:

ROSALINO M. AMBROSIO
HT-VI, MATHEMATICS
 Module 1: Functions and Graphs

I. Relations and Functions

II. Special Types of Functions
III. Evaluation and Composition of Functions

Objective:

By the end of this module, you should be able to:

✓ describe and manipulate relations and functions,
✓ learn about some special types of functions and their graphs; and
✓ evaluate, combine and compose functions.

Introduction:

The history of the function concept serves as a good illustration of how mathematics
develops. One of the first people to use the idea in a mathematical context was the
German mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716), one of two
people (along with Isaac Newton) usually credited with the development of calculus.
Initially, Leibniz and other mathematicians tended to use the term to indicate that
one quantity could be defined in terms of another by some sort of algebraic
Leibniz
expression, and this (incomplete) definition of function is often encountered even
today in elementary mathematics.

I. Relations, Domain, and Range

Definition:

A relation is a set of ordered pairs. Any set of ordered pairs automatically relates the set of
first coordinates to the set of second coordinates, and these sets have special names. The
domain of a relation is the set of all the first coordinates, and the range of a relation is the set
of all second coordinates.

Example 1

a. The set R = (−4, 2), (6, − 1), (0, 0), (−4, 0), (,  2 ) is a relation
consisting of five ordered pairs. The domain of R is the set −4, 6,
0, , as these four numbers appear as first coordinates in the
relation.
Note that it is not necessary to list the number −4 twice in the
domain, even though it appears twice as a first coordinate in the
relation.
The range of R is the set 2, − 1, 0,  2 , as these are the numbers
that appear as second coordinates. Again, it is not necessary to list
 0 twice in the range, even though it is used twice as a second
coordinate in the relation.
The graph of this relation is simply a picture of the five ordered
pairs plotted in the Cartesian plane, as shown below.

b. The picture below describes a relation.

Some of the elements of the relation are (−1, 1), (−1, − 2), (−0.3,
2), (0, − 2), and (1, − 0.758), but this is another example of a
relation with an infinite number of elements so we cannot list all
of them. Using interval notation, the domain of this relation is the
closed interval −1, 1 and the range is the closed interval −2, 2

c. The equation −3x + 7y = 13 describes a relation. We can graph the

solution set below:
 Unlike the last example, this relation consists of an infinite number of
ordered pairs, so it is not possible to list them all as a set. One of the
ordered pairs in the relation is (−2, 1), since −3(−2) + 7 (1) = 13. The
domain and range of this relation are both the set of real numbers,
since every real number appears as both a first coordinate and a
second coordinate in the relation

 Functions and the Vertical Line Test

Definition:

A function is a relation in which every element of the domain is paired with exactly one
element of the range. Equivalently, a function is a relation in which no two distinct ordered
pairs have the same first coordinate.

Note that there is a difference in the way domains and ranges are treated in the
definition of a function: the definition allows for the two distinct ordered pairs to have
the same second coordinate, as long as their first coordinates differ. A picture helps in
understanding this distinction:
The relation on the left in Figure 1 has pairs of points that share the same y-value. This
means that some elements of the range are paired with more than one element of the
domain. However, each element of the domain is paired with exactly one element of
the range. Thus, this relation is a function.

On the other hand, the relation on the right in Figure 1 has pairs of points that share the
same x-value. This means that some elements of the domain are paired with more than
one element of the range. This relation is not a function.

Example 2

For each relation in Example 1, identify whether the relation is also a function

Solutions:

a. The relation in Example 1-a is not a function because the two ordered pairs (−4, 2)

and (−4, 0) have the same first coordinate. If either one of these ordered pairs were

deleted from the relation, the relation would be a function.

b. The relation in Example 1-b is not a function. To prove that a relation is not a function,

it is only necessary to find two ordered pairs with the same first coordinate, and the
pairs (0, 2) and (0, − 2) show that this relation fails to be a function.
 c. The relation in Example 1-c is a function. Any two distinct ordered pairs that solve the

equation −3𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 13 have different first coordinates. This can also be seen from the
graph of the equation. If two ordered pairs have the same first coordinate, they must be

aligned vertically, and no two ordered pairs on the graph of −3𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 13 have this

property.

In Example 2-c, we noted that two ordered pairs in the plane have the same first
coordinate only if they are aligned vertically. We could also have used this criterion to
determine that the relation in Example 1-a is not a function, since the two ordered pairs
(−4, 2) and (−4, 0) clearly lie on the same vertical line. This visual method of
determining whether a relation is a function, called the vertical line test, is very useful
when an accurate graph of the relation is available.
Exercises
Week 1

A. For each relation below, describe the domain and range. See Example
1.

1. R= (−2, 5), (−2, 3), (−2, 0), (−2, − 9) 2. S= (0, 0), (−5, 2), (3, 3), (5, 3)

3. A= (, 2), (−2, 4), (3, 0), (1, 7) 4. B= (3, 3), (−4, 3), (3, 8), (3, − 2)
5. T= (x, y) x Z and y = 2x

B. Determine which of the relations below is a function. For those that are not, identify two ordered
pairs with the same first coordinate. See Examples 2 and 3.

6. R= (−2, 5), (2, 4), (−2, 3), (3, − 9) 7. S= (3, − 2), (4, − 2)
8. T = (−1, 2 ) , (1, 1), (2, − 1), (−3, 1) 9. U = (4, 5), (2, − 3), (−2, 1), (4, − 1)

10. V = (6, −1), (3, 2 ) , (6, 4 ) , (−1, 5) 11.

12. 13.

14. 15.

 Function Notation and Function Evaluation

Definition:
Suppose a function is represented by an equation in two variables, say x and y, and we can solve
this equation for y, the variable representing the range. We can name the function (frequently
using the letter 𝑓), and write it in function notation by solving the equation for y and replacing y
with f (x)
With t he f u n c t i o n y = 2x − 3 as a n e x a m p l e , using f un ct io n n ot a t i o n we write: f ( x ) = 2x
− 3, which is read “f of x equals two times x, minus three.” Function notation can also indicate what
to do with a specific value of x; f ( 4 ) , read “f of 4” tells us to plug the value 4 into the formula
given for f. The result is f (4) = 2 (4) − 3, f (4) = 5, which we read “f of 4 equals 5.”
Example 3
Each of the following equations in x and y represents a function. Rewrite each one using
function notation, and then evaluate each function at x = −3.
 3
a. 𝑦 =𝑥+2 c. 𝑦 − 5 = 𝑥2
b. 7𝑥 + 3 = 2𝑦 − 1 d. √1 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6

Solutions:

Example 4

Given the function f (x) = 3x2 − 2, evaluate:

𝑓(𝑥 +ℎ )−𝑓(𝑥)
a. 𝑓(𝑎) b. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) c.
ℎ
 Solutions:

Week 2
Exercises

C. For each function below, determine

a. 𝑓(2) b. 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) c. 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎) − 𝑓(𝑥).

See Example 3 & 4.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 7

5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(5 − 3𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
D. Determine the difference quotient of each of the following functions. See Example 4-c.
ℎ

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 6. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)2

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2 7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 7
1
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2 8. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
1
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4
3
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 10. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
II. Linear and Quadratic Functions

Linear Functions and Their Graphs

Definition:

A linear function, say f, of one variable, say the variable x, is any function that can be written in
the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where m and b are real numbers. If 𝑚 ≠ 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 is also called
a first-degree function.

Note that any function of 𝑥 defined with function notation can be written as an equation in 𝑥 and
𝑦 by replacing 𝑓(𝑥) with 𝑦, so the graph of a function 𝑓 consists of a plot of the ordered pairs in the
set {(𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥))𝑥 ∈ domain of 𝑓}.

Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 + 5. Figure 1 contains a table of four ordered pairs defined
by the function and a graph of the function with the four ordered pairs noted.

We could have graphed the function 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 + 5 by noting that it is a straight line with a
slope of −3 and a 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of 5.

Example 1

Graph the following linear functions.

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 b. 𝑔(𝑥) = 3
 Solutions:

 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs

Definition:

A quadratic function, or second-degree function, of one variable is any function that can be
written in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where a, b, and c are real numbers and a  0.

The graph of any quadratic function is a roughly U-shaped curve known as a

parabola. The graph in Figure 2 is the most basic example of a parabola; it is
the graph of the quadratic function f ( x ) = x 2 , and the table that appears
alongside the graph contains a few of the ordered pairs on the graph.
 Vertex Form of a Quadratic Function

Definition:

The graph of the function g ( x ) = a ( x − h ) + k, where a, h, and k are real numbers and a 
2

0, is a parabola whose vertex is at (h, k). The parabola is narrower than f ( x ) = x 2 if a  1,
and is broader than f ( x ) = x 2 if 0  a  1. The parabola opens upward if 𝑎 is positive and
downward if 𝑎 is negative.

Example 2
Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3. Locate the vertex of the parabola.
Solution:

We can use a similar approach to transform the standard form of a quadratic function into vertex
form.

THEOREM:

Given the quadratic function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, the graph of 𝑓 is a parabola with vertex given by:

𝑏 −𝑏 𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
(− , 𝑓 ( )) = (− , ).
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎

Example 3

Find the vertex of the following quadratic functions using the vertex formula.

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 8 b. 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 −
 Solutions:

a.

b.

Week 3

A. Graph the following linear functions. See Example 1.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = −5𝑥 + 2
3𝑥−2
2. 𝑔(𝑥) =
4

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 2

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = −2

5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥
B. Graph the following quadratic functions, locating the vertices accurately.
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 3

7. 𝑔(𝑥) = −(𝑥 + 2)2 − 1

 8. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7

9. 𝑗(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2

10. 𝑘(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6
C. Match the following functions with their
graphs.
_____ 1. 𝑓(𝑥) = (8𝑥 − 14) − (−17 + 2𝑥)

_____ 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

_____ 3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6

7+8𝑥
_____ 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 −
3

8
_____ 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 (2 − 𝑥) + 𝑥
5

III. Evaluation and Composition of Functions

 Combining Functions Arithmetically
Definition:

𝑓
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two functions. The sum 𝑓 + 𝑔, difference 𝑓 − 𝑔, product 𝑓𝑔, and quotient
𝑔
are four new functions defined as follows:

1. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

2. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
3. (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
4. (𝑥) = , provided that 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
 With the above definition, we can determine the sum, difference, product, or quotient of two
functions at one particular value for 𝑥, or find a formula for these new functions based on the
formulas for 𝑓 and 𝑔, if they are available.

Example 1
𝑓
Given that 𝑓(−2) = 5 and 𝑔(−2) = −3, find (𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2) and 𝑔 (−2).

Solution
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2) = 𝑓(−2) − 𝑔(−2)
= 5 − (−3)
= 8,
and
𝑓 𝑓(−2)
(−2) =
𝑔 𝑔(−2)
5
=
−3
5
=− .
3
Example 2

Given the two functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥, find (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) and (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥).
Solution
By the definition of the sum and product of functions,
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

= 4𝑥 2 − 1 + √𝑥.
and
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)

=(4𝑥 2 − 1)(√𝑥)
5 1
= 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 .

 Composing Functions

Definition:

Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two functions. The composition of 𝑓 and 𝑔, denoted 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔, is the function
defined by (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)). The domain of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 consists of all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑔 for
which 𝑔(𝑥) is in turn in the domain of 𝑓. The function 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 is read “𝑓 composed with 𝑔,” or
“𝑓 of 𝑔.”

Example 3

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3, find:

a. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(6) b. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)
 Solution
a.

b.

Week 4

A. In each of the following problems, use the information given to determine a. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(−1),
𝑓
b. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(−1), c. (𝑓𝑔)(−1), d. (−1). See Example 1.
𝑔

1. 𝑓(−1) = −3 and 𝑔(−1) = 5

2. 𝑓(−1) = 0 and 𝑔(−1) = −1
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
3
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1
5. 𝑓(−1) = 15 and 𝑔(−1) = −3

B. In each of the following, use the information given to determine (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(3).

1. 𝑓(−5) = 2 and 𝑔(3) = −5

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and 𝑔(3) = 𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 9 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 − 2𝑥
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 + √𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥