TOPIC 6

Guidelines for Evaluating the Ethics of a Decision

 Ethical Guidelines is to help leaders identify if a given act is ethical or
unethical
: Is it right?
: Is it fair?
: Who will get hurt?
: Would you be comfortable if the details of your decision or actions were
made in public in the media or through email
: What would you tell your child, sibling or young relative to do?
 Leaders regularly face the necessity of running a contemplated decision
through an ethics test

Ethical guidelines are to help the leaders to identify if a given act is ethical of
unethical. The leaders can ask question that act as clarification of the action or
behavior. For example, is it right? Is it fair? Who will get hurt? Will you feel
comfortable if your details of the decision are made at public in the media or
through email? Leaders regularly have the necessity of running a contemplated
decisions through an ethics test.
 TOPIC 4
Leadership Styles
1.Charismatic Leadership
 Based on the personal charisma and charm of the leader
 Seen as inspirational figures who possess the ability to captivate and
motivate followers through communication skills and compelling
personality and vision
 Use impression management to cultivate their relationships with the
group members
 Characteristics
: Charisma- Have a magnetic and appealing personality that attracts and
influence others
: Confidence- Show confidence and positivity, making followers believe
and feel excited
: Communication- Effective communication skills play a crucial role,
they use persuasive language to engage and motivate followers

2. Transformational Leadership
 Focus on inspiring and transforming followers to achieve their full
potential and exceed their own expectations
 Characteristics
: Visionary Leadership- Have clear and compelling vision, and encourage
followers to embrace and contribute the vision
: Individualized Consideration- Pay attention to the individual needs and
fostering support and personalized environment
: Inspirational Stimulation- Inspire and motivate followers through
encouragement and positive reinforcement

3. Participative Leadership
 Involve team members in decision-making process
 Encourage open communication, seek feedback and consider the opinions
of the team
 Making decision together also fosters a sense of ownership and
satisfaction among members
 Characteristics
: Shared Decision-Making- Encourage open communication and value the
opinions and ideas of the members
: Collaboration- Team members are encouraged to work together on
projects
4.Autocratic Leadership
 Single individual who makes decisions and exerts control a group or
organization
 The leader holds significant power and authority, and make decisions
based on their own judgement and beliefs
 Characteristics
: Strict Control- Maintain strict control over the team by telling them
how to do tasks and keep a close eye on the progress
: Quick Decision-Making- Allows for quick decision-making since the
leader does not need to consult with the others

5.Servant Leadership
 Who prioritizes serving and supporting others, where the leader sees
themselves as a servant to the team
 Focus on well-being, growth and development of others
 Characteristics
: Service to others- To serve the needs of their team members
: Empathy- Demonstrates a high level of empathy, seeking to understand
the feelings and perspective of the members

6.Entrepreneurial Leadership
 Characterized by the qualities and behaviors who commonly associated
with successful entrepreneurs
 Come with new ideas and like to take risks but also good at planning and
guiding the team to achieve the goals
 Characteristics
: Risk-Taking- Known for their willingness to take calculated risks by not
afraid to embrace uncertainty
: Resourcefulness- Find creative solutions to challenges, resolving the
problems effectively

7.Situational Leadership
 Effective leaders adapt their leadership style based on the readiness or
maturity level of their followers
 Leader should be flexible in their style to match the needs and capabilities
of the team in different situations
 Characteristics
: Directing- Provide clear instructions and make decisions for the team if
team has low readiness
: Coaching- Involves explaining decisions, seeking input and providing
support
8.Contigency Leadership
 Considers a variety of situational factors, such as task characteristics and
environmental factors
 Most effective leadership style varies depending on the unique aspects of
a given situation

TOPIC 8
Influence tactics
Three categories of influence tactics
1. Those that are essentially honest and ethical
2. Those that are essentially neutral with respect to ethics and honesty
3. Those that are essentially manipulative and dishonest

1.Using Rational Persuasion

~Involves using logic arguments and factual evidence to convince others that
a proposal or request is workable and achieve the goal
2.Telling True Stories
~ An effective method for leaders when attempting to influence workers
3.Apprising
~Means that the influence agent explains how carrying out a request or
supporting a proposal will benefit the target personally
4.Legitimating a Request
~To verify that an influence attempt is within your scope of authority
5.Making a Personal Appeal
~The agent asks the target to implement a request or support a proposal out of
friendship
6.Exchange Favors and Bargaining
~By making an exchange, you strike a bargain with the other party
7.Consultation with others
~Consultation is most effective as an influence tactic when the objectives of
the person being influenced are consistent with the leader
8.Practicing Hands-On Leadership
~A hands-on leader is one who influences subordinates to hold certain beliefs
and to follow processes of operations
 TOPIC 14

Key Dimensions of Differences in Cultural Values

1. Performance orientation
- The degree to which a society encourages and rewards members
for performance improvement and excellence
2. Assertiveness
- The degree to which individuals are assertive, confrontational and
aggressive in their relationship
3. Future orientation
- The extent to which individual engage in future-orientated
behaviors such as delaying gratification, planning and making
investments for the future
4. Humane orientation
- The degree to which a society encourages and rewards individuals
for being fair and showing caring to others
5. Gender egalitarianism
- The degree to which a culture minimizes and should minimize
gender inequality
6. Power distance
- The degree to which members of a society expect, and should
expect power to be distributed unequally

Leadership Initiatives for achieving Cultural Diversity

1. Conduct diversity training
The purpose of diversity training is to bring workplace harmony by
teaching people how to get along better with diverse work associate
2. Conduct cross-cultural training
A set of learning experiences designed to help employees understand the
customs, traditions and beliefs of another culture
3. Conduct anti-bias training
Discovering unconscious that may adversely affect certain demographic
and cultural groups
4. Attain diversity among organizational leaders
To achieve a multicultural organization, firms must also practice
leadership diversity which have a c`ulturally heterogeneous group of
leaders