1 Module Part 1

8/24/23
Mathematics of Engineering Module 1: Algebraic Expressions, Integer Exponents and Factoring Mathematics of Engineering Module 1: Algebraic Expressions, Integer Exponents and Factoring
Algebraic Operation on Real Numbers

Algebraic Expressions Addition: For each 𝑎, 𝑏 𝜖 𝑅, 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑐
10 + 5 = 7
Integer Exponents Subtraction: For each 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝜖 𝑅, 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 + (−𝑏)
Factoring The symbol “a – b” read as “ a minus b " is the difference
between the real numbers a and b. Subtracting b from a is the
Module 1 same as adding to a the negative of b (additive inverse of b) a
is called the minuend and b the subtrahend.
10 − 5 = 5
If 𝑎 𝜖 𝑅, then − −𝑎 = 𝑎
− −10 = 10
Central Colleges of the Philippines Central Colleges of the Philippines
1 2
Algebraic Operation on Real Numbers Algebraic Operation on Real Numbers

A real number preceded by an even number of negative In adding real number with unlike signs, subtract the
signs is positive, while a number preceded by an odd number with smaller numerical value from that having
number of negative signs is negative. the larger numerical value, then affix the result the sign
5 − −5 = 5 + 5 = 10 of the number with the bigger numerical value.
10 − − −5 = 10 − 5 = 5
20 − 5 = 15
Add the numerical values and affix the common sign in −18 + 2 = −16
adding numbers with like signs.
20 + 5 = 25
−15 − 5 = −20
3 4
Algebraic Operation on Real Numbers Algebraic Operation on Real Numbers

In adding real number with unlike signs, subtract the Multiplication
number with smaller numerical value from that having The product of two numbers with like signs is positive.
the larger numerical value, then affix the result the sign 5 ∗ 6 = 30
of the number with the bigger numerical value. −5 ∗ −6 = 30
20 − 5 = 15
−18 + 2 = −16 The product of two numbers with unlike signs is
negative.
5 ∗ −6 = −30
−5 ∗ 6 = −30
5 6
1
8/24/23
Algebraic Operation on Real Numbers Symbols of Grouping

Division Removing the symbol of groupings preceded by a minus sign changes the
signs of all terms previously enclosed by that symbol. If the sign preceding a
For each 𝑎, 𝑏 𝜖 𝑅, 𝑏 ≠ 0. grouping symbol does not affect the signs of the previously enclosed terms.
1 𝑎
𝑎∗ =
𝑏 𝑏
Read as “a divided by b”. In enclosing several terms by a grouping symbol preceded by a minus sign
changes, the signs of all the terms it is made to enclose. Enclosing several
terms by a symbol of grouping preceded by a plus sign does not affect the
In dividing two numbers with unlike signs produces a negative quotient. signs of the terms enclosed.
−4
4 ÷ −5 =
5 10 − (4 − 5 + 1)
In dividing two numbers with like signs produces a positive quotient. 10 − (−1 + 1)
4 10 − 0
4÷5= 0
5
7 8
Symbols of Grouping Symbols of Grouping

15 − {4 + [5 − 2 7 − 3 + 8 + 2} −5 − 4 − − −3 − 3 10 − 2 − 5 + 4
9 10
Algebraic Expressions Algebraic Expressions

A variable is a symbol, usually an English letter. It is used to replace an The degree of a term with respect to a literal factor is the exponent of
unknown or a changing quantity. Any letter can be used, but x and y are that literal factor in the term.
standard.
10𝑚 !𝑎 "𝑧
An algebraic expression is a mathematical statement containing numbers,
variables, and operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, The entire term is 2 n d degree in m, 3 rd degree in a and first degree in z.
etc…). It is also 5 th degree in ma and a, 3 rd degree in m and z and 4 th degree in
Monomial a and z.
𝑥, 10, −2𝑥, 5𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 15 The degree of a multinomial with respect to a selected literal factor is
Binomial the highest degree of that factor or that set of factors occurs in any of
𝑥 + 10 , −2𝑥 − 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 15 the terms of the multinomial being considered.
Trinomial 10𝑥 # − 7𝑥 " + 2𝑥 + 5
𝑥 ! − 2𝑥 + 5, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 This is 4 th degree in x.
It is called multinomial if it consists of more than three terms.
11 12
2
8/24/23
Like Terms and Combining Like Terms Like Terms and Combining Like Terms
An algebraic expression is made up of terms. Terms are In combining like terms add or subtract their
constants or products of numbers and variables. They are coefficients and keep the same variable.
separated by addition and subtraction in the expressions.
7 10𝑚 − 2𝑚 + 4𝑚 − 6 + 5
10, 𝑚, −15𝑥 ! , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 19𝑥𝑦𝑧
3
Two terms are like terms if the base variable(s) and exponents
on each variable are identical.
4𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3𝑚
6𝑦 ! 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑦 !
1
− 𝑥𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑧𝑥
2
13 14
Power and Exponents Nth Power

−10𝑚<𝑎=𝑢> For every 𝑏, 𝑛 𝜖 𝑟, (n is a positive integer),
𝑏? = 𝑏. 𝑏. 𝑏. 𝑏 … . 𝑏 (b occurring n times as a factor). bn
The factors of the expression are −10, 𝑚<, 𝑎= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢>. is read as “nth power of b” or “ b raised to the nth
power”.
Any of the factors may be considered as a coefficient of
the remaining factors.
3< =
A power is always composed of a based and an 3𝑥>𝑦 < =
exponents. In this example, m is the base and 3 is the
exponent.
15 16
Rule 1 Rule 2
For every 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑛 𝑚 𝜖 𝑅: (𝑚, 𝑛 > 0) For each 𝑎, 𝑚, 𝑛 𝜖 𝑅 𝑚 > 𝑛 , (𝑎 ≠ 0)
𝑎@
𝑎$ . 𝑎% = 𝑎$&% = 𝑎@A?
𝑎?
10! . 10" = 10<
2𝑚! 𝑎" 𝑢! −3𝑚'" 𝑎! 𝑢'( =
10>
−10𝑚<𝑎AB𝑢<
2𝑚𝑎<𝑢>
17 18
3
8/24/23
Rule 3 Rule 4
For every 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑚 𝜖 𝑅 (𝑚 > 0) For every 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑚 𝜖 𝑅 𝑚 > 0 ; (𝑏 ≠ 0)
𝑎𝑏 @ = 𝑎@ 𝑏@ 𝑎 $ 𝑎$
=
𝑏 𝑏$
𝑚𝑎𝑢 < = 2 !
−2𝑚<𝑎>𝑢= A> =
3
! #
𝑚
=
𝑎'" 𝑢!
19 20

1 Module Part 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 Module Part 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

8/24/23

Algebraic Operation on Real Numbers

Central Colleges of the Philippines Central Colleges of the Philippines

Algebraic Operation on Real Numbers Algebraic Operation on Real Numbers

Algebraic Operation on Real Numbers Algebraic Operation on Real Numbers

Algebraic Operation on Real Numbers Symbols of Grouping

Symbols of Grouping Symbols of Grouping

Central Colleges of the Philippines Central Colleges of the Philippines

Algebraic Expressions Algebraic Expressions

Central Colleges of the Philippines Central Colleges of the Philippines

Power and Exponents Nth Power

Central Colleges of the Philippines Central Colleges of the Philippines

Central Colleges of the Philippines Central Colleges of the Philippines

You might also like