Caption

A. Definition

Caption consists of text. It is a short piece of text under a picture in a book, magazine,
or newspaper that describes the picture or explains what the people in it are doing or saying.

Source: Soledad, Zarate. 2021. Captioning and Subtitling for Deaf and Hard of Hard Hearing
Audiences. London: UCL Press.

B. Parts of Captions

- Caption headline: usually clever tie-in to the photograph.

- Sentence 1: Names all visible people and details the action/reaction and is written in present
tense.

- Sentence 2: Gives needed information that is not obvious in the photograph and is written in
past tense.

- Sentence 3: Meaningful quote.

3. Kinds of Captions

1. Identification

• This type of caption text is usually used to describe or identify everyone in the photo, but
does not explain a story

2. Group Caption

• Group Captions are usually used to describe multiple images.

3. Story-Telling Caption

• This type of caption will tell a story behind the image. Using this type of caption will
usually be more interesting to read.

4. Summary

• For the type of summary caption, it usually contains an explanation of the subject in the
picture, the activities carried out in the picture, the time of the incident, the location of
the incident and the reason why the activity was carried out.

5. Quote

• Quote caption means containing a quote from someone in the picture.

6. Cutline
 SAMAN DANCE :
Me with 92
Tradisional Dance
• The caption cutline describes the subject in the image and what the subject is doing.

7. Expanded
Club on Islamic
Ceremony of
• expanded caption is the type of caption that has the most complete information. It is a

Graduation. We feel
development of the previous text, especially from the caption summary.

4. Examples
so excited and less
thinking because
Saman Dance isday
Independence not
: easy
Adyanand Asy Syamilwe all
we’re practicing so
Setiaji and Adhitya
hard. That’s why
Satrio
when Wibowo the day come
Firmanto
we feel so have nervous
Feteand an worry if this
would be total
independence day
on annihilation.
17 august But
however everything
2018. We were on
well done and we all
duty during the
independence
excited day
ceremony. I’am a
medic team and
he is ahead of
ceremony. That’s
 Nailed it: Indonesian men’s double pair,
Marcus Fernaldi Gideon and Kevin
Sanjaya Sukamuljo celebrate after
winning 2016 China Open Super Series
Premier badminton tournament title in
Fuzhou, China, on Sunday. Marcus and
Kevin outclassed Mathia Boe and Carsten
Mogensen of Denmark 21-18, 22-20 to
win the title.Application
(Courtesy Letter of PBSI/File)
A. Definition

Application letter is a document that consist of detailed information about your identity,
personality, skills, educations and experience to an employer. Application letter also known as
cover letter , because this document should be placed on the top of other document.

Source: Khoerunisa, Napsiah. "Application Letter, Definition, Function, Structures, and

Examples".
https://www.kompasiana.com/napsiah82461/65027312e3b78f210d4b8b02/application-letter-
definition-function-structures-and-examples

B. Function

To convince the employer that we are qualified candidate for the position

C. Parts of Application Letter

1. Applicant Address atau Sender Address

Name, phone number and address of the applicant and the sender.
2. Date

When the letter is written.

3. Company Address

This part consist of Name of the leader, Title and Company

4. Salutation or greeting

For example: Dear Mrs, Dear Mr. ; To whom it may concern

5. . Opening Paragraph (Kalimat pembuka)

In this part the applicant write the motivation, interest and initiative.

6. Body of Letter

In the Body letter the writer shows self promotion, personalities, skills, work experience, career
goals, and the education.

7. Closing paragraph

This part consists of qualification, hope and thanks.

8. Complementary Closure

It shows the greeting of closing. For example: Yours Sincerely, Your Faithfully

C. Example

Jakarta, July 6, 2020

Mr. Evans
Head of human resource division
Pt. Star lab
Jl. Sudirman no.564
Jakarta, 12046

Dear Mr. Evans,

Based on the advertising on Koran, posted on June 28, 2020 about the job as a receptionist in your hotel, I
would like to volunteer to fill the position.
I have completed my undergraduate program in the field of telecommunication and tourism at Telkom
university Bandung, and I believe I have the perfect skills required for the job.
I am 25 years old and had working as a receptionist for 3 years at Indah hotel. I can speak 3 foreign
languages including English and Chinese. In addition, I am well adapted to operating any kind of gadget in
a hotel.
For your consideration, I have attached a curriculum vitae. I am looking forward to the interview so i can
explain my skills and abilities in person to you.

Best regards,

Amaya Sadita

Procedure Text
A. Definition

Procedure text is a type of text that is written to explain how to

do something. It's a step-by-step explanation of a process or a set of
instructions for completing a specific task. Procedure text is used in
many contexts, such as manuals, recipes, scientific experiments, or
instructions for assembling products.

B. Structure

1. Goal
The goal is the starting point of a procedure text. It sets the stage by providing a
clear statement of what the reader is trying to achieve by following the
instructions. It gives context and purpose, helping the reader to understand why
they are undertaking the task.

2. Materials or ingredients
This section provides a comprehensive list of everything needed to carry out
the task. It ensures that the reader has everything at hand before starting.

 Materials: This could include tools, equipment, or other supplies. For

example, if you’re assembling a piece of furniture, this section would list
all the required parts and tools like screws, nails, a hammer, etc.
 Ingredients: In a cooking context, this refers to all the food items and
quantities needed to prepare a dish. It’s like a shopping list for your
recipe, ensuring you have everything you need to start cooking.

3. Steps
The Steps are the heart of a procedure text. This section provides a detailed,
step-by-step guide on how to achieve the aim or goal. It breaks down the task
into manageable parts, often in a chronological or logical order.

C. Language Features

1. Simple present tense

The simple present tense in a procedure text makes the action immediate and
relevant. It’s as if the procedure is happening right now, in real time, guiding
the reader as they perform the task.
Example:

 Pour the water into the glass

 Mix the ingredients until well combined

2. Imperative sentences
Imperative sentences are command forms that tell someone to do something.
They are direct and to the point, which is essential in instructions.
Example:

 Knead the dough until smooth, then cover and let it rest for 30 minutes
 Apply the paint evenly across the canvas, using broad strokes for a
textured effect

3. Connectives
Connectives (or conjunctions) are words or phrases that link different parts of a
text. They can show the order of steps, the relationship between different parts,
or add additional information.
Examples of connectives in procedure texts include words like then, next, after
that, before, or finally. These words help guide the reader through the process
in a logical and coherent way.
Example:

 First, wash the rice; then, soak it for 20 minutes

 Measure the ingredients carefully. After that, mix them in a bowl

4. Adverbs
Adverbs can provide additional detail about how an action is to be performed,
adding precision and clarity to the instructions. They can describe how, when,
where, or to what extent something is done.
Example:

 Slowly add water to the flour, stirring constantly

 Thoroughly wash the vegetables to remove any dirt or pesticides

The adverbs ‘slowly’ and ‘thoroughly’ in these examples add nuance to the
action, guiding the reader on how exactly to perform the task.

5. Procedure text example

How to bake chocolate chip cookies

Ingredients:

 1 cup butter, softened

 3/4 cup granulated sugar
 3/4 cup brown sugar
 2 eggs
 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
 2 1/4 cups all-purpose flour
 1/2 teaspoon salt
 1 teaspoon baking soda
 2 cups chocolate chips

Steps:

 First, preheat the oven to 190°C. Then, lightly grease a baking sheet.
 In a large bowl, thoroughly cream together the butter, granulated sugar,
and brown sugar using an electric mixer.
 Next, beat in the eggs one at a time, followed by the vanilla extract.
 In another bowl, combine the flour, salt, and baking soda. Gradually add
this to the butter mixture, stirring well.
 Finally, gently fold in the chocolate chips.
 Using a spoon, evenly drop portions of dough onto the prepared baking
sheet.
 Bake for 9 to 11 minutes or until golden brown. Meanwhile, prepare a
cooling rack.
 Carefully remove the cookies from the oven and allow them to cool on
the baking sheet for a minute.
  Then, transfer the cookies to the cooling rack to cool completely.

Source: English Campus. https://ielc.co.id/en/procedure-text-definition-

characteristics-function-and-example/#:~:text=Procedure%20text%20is
%20a%20type,or%20instructions%20for%20assembling%20products.
Diakses 5 Desember 2023

Report Text

A. Definition

Report text is a text that presents detailed information about something in general based
on research.

Source: Blog Ruangguru. https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/apa-saja-structure-of-

information-report-text.

B. Purpose

The purpose of report text is to inform about certain functions of a participant.

C. Structure

a. General Classification

General classification is a part of the report text structure that contains general
groupings of the objects being discussed. This section usually contains basic
information about the object.

b. Description

Description or description is part of the report text structure which contains a description
of the object being discussed in more detail. For example, its physical and function,
habitat, and length of life.

D. Example

Cats
General classification
Cats are one of the members of Felidae, an animal family that consists of lions, tigers,
bobcats, and cats. They are also called domestic cats or house cats, and their latin
name is Felis catus. The domesticated cats have been human companions for around
9,500 years. Nowadays, they are very popular. Many people keep them as pets,
Description
 On average, the weight of domestic cats ranges from 2.7 to 4.5 kg. The average lengths
are 71.1 cm for male cats and 50.8 cm for female cats. In addition, cats maintain their
energy by sleeping a lot. They can sleep for 12 to 16 hours a day.

Cats possess sharp claws on their feet that they use to catch their prey, fight, and climb.
Despite having a sensitive vision, they cannot see very dark surroundings very well.
However, they have a good balance. They are able to quickly pick themselves up when
they fall. One of the unique characteristics of cats is they walk on their toes. Moreover,
cats like to keep themselves clean by licking their body

Explanation Text

1. Definition

An Explanation text is a piece of non-fiction writing explaining an action

process or event in a detailed but simple way. It features numbered
points, time connectives, pictures, diagrams, labels and captions to help
the receiver understand the process of what's being delivered.

Source: https://www.twinkl.co.id/teaching-wiki/explanation-
text#:~:text=An%20Explanation%20text%20is%20a,process%20of
%20what's%20being%20delivered. Diakses 5 Desember 2023

2. Language Features

 Explanation text is typically written in the present tense with formal to-the-point
language that doesn’t deviate from the topic.

 It uses separate text with headings and subheadings to make the explanation text
simple and easy to understand.

 Add pictures and diagrams with labels for visual learners.

 Any technical vocabulary used should fit into a glossary at the end to help with
jargon.

 Numbered points that explain something step-by-step

3. What’s the difference between an information text and an

explanation text?
Instructional text is sequencing an event, action or process by telling someone what to
do. See above for an example.

Explanation text describes something non-fiction, it typically explains 'why' we do

something as well as the full process.

.
4. Examples

How is Ice Cream Made?

“Ice cream is made with milk, cream and sugar. All of the ingredients are mixed together.
Then, the mixed ingredients are heated up to kill off any germs. Flavours and colours are
added next, strawberry flavoured ice cream is usually pink.The mixture is then frozen
and whipped at the same time. This makes it softer.”

Song

1. Definition

Song is a composition of tone or voice in sequence, combination and temporal relation

to produse a musical compositian that has unity and continuity.

Source: Guru SMA. https://gurusma.wordpress.com/2020/04/04/materi-song/ diakses

5 Desember 2023.

2. The Purpose
Songs are used to express feeling and idea in an entertaining world. Songs can be used
to deliver social criticism. The moral values are hidden in the lyrics.

3. Language Features
 Imagery. Imagery describes about feelings and emotions. A song usually tries to
describe the feelings felt by the writer.
 Rhythm. Rhythm here is used to create a mood. For example, if we are sad and listen
to a song with a slow rhythm, we will be carried away by the song. So, rhythm creates
mood!

4. Figures of speech
1. Metaphor
It compares two things that are not alike to suggest that they actually have
something in common. .e.g. “Timeis a thief” or “Herhaisrwassilk”
2. Simile
It compares two things using “like” or “as’’. e.g. “My loveislike a redrose”.
3. Hyperbole,
It is a dramaticlanguage. Big exaggeration, usuallywith humor. e.g.
“Thatmathhomeworktookme 8 millionyearstofinish”.
3. Personification, is an object appear like a person. e.g. “The windwhisper” or “The
snowflakesdanced in thewind”.
4. Allititration, means the repetation of the same beginning sound

5. Generic Structure

 Intro, namely the beginning of the song, usually the singer's voice is not heard (only
the instruments)
 Verse, or verse, is the introductory part to the chorus.

 Refrain, transition from verse to chorus

 The chorus, the main part, is usually the easiest to remember.

 Bridge, connecting the chorus to the next chorus or to the coda.

 Coda, ending of the song.

This structure is not rigid, so not all songs have a structure arranged like that. But in
general every song must have a verse, chorus and bridge.

Example
“Trouble is a Friend”
By : Lenka

Trouble will find you no mater where you go, oh oh

No Matter if you’re fast no matter if you’re slow, oh oh
The eye of the storm and the cry in the morn, oh oh
Your fine for a while but then start to loose control

He’s there in the dark

He’s there in my heart
He waits in the winds
He’s gotta play a part
Trouble is a friend
Yeah trouble is a friend of mine. oh oh

Trouble is a friend but trouble is a foe, oh oh

And no matter what I feed him he always seems to grow, oh oh
He sees what I see and he knows what I know, oh oh
So don’t forget as you ease on down the road

So don’t be alarmed if he takes you by the arm

I won’t let him win, but I’m a sucker for his charm
Trouble is a friend
Yeah trouble is a friend of mine, oh oh

Oh how I hate the way he makes me feel

And how I try to make him leave, I try
Oh Oh I try

If Clause

(silakan copy paste dari modul NF materinya: Conditional)