03.13 Pee 2 Co1

Technological University of the Philippines - Cavite PEE 2 | Electrical Circuits 2, Lec.
CQT Avenue, Salawag, Dasmariñas, Cavite

Department of Engineering
PEE 2 | Electrical Circuits 2, Lec.
Course Outcome 1
● Alternating Current Circuit: Basic Principles

o Types of Electrical Current
o Generation of Alternating Current and Voltages
o Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
o Importance of Alternating Current
o Measurements in Alternating Current Waveform
● General Format of a Sinusoidal Signal

o Average Value of a Sinusoidal Wave
o Root-Mean-Square of a Sinusoidal Wave
o Form Factor and Peak Factor
● Sinusoidal Voltage and Current

o Impedance Function
o Response of Circuit Parameters in AC Circuits
1 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

1.1 | Types of Electric Current
Direct Current (DC). It is electric current which flows in one direction only.
Alternating Current (AC). It is electric current that reverses direction periodically usually many
times per second.
1.2 | Generation of Alternating Current and Voltages

1.3 | Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
First Law: An emf is induced in a coil whenever the flux linking the coil changes with time.
Second Law: The magnitude of the induced emf in an N-turn coil is equal to the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux through it
𝑑ϕ
𝑒=𝑁 𝑑𝑡
where: 𝑒, induced emf in V.

𝑁, number of turns of the coil
𝑑ϕ
𝑑𝑡
, rate of change of magnetic flux in Wb/s.
Induced EMF. It is EMF resulting from the motion of a conductor through a magnetic field, or
from a change in the magnetic field that threads a conductor.
𝑒 = β𝑙𝑣
where: 𝑒, dynamically induced

emf in V
β, flux density of uniform
magnetic field in T
𝑙, length of the inductor in m
𝑣, velocity of the conductor in
m/s.

Fleming’s left-hand rule is used to determine the direction of the force acting on a conductor.
With your left hand, stretch out the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger so that these are at right
angles with each other.
1.4 | Importance of Alternating Current
● It can be generated at comparatively high voltage and can be raised or lowered by means
of a transformer.
● Transmission of power over long distances is much more economical with alternating
than direct current.
● It can be built in large unit of high speed, unlike in dc due to commutation problems.
● Induction motor (ac motor) are more efficient than dc motor at constant speed work and
less in first cost because ac motor does not have commutator.
1.5 | Measurements in Alternating Current Waveform

1. Waveform – it is the shape of the curve obtained by plotting the instantaneous values of
voltages or currents as the ordinate against time as the abscissa.
2. Cycle – it is a complete set of positive and negative value alternation of sinusoidal wave.
3. Alternation – It is one half cycle of a complete set of positive and negative values.
1 rev =
360 electrical degrees
=
180P mechanical degrees
where: P = number of poles
4. Period of the wave (T) – It is the time taken in seconds by an alternating quantity to complete
one cycle.
1
𝑇= 𝑓
5. Frequency of the wave (f) – It is the number of cycles produced per second or Hertz (Hz) by
an alternating quantity.
𝑃𝑛
𝑓= 120
where: 𝑛, shaft speed rotation in rev/min (rpm)

𝑓, frequency in Hz
6. Wavelength (λ) – it is the length of one complete wave or cycle, or the distance traveled by
the wave form in one cycle.

7. Instantaneous value of a sinusoidal wave – it is the magnitude of the wave at any instant.
8. Maximum or Peak value of a sinusoidal wave – it is the maximum value (positive or negative)
attained by an alternating voltage or current.
9. Peak-to-peak value of a sinusoidal wave – it is the value from the positive peak or negative
peak or vice versa. It is always twice the peak value.
10. Phase or Phase Angle (θ) – it is the fractional part of a period or cycle though which the
quantity has advanced or delayed from selected origin.
11. Phase Difference – it is the difference between the phases of two or more alternating
quantity of the same frequency which do not reach their maximum or zero value simultaneously.
2.1 | Average Value of Sinusoidal Wave
It is the steady quantity which transfers across any circuit the same charge as is transferred by
that alternating quantity during the same time. It is also the arithmetical average of all the
values of an alternating quantity over one cycle.
𝑇
1
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑇
∫ 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
2.2 | Root-Mean-Square Value of Sinusoidal Wave

It is defined as that steady current which when flowing through a given resistance for a given
time produces the same amount of heat as produced by the alternating current when flowing
through the same resistance for the same time.
𝑇
1 2
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑇
∫ [𝑣(𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡
0
1. Find the phase difference of the following waveforms:
a. 𝑖 = 10 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (377𝑡 + 25°) 𝑣 = 200 𝑐𝑜𝑠(377𝑡 – 20°)

b. 𝑖1 = 5 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (377𝑡 − 20°)
𝑖2 = 10 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (377𝑡 − 30°)
c. 𝑖1 =− 10 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (314𝑡 − 30°) 𝑖2 = 40 𝑐𝑜𝑠(314𝑡 − 10°)
d. 𝑣1 = 20 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 377𝑡
𝑣2 = 50 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (314𝑡 + 20°)
2. Compute for the average value and RMS value of a full sinusoidal wave
signal.
3. Compute for the average and effective values of the square wave shown
below.
4. Calculate the RMS value of the function shown below if it is given that for 0
< t < 0.1, v = 10(1 – e-100t) and for 0.1 < t < 0.2, v = 10e-50(t – 0.1).

2.3 | Form Factor and Peak Factor
Form factor is the ratio of the RMS value or effective value to the average value of an alternating
quantity. Peak factor (or Crest Factor or Amplitude Factor) is the ratio of the maximum value
to the RMS value or effective value of an alternating quantity.
Average value, RMS value, Form factor, and Peak factor for Various Waveforms

5. Calculate the form factor and the peak factor of the sawtooth waveform shown.
6. Calculate the form factor and peak factor of the wave shown.

3 | Sinusoidal Voltage and Current
Any sinusoidal quantity can be expressed as:
𝑒(𝑡) = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (ω𝑡±θ)
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (ω𝑡±θ)
𝑒(𝑡) = ω𝑁ϕ𝑚 = ω𝑁β𝑚𝐴
where: 𝑒(𝑡), instantaneous value of voltage

𝑖(𝑡), instantaneous value of current
𝐸𝑚, maximum value of voltage
𝐼𝑚, maximum value of current
𝑡, time in seconds
θ, angle of rotation or phase angle in degrees
𝑁, number of turns of the coil
β𝑚, maximum flux density
𝐴, area of the coil
ω, angular velocity in rad/s.
7. The maximum values of the alternating voltage and current are 400 V and 20
A respectively in a circuit connected to a 50 Hz supply and these quantities are
sinusoidal. The instantaneous values of the voltage and current are 283 V and
10 A respectively at t = 0 both increasing positively. Write down the expression
for current and voltage at time t and express in complex form.
8. An alternating current of frequency 60 Hz has a maximum value of 120 A.

Write down the equation for the instantaneous value. Reckoning time from the
instant the current is zero and is becoming positive, find:
a. the instantaneous value after 1/360 s

b. the time taken to reach 96 A for the first time
9. An alternating current of frequency 50 Hz has a positive maximum value of

100 A. Calculate

a. its value after 1/600 second after the instant the current is zero and its value
decreasing there afterwards
b. How many seconds after the instant the current is zero (increasing thereafter
wards) will the current attain the value of 86.6 A?
10. An alternating current varying sinusoidally with a frequency of 50 Hz has an

RMS value of 20 A. Write down the equation for the instantaneous value and
find this value
a. 0.0025 s
b. 0.0125 s after passing through a positive maximum value.
c. At what time, measured from a positive maximum value, will the
instantaneous current be 14.14 A?
3.1 | Impedance Function
Impedance is the total opposition a circuit represents to an alternating circuit.
𝑉
𝑍= 𝐼
𝑍 = |𝑍|∠±θ
𝑍 = 𝑅±𝑗𝑋
where: |𝑍|, magnitude of impedance in Ω

θ, phase difference between voltage and current
𝑅, resistance of the circuit in Ω
𝑋, reactance of the circuit in Ω
Use: + θ, if current lags voltage

− θ, if current leads voltage
+ 𝑗𝑋, if the circuit is inductive
− 𝑗𝑋, if the circuit is capacitive

Reactance (𝑋) – it is the imaginary part of the impedance function in an alternating current
circuit.
a. Inductive Reactance (XL) – it is the effective resistance of the inductive coil to an

alternating current.
𝑋𝐿 = 2π𝑓𝐿
where: 𝐿, inductance of the coil in H.
b. Capacitive Reactance (XC) – it is the effective resistance of a capacitor to an

alternating current.
1
𝑋𝐶 = 2π𝑓𝐶
where: 𝐶, capacitance in F.
3.2 | Behavior of Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in AC Circuits
A. Purely Resistive Circuit
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡

𝑉𝑚𝐼𝑚
𝑝= 2
(1 − cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2ω𝑡 )
𝑉𝑚𝐼𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 2
For a purely resistive load, the current is in

phase with the voltage.
B. Purely Inductive Circuit
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (ω𝑡 − 90°)
𝑉𝑚𝐼𝑚
𝑝 =− 2
sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2ω𝑡
For a purely inductive load, the current

lags the voltage by an angle of 90°.
C. Purely Capacitive Circuit

𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (ω𝑡 + 90°)
𝑉𝑚𝐼𝑚
𝑝= 2
sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2ω𝑡
For a purely capacitive load, the current

leads the voltage by an angle of 90°.
D. Series RL Circuit
E. Series RC Circuit

F. Series RLC Circuit
11. In a particular R-L series circuit a voltage of 10 V at 50 Hz produces a current of 700 mA while
the same voltage at 75 Hz produces 500 mA. What are the values of R and L in the circuit?
12. A series circuit consists of a resistance of 6 Ω and an inductive reactance of 8 Ω. A potential

difference of 141.4 V (RMS) is applied to it. At a certain instant the applied voltage is +100 V and is
increasing. Calculate at this instant
a. the current,
b. the voltage drop across the resistance
c. the voltage drop across the inductive reactance.
13. A 60-Hz sinusoidal voltage 𝑣 = 141 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡 is applied to a series RL circuit. The values of
the resistance and the inductance are 3 Ω and 0.0106 H respectively.
a. Compute the RMS value of the current and its phase angle with respect to the voltage.
b. Write the expression for the instantaneous current in the circuit.
c. Compute the RMS value and the phase of the voltages appearing across the resistance
and the inductance.
14. A two-element series circuit is connected across an AC source. Determine the parameters of
the circuit if the voltage and current in the circuit are given as
𝑒 = 200 2sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (314𝑡 + 20°) 𝑖 = 10 2sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (314𝑡 − 25°)
15. Transform the currents to the time domain:
a. 6 – j8 b. –6 + j8 c. –j5

16. A 240-V, 50-Hz series RC circuit takes an RMS current of 20 A. The maximum value of the
current occurs 1/900 second before the maximum value of voltage. Calculate the parameters of
the circuit.
17. A voltage 𝑒(𝑡) = 100 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 314𝑡 V is applied to a series circuit consisting of a 10 ohm
resistance, 0.0318 Henry inductance and a capacitance of 63.6 μF. Calculate
a. expression for 𝑖(𝑡) and

b. phase angle between voltage and current.
18. A resistance R, an inductance L = 0.01 H and a capacitance C are connected in series. When a
voltage 𝑣 = 400 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3000𝑡 − 10°) V is applied to the series combination, the current
flowing is 𝑖 = 10 2cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3000𝑡 − 55°) A. Find R and C.

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Technological University of the Philippines - Cavite PEE 2 | Electrical Circuits 2, Lec.

CQT Avenue, Salawag, Dasmariñas, Cavite

PEE 2 | Electrical Circuits 2, Lec.

● Alternating Current Circuit: Basic Principles

● General Format of a Sinusoidal Signal

● Sinusoidal Voltage and Current

1 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

1.1 | Types of Electric Current

1.2 | Generation of Alternating Current and Voltages

2 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

1.3 | Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

where: 𝑒, induced emf in V.

where: 𝑒, dynamically induced

3 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

1.4 | Importance of Alternating Current

1.5 | Measurements in Alternating Current Waveform

4 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

where: 𝑛, shaft speed rotation in rev/min (rpm)

5 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

2.1 | Average Value of Sinusoidal Wave

2.2 | Root-Mean-Square Value of Sinusoidal Wave

6 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

1. Find the phase difference of the following waveforms:

a. 𝑖 = 10 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (377𝑡 + 25°) 𝑣 = 200 𝑐𝑜𝑠(377𝑡 – 20°)

7 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

2.3 | Form Factor and Peak Factor

8 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

9 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

3 | Sinusoidal Voltage and Current

Any sinusoidal quantity can be expressed as:

𝑒(𝑡) = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (ω𝑡±θ)

𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (ω𝑡±θ)

𝑒(𝑡) = ω𝑁ϕ𝑚 = ω𝑁β𝑚𝐴

where: 𝑒(𝑡), instantaneous value of voltage

8. An alternating current of frequency 60 Hz has a maximum value of 120 A.

a. the instantaneous value after 1/360 s

9. An alternating current of frequency 50 Hz has a positive maximum value of

10 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

10. An alternating current varying sinusoidally with a frequency of 50 Hz has an

3.1 | Impedance Function

Impedance is the total opposition a circuit represents to an alternating circuit.

where: |𝑍|, magnitude of impedance in Ω

Use: + θ, if current lags voltage

11 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

a. Inductive Reactance (XL) – it is the effective resistance of the inductive coil to an

where: 𝐿, inductance of the coil in H.

b. Capacitive Reactance (XC) – it is the effective resistance of a capacitor to an

3.2 | Behavior of Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in AC Circuits

A. Purely Resistive Circuit

12 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

For a purely resistive load, the current is in

B. Purely Inductive Circuit

𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (ω𝑡 − 90°)

For a purely inductive load, the current

C. Purely Capacitive Circuit

13 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (ω𝑡 + 90°)

For a purely capacitive load, the current

14 of 14 Prepared by: Engr. Michel Angelo R. Sucaldito, REE

F. Series RLC Circuit

12. A series circuit consists of a resistance of 6 Ω and an inductive reactance of 8 Ω. A potential

𝑒 = 200 2sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (314𝑡 + 20°) 𝑖 = 10 2sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (314𝑡 − 25°)

15. Transform the currents to the time domain: