STEAM TURBINES.

DEFINITION, PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION,

TYPES AND CLASSIFICATIONS, CONSTRUCTION.

Adapted from :
STEAM TURBINES.
Michal Bieniek.

The Energy Conversion Process

Electrical energy generation using steam turbines involves three
energy conversions: Extracting thermal energy from the fuel and
using it to raise steam; converting the thermal energy of the steam
into kinetic energy in the turbine; and using a rotary generator to
convert the turbine's mechanical energy into electrical energy.

1
 WHAT EXACTLY IS THE TURBINE?

Turbine is an engine
that converts energy
of fluid into
mechanical energy

The steam turbine

is steam driven
rotary engine.

STEAM TURBINE
DEFINITION.
• The steam turbine is a prime
mover that converts the stored
mechanical energy in steam into
rotational mechanical energy.

2
OPERATION FUNDAMENTALS

OPERATION FUNDAMENTALS.

3
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION FOR TURBINE.

OPERATION FUNDAMENTALS.

Impulse stage –
whole pressure
drop in nozzle
(whole enthalpy
drop is changed into
kinetic energy in
the nozzle and
transferred to
blades).

Reaction stage –
pressure drop both
in stationary blades
and in rotary blades
(enthalpy drop
changed into kinetic
energy both in
stationary blades
and in the moving
blades in rotor).

4
TYPES OF TURBINES.

(A) Impulse Turbines: Here, the

steam is expanded in stationary
turbine nozzle, where it attains a
high velocity. This high velocity jet
then flows over moving blades
without further expansion, that is,
its pressure remains constant.

TYPES OF TURBINES.
(B) Reaction Turbine: In this
type, the steam is expanded in
both fixed blades (nozzles) and
moving blades. The relative
amount of expansion varies with
the particular design.

5
OPERATION FUNDAMENTALS

To give the
maximum
power, then is
required a
multistage
operation.

CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES

A) Way of energy
conversion:
- Impulse
turbines.
- Reaction
turbines.

6
 CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES
B) Flow direction:
- Axial.
- Radial.
C) Number of stages:
- Single stage.
- Multi-stage.

Classification according to the direction

of flow of steam relative to the axis of
turbine shaft:

(1) Axial Flow Turbine: The steam flows over

the blades in a direction parallel to the axis of
the turbine shaft.

(2) Radial Flow Turbine: The blades are

arranged radially and steam enters at the
blade tip nearest the axis of the wheel and
flows towards the circumference.

7
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES
D) Rotational speed:
- Regular.
- Low-speed.
- High-speed.

E) Inlet steam pressure:

- High pressure
(p>6,5MPa)
- Intermediate
pressure
(2,5MPa <p<6,5MPa)
- Low-pressure
(p<2,5MPa)

CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES

F) Way of energy utilisation:

- Condensing.

- Extraction.

- Back-pressure.

8
 CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES
G) Type of application
- Power station.
- Industrial (prime mover).
- Transport.

Bibliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam turbine

http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/parsons/index.html

http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/RANKINE.HTM

http://books.google.com/books?id=QE1RCR4LfyQC&hl=pl