Internship Report Final

1|CHPS INTERSHIP REPORT
INTERNSHIP REPORT
SUBMITTED BY:
M.NABIL AHMAD(NUST,EME)
USAMA KHAN (COMSATS)
SUBMITTED TO:
HUMEIR DANNYAL (JE)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr no TOPIC NAME PAGE NO
1 Acknowledgment 3
2 Introduction 4
3 Turbine 6
4 Transformer 13
5 Transmission Lines 35
6 Generator 49
7 Excitation System 61
8 Electrical Schemes 63
9 Draft Tube 65
10 Bearings 67
11 Lubricating Oil Cycle 68
12 Governor System 68
13 General Questions 69
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise to Almighty Allah, the most Gracious and compassionate. Who created
the universe and bestowed mankind with the knowledge and blessings of Allah be upon the Holy
Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) who guided mankind with the Holy Quran and Sunnah, the
everlasting source of guidance and knowledge for humanity.
We take immense pleasure and gratitude in presenting this internship report, which marks
the successful completion of our internship at CHPS. This invaluable opportunity has allowed us
to delve into the real-world application of our academic knowledge and gain hands-on experience
in the engineering field.
First and foremost, we would like to extend our heartfelt appreciation to the entire team at CHPS
for their unwavering support, guidance, and cooperation throughout our internship journey. Their
willingness to share their expertise, offer constructive feedback, and patiently address our queries
has been instrumental in enriching our learning experience.
We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to
➢ Mr. ABDUL WAHEED JAKHRANI (Resident Engineer)

➢ Mr. Saeed ur Rehman (Operation Engineer)
➢ Mr Asim sattar(SE)&Mr Faheem
➢ Mr. Humeir Daniyal(JE)
Our special thanks to,
→ Mr. Abdul Rehman

→ Mr. Jahanzeb
→ Mr. Salman
1. Introduction:
Chashma Hydropower Plant is located on the right side of Chashma Barrage.
The barrage is located on the Indus River near the village Chashma in Mianwali District about
304 k.m North West of Lahore. The project has been estimated at Rs17, 821.77 million
including foreign exchange component of Rs 9264.25.The installed capacity of power Station
is 184 MW comprising of 8 bulb type turbine units each of 23 MW capacities. The bulb
turbines have been installed for the first time in Pakistan. The first unit was commissioned in
December 2000, while final commissioning of all units was completed in July 2001
Salient Features of Chashma Hydropower Sta tion:
Maximum Pound Level: 197.8 m (649 ft)

Normal pound level: 195.7 m (642 ft)
Minimum pound level: 194.2 m (637 ft)
Power House Turbine:
Made By: Fuji, Japan

Type: Kaplan type
Total Turbines: 8
Generators:
Made By: Fuji, Japan

Type: Synchronous generator
Total Installed: 8
Output: 23 MW each
Step-up Transformers:
Made by: GEC, ALTSOM France

Rated Capacity: 26 MVA
Rated Voltage: 11/ 132 KV
Rated Current: 113.2 A
Output Distribution:
The power generated in this plant is supplied to four Grid Stations through 132 KV
transmission lines which are as:
1. D.I Khan
2. Chashma Left Bank
3. Wanbachran circuit 1
4. Wanbachran circuit 2
Turbines Characteristics:
Type: Kaplan type with movable blades

No. of Runner Blades: 4
Wicket Gates: 16
Rated Net Head: 8.4
Rated Speed: 85.7 rpm
Run Away Speed: 300 rpm
Tripping over speed: 136 rpm
Runner blade characteristics
Weight 98 ton
Material 13% Cu - 4% Ni Stainless steel casting
Arial View of Chashma Hydropower Station:
2.Turbine
A turbine is a mechanical device that converts the kinetic energy of a fluid (liquid or gas)
into rotational mechanical energy. It is widely used in various industries, including power
generation, aviation, marine propulsion, and industrial processes. The turbine at chashma
hydro power plant is made by Fuji,Japan.The turbine is Kaplan type.Total no. of turbines at
the power house is 8.
2.1 Turbine Specifications:
Type: Kaplan type with movable blades

No. of Runner Blades: 4
Wicket Gates: 16
Rated Net Head: 8.4m
Rated Speed: 85.7 rpm
Run Away Speed: 300 rpm
Tripping over speed: 136 rpm
2.2 MAJOR TYPES OF TURBINES:
Turbines are classified into two main types based on their working principle: impulse turbines
and reaction turbines.
2.2.1. Impulse Turbines:
Impulse turbines operate by the principle of converting the kinetic energy of a high-velocity jet
of fluid into rotational motion. They typically consist of a series of stationary nozzles or guide
vanes that direct the fluid jet onto a series of rotating blades or buckets. The high-velocity fluid
jet exerts an impulse on the blades, causing them to rotate.
The most common example of an impulse turbine is the Pelton turbine, which is used for high
head, low flow rate applications. It is commonly employed in hydroelectric power plants
operating with a large drop in water head.
2.2.1 Reaction Turbines:
Reaction turbines work on the principle of converting both the kinetic energy and pressure
energy of a fluid into rotational motion. These turbines have a series of fixed guide vanes (also
called stator blades) and a set of rotating blades (also known as rotor blades or runner). The fluid
passing through the guide vanes undergoes a change in direction and pressure before entering the
rotating blades. As the fluid passes through the rotating blades, it exerts a reaction force on them,
causing the turbine to rotate.
Some common examples of reaction turbines include:
- Kaplan Turbine: A type of axial-flow reaction turbine commonly used in hydroelectric power
plants, especially where the flow of water varies over a wide range.
- Francis Turbine: Another type of mixed-flow reaction turbine suitable for medium to high head
applications and moderate flow rates.
- Propeller Turbine: Also known as a fixed-blade or fixed-pitch turbine, it is a variant of the
Kaplan turbine with fixed blades suitable for certain low head applications.
Turbines play a crucial role in converting energy from fluid motion to mechanical power, which
can be used to generate electricity, propel vehicles, or perform various mechanical tasks. They
have contributed significantly to the development of various industries and have become an
essential component of our modern energy infrastructure.
Difference between axial ,radial and mixed flow turbines

Axial, radial, and mixed flow turbines are types of turbomachinery used to convert fluid energy
(typically steam or gas) into mechanical energy. They are commonly used in power generation,
aviation, and various industrial applications. The main difference between these types of turbines
lies in the direction of fluid flow and how energy is extracted from the fluid.
1. Axial Flow Turbine:
Axial flow turbines have a design where the fluid flows parallel to the turbine's axis of rotation.
In other words, the fluid enters the turbine in the same direction as the rotation of the rotor
blades. This type of turbine is characterized by its elongated and slender shape. Axial flow
turbines are commonly used in aircraft jet engines and power generation, where they are more
efficient at higher flow rates and lower pressure differentials.
2. Radial Flow Turbine:
Radial flow turbines, also known as centrifugal turbines, have a design where the fluid flows
radially outward from the center of the rotor. The fluid enters the turbine at the center and is
directed towards the outer edges of the rotor blades. This type of turbine is often used in
applications with lower flow rates and higher pressure differentials, such as small-scale power
generation, some industrial processes, and turbochargers.
3. Mixed Flow Turbine:
Mixed flow turbines combine elements of both axial and radial flow designs. The fluid enters the
turbine axially but then changes direction to flow radially outward as it interacts with the rotor
blades. This type of turbine is designed to balance the advantages of both axial and radial flow,
making it suitable for applications that require a compromise between high flow rates and
moderate pressure differentials. Mixed flow turbines are commonly used in some power
generation applications, particularly in hydroelectric power plants and certain industrial
processes.
Reaction type(Kaplan type) turbine is used at CHPS.
2.3 RUNNER:
❖ Runner Diameter is 6300mm

❖ Four adjustable blades
❖ Material is 13% Cr & 4Ni stainless steel
❖ Runner Hub is made of cast steel and Runner core is made of cast iron
❖ In hub ,hydraulic servomotor for movement of runner blades is accommodated
2.4 RUNAWAY SPEED
The "runaway speed" refers to the maximum rotational speed that the turbine can reach when there
is no load or when it is not connected to the electrical grid. Runaway speed is an important
consideration for the safe operation of turbines to avoid overspeeding and potential damage.
The runaway speed in a Kaplan turbine is primarily determined by the design and operational
characteristics of the turbine, including its geometry, runner blade shape, and the governing system
used to regulate the flow of water to the turbine. When there is no load connected to the turbine,
and the governing system fails to regulate the water flow properly, the rotational speed can increase
uncontrollably.
To prevent runaway speed situations, Kaplan turbines are equipped with various safety features
and control systems. These may include:
10 | C H P S I N T E R S H I P R E P O R T
1. Mechanical Overspeed Trip: A mechanical overspeed trip is a safety device that is triggered
when the turbine exceeds a certain preset speed. It automatically shuts down the turbine to prevent
damage.
2. Electronic/Control System Protections: Modern Kaplan turbines often incorporate electronic
monitoring and control systems. These systems continuously monitor the turbine's speed and can
send signals to adjust the guide vanes or wicket gates to control the water flow and keep the turbine
within safe operating limits.
3. Governor System: Kaplan turbines are equipped with governor systems that regulate the flow
of water to the turbine based on the grid's power demand. If the grid demand decreases or if the
load suddenly disconnects, the governor system adjusts the flow to prevent overspeeding.
4. Load Dumping: In some cases, excess energy can be diverted to auxiliary loads or dump loads,
dissipating the excess power and preventing the turbine from reaching dangerous speeds.
The specific runaway speed for a particular Kaplan turbine depends on its design parameters, and
turbine manufacturers carefully design and test their turbines to ensure safe and efficient operation
under various conditions. Safety measures are essential to avoid damage to the turbine and to
protect personnel working in and around the hydroelectric power plant.
The maximum magnitude of runaway speed of the turbine at CHPS is 300 rpm.
2.5 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPELLER AND BULB TURBINE:
Fig 3.5.1 PROPELLER TURBINE(on the right) & bulb turbine(on the left)
Propeller turbines and bulb turbines are two different types of water turbines used in hydropower
generation. While they both belong to the category of reaction turbines, they have distinct design
features and applications. Here are the main differences between propeller turbines and bulb
turbines:
.
2.5.1 Installation:
- Propeller Turbine: Kaplan turbines are typically installed in open channels or headrace tunnels,
where the flow of water is relatively straight and unhindered. They are well-suited for medium to
high head applications and moderate to high flow rates.
- Bulb Turbine: Bulb turbines are designed for low to medium head applications. Due to their
compact design, they are often used in low head or small hydroelectric power plants where space
is limited or where environmental considerations require a compact footprint.
2.5.2 Efficiency and Flow Range:
- Propeller Turbine: Kaplan turbines (propeller turbines) are known for their high efficiency over
a wide range of flow rates and heads. Their adjustable blades allow them to maintain good
efficiency under varying operating conditions.
- Bulb Turbine: Bulb turbines are efficient in low to medium head applications and can provide
stable performance over a certain range of flow rates. However, their efficiency might not be as
high as that of Kaplan turbines in some specific operating conditions.
2.5.3 Applications:
- Propeller Turbine: Kaplan turbines are commonly used in medium to large-scale hydropower
plants where water flow rates and heads can vary significantly throughout the year.
- Bulb Turbine: Bulb turbines are well-suited for small to medium-scale hydropower plants in
locations with low to medium water heads. Their compact design makes them particularly suitable
for installations with limited space.
2.6 WICKET GATES:
16 wicket gates are located between outer gate ring and inner gate ring. The wicket gate is
supported at its stem by outer and inner bearings. These bearings are non grease lubricating type
and provide spherical sliding so as to allow inclination of wicket gate due to deformation and
displacement of bulb which may occur at the load rejection of turbine. The material of wicket gates
is stainless steel.The wicket gates are of movable type connected to wicket gate operating
mechanism and designed to adjust the discharge, and water flow angle according to the turbine
load. The movement of wicket gates servomotor is converted to rotating motion by the wicket
operating ring, and transmitted to outer wicket gate stems through links.
2.7 CAVITATION
Cavitation is a phenomenon that can occur in hydraulic systems, including hydro turbines, when
the local pressure of a fluid drops below its vapor pressure, causing the formation and subsequent
collapse of vapor bubbles. This phenomenon is particularly problematic in turbines and other fluid
handling equipment as it can lead to various detrimental effects. Here's an explanation of cavitation
and its effects on hydro turbines:
2.7.1 Cavitation Process:

When the pressure of the fluid passing through a hydro turbine decreases to a point where it falls
below the vapor pressure of the fluid, bubbles of vapor or gas form in the liquid. These bubbles
are carried along with the flow and reach regions of higher pressure, where they collapse or
implode, creating shockwaves and high-energy jets. This implosion can lead to the erosion and
damage of nearby surfaces, as well as the generation of noise and vibration.
2.7.2 Effects on Hydro Turbines:
Cavitation can have several negative effects on hydro turbines:
- Erosion and Pitting: The implosion of cavitation bubbles near the turbine blades or other metal
surfaces can cause erosion and pitting. The repetitive implosion of bubbles generates high-velocity
microjets that can chip away at the material, leading to surface damage and reduced efficiency.
- Reduced Efficiency: Cavitation disrupts the smooth flow of water through the turbine, resulting
in energy losses and reduced turbine efficiency. As the cavitation bubbles collapse, they create
turbulence, which reduces the effective pressure and flow on the turbine blades.
- Noise and Vibration: Cavitation-induced collapse of bubbles generates noise and vibration, which
can be harmful to the turbine components and other mechanical equipment nearby. Additionally,
excessive vibration can lead to premature wear and failure of turbine components.
- Performance Degradation: Cavitation can cause variations in turbine performance and output. As
the cavitation bubbles collapse and interfere with the water flow, the turbine's output may become
unstable and fluctuate.
- Structural Damage: In severe cases, cavitation can cause significant structural damage to the
turbine, leading to expensive repairs and downtime.
2.7.3 Preventive Measures:
To mitigate the effects of cavitation on hydro turbines, various preventive measures can be taken:
- Proper Design: Careful design and optimization of the turbine's geometry, including blade shape
and spacing, can help reduce the likelihood of cavitation occurrence.
- Material Selection: Using materials resistant to cavitation erosion, such as stainless steel or
special coatings, can prolong the lifespan of turbine components.
- Pressure Management: Ensuring that the water pressure is appropriately managed throughout the
turbine system can help minimize the risk of cavitation.
- Blade Coating: Applying specialized coatings on the turbine blades can provide additional
protection against cavitation erosion.
- Real-time Monitoring: Installing sensors and monitoring systems can help detect cavitation and
allow operators to take corrective actions promptly.
By understanding and addressing the challenges associated with cavitation, hydro turbine
designers and operators can ensure efficient and reliable turbine operation, prolong the equipment's
lifespan, and minimize downtime and maintenance costs.
3. TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is an electrical
device that transfers energy from one circuit to
another purely by magnetic coupling. Relative
motion of the parts of the transformer is not
required for transfer of energy. Transformers are
often used to convert between high and low
voltages, to change impedance, and to provide
electrical isolation between circuits.
Basic Principles:
In its most basic form a transformer consists of:
• A primary coil or winding.

• A secondary coil or winding.
• A core that supports the coils or windings.
The primary winding is

connected to a 50 hertz ac voltage source. The
magnetic field (flux) builds up (expands) and
collapses (contracts) about the primary
winding. The expanding and contracting
magnetic field around the primary winding
cuts the secondary winding and induces an
alternating voltage into the winding. This
voltage causes alternating current to flow
through the load. The voltage may be stepped
up or down depending on the design of the
primary and secondary windings.
3.1 Specifications of Power Transformer at

CHPS:
High Voltage Low Voltage
Rated power 27.5 MVA 27.5 MVA
Rated voltage 140 ±10 %-5 % KV 11 KV
Rated current 113.2 A 1443.4 A
Highest voltage for 145 V 17.5 V

equipment
Connection WYE ¥ DELTA ∆

Type of cooling ODWF
3.2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER(CT):
A Current Transformer (CT) is an electrical device used to measure alternating current (AC) by
stepping down the current flowing in a power line to a lower value that can be easily measured
with standard measuring instruments. CTs are commonly used in power systems and electrical
installations for various purposes.
Here's why current transformers are used:
Current Measurement: The primary purpose of a current transformer is to measure the

magnitude of current flowing through a power line accurately. It converts high currents, which are
typically too large for direct measurement, into lower, more manageable currents that can be
measured using standard ammeters or other measuring instruments.
Protection: CTs play a crucial role in power system protection. In the event of a fault or abnormal
condition in the electrical network, the current in the system can rise to dangerous levels. CTs are
used to sense these fault currents and provide signals to protective relays. The protective relays
then actuate circuit breakers to isolate the faulty section and prevent further damage to the system.
Metering and Billing: Current transformers are utilized for accurate metering and billing of
electricity consumption. By stepping down the current to a measurable range, CTs provide data
that is used to calculate the amount of electrical energy consumed by residential, commercial, and
industrial customers.
Energy Management: In large industrial installations and power systems, CTs are essential for
energy management. They help monitor and control the flow of electrical energy, allowing
engineers to optimize energy usage, balance loads, and improve overall efficiency.
Current Sensing in Control Circuits: CTs are used in control circuits of various electrical
devices and equipment. They provide feedback on the current level, enabling precise control and
protection mechanisms in various applications like motor control, power supplies, and lighting
systems.
Ground Fault Detection: CTs are employed in ground fault detection systems, which are used to
detect and mitigate the effects of ground faults (current leaks to ground) in electrical systems,
reducing the risk of electric shock and electrical hazards.
Power Quality Analysis: Current transformers are used in power quality monitoring systems to
analyze and record variations in current levels, such as harmonic currents and power factor, which
can affect the efficiency and reliability of electrical systems.
3.3 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER(PT):
A Potential Transformer (PT), also known as a Voltage Transformer (VT), is an electrical device
used to measure voltage levels in electrical systems. Similar to Current Transformers (CTs),
Potential Transformers are a type of instrument transformer, designed to step down high voltages
to lower, measurable levels suitable for instruments and protective relays. PTs are commonly used
in power systems and electrical installations for various purposes.
Here's why potential transformers are used:
Voltage Measurement: The primary purpose of a potential transformer is to measure the

magnitude of voltage in an electrical circuit accurately. It steps down the high voltage to a lower
and safe value that can be conveniently measured using voltmeters and other voltage-measuring
instruments.
Metering and Billing: Potential transformers are used for accurate voltage metering, especially
in high-voltage power transmission and distribution networks. The reduced voltage output from
the PT is used to calculate the voltage level at various points in the electrical system, aiding in
energy metering and billing.
Protective Relaying: In power systems, protective relays monitor voltage levels to detect faults
and abnormal conditions. Potential transformers provide signals to these protective relays,
enabling them to detect overvoltage and undervoltage conditions and initiate appropriate
protection measures.
Control Circuits: Potential transformers play a role in control circuits of electrical equipment and
devices. They provide feedback on voltage levels, enabling precise control and regulation of
various processes in power systems and industrial applications.
Power Quality Analysis: Potential transformers are used in power quality monitoring systems to
analyze and record variations in voltage levels, such as sags, surges, and harmonics. Monitoring
voltage quality helps ensure the reliability and stability of electrical systems.
3.4 Why oil is used in power transformer?

Oil is used in power transformers for several important reasons:
1)Insulation: The primary reason for using oil in power transformers is for electrical insulation.
Transformer oil, also known as mineral oil or insulating oil, has excellent dielectric properties,
meaning it can withstand high electric fields without breaking down. This property allows the oil
to insulate the high-voltage components of the transformer, such as the windings and core, from
each other and from the transformer tank.
2)Heat Dissipation: Power transformers operate at high voltages and currents, which can generate
significant heat during normal operation. Transformer oil has good thermal conductivity, helping
to transfer the heat generated within the transformer to the tank's surface. The oil then dissipates
this heat to the surrounding environment, helping to keep the transformer cool and within safe
operating temperatures.
3)Arc Quenching: In the event of a fault or short circuit inside the transformer, high currents can
flow, leading to the formation of an electric arc. The presence of oil can help quench this arc,
preventing further damage to the transformer and minimizing the risk of catastrophic failure.
4)Contaminant Insulation: Transformer oil helps to insulate contaminants or moisture that might
find their way into the transformer. It forms a protective barrier around the windings and other
components, preventing these contaminants from causing electrical breakdown or other issues.
5)Corrosion Protection: Transformer oil also serves as a protective agent against corrosion. It
helps to prevent the transformer's internal components, such as the metal windings and core, from
coming into direct contact with oxygen and moisture, which could lead to rusting or other forms
of corrosion.
6)Vibration Damping: The presence of oil inside the transformer helps dampen mechanical
vibrations caused by the flow of electrical currents. This reduces the mechanical stress on the
transformer's internal components and contributes to its longevity and reliability.
3.5 OIL USED AT CHPS

Mineral oil is used at CHPS.
3.6 BUCHOLZ RELAY:
The Buchholz relay is a protective device used in oil-filled power transformers and other oil-filled
electrical equipment. Its main function is to detect and respond to internal faults, such as electrical
arcing or partial discharges, that may occur within the transformer. The Buchholz relay is named
after its inventor Max Buchholz, a German engineer who developed the relay in the early 1920s.
3.6.1 Working Principle:
The Buchholz relay operates based on the principle of gas evolution and gas accumulation within
the transformer's oil-filled tank. When an internal fault occurs in the transformer, such as a short
circuit or the development of a gas-producing fault, several phenomena take place:
3.6.2 Gas Generation
Internal faults in the transformer cause arcing, overheating, or partial discharges, which lead to the
production of gases like hydrogen and methane. These gases are not normally present in significant
quantities in a healthy transformer.
3.6.3 Gas Accumulation:
The generated gases tend to accumulate within the oil-filled tank. Due to the specific gravity
difference between the oil and the gases, the gases rise and collect in the upper portion of the tank.
The Buchholz relay is installed in the pipeline connecting the transformer tank and the conservator
(the oil reservoir connected to the transformer). It consists of a float and a pair of mercury switches,
which are connected to the transformer control circuit or an alarm system.
3.6.4 Working Steps:

Minor Faults: When minor faults or low-level gas generation occur, the gases accumulate in the
upper portion of the transformer tank. The float in the Buchholz relay remains in its normal
position, not being affected by the accumulated gases. In this case, the mercury switches remain
in their default position, and no immediate action is taken.
Major Faults: If a major fault occurs, such as a severe internal short circuit, a large volume of gas
is generated due to the intense arcing or overheating. The accumulated gases displace the oil from
the pipeline, causing the float.
3.7 Tap Changer:

Tap changer is used to change the output voltages by rotating the switch. It has total seven levels
of different voltages at CHPS.A tap changer is a device used in power transformers to adjust the
turns ratio of the transformer's primary and secondary windings, thereby altering the output voltage
level. The primary purpose of a tap changer is to regulate the voltage supplied by the transformer
and maintain it within specified limits, compensating for variations in the power system or load
conditions. It is a crucial component in power systems to ensure a stable and reliable supply of
electrical power.
Off load tap changer is used at CHPS.
Here's how a tap changer works:
1. Winding Taps: The primary and secondary windings of a power transformer have multiple taps
(connection points) along their length. These taps are placed at regular intervals to provide
different turns ratios and output voltage levels. The tap changer allows for easy and controlled
switching between these taps.
2. Load Variation: Power systems experience fluctuations in load demand, which can cause
changes in the voltage levels. When the load increases, the voltage tends to drop, and when the
load decreases, the voltage tends to rise.
3. Manual or Automatic Control: Tap changers can be operated manually or automatically,

depending on the transformer's design and the complexity of the power system. Manual tap
changers require physical intervention by a technician to adjust the tap position, while automatic
tap changers use control circuits and sensors to detect voltage changes and automatically adjust
the tap position accordingly.
4. On-Load and Off-Load Tap Changers: Tap changers can be categorized into on-load tap
changers and off-load tap changers . On-load tap changers are capable of changing taps while the
transformer is energized and supplying power to the system. Off-load tap changers, on the other
hand, require the transformer to be de-energized during the tap change process.
5. Transition Time: During a tap change operation, there is a brief transition time where the
transformer output voltage is adjusted to the new tap position. This transition time is usually very
short, and modern tap changers are designed to minimize any voltage disruptions to the power
system during the switching process.
Tap changers play a critical role in power systems, particularly in scenarios where the voltage
needs to be regulated to maintain a stable and consistent supply of electrical power to consumers.
They are commonly used in high-voltage transmission and distribution transformers, where
voltage variations are more pronounced due to the long-distance power transmission and varying
loads.
3.8 DIFFERENT VOLTAGE AT DIFFERENT TAPS AT CHPS

Tap Number Voltage (kV)
Tap 1 154
Tap 2 147
Tap 3 140
Tap 4 133
Tap 5 126
Tap 6 129.5
Tap 7 129.5
3.9 CONNECTION TYPE

The power transformer connection type is delta to star at CHPS.
3.10 USE OF SILICA GEL IN TRANSFORMER:
Silica gel is used in transformers as a moisture-absorbing agent and to control the level of humidity
inside the transformer's insulation system. Transformers contain solid insulation materials such as
paper, which can degrade over time if exposed to excessive moisture. Silica gel serves the
following purposes:
1. Moisture Control:
Silica gel is a highly porous substance with a large surface area, allowing it to adsorb and hold
moisture. By placing silica gel inside the transformer's conservator tank or other designated spaces,
it helps to maintain a dry environment and prevent the accumulation of moisture that could lead to
insulation deterioration or reduced dielectric strength.
2. Preventing Corrosion:
Moisture inside the transformer can lead to the formation of corrosive substances, such as acids,
that may damage the internal components. Silica gel helps to minimize this risk by keeping the air
dry and reducing the chances of corrosion.
3. Extending Lifespan:
The presence of silica gel helps to preserve the insulation materials' integrity and extend the
transformer's overall lifespan by reducing the effects of aging caused by moisture.
4. Protecting from Solid Insulation Deterioration:
The solid insulation materials in transformers, such as paper, can lose their dielectric properties if
exposed to excessive moisture. Silica gel helps to prevent this deterioration and maintain the
insulation's electrical performance.
5. Reducing Risk of Partial Discharge:
Moisture can lead to partial discharges inside the transformer, which can be harmful and may
degrade the insulation over time. By controlling moisture levels, silica gel helps reduce the risk of
partial discharge occurrences.
It is important to note that silica gel is a desiccant, meaning it adsorbs moisture from the
surrounding air. Over time, the silica gel may become saturated with moisture, reducing its
effectiveness. Therefore, regular maintenance and replacement of silica gel are essential to ensure
that it continues to perform its moisture control function effectively.In transformer design and
installation, the proper use of silica gel and other moisture control measures is crucial to ensuring
the reliable operation and longevity of the transformer.
3.11 FIGHER FIGHTING SYSTEM FOR THE POWER

TRANSFORMER:
Working and Construction of Fire Fighting System for Indoor Transformer with Oil-Directed
Water-Filled (ODWF) Cooling.
Deluge valve system is used at CHPS.
A deluge valve system is a type of fire protection system designed to quickly deliver a large
volume of water to a specific area in the event of a fire. It is commonly used in high-hazard
areas, such as chemical storage facilities, power plants, and aircraft hangars, where rapid and
effective fire suppression is essential. The system consists of various components working
together to detect a fire and activate the water discharge. Here's how a deluge valve system
works and its construction:
Working of a Deluge Valve System:
1. Detection:Fire detection devices, such as smoke detectors or heat sensors, detect the presence
of a fire.
2. Alarm Activation: Once a fire is detected, the fire alarm system sends a signal to the deluge
valve control panel to initiate water discharge.
3. Valve Opening: The deluge valve, which is typically held closed by air pressure or an electric
solenoid, opens in response to the signal from the control panel.
4. Water Discharge:With the valve open, water flows from the water supply, through the deluge
valve, and into the distribution piping system.
5. Sprinkler Activation: The distribution piping is equipped with open nozzles or sprinklers that
spray water over the protected area. Unlike conventional sprinkler systems, all the sprinklers in a
deluge valve system activate simultaneously upon valve opening.
6. Fire Suppression: The water discharges in a deluge pattern, rapidly flooding the protected
area with water. This helps suppress the fire and cool down the surrounding environment to
prevent its spread.
7. Control and Shutdown:The deluge valve remains open until the fire is extinguished, and a
manual reset is performed to close the valve once the fire is under control.
Construction of a Deluge Valve System:
A deluge valve system consists of several key components:
1. Deluge Valve: The heart of the system, the deluge valve is a specialized valve that controls
the flow of water into the distribution piping. It remains closed until activated by the fire
detection system.
2. Fire Detection System:Various fire detection devices, such as smoke detectors, heat
detectors, or flame detectors, are strategically placed to detect the presence of a fire.
3. Control Panel: The control panel receives signals from the fire detection system and initiates
the opening of the deluge valve. It also includes manual controls for system testing and
maintenance.
4. Distribution Piping: The distribution piping network carries water from the deluge valve to
the open sprinklers or nozzles.
5. Sprinklers or Nozzles:Open sprinklers or nozzles are positioned throughout the protected

area. These are designed to release water upon valve opening, ensuring comprehensive coverage.
6. Water Supply: A reliable and sufficient water supply is essential for the system's
effectiveness. Water sources can include dedicated water tanks, municipal water supplies, or fire
pumps.
7. Pressure Regulating Devices:Pressure regulators and pressure relief valves are often included
to ensure proper water pressure and prevent damage to the system.
Deluge valve systems are designed to provide rapid and effective fire suppression in high-risk
environments. Their construction and operation are critical in ensuring the safety of personnel
and protecting valuable assets.
3.12 Use of gravel/Stones at location of power transformer:

The main reason to lay gravel in the substation yard is to reduce Ground Potential Rise
(GPR) , Step Voltage and Touch Voltage which may be defined as follow:
• Ground Potential Rise (GPR): The maximum electrical potential that a substation
grounding grid may attain relative to a distant grounding point assumed to be at the
potential of remote earth. This voltage, GPR, is equal to the maximum grid current times
the grid resistance.
• Step Voltage (Es) is defined as the maximum potential difference that exists between
the feet when a fault current flows in the body.A particular case of step voltage is
the Transferred voltage (Etransferred) where a voltage is transferred into or out of the
substation from or to a remote point external to the substation site. It is usual to consider
a distance of one meter between the metallic structure and the point on the ground.
• Touch Voltage (Et) can be defined as the maximum potential difference that exists
between an earthed metallic structure capable of being touched by the hand and any
point of the ground, when a fault current flows.
3.13 Surge Arrester:

Surge Arrester play the most important role for the protection of the transformer. It is present
between the outputs of the step up transformer. When the voltage is increased with the specific
value then the serge Arrester becomes short to protect the any damage of the transformer. When
serge Arrester is short then its further connection
will be grounded so from this we protect the
transformer.
3.14 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SURGE ARRESTER AND

LIGHTNING ARRESTER:
The terms "surge arrester" and "lightning arrester" are often used interchangeably, but there is a
subtle difference between the two:
3.14.1 Surge Arrester:
A surge arrester, also known as a surge protector or transient voltage surge suppressor (TVSS), is
a protective device used to limit transient overvoltage events in electrical systems. These transient
overvoltages, commonly known as surges, can be caused by various factors such as lightning
strikes, switching operations, or faults in the power system.
The primary purpose of a surge arrester is to divert and dissipate the energy of the transient
overvoltage away from sensitive equipment and circuits. When a surge occurs, the surge arrester
provides a low-impedance path for the excess voltage to be safely redirected to the ground. This
action protects electrical and electronic equipment from potential damage and ensures the stability
and reliability of the overall electrical system.
Surge arresters are commonly used in power distribution systems, telecommunication networks,
industrial installations, and electronic devices to safeguard against voltage spikes and surges.
3.14.2 Lightning Arrester:
A lightning arrester, also known as a lightning rod or strike rod, is specifically designed to protect
structures and equipment from the direct impact of lightning strikes. It is primarily used to capture
the immense electrical energy of a lightning strike and conduct it safely to the ground, preventing
damage to the building or the equipment it is protecting.
A lightning arrester consists of a metal rod or conductor installed at the highest point of a structure.
When lightning strikes, the arrester provides a preferred path for the lightning discharge,
channeling it safely into the ground. By doing so, the lightning arrester protects the structure from
physical damage caused by the lightning strike, such as fire, explosions, or structural collapse.
3.14.3 Difference:
In summary, the main difference between a surge arrester and a lightning arrester lies in their
primary function:
- Surge Arrester: Protects electrical and electronic equipment from transient overvoltages and
voltage surges occurring in the electrical system.
- Lightning Arrester: Protects buildings and structures from direct lightning strikes by providing a
safe path for the lightning discharge to the ground.
While both devices are used to safeguard against electrical disturbances, their applications and
specific protective functions differ, with surge arresters focusing on equipment protection and
lightning arresters focusing on building and structure protection.
3.15 METHODS OF COOLING OF TRANSFORMER

Transformers generate heat during operation due to the losses that occur in the core and windings.
Efficient cooling is essential to dissipate this heat and maintain the transformer's optimal operating
temperature. There are several methods of cooling a transformer, and they can be broadly
categorized into two main types:
3.15.1 Natural (or Dry) Cooling:
a. Air Natural (AN) Cooling: This method uses the surrounding air to cool the transformer. The
transformer is designed with cooling fins or radiators on the outer surface of the tank, which
increase the surface area for better heat dissipation. Heat is transferred from the transformer's
windings and core to the outer surface, and natural convection currents in the surrounding air help
dissipate the heat. Air natural cooling is typically used for small to medium-sized transformers.
b. Oil Natural (ON) Cooling: In this method, the transformer's core and windings are immersed
in oil, and the heat generated during operation is conducted to the oil. The heat is then dissipated
by natural convection within the transformer tank and the surrounding air. Oil natural cooling is
commonly used in medium-sized transformers.
3.15.2 Forced (or Indirect) Cooling:
a. Air Forced (AF) Cooling: In forced air cooling, fans or blowers are installed to circulate air
through cooling ducts or radiators attached to the transformer's tank. The forced air circulation
enhances the heat transfer rate and allows for more efficient cooling. Air forced cooling is suitable
for larger transformers or transformers operating under higher load conditions.
b. Oil Forced (OF) Cooling: With oil forced cooling, fans or pumps are used to circulate oil
through cooling ducts or heat exchangers. The oil absorbs the heat from the transformer's core and
windings and is then forced through the cooling system, which may include radiators or heat
exchangers. This method is commonly used in large power transformers and transformers
subjected to heavy loads.
3.15.3. Liquid Immersed Cooling:
a. Liquid Immersed Self-Cooling (LISC): In this method, the transformer's windings are
immersed in a dielectric liquid (usually mineral oil) that acts as both the insulating medium and
the cooling medium. The heat generated during operation is dissipated through the liquid and the
tank's surface by natural convection. This method is commonly used in small distribution
transformers.
b. Liquid Immersed Forced Cooling (LIFC): Similar to liquid immersed self-cooling, this method
uses a dielectric liquid as the cooling medium. However, it also employs fans or pumps to force
the liquid through cooling channels, enhancing the cooling efficiency. Liquid immersed forced
cooling is commonly used in medium to large-sized transformers.
The choice of cooling method depends on factors such as the transformer's size, rating, operating
conditions, and environmental factors. Efficient cooling is essential for maintaining the
transformer's reliability, performance, and lifespan.
3.16 AUTO TRANSFORMER
An auto transformer is a type of electrical transformer that has a single winding shared between
the primary and secondary circuits. Unlike conventional transformers, which have separate
primary and secondary windings, an auto transformer uses a portion of the winding as both the
primary and secondary coils.
In an auto transformer, one end of the winding acts as the common terminal (shared by both
primary and secondary), while the other end serves as the connection point for the input and output
voltage. The voltage difference between the common terminal and the output terminal determines
the transformation ratio.
The auto transformer operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction, just like conventional
transformers. When an alternating current (AC) is applied to the primary winding, a magnetic field
is generated, which then induces a voltage in the shared winding. The induced voltage in the shared
winding becomes the output voltage.
3.16.2 Transformation Ratio:
The transformation ratio of an auto transformer is determined by the physical placement of the
input and output terminals along the winding. The voltage ratio (Vp/Vs) of the auto transformer is
given by:
Transformation Ratio (Vp/Vs) = (Number of turns in primary winding) / (Number of turns in

common winding)
3.16.3 Advantages of Auto Transformers:
1. Size and Weight:Auto transformers are generally smaller and lighter than conventional
transformers with similar transformation ratios, as they use fewer winding materials.
2. Efficiency: Auto transformers have higher efficiency because there are fewer losses due to
reduced copper winding and core materials.
3. Cost-Effective: Due to the reduced amount of copper and core material used, auto transformers
are often more cost-effective to manufacture.
4. Voltage Regulation: Auto transformers can be used for voltage regulation by changing the
position of the output tap along the winding, providing multiple voltage output options.
3.16.4 Applications of Auto Transformers:
Auto transformers find various applications in electrical systems, including:
1. Voltage Regulation: Auto transformers are used to adjust the voltage levels in power distribution
systems, especially for industrial or long-distance transmission applications.
2. Tapping and Interconnection: Auto transformers can be used to provide different voltage levels
for interconnecting electrical systems with varying voltage requirements.
3. Starting of Induction Motors: Auto transformers are used in motor starters to reduce the high
starting current of induction motors, improving motor efficiency and reducing stress on the power
system.
4. Voltage Stabilization: Auto transformers are used in voltage stabilizers to maintain a constant
output voltage even when the input voltage varies.
It's essential to consider that, while auto transformers offer certain advantages, they also have
limitations. One significant limitation is that they do not provide electrical isolation between the
primary and secondary circuits, which is a crucial safety feature offered by conventional
transformers with separate windings. Proper design, protection, and insulation measures are
necessary to ensure safe and efficient operation in any application involving auto transformers.
3.17 Difference Between Autotransformer and Conventional

Transformer
3.17.1 Autotransformer
• The type of transformer that has single windings as compare to another transformer that
is more than one winding.
• Single windings is such configured that it has two parts one is used as primary and the
other is used as secondary.
• While in other transform different windings used is primary and secondary
• It consists of 3 numbers of tapping where connections are created.
• Due usage of single winding its cost of construction is less than other transformers.
• With that has a drawback it needed certain insulation between two parts of windings
that can cause a short circuit if not exit.
• It also has the benefit of that less value of leakage reactance, less power loss than other
• It can be employed as voltage regulators at different loads
• The part of windings of this transformer that is mutual among primary and secondary
called common part and other called series.
• the equation used for voltage measuring from the transformer is given here.
• V1/V2=N1/N2
• Its work lies on the phenomenon of self-induction
• It needed less value of initial current due to simple structures
• the value of output voltage can be varied according to load attached demand
3.17.2 Conventional Transformer

• In a conventional transformer, there is two windings are sued the first one operates as
the primary and the second one is used as the secondary winding.
• It works on the phenomena of mutual induction.
• the operation of the transformer is to change the voltage level from one to another.
• If it transforms from high to low called to step down and if transform from low to high
called step up transformer
• The operation of transformer lies on the Faraday law of electromagnetic induction
• Transform used at power generation system called power transformer and transform
that used at load end to decrease load called distribution transformer
• As compare to autotransformer its price is high due to its large size.
• Losses are occurring with a large quantity than an auto transformer.
3.18 FUNTIONS OF AUTOTRANSFORMER
The function of an auto transformer is to perform voltage transformation between two electrical
circuits while using a single winding that is shared by both the primary and secondary sides. It
operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction, just like conventional transformers, but
with a difference in the arrangement of the winding.
The primary functions of an auto transformer include:
1. Voltage Transformation: The primary purpose of an auto transformer is to change the voltage
level of an AC electrical system. By tapping the common winding at different points, it can step
up or step down the voltage, depending on the position of the output tap.
2. Voltage Regulation: Auto transformers are used for voltage regulation in power systems. By
adjusting the position of the output tap, the output voltage can be kept within a desired range,
compensating for fluctuations in the input voltage.
3. Power Distribution: Auto transformers are employed in power distribution systems to transfer
electrical power efficiently between systems operating at different voltage levels.
4. Starting of Induction Motors: Auto transformers are used as motor starters to reduce the high
starting current of induction motors, allowing for smoother and more controlled motor startup.
5. Voltage Stabilization: In voltage stabilizers, auto transformers are used to maintain a constant
output voltage even when the input voltage varies.
6. Voltage Interconnection: Auto transformers can be used to provide different voltage levels for
interconnecting electrical systems with varying voltage requirements.
7. Efficiency Improvement: Auto transformers are often more efficient than conventional
transformers due to reduced copper and core losses.
8. Size and Weight Reduction: Compared to conventional transformers with separate windings,
auto transformers are smaller and lighter, which can be advantageous in applications with limited
space or weight constraints.
It's important to note that while auto transformers offer certain advantages, they also have
limitations. One significant limitation is that they do not provide electrical isolation between the
primary and secondary circuits, which is a crucial safety feature offered by conventional
transformers with separate windings. As such, proper design, protection, and insulation measures
are necessary to ensure safe and efficient operation in any application involving auto transformers.
4.TRANSMISSION LINES
4.1 CT &PT RATIO OF TRANSMISSION LINES AT CHPS
CT’S&PT’S have following ratio at CHPS
Two CT’S having ratio’s 500A/1A.
Five CT’S having ratio’s 400A/1A.
1 CT having ratio’s 800A/1A.
PT’S have ratio of 132kv/110v/110v

4.2 CORONA LOSSES:
Corona losses in transmission lines refer to the power losses that occur due to the phenomenon of
corona discharge. Corona is an electrical discharge that can occur in high-voltage transmission
lines when the electric field strength at the surface of the conductors exceeds a certain threshold.
When the voltage across a transmission line conductor becomes sufficiently high, the air
surrounding the conductor's surface breaks down and ionizes, creating a corona discharge. This
discharge leads to the formation of small, glowing regions of ionized air, and it is accompanied by
the generation of ozone and audible noise.
Corona losses are undesirable for several reasons:
1. Power Losses: Corona discharges cause power losses in the transmission line. The energy
dissipated in the corona discharge is converted into heat, resulting in an additional loss of power.
2. Radio Interference: The corona discharge emits electromagnetic waves, including radio
frequency interference, which can interfere with nearby communication systems.
3. Ozone Generation: The corona discharge produces ozone, which can be harmful to the
environment and accelerate the aging of insulating materials.
4. Audible Noise: The corona discharge generates an audible humming or crackling noise, which
can be annoying and may affect people living near transmission lines.
To mitigate corona losses and its associated issues, several measures are employed in high-voltage
transmission lines:
1. Increasing Conductor Diameter: Using larger conductor diameter reduces the electric field
intensity at the conductor's surface, making it less likely for corona discharge to occur.
2. Bundled Conductors: Bundling multiple conductors together helps to distribute the electric field
more evenly, reducing the possibility of corona discharge.
3. Grading Rings: Grading rings are used at the ends of insulator strings to distribute the electric
field more uniformly, reducing the tendency for corona to occur.
4. High Voltage Level Optimization: Proper design of transmission lines considers the voltage
levels to ensure they do not exceed critical corona inception voltages.
5. High-Altitude Erection: In some cases, transmission lines are erected at higher altitudes where
the air density is lower, reducing the corona inception voltage.
By taking these measures, transmission line designers and operators can minimize corona losses
and the associated negative effects, ensuring efficient and reliable power transmission.
4.3 SKIN EFFECT OF CURRENT
The skin effect is a phenomenon that occurs in alternating current (AC) transmission, where the
current tends to concentrate near the surface of a conductor rather than being uniformly distributed
across its cross-section. This effect becomes more pronounced as the frequency of the AC current
increases.
The skin effect is primarily caused by the self-inductance of the conductor, which generates a
magnetic field around the conductor as the current flows through it. At higher frequencies, the
changing magnetic field induces eddy currents within the conductor. These eddy currents, in turn,
generate their own magnetic fields that oppose the original magnetic field.
As a result, the net effect is that the AC current tends to flow more towards the outer surface of
the conductor, and the current density decreases towards the center of the conductor. The current
distribution becomes "skewed" towards the surface, leading to a thicker layer of current flow along
the outer skin of the conductor.
4.3.1 Key points about the skin effect
1. More Pronounced at High Frequencies: The skin effect is more noticeable at higher frequencies.
At power frequencies (typically 50 Hz or 60 Hz), the skin effect is relatively small and generally
not a significant concern for most power transmission and distribution systems. However, at radio
frequencies and in high-speed data transmission, the skin effect becomes more significant.
2. Increased Resistance: The effective resistance of the conductor increases due to the skin effect.
This is because the majority of the current flows through a smaller cross-sectional area near the
conductor's surface, leading to higher resistance per unit length.
3. Loss of Conductivity: The skin effect reduces the effective conductivity of the conductor, which
can lead to higher power losses in the form of heat generation.
4. Consideration in High-Frequency Applications: In high-frequency applications, such as radio

broadcasting, telecommunications, and high-speed data transmission, the skin effect is a critical
factor to consider in the design of conductors and transmission lines.
To mitigate the skin effect, conductors used in high-frequency applications are often designed with
special shapes or configurations to distribute the current more uniformly across the conductor's
cross-section. Additionally, hollow or flat conductors are sometimes used to reduce the skin effect
and minimize power losses. In power transmission and distribution systems, the skin effect is
generally not a major concern, and standard round conductors are sufficient to handle the power
frequencies used in such applications.
4.4 WHY SKIN EFECT OCCUR ONLY IN AC NOT IN DC?

The skin effect occurs only in alternating current (AC) and not in direct current (DC) due to the
difference in the behavior of electric fields and magnetic fields in the two types of currents.
In AC circuits, the direction of current flow reverses periodically, usually at a frequency of 50 Hz

or 60 Hz in power systems. As a result, the magnetic field surrounding the conductor changes its
direction accordingly, inducing eddy currents within the conductor itself. These induced eddy
currents, in turn, create magnetic fields that oppose the original magnetic field. This phenomenon
is called self-inductance.
When the frequency of the AC current increases, the rate at which the magnetic field changes also
increases. This leads to a stronger self-inductance effect, causing more significant opposition to
the original magnetic field. Consequently, the current tends to concentrate more on the outer
surface of the conductor, and less current flows through the inner regions. This concentration of
current near the surface is known as the skin effect.
On the other hand, in a DC circuit, the current flows in a single direction without any periodic
reversals. In this case, there is no change in the magnetic field surrounding the conductor. As a
result, there are no induced eddy currents, and the current distribution remains uniform across the
entire cross-section of the conductor.
In summary, the skin effect occurs in AC circuits due to the changing magnetic fields and self-
inductance effects caused by the alternating direction of current flow. In DC circuits, there are no
changing magnetic fields or self-inductance effects, so the skin effect does not occur, and the
current distribution remains uniform throughout the conductor's cross-section.
4.5 IMPEDANCE RELAY
An impedance relay, also known as an impedance-type protective relay, is a protective device used
in power systems to detect faults and abnormal conditions, such as short circuits or overloads. It
operates based on the measurement of impedance, which is the total opposition that a circuit offers
to the flow of alternating current (AC).
The impedance relay works on the principle of comparing the impedance of the power system with
a pre-set characteristic impedance value. When a fault occurs in the protected zone, the impedance
of the faulted circuit changes, and this change is detected by the relay. The relay then initiates a
trip signal to disconnect the faulty circuit from the rest of the power system, isolating the fault and
preventing further damage.
The working of an impedance relay can be understood through the following steps:
1. Current and Voltage Measurement: The impedance relay continuously measures the current and
voltage in the protected circuit. These measurements are usually obtained through current
transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs) connected to the relay.
2. Impedance Calculation: The relay calculates the impedance of the circuit by dividing the
measured voltage by the measured current. Impedance is a complex quantity and includes both
resistance and reactance components.
3. Comparison with Setting Value: The relay compares the calculated impedance with a pre-
determined setting value. This setting value is typically determined based on the characteristics of
the protected circuit, and it represents the impedance that should be seen under normal operating
conditions.
4. Operation: If the calculated impedance exceeds the set value beyond a certain threshold, the
relay interprets this as an indication of a fault. Depending on the relay's design, this can be a time
overcurrent characteristic or a distance protection characteristic.
5. Trip Signal: Once the relay detects a fault condition, it initiates a trip signal to open the circuit
breaker or a disconnect switch. The faulted circuit is disconnected from the power system, and the
fault is isolated.
It's important to note that the impedance relay's performance depends on the accuracy of current
and voltage measurements, the correct selection of settings, and proper coordination with other
protective devices to achieve reliable and effective fault protection in the power system.
4.5.2 PURPOSE:
The purpose of an impedance relay is to provide protection for electrical power systems,
particularly in transmission and distribution networks. It is a critical component of the power
system's protection scheme and serves the following main purposes:
An impedance relay has a primary role in power systems encompassing fault detection, isolation,
and equipment protection. Its fundamental function is to detect faults arising from conditions like
short circuits, ground faults, or overloads, achieved through impedance measurements. Upon fault
detection, the relay promptly triggers a trip signal to open circuit breakers or disconnect switches,
isolating the faulted section to prevent its spread and further damage. This action safeguards
critical components like transmission lines, transformers, generators, and motors, ensuring the
protection and integrity of the power system. Distance protection is the main thing , helps you
locate fault on transmission line , Each Transmission line is of several Kms of Length to help
locate the fault that at which zone this fault is.
4.6 LENGTHS of TRANSMISSION LINES USED AT CHPS:
4.7 TRANSMISSION LINE VOLTAGES IN PAKISTAN
The nominal transmission line voltage in Pakistan's power system varies depending on the voltage
level of the transmission network. The transmission voltages in Pakistan can be broadly
categorized into the following:
1. Extra High Voltage (EHV) Transmission: The highest voltage level used in the transmission
network is typically 500 kilovolts (kV) in Pakistan. EHV transmission lines are used for long-
distance transmission of bulk power between major power generation plants and load centers.
2. High Voltage (HV) Transmission: High voltage transmission lines in Pakistan operate at
voltages of 220 kV and 132 kV. These lines are used to transmit power over intermediate distances
and connect regional substations with the main grid.(132kv used at CHPS)
3. Medium Voltage (MV) Transmission: The medium voltage level in Pakistan's transmission
system is usually 66 kV, used for sub-transmission purposes, connecting large substations to
distribution networks or other substations.
4. Low Voltage (LV) Distribution: The low voltage distribution network operates at voltages of
11 kV, 6.6 kV, and 3.3 kV. These lines distribute power from substations to industrial consumers
or to local distribution transformers for further distribution to residential and commercial
consumers at lower voltages like 400/230 volts.
It's important to note that the transmission voltages and network configuration may change over
time due to power system expansion and upgrading projects. For the most up-to-date information
on transmission line voltages in Pakistan, it is best to refer to the latest data published by the
Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) or the National Transmission and Despatch Company
(NTDC), which are responsible for managing the country's power transmission system.
4.8 LINE LOSSES

Line losses, also known as transmission losses or power losses, refer to the energy losses that occur
during the transmission and distribution of electricity through power lines. These losses are
primarily due to the resistance of the conductors and other components of the power system, and
they result in a decrease in the amount of power that reaches the load compared to the amount of
power generated at the source.
The main reasons for line losses are:
1. Resistance of Conductors: Power lines are made of conductive materials such as copper or
aluminum, which have some resistance to the flow of electricity. As current flows through the
conductors, some of the electrical energy is converted into heat due to this resistance, leading to
power losses.
2. Skin Effect: At high frequencies, such as in AC power transmission, the skin effect causes the
current to be concentrated near the surface of the conductor. This effectively increases the
resistance of the conductor, leading to additional power losses.
3. Joule Heating: The resistance in the conductors causes Joule heating, where electrical energy
is converted into heat energy, leading to further losses.
4. Inductive and Capacitive Effects: Power lines have inductance and capacitance, which can
cause reactive power flow and contribute to line losses, especially in long transmission lines.
5. Corona Loss: At high voltages, corona discharge can occur, resulting in corona loss, which is
an additional source of power losses.
Line losses are generally expressed as a percentage of the power that is transmitted or distributed
through the power lines. The actual amount of line losses depends on various factors, including
the length and diameter of the conductors, the operating voltage, the current flow, and the system
design.
Minimizing line losses is crucial for maintaining the efficiency of power transmission and
distribution systems. Utilities and power companies use various strategies to reduce line losses,
such as using higher voltage levels to reduce current, improving conductor materials with lower
resistance, employing power factor correction techniques, and optimizing the system design to
reduce reactive power flow.
In summary, line losses are the energy losses that occur during the transmission and distribution
of electricity through power lines due to the resistance of conductors and other factors. Minimizing
these losses is essential to ensure the efficient and reliable delivery of electricity to consumers.
4.9 WHAT ARE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF OVERHEAD

CONDUCTORS USED FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION?
The four major types of overhead conductors commonly used for electrical transmission and
distribution are as follows:
1. ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced):

ACSR is one of the most widely used types of overhead conductors. It consists of a central steel
core surrounded by one or more layers of aluminum strands. The steel core provides strength and
mechanical support, while the aluminum strands offer good conductivity. ACSR conductors are
suitable for long-distance transmission lines due to their high tensile strength and ability to carry
heavy loads.
2. AAC (All Aluminum Conductor):
AAC conductors are made entirely of aluminum strands. They are lightweight, have good
electrical conductivity, and are used primarily in distribution lines. AAC conductors are not as
strong as ACSR conductors and are generally used for shorter spans and lower tension
applications.
3. AAAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductor):
AAAC conductors are similar to AAC conductors but are made from aluminum alloy strands,
which provide better mechanical strength compared to pure aluminum. AAAC conductors are
suitable for both transmission and distribution lines and are often used in areas prone to
corrosion or in regions with high mechanical stresses.
4. ACCC (Aluminum Conductor Composite Core):
ACCC conductors are a relatively new type of overhead conductor designed to combine the
advantages of traditional ACSR conductors with improved performance. They feature a carbon
fiber composite core surrounded by aluminum strands. The carbon fiber core provides enhanced
strength and reduced thermal expansion, allowing for increased power transmission capacity and
reduced line sag. ACCC conductors are commonly used to upgrade existing lines and increase
the power transfer capacity without major infrastructure changes.
Each type of overhead conductor has specific advantages and applications based on factors such
as mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, weight, and cost. The choice
of conductor type depends on the requirements of the specific transmission or distribution
project, taking into account factors like span length, load capacity, environmental conditions, and
economic considerations.
4.10 TYPE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR USED AT CHPS

Two types of electrical conductors in transmission lines is used at CHPS which are.
1)lynx ACSR
2)Cario AAAC
4.11 What is ferranti effect ?how to reduce it?
The Ferranti effect is the increase in voltage occurring at the receiving end of a very long (>
200 km) AC electric power transmission line, relative to the voltage at the sending end, when
the load is very small, or no load is connected. It can be stated as a factor, or as a percent
increase.This effect only happens when the transmission line is at NO LOAD or at Very Light
Load.
Causes of Ferranti Effect:
The Ferranti effect is primarily caused by the capacitance between the conductors of the
transmission line and the ground. The transmission line behaves like a distributed capacitance,
and at high voltages and long distances, this capacitance becomes significant, leading to an
increase in the line voltage at the receiving end.
Effects of Ferranti Effect:
The increase in voltage due to the Ferranti effect can be problematic for the receiving end
equipment and power system. If the voltage rise is excessive, it can cause overvoltage
conditions, leading to insulation breakdown in equipment, damage to sensitive electronic
devices, and potential power system instability.
How to Reduce Ferranti Effect:
1. Use of Shunt Reactors: Shunt reactors are used to absorb reactive power in the transmission
line, which helps to compensate for the capacitive effect and reduce the voltage rise at the
receiving end. Shunt reactors are connected in parallel with the transmission line and provide
capacitive reactance to counterbalance the line capacitance.
2. Series Compensation: Series compensation involves the use of series capacitors or other
reactive devices at strategic points along the transmission line. This helps to mitigate the line
inductance, which reduces the line impedance and compensates for the capacitance, thereby
reducing the voltage rise.
3. Proper Line Design: Optimal line design, including the choice of appropriate conductor
spacing and configuration, can help reduce the impact of the Ferranti effect. Reducing the line
capacitance through careful design minimizes the voltage rise.
4. Reactive Power Compensation: Reactive power compensation through the use of shunt
capacitors or static VAR compensators (SVCs) can also help to manage the Ferranti effect.
These devices provide or absorb reactive power as needed to maintain voltage stability.
5. Load Management: Proper load management and control can help in regulating voltage
levels.This may involve adjusting the load tap changers (LTCs) or using other voltage regulation
devices to maintain voltage within acceptable limits.
It's essential to carefully consider the Ferranti effect during the design and operation of long
high-voltage transmission lines to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power system and
protect equipment from potential overvoltage conditions. Proper reactive power compensation
and line design play a crucial role in mitigating the Ferranti effect and maintaining the desired
voltage levels along the transmission line.
5. GENERATOR
5.1 Specifications of installed synchronous generator at CHPS:
Output 26000 KVA
Voltage 11000 V
Current 1365 A
Ex Voltage 275 V
Ex Current 688 A
Phases 3
Frequency 50 Hz
Power Factor 0.9
Rating Continuous
Poles 70
Speed 85.7 RPM
Max Temp of Stator 120o

Max Temp of Rotor 130o
5.2 ROTOR
In the context of an AC synchronous generator, the rotor is the rotating component of the machine.
It is the part that turns inside the stator, generating an electromagnetic field and inducing voltage
in the stator windings to produce electricity.
Types of Rotors in AC Synchronous Generators:
5.2.1. Salient Pole Rotor:
The salient pole rotor has projecting poles or protruding poles with a larger cross-sectional area.
These poles are typically bolted or attached to the rotor body, and their shape resembles a salient
pole, hence the name. This type of rotor is commonly used in low and medium-speed synchronous
generators.
Advantages of Salient Pole Rotor:
- Robust construction, suitable for large generators.
- Good performance in applications with varying loads and speed changes.
- Better starting capability.
Disadvantages of Salient Pole Rotor:
- Limited maximum speed due to the mechanical stresses in the poles.
- Higher inertia, making it less responsive to rapid load changes.

5.2.1 Cylindrical Rotor (Non-Salient Pole Rotor):
The cylindrical rotor, also known as a non-salient pole rotor, has a smooth and uniform cylindrical
shape with evenly distributed field windings. It lacks protruding poles and is typically made of
solid steel. This type of rotor is commonly used in high-speed synchronous generators.
Advantages of Cylindrical Rotor:
- Lower mechanical stresses, allowing for higher maximum speeds.
- Reduced losses due to its compact design.
- Better performance in applications requiring constant speed, such as grid-connected power

generation.
Disadvantages of Cylindrical Rotor:
- More complex manufacturing and winding processes.
- Reduced starting capability compared to salient pole rotors.
5.3.3 Hysteresis Rotor

The hysteresis rotor is a special type of rotor used in synchronous motors and generators where
precise speed control and synchronization are essential. It consists of a ferromagnetic material
(often a chrome-cobalt alloy) with high hysteresis loss characteristics. When subjected to an
external magnetic field (the stator's rotating magnetic field), the hysteresis rotor aligns itself with
the stator field, minimizing the speed difference between the rotor and the stator.
Advantages of Hysteresis Rotor:
- Extremely accurate speed control and synchronization.
- Smooth and stable operation.
Disadvantages of Hysteresis Rotor:
- Lower efficiency due to hysteresis losses.
- Limited power rating.
The choice of rotor type in an AC synchronous generator depends on the specific application and
operational requirements, such as the desired speed range, starting capability, and stability. Each
type of rotor offers distinct advantages and limitations, making it essential to select the appropriate
design for the intended use of the generator.
5.3 ROTOR USED AT CHPS:

Salient Pole Rotor is used at CHPS.
5.4 INSULATION CLASSES:

Insulation classes refer to the classification system used to categorize the temperature tolerance
and thermal capabilities of electrical insulating materials used in electrical machinery and devices.
These classes are essential for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of electrical equipment, as
they specify the maximum allowable operating temperature of the insulation material. The classes
are standardized by international organizations like the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). The insulation classes are
typically denoted by a letter (e.g., Class A, Class B, etc.) and represent different temperature limits.
Here are the most commonly used insulation classes:
5.4.1 Class A (105°C):
- Maximum allowable temperature: 105°C
- Suitable for applications with low-temperature rise requirements or minimal heat generation.
5.4.2 Class B (130°C):

- Widely used in various electrical equipment and appliances.
5.4.3 Class F (155°C):
- Suitable for applications with moderate temperature rise requirements.
5.4.4 Class H (180°C):
- Used in applications where high-temperature resistance is required, such as industrial motors and
transformers.
5.4.5 Class N (200°C):
- Reserved for special applications with exceptionally high-temperature requirements.
5.4.6 Class R (220°C):
- Used in specific high-temperature applications, especially in the presence of significant thermal

stress.
5.4.7 Class S (240°C):
- Reserved for high-temperature applications with stringent thermal requirements.
It is crucial to select the appropriate insulation class for electrical equipment based on the expected
operating temperatures to ensure safety and reliability. Operating the insulation above its specified
temperature rating could lead to accelerated aging, breakdown of the insulation, and potential
electrical hazards. Therefore, proper consideration of the insulation class is a critical aspect of
electrical equipment design and manufacturing.
CLASS F insulation class is used at CHPS.
5.5 Calculate the no of poles at CHPS if frequency is 60hz.

The "synchronous speed" of a synchronous generator is determined by the following formula:
S = 120 f / p
Where s is the speed of the rotor (in rpm)

f is the frequency of AC (in Hz) and
p is the number of magnetic poles.
Different from all other synchronous motors, the synchronous brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed-
electric machine operates from sub-synchronous to super-synchronous speeds or twice
synchronous speed.
S=120f/P
85.7=120(60)/P
P=120(60)/85.7
P=84
Thus no of poles will be 84 if we consider same speed of turbine.
5.6 Difference between Synchronus and Asynchronus generator:

Synchronous (sync) generators and asynchronous (also known as induction) generators are two
different types of electrical generators, each with distinct operating principles and characteristics.
Here are the key differences between synchronous and asynchronous generators:
1. Operating Principle:
- Synchronous Generator:
A synchronous generator operates based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It is

designed to generate electrical power at a constant frequency that is directly proportional to the
rotational speed of the rotor. The rotor of a synchronous generator is designed with field windings
that create a rotating magnetic field when supplied with direct current (DC). This magnetic field
synchronizes with the stator's rotating magnetic field, inducing voltage in the stator windings and
producing electrical power. Synchronous generators are commonly used in large power plants and
applications where precise control of frequency is essential, such as in the electrical grid.
- Asynchronous Generator (Induction Generator):
An asynchronous generator operates based on the principle of induction. It does not require a
separate DC power source to create a rotating magnetic field in the rotor. Instead, the rotor of an
induction generator is designed with short-circuited windings. When the stator is supplied with
AC power, the rotating magnetic field induces a voltage in the rotor windings, which in turn creates
a secondary magnetic field. This interaction between the primary and secondary magnetic fields
induces current in the rotor windings, producing electrical power. Asynchronous generators are
commonly used in applications where precise frequency control is not necessary, such as in small-
scale wind and hydro power systems.
2. Synchronization:
Synchronous generators must be synchronized with the electrical grid before they can be connected
and begin generating power. This synchronization ensures that the generator's frequency and
voltage match the grid's parameters, allowing smooth power transfer.
Asynchronous generators do not require synchronization with the grid. They can be directly
connected to the grid or a load and will generate electrical power based on the speed and loading
conditions without the need for synchronization.
3. Speed Control:
The speed of a synchronous generator is directly related to the frequency of the generated power.
To control the frequency, the rotational speed of the generator's rotor needs to be precisely
regulated. This control is crucial for maintaining grid stability and power quality.
The speed of an asynchronous generator is not directly linked to the frequency of the generated
power. Instead, the speed of an induction generator is determined by the difference between the
synchronous speed (dependent on the grid frequency) and the rotor speed. As a result, induction
generators may have variable speeds depending on the load and grid conditions.
In summary, synchronous generators are used when precise frequency control and synchronization
with the electrical grid are required, while asynchronous generators are suitable for applications
where synchronization is not necessary, and precise frequency control is not critical. Each type of
generator has its advantages and is used in different applications based on their specific
characteristics and requirements.
5.7 TERMINAL VOLTAGES:

Terminal voltage refers to the voltage at the output terminals of an electrical device, such as a
generator, motor, or transformer. It is the voltage available for use or transmission at the device's
output. The terminal voltage is crucial for electrical equipment to operate correctly and efficiently.
The specific terminal voltage values vary depending on the type and application of the electrical
device. Here are some key points related to terminal voltages for different devices:
1. Generator Terminal Voltage:
In the case of a generator, the terminal voltage represents the voltage generated at the output
terminals of the machine. For synchronous generators, the terminal voltage depends on various
factors, including the excitation level, rotor speed, and load connected to the generator. The
terminal voltage is typically controlled using an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) to maintain it
within specified limits, even with varying loads.
2. Motor Terminal Voltage:
For an electric motor, the terminal voltage refers to the voltage supplied to the motor's input
terminals to drive its operation. The motor's terminal voltage depends on the supply voltage and
the motor's load characteristics. Motors are designed to operate within specific voltage ranges to
ensure proper performance and efficiency.
3. Transformer Terminal Voltage:
In the case of a transformer, the terminal voltage refers to the voltage at the primary and secondary
terminals. Transformers are used to step up or step down voltage levels, so the terminal voltage at
the secondary side is adjusted based on the turns ratio and primary voltage.
4. Transmission and Distribution Line Voltage:
In power transmission and distribution systems, the terminal voltage represents the voltage level
at the end of the transmission or distribution line. It is essential to maintain proper voltage levels
to ensure efficient power transfer and to minimize losses.
5. Power Factor Correction and Reactive Power Compensation:

In some situations, the terminal voltage may need to be adjusted to improve power factor and
reactive power compensation. Special devices like capacitor banks or synchronous condensers can
be used to regulate the terminal voltage and improve power system performance.
6. Importance of Stable Terminal Voltage:
Maintaining stable terminal voltages is crucial for the proper functioning of electrical devices and
for ensuring the reliability and stability of the overall power system. Voltage fluctuations or
deviations from the specified levels can lead to equipment malfunction, increased losses, and
undesirable effects on the power system.
In conclusion, terminal voltage is a vital parameter in electrical devices and power systems, and
proper control and regulation are necessary to ensure safe and efficient operation. Various control
systems and voltage regulation mechanisms are employed to maintain stable terminal voltages for
different types of electrical devices.
5.8 RESIDUAL VOLTAGE:

Residual voltage, also known as residual voltage or residual voltage level, refers to the voltage that
remains in an electrical system or circuit even after the power supply is disconnected or shut down.
It is typically a low voltage that persists due to capacitive or inductive effects within the system.
Residual voltage can have different origins in various electrical systems, and it is essential to
consider and manage it for safety and operational reasons. Some common sources of residual
voltage include:
1. Capacitive Coupling: In electrical systems, there can be capacitance between conductors, such
as power lines and metal structures, even when the power supply is turned off. This capacitance
can hold a small amount of charge, resulting in a residual voltage.
2. Inductive Coupling: Similarly, inductive effects can also lead to residual voltage. When current
flows through a conductor, it creates a magnetic field. After the current is interrupted, the magnetic
field collapses, inducing a voltage in nearby conductors.
3. Energy Storage Devices: Some electrical devices, such as capacitors or batteries, can store
electrical energy and retain a voltage level even when disconnected from the power source.
4. Electrical Equipment with Capacitors: Some electrical equipment, such as certain types of power
supplies, motor drives, or electronic devices, may have internal capacitors that hold a charge,
leading to residual voltage after disconnection.
Residual voltage can pose risks in various situations, especially in maintenance and repair
operations. Even if a power supply is turned off, the presence of residual voltage can still present
electrical hazards and potential dangers to personnel. To address these risks, safety protocols and
procedures are often followed, including proper lockout/tagout procedures, ensuring that all
sources of energy are safely isolated before performing any maintenance work.
Additionally, in some applications, residual voltage can have unintended effects on the
performance of electrical systems or equipment. To prevent issues related to residual voltage,
appropriate grounding and discharge mechanisms may be implemented to discharge and dissipate
any remaining stored energy.
In summary, residual voltage is the remaining voltage that can persist in an electrical system after
the power supply is disconnected. It is essential to be aware of and manage residual voltage to
ensure safety, prevent electrical hazards, and maintain proper functioning of electrical systems and
equipment.
5.9 REVERSE POWER:

Reverse power, also known as reverse power flow or negative power, refers to a situation in an
electrical system where power flows in the opposite direction than what is intended or expected.
It occurs when the load connected to a generator becomes a source of power instead of being a
consumer of power. Reverse power situations can lead to various issues and can indicate problems
in the electrical system. Here's a more detailed explanation of reverse power and its significance:
1. Occurrence of Reverse Power:
Reverse power can occur in certain scenarios, particularly in power generation and distribution
systems. Some common situations where reverse power may be observed include:
- Generator-Grid Connection: When a synchronous generator is connected to an electrical grid, it

supplies power to the grid to meet the demand. However, under certain circumstances, the grid's
demand may decrease drastically, causing the power flow to reverse. In this scenario, the generator
starts absorbing power from the grid instead of supplying it.
- Motor-Generator Set: In motor-generator sets, a motor drives a generator. If the load connected
to the generator becomes less demanding or generates power, the motor might start functioning as
a generator, and power will flow back into the motor, leading to reverse power.
2. Significance of Reverse Power:
Reverse power situations can have several implications and consequences, including:
- Generator Protection: Reverse power can lead to issues with the generator's protection system.
Most generators have protection relays that trip the generator offline if it detects reverse power
flow. This action protects the generator from potential damage caused by operating as a motor
instead of a generator.
- Grid Stability: In power systems, an unexpected reverse power flow can affect the overall grid
stability. It might result in voltage fluctuations, frequency deviations, or power quality issues.
- Control System Response: Reverse power situations can affect the control systems of the
generator, motor, or other connected equipment. Proper control and protective measures must be
implemented to handle reverse power conditions.
- Equipment Damage: If the reverse power situation is not addressed promptly, it can cause damage
to electrical equipment and components due to improper operation.
3. Mitigation and Prevention:
To mitigate the impact of reverse power, electrical systems and equipment are designed with
protective measures. These include:
- Generator Protection Relays: Synchronous generators are equipped with protective relays that
sense reverse power and initiate protective actions, such as tripping the generator offline.
- Load Shedding: In a grid-connected system, load shedding or load reduction measures can be
implemented to prevent reverse power flow during periods of low demand.
- Control System Adjustment: Control systems can be designed to respond to reverse power
conditions by adjusting generator excitation or motor speed to avoid reverse power flow.
Overall, managing and controlling reverse power situations is crucial for maintaining grid stability,
protecting electrical equipment, and ensuring the safe and reliable operation of power systems.
5.10 GENERATOR PROTECTIONS:
Following is the list of protections used at CHPS.
1)Differential Protection:
This protection scheme compares the currents entering and leaving the generator windings. Any
imbalance indicates a fault within the generator and can result in tripping to prevent further
damage.
2)Overcurrent Protection:
Overcurrent relays monitor the current levels in the generator's windings and trip the generator if
the current exceeds preset limits, indicating a fault condition.
3)Overvoltage Protection:
Overvoltage relays monitor the generator's output voltage and trip the generator if the voltage
exceeds a predetermined limit, protecting against overvoltage conditions.
4)Undervoltage Protection:
Undervoltage relays detect low voltage conditions and can trip the generator to prevent damage
during undervoltage events.
5)Overfrequency Protection:
Overfrequency relays monitor the generator's frequency and trip the generator if the frequency
exceeds a predetermined limit, protecting against overspeed conditions.
6)Underfrequency Protection:
Underfrequency relays detect low-frequency conditions and can trip the generator to prevent
damage during underspeed events.
7)Stator Ground Fault Protection:
Ground fault protection detects faults to ground in the generator's stator winding and isolates the
generator to prevent damage and ensure personnel safety.
8)Rotor Ground Fault Protection:
Rotor ground fault protection monitors the generator's rotor winding for ground faults and initiates
protective actions if detected.
9)Loss of Excitation Protection:
This protection scheme monitors the excitation system and trips the generator if the excitation is
lost, preventing damage due to loss of field.
10)Reverse Power Protection:
Reverse power relays detect reverse power flow and protect the generator by tripping it to avoid
operating as a motor.
11)Thermal Overload Protection:
Thermal overload relays monitor the temperature of critical generator components and protect
against overheating.
6.EXCITATION SYSTEM:
6.1 TYPES OF EXCITATION:
Following are the three types of excitation system.
1) Static excitor
2) Rotatory excitor
3) Dynamic or brushless excitor
6.2 EXCITATION USED IN POWER HOUSE:

In power house brushless excitor is used
6.3 SPECIFICATION OF EXCITOR GENERATOR:
Excitor generator have 20 poles. In excitor generator DC is given to stator part of excitor
generatorthen AC output is taken from rotor there are diodes in rotor which convert AC to DC
which is then given to main generator
6.4 RATING OF EXCITION TRANSFORMER:
Excitation transformer step down incoming 11kv to 440 then to AVR
6.5 FUCTION OF AVR:
An automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is an electronic device that maintains a constant voltage
level to electrical equipment on the same load. The AVR regulates voltage variations to deliver
constant, reliable power supply.
6.6 FUNCTION OF THYRISTOR:
The primary function of a thyristor is to control electric power and current by acting as a switch.
For such a small and lightweight component, it offers adequate protection to circuits with large
voltages and currents (up to 6000 V, 4500 A)
6.7 EXCITATION SYSTEM OF POWER HOUSE:
In power house brushless excitation system is used. 11kv line is connected to excitor transformer
which stepdown 11kv to 400v then to AVR and SCR(silicon certified rectifier). There is stepdown
transformer in AVR which stepdown to 100v and SCR convert AC to DC then give it to stator of
excitor generator and AC is produced on rotor there are diodes placed in rotor which convert AC
to DC and then given to field winding of main generator means to rotor and EMF is produced and
11kv AC will be taken from stator. After this there is a stepup transformer which step up 11kv to
132kv then to transmission line. Main generator have 70 poles and 85.7rpm In case we have no
11kv line then we have batteries backup that will help us in DC flashing after intiating it will cut
off and ones we produced 11kv AC it will start its cycle. In DC flashing, DC supply from batteries
is given to stator of excitor generator and rest of procedure is same.
EXCITATION SYSTEM
11kv,1365A
EXCITER MAIN GENERATOR (70 POLES)
TRANSFORMER
(DELTA TO
DELTA)
270V,688A
430V
100V ,30-50A
AVR THRISTER RESISTER EXCITER GENERATOR
(20 POLES)
CUBICLE CUBICLE
DC FLASHING
BATTERIES
FLOW DAIGRAM OF EXCITATION SYSTEM OF POWERHOUSE
7. ELECTRICAL SCHEMES :
In One and Half Breaker Scheme, three breakers are connected between the two buses. Each
Breaker is provided with two Isolators and two Earth Switches. These Isolators are provided to
physically isolate the Circuit Breaker for maintenance
Advantages of One and Half Breaker Scheme are as follows
1) Its high security against loss of power supply to feeders which makes it particularly suitable
for Switchyard associated with generating Stations and those in which large quantum of power
is handled through individual circuits. This involves minimum outage for maintenance.
2) Area requirement is less in this arrangement compared to Two Main and Transfer Scheme.
3) Cost is also less compared to Two Main and Transfer Bus Scheme.
DOUBLE BUS SINGLE BREAKER:
The double bus–single breaker arrangement connects each circuit to two buses, and there is a tie
breaker between the buses. With the tie breaker operated normally closed, it allows each circuit to
be supplied from either bus via its switches. Thus providing increased operating flexibility and
improved reliability.
DOUBLE BUS DOUBLE BREAKER:
This type of arrangement requires two bus bar and two circuit breakers. It does not require any
additional equipment like bus coupler and switch. Advantages of Double Bus Double Breaker.
This type of arrangement provides the maximum reliability and flexibility in the supply.
In power house double bus single breaker scheme is used.
8. DRAFT TUBE:
8.1 DIFFERENT TYPES
1) Simple elbow
A simple elbow draft tube is a type of draft tube used in reaction turbines, such as Kaplan or Francis
turbines, to efficiently convert the kinetic energy of the water leaving the turbine into useful
pressure energy. It is called "elbow" because it includes one or more bends or elbows in its
configuration, which helps to reduce the overall length of the draft tube while still providing
sufficient expansion for pressure recovery.
2)Elbow draft tube:
An elbow draft tube is an alternative design to the conventional conical draft tube. Instead of a
smooth and continuous conical shape, the elbow draft tube includes one or more bends or elbows
in its configuration. The bends in the draft tube help to reduce the overall length of the tube while
still providing sufficient expansion for pressure recovery. Elbow draft tubes are used in
installations where space constraints or other factors make a straight conical draft tube impractical.
In power house conical draft tube is used.
3)CONICAL DRAFT TUBE:
Draft Tube is a diverging tube fitted at the exit of runner of turbine and used to utilize the kinetic
energy available with water at the exit of runner. It is defined as the ratio of the actual conversion
of kinetic energy into pressure energy in the draft tube to the kinetic energy available at the draft
tube inlet. ɳ = Difference of kinetic energy between inlet and outlet-tube losses/Kinetic Energy at
the inlet.
Diameter of inlet of draft tube is 6625mm
Diameter of outlet of draft tube is 8200mm

4)Tubular Draft Tube:
The tubular draft tube is a cylindrical tube that extends from the turbine runner to the tailwater. It
has a uniform cross-section throughout its length, providing a gradual and consistent expansion of
the flow area. Tubular draft tubes are often used in low head installations, where space constraints
or other considerations make the use of conical or elbow draft tubes less feasible.
5)Stepped Draft Tube:
A stepped draft tube features a series of steps or diffuser-like sections along its length. The steps
help to break the flow into several stages of expansion, further reducing flow velocity and
enhancing pressure recovery. Stepped draft tubes are used in high-head applications to improve
efficiency.
6)Multi-Cone Draft Tube:
The multi-cone draft tube consists of multiple conical sections arranged in series. Each cone
contributes to the expansion of the flow area, leading to better pressure recovery and increased
efficiency. Multi-cone draft tubes are used in medium to high-head applications.
8.2 OPENING AND CLOSING TIME:
Opening time for draft tube is 8 minutes
Closing time for draft tube is 1.5 minutes
8.3 Drifting of the gate:
In hydraulic systems over the longer period of time ,it loses pressure in the hydraullic cylinder
which causes the DTG to slight move from 100% Open position. this is called drifting . & drift
Motors of 3KW starts and recover that loss pressure on auto and move the gate back to 100% Open
position.
9. BEARINGS:
Bearings used in power house are:
1) Turbine guide bearings

2) Generator guide bearings
3) Forward thrust bearings
4) Reverse thrust bearings
Bearings are made of babbit metal(soft metal).The bearings used at the plant are sleeve type.They
are used as they are line contact bearings therefore there is broad contact between the shaft and
bearing during the back and forth movement.
Turbine Guide Bearings:
Turbine guide bearings support and guide the rotating shaft of the turbine. They are designed to
handle both radial and axial loads. These bearings often use materials like white metal, bronze, or
specialized alloys due to the high loads and operating conditions.
Forced oil lubricated cylindrical type is used at power house.
Generator Guide Bearings:
Similar to turbine guide bearings, generator guide bearings support the generator's rotating shaft.
They also require materials with good load-carrying capacity and low friction, making white metal
a suitable choice.
Thrust Bearings:
Hydroelectric power plants use thrust bearings to manage axial loads. Forward thrust bearings
handle loads in the direction of rotation, and reverse thrust bearings handle loads in the opposite
direction. These bearings require materials that can withstand high axial loads and provide efficient
lubrication, making white metal a common choice.
10.LUBRICATION OIL CYCLE:
At point 172 in power house there is lubrication oil tank which is connected with 2 lubrication oil
pumps, one for regular use and one for stand by. With the help of those pumps oil is moved up,
toward elevated tank by passing oil through oil cooler tanks. In this cooler oil is passed through
water to cool it. Oil is placed in shell and water is placed in tube of tank. From elevated tank high
pressure oil due to gravity moved to machine bearings.
SPECIFICATION OF PUMPS:
Lube oil pumps are used to provide oil to bearings
Power of pumps is 22KW
Flow rate is 300 liter per minute
Pressure is 0.58Mpa
TYPE OF OIL USED:
Shell Turbo T-68 oil is used in power house
11.GOVERNOR SYSTEM:
11.1 Purpose of governor:
Basically governor controls rpm of generator by opening and closing of wicket gate and runner
blade. Opening of wicket gate and runner blade is done by high pressure oil flow. From oil pressure
tank high pressure oil flow to governor tank than to hydraulic servo motor to opening and closing
purpose.
11.2 Type of governor used:
There are two types of governors, i.e., centrifugal governor and inertia governor A centrifugal
governor is a type of governor with a feedback mechanism that regulates the fuel or working fluid
flow to keep it running at a near-constant speed.
At power house Electrohydraulic(517 digital) governor is used.
11.3 Droop speed:
Droop speed control is a control mode used for AC electrical power generators, whereby the power
output of a generator reduces as the line frequency increases. It is commonly used as the speed
control mode of the governor of a prime mover driving a synchronous generator connected to an
electrical grid.
Its value is (0% to +- 15%) tolerance
11.4 Function of valves:
Distribution valve is connected to wicket gate .
Proportional valve is connected to runner balde.
FC (flow control) valve is connected to main flow of oil.

11.5 Hydraulic oil:
Shell Turbo T68 oil is used in hydraulic system
12 GENERAL QUESTION:
1) Why Certain Countries have 50HZ frequency while some have 60Hz Frequency?
The choice between 50Hz and 60Hz frequency depends on a number of factors, including the
specific electrical power transmission and distribution needs of a region, and the availability and
cost of the electrical generating equipment. There is no inherent superiority of one frequency over
the other.
2) How much air pressure is required for applying the generator Brakes?
Pressure required for generator brake is 1 mega pascal.
3) List the all 400V auxiliaries required for each machine
Auxiliaries include,
1) Transformer cooling pumps

2) Generator cooling pumps
3) Lube oil pumps
4) Oil cooling pumps
5) Governor pumps
6) Compressor pumps
7) HP Pumps
8) Lights and fans
9) Electric motor for governor oil pressure pump
10) Electric motor for leakage oil pump
And all requirments of unit.
4) What is power factor? Why the power factor can’t be greater than unity?
Power factor (PF) is the ratio of working power, measured in kilowatts (kW), to apparent power,
measured in kilovolt amperes (kVA). Power factor cannot be greater than 1, because real power is
always less than apparent power. If it becomes greater, it would violate the law of conservation of
energy. Power factor will be 1 but not more than 1. Because it is ratio of true power or real power
(KW) to Apparent power (KVA).
5) What’s the purpose of Synchro check Relay?

Synchro check relay are used to verify
Voltage
Phase angle
Phase sequence
frequency
6) Why SF6 gas is used in GIS?

SF6 is used in GIS because its burning point is very high and it remove arcing very quikly.
7) WHAT IS REAL, REACTIVE AND APPARENT POWER ,POWER FACTOR AND

POWER TRIANGLE?
Real, reactive, and apparent power are important concepts in electrical engineering that
describe different aspects of power in AC (alternating current) circuits. The relationships
between these powers are often represented using a power triangle, and the power factor is a
key parameter associated with these powers. Let's define each term:
1. Real Power (P):

Real power, also known as active power, is the actual power that performs useful work in an
AC circuit. It is measured in watts (W) and represents the power that is converted into
mechanical work, heat, or other useful energy in resistive loads like motors, heaters, or lights.
Real power is denoted by the symbol P.
2. Reactive Power (Q):
Reactive power is the power that oscillates back and forth between the source and the load in
an AC circuit. It is required to create and maintain the electromagnetic fields in inductive and
capacitive loads, such as motors, transformers, and capacitors. Reactive power does not
perform any useful work, but it is essential for the proper functioning of certain electrical
devices. Reactive power is measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR) and is denoted by the
symbol Q.
3. Apparent Power (S):

Apparent power is the combination of real power and reactive power in an AC circuit. It
represents the total power flow in the circuit and is measured in volt-amperes (VA). Apparent
power is the vector sum of real power and reactive power and is denoted by the symbol S.
Mathematically, the relationship between real, reactive, and apparent power can be represented
using the following formula:
S^2 = P^2 + Q^2

4. Power Factor (PF):
The power factor is a dimensionless quantity that indicates the efficiency of power usage in an
AC circuit. It represents the ratio of real power (P) to apparent power (S) and is expressed as a
decimal or a percentage. The power factor is a crucial parameter as it determines how
effectively the available electrical power is being used to perform useful work.
Power Factor (PF) = P / S

A high power factor (close to 1) indicates efficient power usage, where most of the power is
performing useful work, while a low power factor (close to 0) indicates a significant amount
of reactive power flow, leading to poor power utilization.
5. Power Triangle:
The power triangle is a graphical representation that illustrates the relationship between real
power (P), reactive power (Q), and apparent power (S) in an AC circuit. It is often used to
understand power relationships and calculate power factor. In the power triangle, real power
(P) is represented along the horizontal axis, reactive power (Q) along the vertical axis, and the
hypotenuse represents the apparent power (S).
By understanding the concepts of real, reactive, and apparent power and their relationships,
engineers can optimize power usage, improve power factor, and ensure efficient operation of
electrical systems
8)Why does an induction generator need reactive power?
An induction generator requires reactive power to create and maintain the magnetic fields in its
stator and rotor windings. Unlike synchronous generators, induction generators do not have a
separately excited field winding. Instead, they rely on the induction principle to induce voltage
and generate power. Reactive power is essential to establish the required magnetic fields in the
stator and rotor of the induction generator.
The main reasons why an induction generator needs reactive power are as follows:
1. Magnetic Field Creation:
2. Synchronization with the Grid:
3. Voltage Regulation:
4. System Support:
In summary, reactive power is crucial for the proper functioning of an induction generator, as it
enables the creation and maintenance of magnetic fields in the stator and rotor, allows
synchronization with the grid, regulates voltage, and supports the power system's stability and
performance.
9)What is the use of star and delta connection?
Star and delta connections are two common configurations used in electrical power systems to
connect three-phase loads and generators. Each connection has its specific advantages and
applications, depending on the electrical system's requirements and the type of load. Let's explore
the uses of star and delta connections:
1. Star (Y) Connection:

In a star connection, also known as a Y connection, the three ends of the three-phase winding are
connected to a common point called the neutral (N). The other ends of the windings are connected
to the three-phase power supply. The star connection is denoted as "Y" because it resembles the
shape of a star, with the neutral point at the center and three winding ends extending outward.
Uses of Star Connection:
- Distribution Transformers: Star connection is commonly used in distribution transformers to step

down high-voltage power to lower voltage levels for residential, commercial, and industrial use.
The neutral point in the star connection allows for the distribution of single-phase loads, such as
lighting and appliances.
- Balanced Three-Phase Loads: Star connection is suitable for balanced three-phase loads, where
all three phases draw the same amount of current. Many three-phase motors and loads with
balanced characteristics can be connected in a star configuration.
- Single-Phase Loads: In a star-connected system, a single-phase load can be connected between

any phase and the neutral, making it convenient for handling single-phase loads in a three-phase
system.
2. Delta (Δ) Connection:
In a delta connection, also known as a mesh or Δ connection, the end of each winding is connected
to the start of the adjacent winding to form a closed loop. There is no neutral point in a delta
connection.
Uses of Delta Connection:
- High-Current Loads: Delta connection is often used in high-current applications where the load
requires more current capacity than a star-connected system can provide. High-power motors and
industrial equipment with unbalanced loads are often connected in a delta configuration.
- Balanced Loads: Delta connection is suitable for balanced loads where the phases draw equal
currents and have a 120-degree phase shift between them.
- Generators: Some generators are connected in a delta configuration, especially when they are
used for supplying power to large industrial loads or distribution systems. Delta-connected
generators can handle higher currents and are suitable for applications where load balancing is not
a primary concern.
In summary, the choice between star and delta connections depends on the specific electrical
system requirements, load characteristics, and the type of equipment used. Each connection has its
advantages and applications, making them versatile choices in different electrical power systems.
10)Is it safe to inhale SF6 Gas?
No, it is not safe to inhale SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride) gas. SF6 is a colorless, odorless, and non-
flammable gas, but it is classified as a potent greenhouse gas and has adverse effects on human
health when inhaled.
SF6 is used as an electrical insulating gas in high-voltage equipment such as circuit breakers, gas-
insulated switchgear (GIS), and transformers. While it is considered non-toxic and non-flammable
when handled properly in confined and controlled environments, its release into the atmosphere
can be harmful.
11) Can a circuit breaker used as an isolator?
No, a circuit breaker should not be used as an isolator (also known as a disconnect switch or
isolation switch). While both circuit breakers and isolators are used to control electrical circuits
and equipment, they serve different purposes and have distinct design characteristics.
Circuit Breaker:
A circuit breaker is a protective device designed to automatically interrupt the flow of electrical
current in a circuit when an electrical fault or overload occurs. Its primary function is to provide
overcurrent protection, which means it opens the circuit to prevent damage to equipment and
wiring due to excessive current flow. Circuit breakers are essential for electrical safety and are
used to protect against short circuits, overloads, and other electrical faults.
Isolator (Disconnect Switch):
An isolator, on the other hand, is a mechanical switch used to physically disconnect a circuit or
piece of equipment from the power source. It does not provide overcurrent protection like a circuit
breaker. The main purpose of an isolator is to isolate a circuit or equipment for maintenance, repair,
or safety purposes. When an isolator is in the open position, it ensures that no current flows through
the connected circuit or equipment, allowing personnel to work on it safely without the risk of
electrical shock.
THE END

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1|CHPS INTERSHIP REPORT

HUMEIR DANNYAL (JE)

Sr no TOPIC NAME PAGE NO

11 Lubricating Oil Cycle 68

We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to

➢ Mr. ABDUL WAHEED JAKHRANI (Resident Engineer)

Our special thanks to,

→ Mr. Abdul Rehman

Salient Features of Chashma Hydropower Sta tion:

Maximum Pound Level: 197.8 m (649 ft)

Power House Turbine:

Made By: Fuji, Japan

Made By: Fuji, Japan

Made by: GEC, ALTSOM France

Type: Kaplan type with movable blades

Runner blade characteristics

Arial View of Chashma Hydropower Station:

2.1 Turbine Specifications:

Type: Kaplan type with movable blades

Difference between axial ,radial and mixed flow turbines

Reaction type(Kaplan type) turbine is used at CHPS.

❖ Runner Diameter is 6300mm

2.5 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPELLER AND BULB TURBINE:

2.7.1 Cavitation Process:

In its most basic form a transformer consists of:

• A primary coil or winding.

The primary winding is

3.1 Specifications of Power Transformer at

High Voltage Low Voltage

Rated power 27.5 MVA 27.5 MVA

Rated voltage 140 ±10 %-5 % KV 11 KV

Rated current 113.2 A 1443.4 A

Highest voltage for 145 V 17.5 V

Connection WYE ¥ DELTA ∆

Type of cooling ODWF

3.2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER(CT):

Here's why current transformers are used:

Current Measurement: The primary purpose of a current transformer is to measure the

3.3 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER(PT):

Here's why potential transformers are used:

Voltage Measurement: The primary purpose of a potential transformer is to measure the

3.4 Why oil is used in power transformer?

3.5 OIL USED AT CHPS

3.6 BUCHOLZ RELAY:

3.6.1 Working Principle:

3.6.2 Gas Generation

3.6.3 Gas Accumulation:

3.6.4 Working Steps:

3.7 Tap Changer:

Off load tap changer is used at CHPS.

Here's how a tap changer works:

3. Manual or Automatic Control: Tap changers can be operated manually or automatically,

3.8 DIFFERENT VOLTAGE AT DIFFERENT TAPS AT CHPS

Tap Number Voltage (kV)

3.9 CONNECTION TYPE

The power transformer connection type is delta to star at CHPS.

3.10 USE OF SILICA GEL IN TRANSFORMER:

4. Protecting from Solid Insulation Deterioration:

5. Reducing Risk of Partial Discharge:

3.11 FIGHER FIGHTING SYSTEM FOR THE POWER

Deluge valve system is used at CHPS.

Working of a Deluge Valve System:

Construction of a Deluge Valve System:

A deluge valve system consists of several key components: