Galileo (Satellite Navigation)

Galileo (satellite
navigation)
Galileo is a global navigation satellite

system (GNSS) that went live in 2016,[5]
created by the European Union through the
European Space Agency (ESA), operated
by the European Union Agency for the
Space Programme (EUSPA),[6]
headquartered in Prague, Czech
Republic,[7] with two ground operations
centres in Fucino, Italy, and
Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. The €10
billion project[4][8] is named after the Italian
astronomer Galileo Galilei. One of the aims
of Galileo is to provide an independent
high-precision positioning system so
European political and military authorities
do not have to rely on the US GPS, or the
Russian GLONASS systems, which could
be disabled or degraded by their operators
at any time.[9] The use of basic (lower-
precision) Galileo services is free and
open to everyone. A fully encrypted higher-
precision service is available for free to
government-authorized users.[10][11]
Galileo is intended to provide horizontal
and vertical position measurements within
1 m precision. Galileo is also to provide a
new global search and rescue (SAR)
function as part of the MEOSAR system.
Galileo
Country/ies of origin European Union
Operator(s) EUSPA, ESA
Type Civilian, commercial
Status Initial services[1][2][3]
Coverage Global
Accuracy 20 cm (public since

24 January 2023)
Constellation size
Total satellites 30 (24 active + 6

spares)
Satellites in orbit 23 usable, 1 not
available, 4 not usable
(09/2022)[2]
First launch 2011
Total launches 28
Orbital characteristics
Regime(s) 3 × MEO planes
Orbital height 23222 km
Other details
Cost €10 billion[4]
Website gsc-europa.eu (http

s://www.gsc-europa.e
u) (European GNSS
Service Center)
The first Galileo test satellite, the GIOVE-A,
was launched 28 December 2005, while
the first satellite to be part of the
operational system was launched on 21
October 2011. By July 2018, 26 of the
planned 30 active satellites (including
spares) were in orbit.[12][13] Galileo started
offering Early Operational Capability (EOC)
on 15 December 2016,[1] providing initial
services with a weak signal, and was
expected to reach Full Operational
Capability (FOC) in 2022.[14] The full
Galileo constellation will consist of 24
active satellites,[15] which is expected by
2021.[16] It is expected that the next
generation of satellites will begin to
become operational after 2025 to replace
older equipment, which can then be used
for backup capabilities.
As of February 2023, there are 24

launched satellites that operate in the
constellation. The 2 GIOVE prototype
satellites were retired in 2012, 1 satellite is
not available, and 3 satellites are currently
not usable.[17] Out of 24 active satellites, 3
were from the IOV (In-Orbit Validation)
types and 21 of the FOC types. The first
pair of FOC satellites are orbiting the Earth
in eccentric incorrect orbits whose
orientation changes with respect to other
Galileo orbital planes.[18][19] The Galileo
system has a greater accuracy than GPS,
having an accuracy of less than 1 m when
using broadcast ephemeris (GPS: 3 m)[20]
and a signal-in-space ranging error (SISRE)
of 1.6 cm (GPS: 2.3 cm, GLONASS and
BeiDou: 4–6 cm) when using real-time
corrections for satellite orbits and
clocks.[21][22]
History
The headquarters of the EUSPA, which operates the Galileo system, in Prague
Main objectives
In 1999, the different concepts of the three

main contributors of the ESA (Germany,
France and Italy)[23] for Galileo were
compared and reduced to one by a joint
team of engineers from all three countries.
The first stage of the Galileo programme
was agreed upon officially on 26 May 2003
by the European Union and the European
Space Agency. The system is intended
primarily for civilian use, unlike the more
military-oriented systems of the United
States (GPS), Russia (GLONASS) and
China (BeiDou). The European system will
only be subject to shutdown for military
purposes in extreme circumstances (such
as an armed conflict).[24] The countries
that contribute most to the Galileo Project
are Italy and Germany.[25]
Funding
The European Commission had some

difficulty funding the project's next stage,
after several allegedly "per annum" sales
projection graphs for the project were
exposed in November 2001 as
"cumulative" projections which for each
year projected included all previous years
of sales. The attention that was brought to
this multibillion-euro growing error in sales
forecasts resulted in a general awareness
in the commission and elsewhere that it
was unlikely that the program would yield
the return on investment that had
previously been suggested to investors
and decision-makers.[26] On 17 January
2002, a spokesman for the project stated
that, as a result of US pressure and
economic difficulties, "Galileo is almost
dead".[27]
A few months later, however, the situation

changed dramatically. European Union
member states decided it was important
to have a satellite-based positioning and
timing infrastructure that the US could not
easily turn off in times of political
conflict.[28]
The European Union and the European

Space Agency agreed in March 2002 to
fund the project, pending a review in 2003
(which was completed on 26 May 2003).
The starting cost for the period ending in
2005 is estimated at €1.1 billion. The
required satellites (the planned number is
30) were to be launched between 2011
and 2014, with the system up and running
and under civilian control from 2019. The
final cost is estimated at €3 billion,
including the infrastructure on Earth,
constructed in 2006 and 2007. The plan
was for private companies and investors
to invest at least two-thirds of the cost of
implementation, with the EU and ESA
dividing the remaining cost. The base
Open Service is to be available without
charge to anyone with a Galileo-
compatible receiver, with an encrypted
higher-bandwidth improved-precision
Commercial Service originally planned to
be available at a cost, but in February 2018
the high accuracy service (HAS) (providing
Precise Point Positioning data on the E6
frequency) was agreed to be made freely
available, with the authentication service
remaining commercial.[29] By early 2011
costs for the project had run 50% over
initial estimates.[30]
Tension with the United States
A December 2001 letter from US Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz to the Ministers of the EU states, pointing
out possible compatibility issues.
Galileo is intended to be an EU civilian

GNSS that allows all users access to it.
Initially GPS reserved the highest quality
signal for military use, and the signal
available for civilian use was intentionally
degraded (Selective Availability). This
changed with President Bill Clinton signing
a policy directive in 1996 to turn off
Selective Availability. Since May 2000 the
same precision signal has been provided
to both civilians and the military.[31]
Since Galileo was designed to provide the

highest possible precision (greater than
GPS) to anyone, the US was concerned
that an enemy could use Galileo signals in
military strikes against the US and its
allies (some weapons like missiles use
GNSSs for guidance). The frequency
initially chosen for Galileo would have
made it impossible for the US to block the
Galileo signals without also interfering
with its own GPS signals. The US did not
want to lose their GNSS capability with
GPS while denying enemies the use of
GNSS. Some US officials became
especially concerned when Chinese
interest in Galileo was reported.[32]
An anonymous EU official claimed that the

US officials implied that they might
consider shooting down Galileo satellites
in the event of a major conflict in which
Galileo was used in attacks against
American forces.[33] The EU's stance is
that Galileo is a neutral technology,
available to all countries and everyone. At
first, EU officials did not want to change
their original plans for Galileo, but they
have since reached the compromise that
Galileo is to use different frequencies. This
allows the blocking or jamming of either
GNSS without affecting the other.[34]
GPS and Galileo
Orbit size comparison of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou-2, and Iridium constellations, the International Space Station, the
Hubble Space Telescope, and geostationary orbit (and its graveyard orbit), with the Van Allen radiation belts and the Earth
to scale.[a]
The Moon's orbit is around 9 times as large as geostationary orbit.[b] (In the SVG file, (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg) hover over an orbit or its label to highlight it; click to
load its article.)
One of the reasons given for developing

Galileo as an independent system was
that position information from GPS can be
made significantly inaccurate by the
deliberate application of universal
selective availability (SA) by the US
military. GPS is widely used worldwide for
civilian applications; Galileo's proponents
argued that civil infrastructure, including
aircraft navigation and landing, should not
rely solely upon a system with this
vulnerability.
On 2 May 2000, the selective availability

was disabled by the President of the
United States, Bill Clinton; in late 2001 the
entity managing the GPS confirmed that it
did not intend to enable selective
availability ever again.[35] Though Selective
Availability capability still exists, on 19
September 2007 the US Department of
Defense announced that newer GPS
satellites would not be capable of
implementing Selective Availability;[36] the
wave of Block IIF satellites launched in
2009, and all subsequent GPS satellites,
are stated not to support selective
availability. As old satellites are replaced in
the GPS Block III programme, selective
availability will cease to be an option.[37]
The modernisation programme also
contains standardised features that allow
GPS III and Galileo systems to inter-
operate, allowing receivers to be
developed to utilise GPS and Galileo
together to create an even more accurate
GNSS.
Cooperation with the United States
In June 2004, in a signed agreement with

the United States, the European Union
agreed to switch to a binary offset carrier
modulation 1.1, or BOC(1,1), allowing the
coexistence of both GPS and Galileo, and
the future combined use of both systems.
The European Union also agreed to
address the "mutual concerns related to
the protection of allied and US national
security capabilities".[24]
First experimental satellites: GIOVE-A
and GIOVE-B
The first experimental satellite, GIOVE-A,

was launched in December 2005 and was
followed by a second test satellite, GIOVE-
B, launched in April 2008. After successful
completion of the In-Orbit Validation (IOV)
phase, additional satellites were launched.
On 30 November 2007, the 27 EU transport
ministers involved reached an agreement
that Galileo should be operational by
2013,[38] but later press releases suggest it
was delayed to 2014.[39]
Funding again, governance issues
In mid-2006, the public-private partnership

fell apart, and the European Commission
decided to nationalise the Galileo
programme.[40]
In early 2007, the EU had yet to decide how

to pay for the system and the project was
said to be "in deep crisis" due to lack of
more public funds.[41] German Transport
Minister Wolfgang Tiefensee was
particularly doubtful about the
consortium's ability to end the infighting at
a time when only one testbed satellite had
been successfully launched.
Although a decision was yet to be reached,
on 13 July 2007[42] EU countries discussed
cutting €548 million (US$755 million, £370
million) from the union's competitiveness
budget for the following year and shifting
some of these funds to other parts of the
financing pot, a move that could meet part
of the cost of the union's Galileo satellite
navigation system. European Union
research and development projects could
be scrapped to overcome a funding
shortfall.
In November 2007, it was agreed to

reallocate funds from the EU's agriculture
and administration budgets[43] and to
soften the tendering process in order to
invite more EU companies.[44]
In April 2008, the EU transport ministers

approved the Galileo Implementation
Regulation. This allowed the €3.4 billion to
be released from the EU's agriculture and
administration budgets[45] to allow the
issuing of contracts to start construction
of the ground station and the satellites.
In June 2009, the European Court of

Auditors published a report, pointing out
governance issues, substantial delays and
budget overruns that led to project stalling
in 2007, leading to further delays and
failures.[46]
In October 2009, the European

Commission cut the number of satellites
definitively planned from 28 to 22, with
plans to order the remaining six at a later
time. It also announced that the first OS,
PRS and SoL signal would be available in
2013, and the CS and SOL some time later.
The €3.4 billion budget for the 2006–2013
period was considered insufficient.[47] In
2010, the think-tank Open Europe
estimated the total cost of Galileo from
start to 20 years after completion at €22.2
billion, borne entirely by taxpayers. Under
the original estimates made in 2000, this
cost would have been €7.7 billion, with
€2.6 billion borne by taxpayers and the
rest by private investors.[48]
In November 2009, a ground station for

Galileo was inaugurated near Kourou
(French Guiana).[49] The launch of the first
four in-orbit validation (IOV) satellites was
planned for the second half of 2011, and
the launch of full operational capability
(FOC) satellites was planned to start in
late 2012.
In March 2010, it was verified that the

budget for Galileo would only be available
to provide the 4 IOV and 14 FOC satellites
by 2014, with no funds then committed to
bring the constellation above this 60%
capacity.[50] Paul Verhoef, the satellite
navigation program manager at the
European Commission, indicated that this
limited funding would have serious
consequences commenting at one point
"To give you an idea, that would mean that
for three weeks in the year you will not
have satellite navigation" in reference to
the proposed 18-vehicle constellation.
In July 2010, the European Commission

estimated further delays and additional
costs of the project to grow up to €1.5–1.7
billion, and moved the estimated date of
completion to 2018. After completion the
system will need to be subsidised by
governments at €750 million per year.[51]
An additional €1.9 billion was planned to
be spent bringing the system up to the full
complement of 30 satellites (27
operational + 3 active spares).[30][52]
In December 2010, EU ministers in

Brussels voted Prague, in the Czech
Republic, as the headquarters of the
Galileo project.[53]
In January 2011, infrastructure costs up to

2020 were estimated at €5.3 billion. In that
same month, Wikileaks revealed that Berry
Smutny, the CEO of the German satellite
company OHB-System, said that Galileo "is
a stupid idea that primarily serves French
interests".[54] The BBC learned in 2011 that
€500 million (£440 million) would become
available to make the extra purchase,
taking Galileo within a few years from 18
operational satellites to 24.[55]
Galileo launch on a Soyuz rocket on 21 October 2011.
The first two Galileo In-Orbit Validation

satellites were launched by Soyuz ST-B
flown from Centre Spatial Guyanais on 21
October 2011,[56] and the remaining two on
12 October 2012.[57] As of 2017, the
satellites are fully useful for precise
positioning and geodesy with a limited
usability in navigation.[58]
Twenty-two further satellites with Full

Operational Capability (FOC) were on order
as of 1 January 2018. The first four pairs
of satellites were launched on 22 August
2014, 27 March 2015, 11 September 2015
and 17 December 2015.[59]
Clock failures
In January 2017, news agencies reported
that six of the passive hydrogen masers
(PHM) and three of the rubidium atomic
clocks (RAFS) had failed. Four of the full
operational satellites have each lost at
least one clock; but no satellite has lost
more than two. The operation has not
been affected as each satellite is launched
with four clocks (2 PHM and 2 RAFS). The
possibility of a systemic flaw is being
considered.[60][61][62] SpectraTime, the
Swiss producer of both on-board clock
types, declined to comment.[63] According
to ESA, they concluded with their industrial
partners for the rubidium atomic clocks
that some implemented testing and
operational measures were required.
Additionally some refurbishment is
required for the rubidium atomic clocks
that still have to be launched. For the
passive hydrogen masers operational
measures are being studied to reduce the
risk of failure.[60] China and India use the
same SpectraTime-built atomic clocks in
their satellite navigation systems. ESA has
contacted the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) who initially reported
not having experienced similar
failures.[63][62] However, at the end of
January 2017, Indian news outlets
reported that all three clocks aboard the
IRNSS-1A satellite (launched in July 2013
with a 10-year life expectancy) had failed
and that a replacement satellite would be
launched in the second half of 2017: these
atomic clocks were said to be supplied
under a four-million-euro deal.[64][65][66][67]
In July 2017, the European Commission

reported that the main causes of the
malfunctions have been identified and
measures have been put in place to reduce
the possibility of further malfunctions of
the satellites already in space.[68][69]
According to European sources, ESA took
measures to correct both identified sets of
problems by replacing a faulty component
that can cause a short circuit in the
rubidium clocks and improve the passive
hydrogen maser clocks as well on
satellites still to be launched.[70]
Outages
2019
From 11 July till 18 July 2019, the whole

constellation experienced an "unexplained"
signal outage[71][72] with all active
satellites showing "NOT USABLE" status
on the Galileo status page.[73] The cause
of the incident was an equipment
malfunction in the Galileo ground
infrastructure that affected the calculation
of time and orbit predictions.[74]
2020
On 14 December 2020, starting at 0:00

UTC, Galileo experienced a system-wide
performance degradation lasting for 6
hours.[75] GNSS receivers ignoring a
'marginal' status flag in the Galileo data
could have experienced a pseudorange
error of up to almost 80 km. The problem
was related to an abnormal behaviour of a
ground segment atomic clock in the time
determination function of the system. In
the parallel functioning Precise Timing
Facilities in the Fucino and
Oberpfaffenhofen Galileo Control Centres
an issue occurred in Fucino whilst
maintenance was performed on the
parallel system in Oberpfaffenhofen.[76]
International involvement
In September 2003, China joined the
Galileo project. China was to invest €230
million (US$302 million, £155 million, CNY
2.34 billion) in the project over the
following years.[77]
In July 2004, Israel signed an agreement
with the EU to become a partner in the
Galileo project.[78]
On 3 June 2005, the European Union and

Ukraine signed an agreement for Ukraine
to join the project, as noted in a press
release.[79] As of November 2005,
Morocco also joined the programme.
In September 2005, India signed an

agreement with the EU to join the
project.[80][81]
In mid-2006, the public–private

partnership fell apart and the European
Commission decided to nationalise Galileo
as an EU programme.[40] In November
2006, China opted instead to upgrade
BeiDou navigation system, its then-
regional satellite navigation system.[82]
The decision was due to security concerns
and issues with Galileo financing.[83]
On 30 November 2007, the 27 member

states of the European Union unanimously
agreed to move forward with the project,
with plans for bases in Germany and Italy.
Spain did not approve during the initial
vote, but approved it later that day. This
greatly improved the viability of the Galileo
project: "The EU's executive had previously
said that if agreement was not reached by
January 2008, the long-troubled project
would essentially be dead".[84]
On 3 April 2009, Norway too joined the

programme pledging €68.9 million toward
development costs and allowing its
companies to bid for the construction
contracts. Norway, while not a member of
the EU, is a member of ESA.[85]
On 18 December 2013, Switzerland signed

a cooperation agreement to fully
participate in the program, and
retroactively contributed €80 million for
the period 2008–2013. As a member of
ESA, it already collaborated in the
development of the Galileo satellites,
contributing the hydrogen-maser clocks.
Switzerland's financial commitment for the
period 2014–2020 will be calculated in
accordance with the standard formula
applied for the Swiss participation in the
EU research Framework Programme.[86]
In March 2018, the European Commission

announced that the United Kingdom may
be excluded from parts of the project
(especially relating to the secured service
PRS) following its exit from the European
Union (EU). As a result, Airbus was to
relocate work on the Ground Control
Segment (GCS) from its Portsmouth
premises to an EU state.[4] British officials
have been reported to be seeking legal
advice on whether they can reclaim the
€1.4 billion invested by the United
Kingdom, of the €10 billion spent to
date.[87] In a speech at the EU Institute for
Security Studies conference, the EU Chief
Negotiator in charge of the Brexit
negotiations, Michel Barnier, stressed the
EU position that the UK had decided to
leave the EU and thus all EU programmes,
including Galileo.[88] In August 2018, the
UK stated that it would look into creating a
competing satellite navigation system to
Galileo post-Brexit.[89] In December 2018,
British Prime Minister Theresa May
announced that the UK would no longer
seek to reclaim the investment, and
Science Minister Sam Gyimah resigned
over the matter.[90]
System description
Space segment
Constellation visibility from a location on Earth's surface

As of 2012,[91] the system was scheduled
to have 15 satellites operational in 2015
and reach full operation in 2020 with the
following specifications:
30 in-orbit spacecraft (24 in full service

and 6 spares)
Orbital altitude: 23,222 km (14,429 mi)
(MEO)
3 orbital planes, 56.0° inclination,
ascending nodes separated by 120.0°
longitude (8 operational satellites and 2
active spares per orbital plane)
Satellite lifetime: >12 years
Satellite mass: 675 kg (1,488 lb)
Satellite body dimensions: 2.7 m × 1.2 m
× 1.1 m (8 ft 10 in × 3 ft 11 in × 3 ft 7 in)
Span of solar arrays: 18.7 m (61 ft)
Power of solar arrays: 1.5 kW (end of
life)
Power of navigation antennas: 155–265
W[92]
Ground segment
Galileo Control Centre at the DLR Oberpfaffenhofen site

Galileo In-Orbit Test (IOT) L-band (1,000 – 2,000 MHz) antenna at ESTRACK Redu Station
The system's orbit and signal accuracy is

controlled by a ground segment consisting
of:
Two ground control centres, located in

Oberpfaffenhofen and Fucino for
Satellite and Mission Control
Six telemetry, tracking & control (TT&C)
stations, located in Kiruna, Kourou,
Nouméa, Sainte-Marie, Réunion, Redu
and Papeete
Ten mission data uplink stations (ULS),
two per site, located in Svalbard, Kourou,
Papeete, Sainte-Marie, Réunion and
Nouméa
Several worldwide distributed reference
sensor stations (GSS), including one in
the Kerguelen Islands
A data dissemination network between
all geographically distributed locations
One service centre, located in Madrid, to
help Galileo users.
Signals
The system transmits three signals: E1

(1575.42 MHz), E5 (1191.795 MHz)
consisting of E5a (1176.45 MHz) and E5b
(1207.14 MHz), and E6 (1278.75 MHz):[93]
Galileo FOC signals

Parameters E1-I E1-Q E5a E5b
Carrier
frequency 1,575.42 1,575.42 1,176.45 1,207
(MHz)
CBOC
BOCcos AltBOC AltBO
Modulation (6, 1,
(15, 2.5) (15, 10) (15, 1
1/11)
Services
The Galileo system will have four main

services:
Open Service (OS)

This will be available without charge for
use by anyone with appropriate mass-
market equipment; simple timing, and
positioning down to 1 m – for a double
frequency receiver, best case.[94]
High Accuracy Service (HAS; resulting
from the re-scope of the former Galileo
Commercial Service)
Accuracy to 20 cm free of charge.[95]
Public Regulated Service (PRS;
encrypted)
Designed to be more robust, with anti-
jamming mechanisms and reliable
problem detection. Limited to
authorized governmental bodies.[96]
Search and Rescue Service (SAR)
The Galileo SAR Service is a Medium
Earth Orbiting Search and Rescue
(MEOSAR) service and part of the
International Cospas-Sarsat
Programme.[97]
Quarterly Service Performance Reports
The European GNSS Service Centre

provides public quarterly performance
reports regarding the Open Service and
Search and Rescue Service since 2017.
Generally, the reported performance
parameters measurements surpass the
target values.[98] The Galileo April, May,
June 2021 Quarterly Open Service
Performance Report by the European
GNSS Service Centre reported the UTC
Time Dissemination Service Accuracy was
≤ 4.3 nanoseconds, computed by
accumulating samples over the previous
12 months and exceeding the ≤ 30 ns
target value. The Signal In Space Error
(SISE) was also well within the ≤ 2 m (6 ft
7 in) target value for Single and (more
accurate) Dual Frequency receivers.[99][100]
The Galileo navigation message includes
the differences between Galileo System
Time (GST), UTC and GPS Time (GPST) (to
promote interoperability).[101][102] The
Galileo April, May, June 2021 Quarterly
Search and Rescue Service Performance
Report by the European GNSS Service
Centre reported the various performance
parameters measurements surpassed
their target values. [103]
Concept
Space Passive Hydrogen Maser used in Galileo satellites as a master clock for an onboard timing system
Each Galileo satellite has two master

passive hydrogen maser atomic clocks
and two secondary rubidium atomic
clocks which are independent of one
other.[104][105] As precise and stable space-
qualified atomic clocks are critical
components to any satellite-navigation
system, the employed quadruple
redundancy keeps Galileo functioning
when onboard atomic clocks fail in space.
The onboard passive hydrogen maser
clocks' precision is four times better than
the onboard rubidium atomic clocks and
estimated at 1 second per 3 million years
(a timing error of a nanosecond or 1
billionth of a second (10−9 or 1⁄1,000,000,000
second) translates into a 30 cm positional
error on Earth's surface), and will provide
an accurate timing signal to allow a
receiver to calculate the time that it takes
the signal to reach it.[106][107][62] The
Galileo satellites are configured to run one
hydrogen maser clock in primary mode
and a rubidium clock as hot backup. Under
normal conditions, the operating hydrogen
maser clock produces the reference
frequency from which the navigation
signal is generated. Should the hydrogen
maser encounter any problem, an
instantaneous switchover to the rubidium
clock would be performed. In case of a
failure of the primary hydrogen maser the
secondary hydrogen maser could be
activated by the ground segment to take
over within a period of days as part of the
redundant system. A clock monitoring and
control unit provides the interface between
the four clocks and the navigation signal
generator unit (NSU). It passes the signal
from the active hydrogen master clock to
the NSU and also ensures that the
frequencies produced by the master clock
and the active spare are in phase, so that
the spare can take over instantly should
the master clock fail. The NSU information
is used to calculate the position of the
receiver by trilaterating the difference in
received signals from multiple satellites.
The onboard passive hydrogen maser and

rubidium clocks are very stable over a few
hours. If they were left to run indefinitely,
though, their timekeeping would drift, so
they need to be synchronized regularly
with a network of even more stable
ground-based reference clocks. These
include active hydrogen maser clocks and
clocks based on the caesium frequency
standard, which show a far better medium
and long-term stability than rubidium or
passive hydrogen maser clocks. These
clocks on the ground are gathered
together within the parallel functioning
Precise Timing Facilities in the Fucino and
Oberpfaffenhofen Galileo Control Centres.
The ground based clocks also generate a
worldwide time reference called Galileo
System Time (GST), the standard for the
Galileo system and are routinely compared
to the local realisations of UTC, the UTC(k)
of the European frequency and time
laboratories.[108]
For more information of the concept of
global satellite navigation systems, see
GNSS and GNSS positioning calculation.
European GNSS Service

Centre
The European GNSS Service Centre is the point of contact for Galileo users' assistance.
The European GNSS Service Centre

(GSC),[109] located in Madrid, is an integral
part of Galileo and provides the single
interface between the Galileo system and
Galileo users. GSC publishes Galileo
official documentation, promotes Galileo
current and future services worldwide,
supports standardisation and distributes
Galileo almanacs, ephemeris and
metadata.
The GSC User Helpdesk[110] is the point of

contact for Galileo user's assistance. GSC
answers queries and gathers incident
notifications from users on Galileo. The
helpdesk is continuously available for all
worldwide Galileo users through the GSC
web portal.
GSC provides updated Galileo
constellation status and informs on
planned and unplanned events through
Notice Advisory to Galileo Users
(NAGU).[111] GSC publishes Galileo
reference documentation and general
information on Galileo services and
signals description and Galileo
performance reports.
Search and rescue

Galileo provides a global search and
rescue (SAR) function as part of the
MEOSAR system. Like Russia's Glonass,
the United States' Global Positioning
System (GPS) satellites, and some
Chinese BeiDou satellites, Galileo
satellites are equipped with a transponder
which relays 406 MHz distress frequency
signals from emergency beacons by a
Forward Link Service (FLS) to the Rescue
coordination centre, which will then initiate
a rescue operation.[112][113][114][115] After
receipt of an emergency beacon signal,
the Galileo SAR system provides a signal,
the Return Link Message (RLM), to the
emergency beacon, informing the
person(s) in distress that the activated
beacon has been detected and help is on
the way. This return message feature is
new in a satellite constellation and is
considered a major upgrade compared to
the existing Cospas-Sarsat system, which
up to then did not provide feedback to the
user.[116] Tests in February 2014 found that
for Galileo's search and rescue function,
operating as part of the existing
International Cospas-Sarsat Programme,
77% of simulated distress locations can
be pinpointed within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi),
and 95% within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).[117]
The Galileo Return Link Service (RLS) went
live in January 2020 for all RLS capable
emergency beacons.[118][119][120][121]
Constellation
Summary of satellites, as of 7 December 2021
Launch Satellite launches In operation

Block
period Full success Failure Planned and healthy
GIOVE 2005–2008 2 0 0 0
IOV 2011–2012 4 0 0 3
FOC From 2014 22 2[α] 10 21
G2G From 2024 0 0 12 0
Total 28 2 22 24
α. Partial failure
Galileo satellite test beds: GIOVE
GIOVE-A was successfully launched 28 December 2005.

In 2004, the Galileo System Test Bed
Version 1 (GSTB-V1) project validated the
on-ground algorithms for Orbit
Determination and Time Synchronisation
(OD&TS). This project, led by ESA and
European Satellite Navigation Industries,
has provided industry with fundamental
knowledge to develop the mission
segment of the Galileo positioning
system.[122]
GIOVE-A is the first GIOVE (Galileo In-

Orbit Validation Element) test satellite. It
was built by Surrey Satellite Technology
Ltd (SSTL), and successfully launched
on 28 December 2005 by the European
Space Agency and the Galileo Joint
Undertaking (GJU). Operation of GIOVE-
A ensured that Galileo meets the
frequency-filing allocation and
reservation requirements for the
International Telecommunication Union
(ITU), a process that was required to be
complete by June 2006.
GIOVE-B, built by Astrium and Thales
Alenia Space, has a more advanced
payload than GIOVE-A. It was
successfully launched on 27 April 2008
at 22:16 UTC aboard a Soyuz-FG/Fregat
rocket provided by Starsem.
A third satellite, GIOVE-A2, was originally
planned to be built by SSTL for launch in
the second half of 2008.[123] Construction
of GIOVE-A2 was terminated due to the
successful launch and in-orbit operation of
GIOVE-B.
The GIOVE Mission[124][125] segment

operated by European Satellite Navigation
Industries used the GIOVE-A/B satellites to
provide experimental results based on real
data to be used for risk mitigation for the
IOV satellites that followed on from the
testbeds. ESA organised the global
network of ground stations to collect the
measurements of GIOVE-A/B with the use
of the GETR receivers for further
systematic study. GETR receivers are
supplied by Septentrio as well as the first
Galileo navigation receivers to be used to
test the functioning of the system at
further stages of its deployment. Signal
analysis of GIOVE-A/B data confirmed
successful operation of all the Galileo
signals with the tracking performance as
expected.
In-Orbit Validation (IOV) satellites
These testbed satellites were followed by

four IOV Galileo satellites that are much
closer to the final Galileo satellite design.
The search and rescue (SAR) feature is
also installed.[126] The first two satellites
were launched on 21 October 2011 from
Centre Spatial Guyanais using a Soyuz
launcher,[127] the other two on 12 October
2012.[128] This enables key validation tests,
since earth-based receivers such as those
in cars and phones need to "see" a
minimum of four satellites in order to
calculate their position in three
dimensions.[128] Those 4 IOV Galileo
satellites were constructed by Astrium
GmbH and Thales Alenia Space. On 12
March 2013, a first fix was performed
using those four IOV satellites.[129] Once
this In-Orbit Validation (IOV) phase has
been completed, the remaining satellites
will be installed to reach the Full
Operational Capability.
Full Operational Capability (FOC)

satellites
Model of a Galileo FOC satellite, displayed at the ILA 2018
FOC Batch 1
On 7 January 2010, it was announced that

the contract to build the first 14 FOC
satellites was awarded to OHB System
and for the navigation payload to Surrey
Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL). The
first batch of Galileo First Generation
satellites known as "Batch-1" consists of
the Galileo-FOC FM1 to Galileo-FOC FM14
satellites. Fourteen satellites were built at
a cost of €566 million (£510 million;
US$811 million).[130][131] Arianespace will
launch the satellites for a cost of €397
million (£358 million; US$569 million). The
European Commission also announced
that the €85 million contract for system
support covering industrial services
required by ESA for integration and
validation of the Galileo system had been
awarded to Thales Alenia Space. Thales
Alenia Space subcontract performances to
Astrium GmbH and security to Thales
Communications.
FOC Batch 2
In February 2012, an additional order of 8

FOC satellites was awarded to OHB
Systems for €250 million (US$327 million),
after outbidding EADS Astrium tender
offer. The second batch of Galileo First
Generation satellites known as "Batch-2"
consists of the Galileo-FOC FM15 to
Galileo-FOC FM22 satellites. Thus bringing
the total to 22 FOC satellites.[132] The
satellites were built by OHB, with the
contribution of Surrey Satellite Technology
(SSTL).[133]
FOC Batch 3
In June and October 2017, two additional

orders for 8 and 4 FOC satellites were
awarded to OHB Systems for €324 million
and €157.75 million. This third and final
batch of Galileo First Generation satellites
known as "Batch-3" consists of the Galileo-
FOC FM23 to Galileo-FOC FM34 satellites.
The satellites are being built by OHB in
Bremen, Germany, with the contribution of
Surrey Satellite Technology (SSTL) in
Guildford, United
Kingdom.[134][135][136][137][138] When
completed Batch-3 brings the total to 34
FOC satellites.
FOC launches
On 7 May 2014, the first two FOC satellites

landed in Guyana for their joint launch
planned in summer[139] Originally planned
for launch during 2013, problems tooling
and establishing the production line for
assembly led to a delay of a year in serial
production of Galileo satellites. These two
satellites (Galileo satellites GSAT-201 and
GSAT-202) were launched on 22 August
2014.[140] The names of these satellites
are Doresa and Milena named after
European children who had previously won
a drawing contest.[141] On 23 August 2014,
launch service provider Arianespace
announced that the flight VS09
experienced an anomaly and the satellites
were injected into an incorrect orbit.[142]
They ended up in elliptical orbits and thus
could not be used for navigation. However,
it was later possible to use them to
perform a physics experiment, so they
were not a complete loss.[143]
Satellites GSAT-203 (Adam) and GSAT-204

(Anastasia) were launched successfully on
27 March 2015 from Guiana Space Centre
using a Soyuz four stage launcher.[144][145]
Satellites GSAT-205 (Alba) and GSAT-206

(Oriana) were launched successfully on 11
September 2015 from Guiana Space
Centre using a Soyuz four stage
launcher.[146]
Satellites GSAT-208 (Liene) and GSAT-209

(Andriana) were successfully launched
from Kourou, French Guiana, using the
Soyuz four stage launcher on 17
December 2015.[147][148][149][150]
Satellites GSAT-210 (Daniele) and GSAT-

211 (Alizée) were launched on 24 May
2016.[151][152]
Starting in November 2016, deployment of

the last twelve satellites will use a
modified Ariane 5 launcher, named Ariane
5 ES, capable of placing four Galileo
satellites into orbit per launch.[153]
Satellites GSAT-207 (Antonianna), GSAT-

212 (Lisa), GSAT-213 (Kimberley), GSAT-
214 (Tijmen) were successfully launched
from Kourou, French Guiana, on 17
November 2016 on an Ariane 5 ES.[154][155]
On 15 December 2016, Galileo started

offering Initial Operational Capability (IOC).
The services currently offered are Open
Service, Public Regulated Service and
Search and Rescue Service.[1]
The first Batch-2 satellites GSAT-215

(Nicole), GSAT-216 (Zofia), GSAT-217
(Alexandre), GSAT-218 (Irina) were
successfully launched from Kourou,
French Guiana, on 12 December 2017 on
an Ariane 5 ES.[156][157]
Satellites GSAT-219 (Tara), GSAT-220

(Samuel), GSAT-221 (Anna), GSAT-222
(Ellen) were successfully launched from
Kourou, French Guiana, on 25 July 2018 on
an Ariane 5 ES.[158]
The first Batch-3 satellites GSAT-223
(Nikolina) and GSAT-224 (Shriya) were
successfully launched from Kourou,
French Guiana, on 5 December 2021 on a
Soyuz four stage launcher.[159][160]
Shriya successfully joined the

constellation on 29 August 2022.[161]
Second generation (G2G) satellites
As of 2014, ESA and its industry partners

have begun studies on Galileo Second
Generation (G2G) satellites, which will be
presented to the EC for the late 2020s
launch period.[162] One idea is to employ
electric propulsion, which would eliminate
the need for an upper stage during launch
and allow satellites from a single batch to
be inserted into more than one orbital
plane. The new generation satellites are
expected to be available by 2025.[163] and
serve to augment the existing network. On
20 January 2021, the European
Commission announced that it had
awarded a €1.47 billion contract to Thales
Alenia Space (TAS) and Airbus Defence
and Space for 6 spacecraft by each
manufacturer.[164] The signing of the
contracts to Thales Alenia Space and
Airbus Defence and Space, scheduled on
29 January 2021, was suspended by the
European Court of Justice following a
protest filed by OHB SE, the losing bidder.
The OHB protest at the ECJ's General
Court is based on “allegations of theft of
trade secrets”, and seeks both a
suspension of the contract signatures and
the cancellation of the contract award. In
May 2021 ESA reported it signed the
contracts to design and build the first
batch of Galileo Second Generation (G2G)
satellites with Thales Alenia Space and
Airbus Defence and Space. The 12 G2G
satellites will feature electric propulsion,
enhanced navigation signals and
capabilities, inter-satellite links and
reconfigurability in space.[165][166][167][168]
Applications and impact
Science projects using Galileo
In July 2006, an international consortium

of universities and research institutions
embarked on a study of potential scientific
applications of the Galileo constellation.
This project, named GEO6,[169] is a broad
study oriented to the general scientific
community, aiming to define and
implement new applications of Galileo.
Among the various GNSS users identified

by the Galileo Joint Undertaking,[170] the
GEO6,[169] project addresses the Scientific
User Community (UC). The GEO6[169]
project aims at fostering possible novel
applications within the scientific UC of
GNSS signals, and particularly of Galileo.
The AGILE[171] project is an EU-funded

project devoted to the study of the
technical and commercial aspects of
location-based services (LBS). It includes
technical analysis of the benefits brought
by Galileo (and EGNOS) and studies the
hybridisation of Galileo with other
positioning technologies (network-based,
WLAN, etc.). Within these projects, some
pilot prototypes were implemented and
demonstrated.
On the basis of the potential number of
users, potential revenues for Galileo
Operating Company or Concessionaire
(GOC), international relevance, and level of
innovation, a set of Priority Applications
(PA) will be selected by the consortium
and developed within the time-frame of the
same project.
These applications will help to increase

and optimise the use of the EGNOS
services and the opportunities offered by
the Galileo Signal Test-Bed (GSTB-V2) and
the Galileo (IOV) phase.
All Galileo satellites are equipped with
laser retroreflector arrays which allow
them to be tracked by the stations of the
International Laser Ranging Service.[172]
Satellite laser ranging to Galileo satellites
are used for the validation of satellite
orbits,[173] determination of Earth rotation
parameters[174] and for the combined
solutions incorporating laser and
microwave observations.
Receivers
Samsung Galaxy S8+ smartphones receiving Galileo and other GNSS signals
All major GNSS receiver chips support

Galileo and hundreds of end-user devices
are compatible with Galileo.[5] The first,
dual-frequency-GNSS-capable Android
devices, which track more than one radio
signal from each satellite, E1 and E5a
frequencies for Galileo, were the Huawei
Mate 20 line, Xiaomi Mi 8, Xiaomi Mi 9 and
Xiaomi Mi MIX 3.[175][176][177] As of July
2019, there were more than 140 Galileo-
enabled smartphones on the market of
which 9 were dual-frequency enabled.[178]
An extensive list of enabled devices, for
various uses, on land, sea and in air is
frequently updated at the EU website.[179]
On 24 December 2018, the European
Commission passed a mandate for all new
smartphones to implement Galileo for
E112 support.[180]
Effective 1 April 2018, all new vehicles

sold in Europe must support eCall, an
automatic emergency response system
that dials 112 and transmits Galileo
location data in the event of an
accident.[181]
Until late 2018, Galileo was not authorized

for use in the United States and, as a
consequence, only variably worked on
devices that could receive Galileo signals,
within United States territory.[182] The
Federal Communications Commission's
(FCC) position on the matter was (and
remains) that non-GPS radio navigation
satellite systems (RNSS) receivers must
be granted a license to receive said
signals.[183] A waiver of this requirement
for Galileo was requested by the EU and
submitted in 2015, and on 6 January 2017,
public comment on the matter was
requested.[184] On 15 November 2018, the
FCC granted the requested waiver,
explicitly allowing non-federal consumer
devices to access Galileo E1 and E5
frequencies.[185][186] However, most
devices, including smartphones still
require operating system updates or
similar updates to allow the use of Galileo
signals within the United States(most
phones, since iPhone 6s and Samsung
Galaxy S7 have the hardware capability
and simply require a software
modification).[187]
Coins
Austrian €25 European Satellite Navigation commemorative coin, back
The European Satellite Navigation project

was selected as the main motif of a very
high-value collectors' coin: the Austrian
European Satellite Navigation
commemorative coin, minted on 1 March
2006. The coin has a silver ring and gold-
brown niobium "pill". In the reverse, the
niobium portion depicts navigation
satellites orbiting the Earth. The ring
shows different modes of transport, for
which satellite navigation was developed:
an aircraft, a car, a lorry, a train and a
container ship.
See also
Competing systems
BeiDou (BDS) – global system deployed

and operated by China.
GLONASS – global system deployed and
operated by Russia.
GPS – global system deployed and
operated by United States.
Michibiki (QZSS) – regional navigation
system deployed and operated by
Japan, receivable in the Asia-Oceania
regions, with a focus on Japan.
NavIC – regional system deployed and
operated by India, receivable in the
South Asia and Western Asia regions.
Other
List of Galileo satellites

Commercialization of space
European Geostationary Navigation
Overlay Service
Multiplexed binary offset carrier
modulation – the modulation type
chosen for Galileo Open Service signals
and modernized GPS signals
International Terrestrial Reference
System and Frame – the coordinate
system used by Galileo
Notes
a. Orbital periods and speeds are calculated
using the relations 4π2R3 = T2GM and
V2R = GM, where R is the radius of orbit in
metres; T is the orbital period in seconds; V
is the orbital speed in m/s; G is the
gravitational constant, approximately
6.673 × 10−11 Nm2/kg2; M is the mass of
Earth, approximately 5.98 × 1024 kg
(1.318 × 1025 lb).
b. Approximately 8.6 times (in radius and
length) when the Moon is nearest
(that is, 363,104 km
42,164 km ), to 9.6 times when the
Moon is farthest (that is, 405,696 km
42,164 km
).
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Further reading
Psiaki, M. L., "Block Acquisition of weak
GPS signals in a software receiver",
Proceedings of ION GPS 2001, the 14th
International Technical Meeting of the
Satellite Division of the Institute of
Navigation, Salt Lake City, Utah, 11–14
September 2001, pp. 2838–2850.
Bandemer, B., Denks, H., Hornbostel, A.,
Konovaltsev, A., "Performance of
acquisition methods for Galileo SW
receivers", European Journal of
Navigation, Vol.4, No. 3, pp. 17–19, July
2006
Van Der Jagt, Culver W. Galileo : The
Declaration of European Independence : a
dissertation (2002). CALL #JZ1254 .V36
2002, Description xxv, 850 p. : ill. ; 30 cm
+ 1 CD-ROM
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to Galileo (satellite navigation).
European GNSS Service Centre (GSC) (h
ttps://www.gsc-europa.eu/)
European Commission (https://ec.europ
a.eu/defence-industry-space/eu-space-p
olicy/galileo_en)
Galileo Reference Documents (https://w
ww.gsc-europa.eu/electronic-library/pro
gramme-reference-documents#Galileo%
20pub)
ESA website (https://www.esa.int/Applic
ations/Navigation/Galileo/What_is_Galil
eo)
European GNSS Supervisory Authority
(GSA) (https://www.gsa.europa.eu/) –
Europa
Galileo-enabled devices (https://www.us
egalileo.eu/)
Navipedia information on Galileo (http
s://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Ca
tegory:GALILEO) —Wiki initiated by the
European Space Agency
Portals: Spaceflight
Geography
European Union
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Galileo_(satellite_navigation)&oldid=1157157
809"
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Galileo (Satellite Navigation)

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Galileo (satellite

Galileo is a global navigation satellite

Country/ies of origin European Union

Operator(s) EUSPA, ESA

Type Civilian, commercial

Status Initial services[1][2][3]

Accuracy 20 cm (public since

Total satellites 30 (24 active + 6

First launch 2011

Regime(s) 3 × MEO planes

Orbital height 23222 km

Cost €10 billion[4]

Website gsc-europa.eu (http

As of February 2023, there are 24

In 1999, the different concepts of the three

The European Commission had some

A few months later, however, the situation

The European Union and the European

Tension with the United States

Galileo is intended to be an EU civilian

Since Galileo was designed to provide the

An anonymous EU official claimed that the

One of the reasons given for developing

On 2 May 2000, the selective availability

In June 2004, in a signed agreement with

The first experimental satellite, GIOVE-A,

In mid-2006, the public-private partnership

In early 2007, the EU had yet to decide how

In November 2007, it was agreed to

In April 2008, the EU transport ministers

In June 2009, the European Court of

In October 2009, the European

In November 2009, a ground station for

In March 2010, it was verified that the

In July 2010, the European Commission

In December 2010, EU ministers in

In January 2011, infrastructure costs up to

The first two Galileo In-Orbit Validation

Twenty-two further satellites with Full

In July 2017, the European Commission

From 11 July till 18 July 2019, the whole

On 14 December 2020, starting at 0:00

On 3 June 2005, the European Union and

In September 2005, India signed an

In mid-2006, the public–private

On 30 November 2007, the 27 member

On 3 April 2009, Norway too joined the

On 18 December 2013, Switzerland signed

In March 2018, the European Commission

Constellation visibility from a location on Earth's surface

30 in-orbit spacecraft (24 in full service

Galileo Control Centre at the DLR Oberpfaffenhofen site

The system's orbit and signal accuracy is

Two ground control centres, located in

The system transmits three signals: E1

Galileo FOC signals

The Galileo system will have four main

Open Service (OS)

Quarterly Service Performance Reports

The European GNSS Service Centre

Each Galileo satellite has two master

The onboard passive hydrogen maser and

European GNSS Service

The European GNSS Service Centre