The Origins of Persian Words

‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻫﺮ ﻟﻐﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﯼ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺎﺗﺎ
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﯼ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺎﺗﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻡ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺗﺮﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎﯼ ‪1‬ﻭ‪ 2‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺷﺠﺮﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ "ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ" ﺁﺧﺮ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﮐﻠّﻴﻪ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﻫﻤﺮﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮐﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ .(Persian Etymology Charts‬ﺷﺠﺮﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 2700‬ﻟﻐﺖ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻳﺎﺑﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﻳﮏ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ‪ 860‬ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﻜﺠﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺷﺠﺮﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 40‬ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻐﺎﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻧﺴﮑﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺠﺮﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺨﺶ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺮﻭ ﺩﺭﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻡ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ )‪ ،(The Origins of Persian Words‬ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺠﺎﯼ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺎﻥ ‪(2022) 1401‬‬
‫‪Indo-European‬‬
‫‪Me: to measure‬‬ ‫اندازه گرف‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ 1‬ـ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﮏ "ﺷﺠﺮﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ"‬
‫‪Mênôt: moon used to measure time‬‬
‫ماه که در اندازه گ ی زمان ار م فت‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫‪POK‬‬ ‫‪1459‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫‪Greek‬‬ ‫‪Latin‬‬ ‫‪Indo-European‬‬ ‫‪Germanic‬‬
‫‪AHD‬‬
‫‪Med: to take appropriate‬‬
‫‪AHD‬‬
‫‪Avestan / Old Persian‬‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﻳﺸﻪ‬
‫‪French‬‬ ‫‪English‬‬ ‫‪measures, to cure‬‬ ‫‪English‬‬ ‫‪mâ 1: to measure‬‬
‫‪AHD‬‬
‫‪Persian‬‬
‫‪measure‬‬ ‫‪POK‬‬
‫‪moon, month‬‬
‫‪mâh, mâhya: moon, also month‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫م‬ ‫‪Avestan‬‬ ‫‪Latin‬‬ ‫‪POK, SYN‬‬
‫‪AHD‬‬
‫‪MON‬‬ ‫‪vi-mad: care giver,‬‬
‫‪physician; see root Wi‬‬ ‫‪French‬‬ ‫‪Persian‬‬ ‫‪Avestan‬‬ ‫‪Old Persian‬‬
‫‪POK, SYN‬‬
‫ماه‬ ‫‪fra-ma-na: to‬‬
‫‪Pahlavi‬‬ ‫‪Persian‬‬ ‫‪POK, BQT, SNS‬‬
‫‪paiti-mâ: measure; see root Per 3.‬‬ ‫‪measure‬‬
‫‪beforehand,‬‬
‫‪vîmâr: patient‬‬ ‫مدل‪ ،‬مدرن‪ ،‬مد‬ ‫‪âiz-mâ, uz-mâ-ta: measure, test‬‬ ‫‪decide, order; see‬‬
‫‪MON‬‬
‫‪ni-mâ: measure down, display; see‬‬ ‫‪root Per 1.‬‬
‫‪Persian‬‬ ‫‪root Nî.‬‬ ‫‪â-mâ: extend‬‬
‫ب مار‬ ‫‪HRN, BQT, FFD‬‬ ‫‪KNT‬‬
‫‪BQT, HRN‬‬
‫‪Persian‬‬ ‫‪Persian‬‬
‫‪paymûdan: to measure, walk‬‬ ‫فرمان‬
‫‪Avestan / Old‬‬ ‫‪BQT, FFD‬‬
‫‪Persian‬‬ ‫پ مودن )پ مان(‬
‫‪âzmûdan: to test‬‬ ‫آزمودن )آزما ش(‬
‫‪azdâ: indicator,‬‬
‫‪hint, news‬‬ ‫‪nomûdan: to show‬‬ ‫نمودن )نما‪ ،‬نماینده (‬
‫‪POK‬‬ ‫‪BQT‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ 2‬ـ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﮏ "ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ" ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺮ ﻟﻐﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫الف‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﴼ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻬﺠﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳپس ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻨﮕﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ صﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻣعﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑعﻀﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣعﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ كﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍصﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﻲ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﺮﺕ ﻓﺮﻭ ﻣﻴﺒﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ,‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻧﺒﺎل ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧظﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻴچ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎﺭﻳخ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﺼﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎ كﺸﻒ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ كﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻟﻐﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ كﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﴼ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺪ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ظﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻫﻢ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺸﺨﻴص ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣثﺎل‪,‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋث ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺭﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺮﻭك ﺷﺪﻥ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭة ‪ 4‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ صﺪﺍﻱ )‪ (P‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪ_ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺋﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ صﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﺎﺩل ﻟﻐﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ صﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻫﯽ‬
‫)‪ (F‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ژﺭﻣﺎﻧﻴﻚ )ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ( ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﻳﻦ صﻮﺕ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣعﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻐﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﻮض ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧطﻮﺭﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ )ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ( ﻣحﻔﻮظ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭة ‪ 3‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﻳﮏ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻟﻐﺎﺗﻲ ﻧظﻴﺮ )ﭘﻨج ـ ‪ (five‬ﻭ )ﭘﺎ ـ ‪ (foot‬ﻭ )ﭘﺪﺭ ـ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺎﺩل ﻟﻐﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫‪ (father‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺍكﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻫﻨﺪ_ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ 3‬ـ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ 4‬ـ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍصﻮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺋﯽ‬
‫ب‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭘس ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﮐثﺮ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧطﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 3‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗعﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮصﺎ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭘس ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 2‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺸﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﺣﺎل ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍصﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ـ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑعﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 1‬ـ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ر ﺸﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻫند و ارو ﺎ‬ ‫سط و تغی مع در ز ﺎنهﺎی واسطﻪ‬ ‫ﻟغﺖ ﻫند و ارو ﺎ در ز ﺎن فﺎر‬
‫لغات از فار ه عر رفته و از گشته اند(‬ ‫)ع‬ ‫س از عبور از ز ﺎن عر‬
‫‪Ab:‬‬ ‫آب‪ ،‬درخشش‬ ‫فار ‪ :‬آب )درخشش‪ ،،‬آبرو(‬ ‫ّابهت‬
‫‪Ab + Raiĉ:‬‬ ‫آب ‪ +‬ترک کردن‪ .‬ب ون رخ‬ ‫فار ‪ :‬آب ز‬ ‫اب ق‬
‫َ‬
‫‪Stâ:‬‬ ‫ا ستادن‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﻻت )اس بولوم( محل ا ستادن‬ ‫اسط ل‬
‫‪Skand‬‬ ‫اﻻ رف‬ ‫ﻻت ‪ :‬له‪ ،‬نرد ان‬ ‫اس له‬
‫‪Keup:‬‬ ‫خم کردن‬ ‫ﻻت )ک ّ ا(‪ :‬ظرف گود‬ ‫ا واب‬
‫‪Ne:‬‬ ‫من ‪ ،‬نه‬ ‫ﻻت )ن اره(‪ :‬ان ار کردن‬ ‫ان ار‪ ،‬نکره‬
‫سا سک ت ّ‬
‫)اوچا(‪ :‬اﻻ‬
‫‪Ud:‬‬ ‫اﻻ‪ ،‬ب ون‬ ‫اوج‬
‫ُ‬
‫‪Ret:‬‬ ‫دو دن‪ ،‬قلت دن‬ ‫فار ‪ :‬راه‬ ‫ت ّرهات‬
‫‪Gheul:‬‬ ‫خم ده‪ ،‬ناصاف‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫پهلوی )زور( دروغ‬ ‫تزو ر‬
‫‪Gwhedh:‬‬ ‫خواس ‪ ،‬طلب کردن‬ ‫فار ‪ :‬گدا‬ ‫تکدی‬
‫‪Gwa:‬‬ ‫قدم زدن‬ ‫فار ‪ :‬اه )مقام و م لت(‬ ‫جاه‬
‫‪Wi + Nek:‬‬ ‫جدا از هم ‪ +‬خراب کردن‬ ‫فار ‪:‬گناه‬ ‫جناه‬
‫‪Ken:‬‬ ‫کندن‬ ‫پهلوی‪ :‬کندک‬ ‫خندق‬
‫‪Teig:‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ــع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫دار‪،‬‬ ‫نوک‬ ‫اوستا ‪ :‬رود ــع‬ ‫دجله‬
‫‪Leuk:‬‬ ‫روشنا‬ ‫فار ‪ :‬روز‬ ‫رزق‬
‫‪Rêp:‬‬ ‫خ دن‬ ‫فار ‪ :‬رف‬ ‫رواج‬
‫‪Nei:‬‬ ‫درخش دن‬ ‫فار ‪ :‬رو ‪ +‬ن ک‬ ‫رونق‬
‫‪Mei 3:‬‬ ‫حرکت کردن‬ ‫ﻻت )سمی یتا(‪ :‬راه‬ ‫َسمت‬
‫‪Ter:‬‬ ‫گذر ا غل ه کردن‬ ‫فار استان ) اده(‪ :‬ا‪ ،‬خانه‬ ‫ُ ادق‬
‫‪Sekw:‬‬ ‫دن ال کردن‬ ‫ﻻت )س گنوم(‪ :‬شان‪ ،‬امضا‬ ‫سﺠل‬
‫‪Sekw:‬‬ ‫دن ال کردن‬ ‫ﻻت )س گنوم(‪ :‬شان‬ ‫سقرﻻت‬
‫عر ‪ :‬ارچه نقش دار‬
‫‪Teub:‬‬ ‫طرف‪ ،‬جهت‬ ‫فار ‪ :‬سو‪ ،‬سوی‬ ‫سوق‪ ،‬اسواق‬
‫‪Keu:‬‬ ‫سوراخ‬ ‫سا سک ت‪ :‬خا‬ ‫صﻔر‬
‫‪Ker 2:‬‬ ‫ب دن‪ ،‬اره کردن‬ ‫ﻻت ‪ :‬از هم جدا کردن‬ ‫غ ال‬
‫‪Ed + kwos:‬‬ ‫خوردن ‪ +‬اسب‬ ‫اوستا ‪ :‬غذای اسب‬ ‫فسﻔسه‪ ،‬فﺼﻔﺼه‬
‫‪Kas:‬‬ ‫قطع ا جدا کردن‬ ‫ﻻت ‪ :‬مح جدا از ق ه‬ ‫ق‬
‫‪Kak:‬‬ ‫قرص نان‬ ‫فار ‪ :‬ا )نان خشک(‬ ‫کعک‬
‫‪Alek‬‬ ‫دفاع کردن‬ ‫سا سک ت‪ :‬صد هزار از‬ ‫ل ّﺠه‬
‫عر ‪) :‬عمق( زاد‬
‫‪Mei 1:‬‬ ‫نرم‪ ،‬مﻼ م‬ ‫پهلوی‪ :‬میهما‬ ‫ما ده‬
‫‪Ned:‬‬ ‫س‬ ‫اوستا ) سک(‪ :‬اغذهای بهم چس ده‪ ،‬کتاب‬ ‫سخه‬
‫‪Nem:‬‬ ‫اختﺼاص دادن‬ ‫ﻻت ‪ :‬سهم‪ ،‬قسمت‪ ،‬شماره‬ ‫نمره‪ ،‬نمرات‬
‫‪Teku + Sem:‬‬ ‫دو دن ‪ +‬هم‬ ‫اوستا ‪ :‬کنار هم گذاش برای اندازه گ ی‬ ‫هندسه‪ ،‬مهندس‬
‫‪Kwer + Wi:‬‬ ‫ساخ ‪ +‬جدا‬ ‫اوستا )و چ (‪ :‬کس که قدرت شخ ص دارد‬ ‫وزر‪ ،‬وزارت‬
‫پ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 2‬ـ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻋﺮﺑﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ر ﺸﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻫند و ارو ﺎ‬ ‫سط و تغی مع در ز ﺎنهﺎی واسطﻪ‬ ‫ﻟغﺖ ﻫند و ارو ﺎ در ز ﺎن فﺎر‬
‫)عمدتﺎ ز ﺎن یونﺎ (‬ ‫س از عبور از ز ﺎن عر‬
‫‪Gwel 1:‬‬ ‫پرت کردن‪ ،‬تهمت زدن‬ ‫)د ا بولوس(‪ :‬تهمت زن‪ ،‬موذی‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫الس‬
‫‪Werg:‬‬ ‫ار کردن‬ ‫)ارانون(‪ :‬ابزار‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫ارغنون‬
‫‪Kei‬‬ ‫دراز کش دن‪ ،‬اس احت کردن‬ ‫)اری کی (‪ :‬تخت خواب‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫ارکه‬
‫ُ ُ‬
‫‪Steigh:‬‬ ‫لند شدن‪ ،‬قدم زدن‬ ‫‪ :‬عن ‪ ،‬قوت‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫اسطقس‬
‫‪Spongo:‬‬ ‫ﻔ ‪ ،‬خا‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫اسﻔنج‬
‫‪Kwen:‬‬ ‫مقدس‬ ‫)ا س ن یون(‪ :‬نو گ اه‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫افس ت‬
‫‪Klei:‬‬ ‫ما ل‪ ،‬ش ب دار‬ ‫) ل ما(‪ :‬زم ش ب دار‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫اقل م‬
‫‪Derk:‬‬ ‫د دن‬ ‫‪ :‬اژدها ا چشمان خ‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫ترخون‬
‫‪Ghel + Mel:‬‬ ‫زرد ‪ +‬س اه‪ ،‬کث ف‬ ‫‪ :‬صﻔرای س اه‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫خ ال‬
‫‪ :‬مال خول ا‬ ‫ﻻت‬
‫‪Lithra:‬‬ ‫تراز‪ ،‬ترازو‬ ‫‪ :‬واحد اندازه گ ی ما عات‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫رطل‬
‫‪Yeu:‬‬ ‫جﻔت ا مساوی کردن‬ ‫)زوگن(‪ :‬تراز‪ ،‬ترازو‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫زوج‪ ،‬ازدواج‬
‫‪Pôl:‬‬ ‫لمس کردن‬ ‫‪ :‬چنگ زدن)آلت موس (‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫س تور‬
‫َ‬
‫‪Kand:‬‬ ‫سﻔ د و روشن بودن‬ ‫خ رنگ‬ ‫)سند َر (‪ :‬صم‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫سندروس‬
‫‪Kiph:‬‬ ‫شاخه نرم‬ ‫)خ ﻔوس(‪ :‬شاخه‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫سف‬
‫‪Dheye:‬‬ ‫د دن‬ ‫‪ :‬نما‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫س ما‬
‫‪Seip:‬‬ ‫ب ون رخ‬ ‫‪ :‬صابون‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫صابون‬
‫‪Ster:‬‬ ‫خش و پهن کردن‬ ‫‪ :‬راه هموار شده‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫اط‬
‫‪Kwel:‬‬ ‫چخ‬ ‫‪ :‬انتهای حلقه‪ ،‬دست ن افت ‪ ،‬رمز‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫طلسم‬
‫‪Dheu:‬‬ ‫دود‪ ،‬مه‬ ‫‪ :‬طوفان‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫طوفان‬
‫‪Gras:‬‬ ‫خوردن‬ ‫‪ :‬فساد گوشت دن‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫غانغرا ا‪ ،‬غانقرا ا‬
‫‪Gwel 2:‬‬ ‫سورا خ کردن‬ ‫)ابولوس(‪ :‬میﺦ‪ ،‬سکه میﺦ ش ل یونا‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫فلس‪ ،‬مﻔلس‬
‫‪Bhilo:‬‬ ‫دوستانه‬ ‫‪ :‬دوستدار عقل و منطق‬ ‫یونا‬ ‫فلسﻔه‪ ،‬ف لسوف‬
‫‪+ Sophos:‬‬ ‫عاقل‬
‫‪Pin:‬‬ ‫چوب‪ ،‬کنده درخت‬ ‫یونا ‪ :‬تخته‪ ،‬شقاب‬ ‫فنﺠان‬
‫فار ‪ :‬پن ان‬
‫‪Kû + Pod:‬‬ ‫سوخ )ه م‪ ،‬چوب( ‪ +‬ا‬ ‫)قالب کﻔش(‬ ‫یونا ‪ :‬ای چ‬ ‫قالب‬
‫‪Gher:‬‬ ‫محﺼور کردن‪ ،‬شامل شدن‬ ‫یونا ‪ :‬آنچه همه چ را در بر م گ د )زمان(‬ ‫قرن‬
‫‪Yeu:‬‬ ‫جﻔت ا مساوی کردن‬ ‫یونا )زوگن(‪ :‬تراز‪ ،‬ترازو‬ ‫قسﻂ‬
‫عر ‪ :‬متعادل‪ ،‬مساوی‬
‫‪Kap:‬‬ ‫گرف ‪ ،‬نگه داش‬ ‫یونا ‪ :‬جع ه‪ ،‬قﻔس‬ ‫قﻔس‬
‫‪kû:‬‬ ‫سوخ )درخش دن(‬ ‫یونا ) او اسوس(‪ :‬کوه های درخشان‬ ‫قﻔقاز‬
‫‪Kolemos:‬‬ ‫علف‪،‬‬ ‫یونا ) ل ُمس(‪ :‬برای نوش‬ ‫قلم‬
‫‪Kem‬‬ ‫پوشاندن‬ ‫یونا ) م سیون(‪ :‬پ اهن‬ ‫قم ص‬
‫‪Kand:‬‬ ‫درخش دن‪ ،‬سﻔ د بودن‬ ‫یونا ‪ :‬چراغ‬ ‫قند ل‬
‫‪Skel:‬‬ ‫خم ده‬ ‫یونا ‪ :‬روده بزرگ‬ ‫قولون‬
‫‪Ker 1:‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬شاخ‬ ‫)ک َرس(‪ :‬میوه شاخ ش ل درخت خرنوب که واحد وزن بود‬ ‫یونا ِ‬ ‫ق اط‬
‫‪Skhai:‬‬ ‫ب دن‪ ،‬اره کردن‬ ‫یونا ) ا (‪ :‬نام ام اطور روم که ا ارن دن ا آمد‬ ‫ق‬
‫َ‬ ‫)کﻔا (‪:‬‬
‫‪Ghebh-el:‬‬ ‫یونا ِ‬ ‫ق ﻔال‬
‫‪Leigh:‬‬ ‫ترک کردن‬ ‫یونا )اِ لی س س(‪ :‬ترک ا قطع شدن نور‬ ‫کسوف‬
‫َ‬ ‫)کﻔا (‪:‬‬
‫‪Ghebh-el:‬‬ ‫یونا ِ‬ ‫کوف ه‬
‫ایتال ا )کوف ا(‪ :‬رو ی‬
‫‪Menth:‬‬ ‫دهان‪ ،‬ج دن‬ ‫یونا ‪ :‬آدامس‬ ‫مﺼط‬
‫‪Mel‬‬ ‫نرم‪ ،‬مﻼ م‬ ‫یونا ‪ :‬ماده نرم‬ ‫ملغم‬
‫‪Nem:‬‬ ‫اختﺼاص دادن‬ ‫یونا )نوموس(‪ :‬قانون‪ ،‬اصول‬ ‫ناموس‬
‫ت‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ MON:389‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ صﻔحﻪ ‪ 389‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﻣعﻴﻦ ﺭﺟﻮﻉ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﺮ صﻔحﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﻧظﻴﺮ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺮﻳﺸﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣعﺎﻧﯽ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻧﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻟﻐﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪3‬‬ ‫ﮐﻮﭼﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧطﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 2‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺧﺎصﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ كﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭة ‪4‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﭼﻮﺑﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﺘطﻴﻞ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣثﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 3‬ـ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺮﻳﺸﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪) ...‬ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ(‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ‪...‬‬ ‫ﻣﻖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣعﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺍﯼ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﻮﻣﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫" ‪" ...‬‬
‫ﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺧﺼﻮصﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻟﻐﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻧظﺮ ﻫﺴﺖ‬ ‫‪NOTE-‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺖ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺸﺪ‬ ‫؟‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺮﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺸﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 4‬ـ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ] [ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (2‬صﺪﺍﻱ ‪ a‬ﺩﺭ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺳﻐﺪﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ )`( ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ث‬
IEC Stuart E. Mann, An Indo-European Comparative Dictionary, Helmut Buske Verlag, Hamburg 1987
IRN A. Farahvashî, Irânvîj, Tehran University Press, 1368 (1989). ‫ایران ــچ‬
IS S H. W. Baily, Indo-Scythian Studies (Khotanese Texts - volume VI), Cambridge University Press, 1967.
KLN D. Klein, A comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Two volumes, Elsevier Publishing Co.,
1966.
KNT R. G. Kent, Old Persian - Grammer, Text, Lexicon, American Oriental Society, 1953.
MON M. Mo` în, Farhang Fârsî Moî`n, Six volumes, Amîr Kabîr press 1363 (1984). ‫مع‬ ‫فرهنگ فار‬
M P P W. Henning, "A List of Middle – Persian and Parthian Words", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
(BSOAS IX:1937-39) pp 79-92, University of London.
NYB H. S. Nyberg, A Manual of Pahlavi, Wiesbaden 1974.
OEW J. T. Shipley, The Origins of English Words, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1984.
PHD D. N. MacKenzie, A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary, Oxford University press, London 1971.
PLA Asya Asbaghi, Persische Lehnworter im Arabischen, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1988
POK J. Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Worterbuck, Two volumes, Francke verlag, Bern 1959.
PRT B. Partridge, Origins - A short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, MacMillan Co., NewYork 1958.
SIN G. Laufer, Sino-Iranica, Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilization in Ancient Iran, Field museum of natural
History, publication 201, Anthropological Series, Vol XV, No. 3, Chicago 1919.
SKT W. W. Skeat, A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Clarenden press, Oxford 1882-1967.
SLW W. B. Henning, "Sogdian Loan-words in New Persian", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS
X:1939-42) pp 93-106, University of London
SNS M. Tavoosî, A Glossary of Shâyast Nê Shâyast, Shirâz University publications, 1986. ‫واژه نامۀ شا ست شا ست‬
SOD B. Gharîb, Sogdian – Persian – English Dictionary, Farhangân Press, Tehran, 1374 (1995). ‫فرهنگ سغدی ـ فارس ان ل‬
SYN C. D. Buck, A Dictionary of the Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago
press, 1949-1988.
TAD T. Unaysî , Tafsîr al-Alfâz al-Dakhîleh fe al-Loghat al-Arabîyeh, Dâr al-Arab, Cairo, 1964.
TZ F M. Abolghâsemî, Târîkh Mokhtasar Zabân Fârsî, Bonyâd Andîsheh Eslâmî Press, Tehran, 1373 (1994).
‫زان فار‬ ‫تار ــﺦ مخت‬
VDQ G. Badreh-î, Vâjheh-hây Dakhîl dar Qorân-e Majîd, Translation of A. Jeffrey's book with Comments (see FVQ). Toos
Publishers, Tehran 1372 (1993). ‫واژه های دخ ل در قرآن مﺠ د‬
VOP M. Moshîrî, Farhang Vâjheh-hây Orûpâyî dar Fârsî, Alborz Press, Tehran 1371 (1992). ‫فرهنگ واژه های ارو ا در فار‬
WLD A. Walde, Vergleichendes Worterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen, two volumes, Walter de Gruyter & co., Leipzig
1930-1973.
ZMA F. Jonaydî, Zendegî va Mohâjerat Âryâîân Bonyâd Nayshâbûr, Tehran, 1374 (1995) ‫زند و مهاجرت آرائ ان‬
‫ج‬
A EF Jalâl Khâleqî Motlaq, Asâs Eshteqâq Fârsî ,Vol. I (a - kh), Bonyâd Farhang Irân, 1977. ‫اساس اشتقاق فار‬
AFM Addi Shir, Al-Alfâz Al-Fârsîyya Al-Muàrraba, (A Dictionary of Persian Words in the Arabic Language), Library of
Lebanon, 1980.
AHD W. Morris, The American Heritage Dictionary, New College Edition, 1975, Appendix on Indo-European Roots, pp 1505-
1550.
AHM I. Gershevitch, The Avestan Hymn to Mithra, Oriental Publications No.4, Cambridge University Press, 1959.
AKD H. Zimmern, Akkadische Fremdworter Als Beweis, Fur Babylonischen Kultureinfluss, Leipzig 1917.
ARK M. H. Rokn Zâdeh - Âdammîyat, Arkân Sokhan, Sharq Press, Tehran 1347 (1968). ‫اران سخن‬
ARN M. Aryan Pour Kashani, Farhange Rishehaye Hend Oroupaee Zaban Farsi, University of Esfahan, 1384 (2005).
‫فرهنگ رشه های هند و ارو ا زان فار‬
BLY H. W. Baily, "Hvatanica II", (Glossary of some Khotanese words with reference to Avestan and Persian words), Bulletin
of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS IX:1937-39) pp 69-78, University of London.
BQT M. H. Tabrîzî (Borhân), Borhân Qâte`, Etymological footnotes by Dr. M. Mo`în, 4 vol, Amîr Kabîr Press, Tehran 1362
(1983) ‫برهان قاطع‬
BRT C. Bartholomae, Altiranisches Worterbuch Zusammen Mit Den Nacharbeiten Und Vorarbeiten, Walter de Gruyter
Press, 1979.
CEL S. K. Gupta, A Comparative Etymologic Lexicon of Common Indo-European Words, 6 Vol., Sverge Haus Publishers,
Milton, Ma, 1997
EIV J. Cheung, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb, Vol. 2, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series,
Brill Press, Linden, Boston, 2007.
ETM M. Abolghâsemî, Rîsheh Shenâsî – Etîmologî, Ghoghnoos Press, Tehran 1374 (1995). ‫ـ ات مولوژی‬ ‫رشه شنا‬
FAF A. Dâneshgar, Farhang Aàlâm Fârsî, Hâfez Novîn Press, 1370 (1991). ‫فرهنگ اعﻼم فار‬
FFD M. Abolghâsemî, Fe`lhây Farsî Darî, Ghoghnoos Press, Tehran 1374 (1995) ‫دری‬ ‫فعل های فار‬
FRS Asadî Tûsî, Farhang Fors, Khârazmî Press, Tehran 1365 (1986) ‫فرهنگ فرس‬
FSF A. H. Noushîn, Farhang Shâhnâmeh Ferdowsî, Vâjheh Nâmak, Donyâ Press, Tehran 1363 (1984) ‫فرهنگ شاهنامه فردو‬
FVA S. M. Nahvî, Farhang Vâme Vâjhehhây Arabî, Dakhîl, Tolû` Âzâdî Press 1368 (1989). ‫فرهنگ وام واژه های عر ـ دخ ل‬
FVF S. M. A. Emâm Shûshtarî, Farhang Vâjhehhây Fârsî dar zabân Arabî, Anjoman Âsâr Mellî, No 58, Bahman Press,
Tehran, 1347 (1968). ‫در زان عر‬ ‫فرهنگ واژه های فار‬
FVQ A. Jeffrey, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur'ân, (see VDQ). Oriental Institute, Baroda, Stephen Austin & Sons Press,
Great Britain 1938
HJB H. Yule & A. C. Burnel, Hobson Jobson, A Glossary of Colloqual Anglo-Indian Words, Oriental Publishers, Delhi 1903-
1968.
HRN Paul Horn, Grundriss der NeuPersischen Etymology, Verlag von Karl J. Trubner, Strassburg 1893-1974.
HUB H. Hubschmann, Persische Studien, Verlag von Karl J. Trubner, Strassburg 1895.
‫چ‬
۱‫آب‬
Indo-European
Ab 1: water ‫آب‬
Avestan
âp: water
Pahlavi
âp: water
Persian
âb: water ۱‫آب‬
۱‫آب‬
POK:1 KLN:2 KLN:2 âbân: name of the eight month in the Persian calendar ‫آ ان‬
AHD, BQT, IRN, MON
Indo-European
Avestan
âp: water
Pahlavi
âp: water
Persian
âb: glitter (as on water surface) ۲‫آب‬
۲‫آب‬
POK:1 KLN:2 KLN:2 âberû: "facial shine", reputation ‫آبرو‬
‫درخشش‬
HRN, AEF
Indo-European
Pa: to protect, feed
Av/Old Pers
pa: to guard
Pahlavi
pây, â-pây: to protect
Persian
Âbâd: prosperous, cultivated ‫آ اد‬
‫آ اد‬
‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532 â-pât: protected, thriving, cultivated Âbâdân: a port city at Persian Gulf ‫آ ادان‬
IRN, BQT, EIV
POK:787,842, SYN:103 â-pât-ân: name o a city (with protected
waterways)
IRN:119, BQT:2, EIV:288

NOTE- Avestan "a-, â-" from the Indo-European root "Apo: off" is a prefix used for making verbs.
‫ آ اد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آ ادان‬

۱‫ آب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آ ان‬
Indo-European
Âtos: father, mother, family, race
Avestan
âthoya, âthwya: husband, man
Pahlavi
Âspiyan
Persian
Âbtîn: name of a king ‫آبت‬
‫آبت‬
‫خاصه س م غ ک ست جز در روستم؟‬ "‫" َمرد‬
‫ نژاد‬،‫ فام ل‬،‫ مادر‬،‫در‬ POK:71, FAF:10 FAF:10
( ‫آبت ؟ )خاقا‬ ‫قاتل ضحا ک ست جز‬
POK:71, AHD:1507
SNS:135, MON5: 7, FAF:10
۲‫ آب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آبرو‬

Indo-European
Avestan
âp: water
Pahlavi
âp-rex: water container
Persian
âbrîz: urn, pitcher ‫آب ز‬
‫آب ز‬
POK:1 KLN:2 FVQ:46, ISS:3 ISS:3
Indo-European Avestan Pahlavi
Leigh 2, Raič: to leave ‫ترک کردن‬ rêxt, rêz, hâek: to rextan: to pour
pour
POK:669, EIV:307 âp-rex: water pot, kettle
POK:669, FFD:72, SOD:11 BQT, HRN:141,203, FVQ:46, SNS:115
Indo-European
Kel 1: cold or warm, a year ‫ سال‬،‫د ا گرم‬
Old Persian
thard, sard: year
Persian
âbsâl: spring season (‫آ سال )آ ساﻻن‬
‫آ سال‬
NOTE- This root has two opposing meanings ‫همان ش پور ا صد راه ناﻻن‬ ‫بهار‬
upa-sard: toward the
POK:551, SYN:1078 year, beginning of the ( ‫سـ ــان ــل ــل ان ــدر آ ـ ـس ــاﻻن )و س و رام‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers year, spring
Upo: to, from below ‫ از ای‬،‫سوی‬ upa, upâ: to, toward SYN:1012, KNT:188, BQT:7
BQT:7
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull ‫کش دن‬
Indo-European
Tenu: thin
Avestan
tanu: stretched, body
Persian
âbestan: "holding child in body"
‫آس‬
POK:1064,1067 AHD, POK a-puthra-tanu: with child in ‫آس‬
Indo-European body
HRN, BQT
Pôu: small, young ‫ جوان‬،‫کوچک‬
POK:1069, BQT:411,515
POK:842
‫ شاردن‬+ ۱‫ آب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آ شار‬

Egyptian
Hebni: ebony tree (common in India) ‫درخت آبنوس‬
Greek
ebnos: ebony tree
Pahlavi
âwanos
Persian
âbnûs: ebony ‫آبنوس‬
‫آبنوس‬
ebony :‫هم‬
AHD:411 AHD:411 MON:26 ‫چو روی هوا گشت چون آبنوس‬
( ‫نهادند ـر کـوهـۀ ـ ـل کـوس )فردو‬
KLN:496, BQT:12
1
. ‫آ ادانا‬
Indo-European
Dhê 2: to do, set ‫ چ دن‬،‫انجام دادن‬
Avestan
apa-dâna: the separate (special)
Persian
âpâdânâ: the throne room ‫آ ادانا‬
‫آ ادانا‬
part of a palace
AHD:1512, POK:235 BQT:2211, 2214
Indo-European Avestan POK:235, HRN:236, KNT:168, FFD:52
Apo: off ‫ دور‬،‫جدا‬ ap 2, apa: off, away, to
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086
Indo-European
Ater: fire ‫آش‬
Avestan
âtarš, âthra: fire
Pahlavi
âtur: fire
Persian
âtaš: fire (‫آ ش )آذر‬
‫آش‬
POK:69 âthur-pât-gan: fire guard BQT:13 MON, ETM:59
POK:69, KLN:123
‫ آژدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آجدن‬

Akkadian / Aramaic
Agurru: baked clay, brick ‫ آجر‬،‫ل خته‬
Old Persian
aguru: brick
Pahlavi
âgur
Persian
âgur: brick ‫آ ور‬
Arabic
ajur: brick
Persian
âjor: brick
‫آجر‬
AKD:31, KNT:165 KNT:165, PLA:6 PLA:6 PLA:6, MON:78 PLA:6, AKD:31, AFM:7 ‫آجر‬
NOTE- This word could have entered Arabic directly from Akkadian / Aramaic MON:78
Indo-European
Agh, Aghlo: depressed, disagreeable
Avestan
ağô, ağâ: bad, ugly
Pahlavi
âğ, âk: trouble
Persian
âx, ax: a word of rejection and grief ‫ اخ‬،‫آخ‬
‫آخ‬
‫ ناسازار‬،‫اف ده‬ POK:8 SNS:38 SNS:38, BQT:90
POK:7,8
‫ آه خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آخ‬

Indo-European
Swel: to eat ‫خوردن‬
Avestan
xvar 2, xwar: to eat
Pahlavi
av-xur: stable
Persian
âxor: animals' "drinking place"
ُ
(‫آخور )آخر‬
‫آخور‬
POK:1045 ‫ خوردن‬:‫هم‬
Indo-European
avô-xvarena: animal shelter for drinking and MON:1455, BQT:788 MON, FVF:221
eating
POK:1045, AEF:10
POK:1
‫ خواندن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آخوند‬

‫ ادب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آداب‬
Hebrew
Âdhâmah: earth, red soil ‫خ‬ ‫ خا‬، ‫زم‬
Arabic
adam
Persian
âdam: Adam, person ‫آدم‬
‫آدم‬
Âdam: made from red soil (earth), man ‫خ‬ ‫ساخته شده از خا‬ "(‫) خ‬ ‫"از خا‬
VDQ:106, FVQ:51 MON5: 12
KLN:21, AHD:14
‫ آذین‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آدینه‬

‫ آ ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آذر‬
Indo-European
Avestan
âtarš, âthra:
Pahlavi
âtur-pât: fire guard, a
Persian
Âzarbâyjân: a province in Iran
‫آذر ا جان‬
POK:69
fire hero after whom a ‫ آ ش‬:‫هم‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers
province of Iran ‫آذر ا جان‬
âthur-pât-gan: (Azerbaijan) was named
Pa: to protect, feed pa: to guard fire guard BQT
BQT:13
‫ غذا‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ HRN:41,72, KLN:114, POK:69, KLN:123
POK:787,842, SYN:103 AHD:1532
Indo-European
Dheye: to see ‫د دن‬
Old Persian
vâe-na, vaina: observer
Pahlavi
adhvênak: ornament
Persian
âzîn: ornament ‫آذین‬
‫آذین‬
‫ آینه‬:‫هم‬
POK:243 adhi-vaina: ornament BQT:340 âdîneh: day of "ornaments", Friday ‫آدینه‬
KNT:191, AEF:322, FFD:55 BQT, SNS:291, AEF:80
Indo-European
As: to burn ‫سوزاندن‬
Latin
arêre: to become dry (land)
French
are: area
Persian
âr: 100 square meters ‫آر‬
‫آر‬
ara: an area (of dry land) ‫ هکتار‬:‫مق‬
POK:68 AHD:69 MON:39, 5159
KLN:102
area :‫هم‬
2
‫آراس‬
Indo-European
Apo: off
Avestan
ap 2, apa: off, away, to
Avestan
â: a prefix for making verbs
Avestan
â-râd, â-râs: to set up
Persian
ârâstan: decorate
‫آراس‬
‫ دور‬،‫جدا‬ POK:54, BQT:1086 KNT:168, BQT:1086, FFD:24 ‫ پ اس‬:‫هم‬
NOTE- EIV:196 derives this from (‫آراس )آرا ش‬
POK:53
Indo-European the root "Reg 1: straight" order :‫هم‬
Ar 1: to fit together ‫جور و درست کردن‬ BQT, AEF, FFD
WLD:74, POK:56
POK:55
‫ رام‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آرام‬

Indo-European
Al 2: to grind ‫خرد کردن‬
Avestan
aša 1, arta 1: to grind
Pahlavi
ârd: flour ‫آرد‬
Persian
ârd: flour ‫آرد‬
‫آرد‬
POK:28 POK:28 EIV:166 HRN:5, BQT:31
Indo-European
Bhergh: high ‫ لند‬،‫اﻻ‬
Avestan
barz-ahva: higher world
Avestan
bereg, â-bereg: high,
Pahlavi
âwarzog, ârzôk:
Persian
ârezu: wish ‫آرزو‬
‫آرزو‬
desirable wish, hope ‫ لند‬:‫هم‬
POK:140 POK:140, KLN:188, KNT:200, VDQ:36 BQT, MON:42
SOD:1 SOD:1
Indo-European
Ghel: to shine, also a bright yellow
Avestan
zairita, zareta:
Persian
zarnîx: arsenic
Arabic
az-zarnîx
Greek
arsenikon
Persian
ârsenîk: arsenic
‫آرس ک‬
color golden, yellow ‫ زرد‬:‫هم‬
‫زرنیخ‬ SKT:26, KLN:108 KLN:108
‫آرس ک‬
‫ زرد روشن‬،‫درخش دن‬ POK:429, KLN:667,
SOD:411 HRN:145, BQT NOTE- through
POK:429 Latin and French
VOP:41
Indo-European
Leuk: light, brightness ‫ روشنا‬،‫نور‬
Avestan
raočah: light
Persian
Âraš: "bright", a male name ‫آرش‬
‫آرش‬
a-raxša: bright "‫" اهوش‬
POK:687, KNT:205 BQT, FSF:176
HRN:23,136,140, SYN:470,991, BQT:31 light :‫هم‬
Indo-European
El 1 : to bend, elbow ‫ آرنج‬،‫خم کردن‬
Avestan
arethna: arm, elbow
Persian
ârenj: elbow ‫آرنج‬
‫آرنج‬
elbow :‫هم‬
POK:308, KLN:509 POK:308 BQT:32, MPP:79
Indo-European
Aulos: jaw ‫آرواره‬
Avestan
hanuharena: jaw
Pahlavi
êrwârag
Persian
ârvâreh: jaw ‫آرواره‬
‫آرواره‬
POK:88, ARN:55 ARN:55 ARN:55 ARN:55
Indo-European
Reug: to vomit, belch, produce smoke or vapor ‫ تول د دود ا خار‬، ‫ آروغ زدن‬، ‫استفراغ‬
Persian
roğ: belch ‫ُرغ‬
‫آروغ‬
POK:871 âroğ: belch ‫آروغ‬
POK:871, MON
Indo-European
En: in, inside ‫داخل‬
Old Persian
adi-var: in truth
Pahlavi
ê-var: indeed
Persian
ârî: yes ‫آری‬
‫آری‬
POK:311
well :‫هم‬
POK:311 HRN:6,20 HRN
Indo-European
Wel 1: to wish, desire ‫آرزو کردن‬
POK:1137
Indo-European
Al 1: beyond, above ‫ اﻻتر‬،‫فراتر‬
Indo-European
Aryo, Ario: Lord, ruler
AV/Old Pers
aria: noble
Persian
Ârîyâ (‫آر ا )ایران‬
‫آرا‬
‫ف‬
POK:24 POK:24,67 AHD, POK, ‫ ارا‬،‫اران‬
IRN:7,28
PRT, MON5, PRT, IRN, FSF
‫ ر ـ ــغ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آر ـ ــغ‬

3
. ‫آز‬
Indo-European
Angh: tight, compressed ‫ ف ده‬،‫تنگ‬
Avestan
âz, âzi: need, desire, greed
Pahlavi
âz: greed
Persian
âz: need, desire, greed ‫آز‬
‫آز‬
Az: to drive, lead (‫راندن )ف دن‬ NOTE- EIV is not certain about this derivation.
BQT:34, EIV:172 BQT
POK:42, EIV:171 BQT:34, EIV:172
Indo-European
Gene: to give birth to ‫زای دن‬
Avestan
zan 1: to give birth to
Persian
âzâd: free ‫آزاد‬
‫آزاد‬
POK:373 â-zâta: free born, noble POK:373, BQT, HRN:181,231
POK:373, SOD:462
Indo-European
Gher: to grasp, enclose ‫ محصورکردن‬، ‫گرف‬
Av/Old Pers
zar 1: to harm
Persian
âzâr: harm ‫آزار‬
‫آزار‬
POK:442, 444 â-zâr: harm âzordan: to harm ‫آزردن‬
WLD1: 603, HRN:6, HUB:6, FFD:25 WLD1: 603, FFD:25
‫ آژدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آزدن‬

‫ آزار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آزردن‬
Indo-European
Dheugh: to milk ‫ش دوش دن‬
Indo-European
Dhugh-tar: milker (of the
Avestan
â-zarema-dugedâ:
Persian
Âzarmîdoxt:
‫آزرم دخت‬
NOTE- Compare with "Dhê 1: to suckle milk"
family), daughter non-aging woman "ageless woman" ‫"دخ هم شه‬
POK:271,277, WLD:847,868 POK:277, WLD:868 KLN:404, POK:277, ‫آزرم دخت‬ "‫جوان‬
Indo-European
Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term ‫سوند گروه ا فام ل‬ BQT, WLD:868
PRT:863, AHD:1500
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not ‫نه‬ a-, â-, an-: no, not
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
Ger 2, Grnom: to become ripe, grow old. Also means grain zarwân, zaurva: old
age
‫ همچن غﻼت‬.‫ پ شدن‬،‫رس دن‬
POK:390-391, AEN:444 POK:390
Indo-European
Me 1: to measure ‫اندازه گرف‬
Av/Old Pers
mâ 1: to measure
Avestan
âiz-mâ, uz-mâ-ta: measure, test
Persian
âzmâyeš: test
‫آزما ش‬
POK:703, 731 POK:703,731, SYN:54,877,1010
measure :‫هم‬
HRN:80,233, ARN:60, BQT:37, FFD:25 (‫آزما ش )آزمودن‬
Indo-European
Ud 1: up, out, away ‫ ب ون‬،‫اﻻ‬ BQT
POK:1103
Indo-European
Gwhen 2, Jan: to
Avestan
žata, jan., jaiti: to hit, harm,
Pahlavi
zîn: to poke, to sew
Persian
âzdan, âjdan, âždan: to poke ‫ آجدن‬،‫ آژدن‬،‫آزدن‬
‫آژدن‬
strike, hurt bite
‫ه داغـی ج ـگــرشـ ــان کـن ــی آژده‬ ‫سوراخ کردن‬
EIV:29
‫ آزردن‬،‫زدن‬ â-ža-ta: harmed ( ‫که خشا ش آرد بر ا شان دده )فردو‬
POK:492, EIV:222 POK:492, HRN:204, BQT:324, HRN, BQT, FSF, EIV
Indo-European
Gwei, Jai: to live ‫زند کردن‬
Avestan
žîra, â-žîra: alert
Persian
zîrak: alert, smart ‫آژ ر‬
‫آژر‬
‫س ـ ــه را ـ ـ ــارای و آژ ــر ــاش‬ ‫آ اه‬
POK:467, EIV:222 POK:468
( ‫اش )فردو‬ ‫شب و روز ا ترکش و ت‬
FAF:28
Indo-European
Ak: sharp, also a sharp stone
Av/Old Pers
as, asan: stone
Pahlavi
âs: mill, mill stone
Persian
âs: mill ‫آس‬
‫آس‬
‫ سنگ ت‬، ‫ت‬ âs-âp: water mill âsiyâb: water mill (۱‫آس اب )آس ا‬
‫ سنگ‬:‫هم‬
POK:19, KLN:18, KNT
POK:18, KNT:173 BQT:39,42,43 BQT
‫ چادر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آسا ش‬
4
‫آستان‬
Indo-European
Stâ: to stand ‫ا ستادن‬
Av/Old Pers
sta: to stand, to set
Av/Old Pers
â-stana: entrance
Persian
âstân: threshold ‫آستان‬
‫آستان‬
stand :‫هم‬
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008, KNT:210 BQT, MON
Indo-European
Wes 3: to wear, put on ‫پوش دن‬
Avestan
vah, vahna,vanhna, vasta: cover, clothes
Pahlavi
wastar: lining
Persian
âstar: lining ‫آس‬
‫آس‬
wear :‫هم‬
POK:1172 POK:1172, KNT:219, ARN:62 KLN, AHD, ARN:62 ARN:62
Indo-European
Ambhi: around ‫ پ امون‬،‫اطراف‬
Avestan
aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê:
Avestan
abi-dasta, a-dasta, a-dsta: over hands,
Persian
âstîn: sleeve ‫آست‬
‫آست‬
over, above, both sleeve
POK:34 AHM:220
POK:34
Indo-European Av/Old Pers AHM:220
Ghesto: hand ‫دست‬ zasta, dasta: hand

POK:447 POK:447, KLN:707, KNT:190
Indo-European
Ak: sharp, also a sharp stone ‫ سنگ ت‬، ‫ت‬
Av/Old Pers
as, asan: stone
Pahlavi
âs-mân: sky
Persian
âsmân: sky ‫آسمان‬
‫آسمان‬
POK:18, KNT:173 "‫"سنگ مانند‬
Indo-European Indo-European as-man, as-mana: BQT:39,42,43 BQT
like stone, sky
Me 1: to measure ‫اندازه گرف‬ Mân: to resemble ‫ش ه بودن‬
POK:703, 731 EIV:272 POK:19, KLN:18, KNT
Indo-European
Asksâ, Aksas: axis ‫محور‬
Avestan
ashyâ: axis
Persian
âseh: axis ‫آسه‬
‫آسه‬
‫محور‬
POK:6, ARN:64 POK:6, ARN:64 ARN:64, MON:57
axis :‫هم‬
Akkadian
Âsû : to rise, come out (said of the sun)
Greek
asia: land of sunrise, the East
Latin French Persian
âsîyâ: Asia ۲‫آس ا‬
‫آس ا‬
(‫اﻻ آمدن )خورش د‬ ‫"محل طل ع‬
KLN:113, AHD:77 MON5: 37
KLN:113, AHD:77
"‫آفتاب‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
as, asan: stone
Pahlavi
Persian
âsiyâb: water mill (۱‫آس اب )آس ا‬
‫آس اب‬
POK:18, KNT:173 POK:19, KLN:18, KNT
âs-âp: water mill BQT
Indo-European Avestan
Ab 1: water ‫آب‬ âp: water BQT:39,42,43
POK:1 KLN:2
Indo-European
Neku: to reach, arrive, carry ‫ حمل کردن‬،‫رس دن‬
Old Persian
âs, âsa: to arrive, come ‫ رس دن‬،‫آمدن‬
Persian
âsîdan: to arrive, come ‫آس دن‬
‫آس دن‬
‫ز ــان ـه ــلوی هرک ــو ش ـ ـنــاس ـ ــد‬ ‫رس دن‬
POK:316, KLN:524 TZF:62
( ‫خراسان آن بود کزوی خورآسد )فخر گر ا‬
TZF:62
Indo-European Avestan Persian

Neku: to reach, arrive, carry nas 2: to reach ?
POK:316, KLN:524 naš: to carry
fra-nâš: to bring
asa 2: shipment
KLN:524, SYN:707, BRT:1067
Indo-European
Ed: to eat ‫خوردن‬
Avestan
adâiti: to eat
Persian
âš: a kind of soup ‫آش‬
‫آش‬
asa 1: food eat :‫هم‬
POK:287 BQT:2099
POK:287, BQT:44,1624
Indo-European
Kwen 3, Kwem, Ĉîam: to swallow ‫لع دن‬
Avestan
šam: swallow
Persian
âšâmîdan: to drink ‫آشام دن‬
‫آشام دن‬
۲‫ ام‬:‫هم‬
EIV:40 EIV:40 EIV:40
5
. ‫آش‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Avestan
â-x-stâ, axštî: put in place, put in peace
Persian
âštî: peace ‫آش‬
‫آش‬
POK:1008,1009 stâ, stata, šta, šti KLN:1222, POK:1008, SYN:1376, SOD:439 BQT, HRN
BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008
‫ آشوب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آشف‬

Indo-European
Aus 1: ear ‫گوش‬
Avestan
aviš, avišiya: heard, clear
Pahlavi
âškârâg
Persian
âškâr: visible, clear ‫آش ار‬
‫آش ار‬
"‫"ش ده شده‬
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:78, HRN:8, KLN:126 ARN:65
‫ شناخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آشنا‬

Indo-European
Kseubh: to shake, rock, disturb ‫ت ان دادن‬
Avestan
xšaob, xšufsan: disturbance
Pahlavi
âšûp
Persian
âšûb: disturbance ( ‫آشوب )آشف‬
‫آشوب‬
POK:625 POK:625, FFD:26 ISS:11 POK:625, BQT, MON, FFD:26
Indo-European
Kweye, Ĉiah: quiet, comfortable ‫ راحت‬،‫آرام‬
Av/Old Pers
šâ 2, šyâ: to rest
Persian
âšîyâneh: nest ‫آش انه‬
‫آش انه‬
â-šyâ: resting place, nest quiet :‫هم‬
KLN:1740, POK:638,EIV HRN, BQT. EIV
POK:638, KLN:1740, KNT:210
Indo-European
Gherto: milk, butter ‫ کره‬، ‫ش‬
Persian
âğâr: wetness, humidity ‫آغار‬
‫آغار‬
‫از هرچه سبو پر ک از ز ر و ز ــهلوش‬ ‫نم‬
POK:446
(‫زان چ برون آ د و ب ون دهد آغار )نا خ و‬

POK:446, HRN:9, CEL:80, AEF, BQT NOTE- "ğar: milk" and "âgar: to soak" are Sanskrit cognates.
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step ‫قدم زدن‬
Indo-European
Gwheh, Gahz: to wade, step, start
Persian
âğâz: start ‫آغاز‬
‫آغاز‬
POK:463,EIV:98 EIV:98 EIV:96
Indo-European Avestan Avestan
Apo: off ‫ دور‬،‫جدا‬ ap 2, apa: off, away, to â: a prefix for making verbs
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086 KNT:168, BQT:1086, FFD:24
‫ آغار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آغر‬

‫ آغار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آغش‬
Indo-European
Gheugh: to hide, conceal ‫پنهان کردن‬
Old Persian
gaud, â-gaud: to hide, cover
Sogdian
â-gaud, `g`wd: cover, barn, shelter
Persian
âğol: barn ‫آغل‬
‫آغل‬
POK:450 apa-gaudaya: to uncover SOD:3,5 MON:68, SOD:3
POK:450, KNT:182, SOD:50, SYN:852

Gheugh: to hide, conceal guz, gaoz: to conceal ?
POK:450 fra-gauzayanta: to conceal
POK:450, KNT:182, SYN:852
Indo-European
Tep: to be warm ‫گرم بودن‬
Avestan
tap 2, tab: warm, glowing
Avestan
ap-tab: heat emitting glitter, sun
Persian
âftâb: sun ‫آفتاب‬
‫آفتاب‬
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589
tepid :‫هم‬
BQT:49,453,1252,1958 BQT, HRN
Ab 1: water ‫آب‬ âp: water
POK:1 KLN:2
ُ
Indo-European
Apo: off ‫ دور‬،‫جدا‬
Avestan
ap 2, apa: off, away, to
Pahlavi
afdom, awdum: last
Persian
âfdom: last, at last
ُ ُ
‫ افدم‬،‫آفدم‬
‫آفدم‬
‫گرچه هرروز اند برداردش‬ ‫ عاق ت‬،‫آخر‬
POK:53 apama, apatama: last SNS:26
ُ
( ‫افدم روزی ه ا ان آردش )رود‬
POK:54, BQT:1086
MON:72,462, FRS:184
6
‫آف دن‬
Indo-European
Prî: to love, praise ‫ ستا ش کردن‬، ‫دوست داش‬
Avestan
âfritan: to create
Persian
âfarîdan: to create ‫آف دن‬
‫آف دن‬
â-frî-nami: I praise âfarîn: praise ‫آف ن‬
" ‫"دوست داش‬
POK:844
POK:844 BQT
‫ آف دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آف ن‬

Indo-European
Avestan
Pahlavi
âğ, âk: trouble
Persian
âk, ak: trouble, deficiency ‫آ‬
‫آ‬
‫آ ــی نرسـ ـ د ــر تو از من‬ ‫زحمت‬
‫ ناسازار‬،‫اف ده‬ POK:8 SNS:38
(‫)سوزنـی‬ ‫صد ار مرا زتو رس د آ‬

POK:7,8
SNS:38, BQT:52
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig ‫کندن‬
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out
Avestan
â-kand, â-gand: to
Persian
âkandan: to fill
‫آ ندن‬
EIV:232, POK:534 and mound it up, build fill
‫آ ندن‬
POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49 POK:491, HRN:194
Indo-European Avestan Avestan BQT, FFD:26
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086 KNT:168, BQT:1086, FFD:24 NOTE- compare "Ken 2"with "Gwhen 1: to fill"
Indo-European
Kwek, Kas 1: to appear, see, show ‫ نما ش‬،‫ د دن‬،‫ظاهر شدن‬
Avestan
â-kasat: he saw, is informed
Persian
âgâh: aware ‫آ اه‬
‫آ اه‬
‫ ن اه‬:‫هم‬
POK:638, EIV:245 POK:638, KLN:42, SYN:1436 BQT, HRN
‫ آجر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آ ور‬

Indo-European
El 2: red or brown used in animal and tree names
Avestan
auruša: pale
Pahlavi
arûs: white
Persian
âl: pale red, pink ‫آل‬
‫آل‬
red, white ‫قرمز مرنگ‬
‫خ ا قهوه ای درنامگذاری گ اهان و حیوانات‬ ‫رنگ‬ BQT:55 âlgûneh: a pinkish face powder ‫آل ونه‬
POK:302
POK:302, KLN:509 ‫آن ـنـا گــوش کــز صــفا گــو ــی‬
( ‫برکش ده است آل ونه ه س م ) ل‬
BQT, MON
‫ ﻻله‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آﻻله‬

Indo-European
Avestan
asa 1: food
Avestan
aspa-asa:
Pahlavi
aspast,
Arabic
al-fesfeseh: horse
English
alfalfa
Persian
‫آلفاآلفا‬
‫آلفاآلفا‬
POK:287 POK:287, BQT:44,1624
horse food aspasti: alfalfa food "‫"غذای اسب‬
AHD, OEW MON
Indo-European Avestan BQT:119 BQT:119,1624 NOTE- through Syriac
Ekwos: horse ‫اسب‬ aspa: horse
KLN, AHD, OEW
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819
Indo-
Ghdhem:
Av/Old Pers
zam: earth
Av/Old Pers
u-vâra-zmi:
Persian
Xârazm: a city
Arabic
Al-Xwarazmî: the
French
algorisme
Persian
âlgoritm:
‫آل ورتم‬
earth good ... land in central Asia, ninth century algorithm " ‫"بنام خوارز‬
AHD, BQT:1032, modern Khiva mathematician from NOTE- through
‫زم‬ KNT:177 Middle Latin
KNT:177 Khârazm who ‫آل ورتم‬
POK:414,SYN:16 introduced algebra
,AHD:1513 BQT:781,805, MON5:
Indo-European Old Persian 488,491, KLN:49 AHD:33 VOP:17
Su 1: well, good hu, u, uv: good

‫خوب‬ KNT:175
POK:1037, KLN:548 NOTE- This computational method was named after Khārazmi (c. 780 – c. 850) who was a Persian polymath from Khârazm.
‫ آل‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آل ونه‬

Indo-European
Leu: to smear, make dirty ‫ کث ف کردن‬،‫مال دن‬
Av/Old Pers
rû, râu: to be dirty
Pahlavi
â-lutan: to make dirty
Persian
âlûdan: to make dirty ‫آلودن‬
‫آلودن‬
POK:681 FFD:26 BQT:58,358, HRN:10,62, HUB:8,36 AEF, FFD
7
. ‫آله‬
Indo-
Akwa: water
Latin
aqua: water
Avestan
arva, arvâ: eagle
Pahlavi
alûh:
Persian
âleh: eagle (‫آله ) ِله‬
‫آله‬
eagle eagle :‫هم‬
‫آب‬ aquilus: dark colored NOTE- see discussion on ‫َمـ ـث ـ ــل دشـ ـ ـمـ ـ ـن ــان ت ـ ــو ـ ــا ت ـ ــو‬
NOTE- Pokorny suggests a derivation, along ARN:68 about possible BQT:58,
POK:23 with Aquilo (“the North wind”), from aqua. roots MPP:79 (‫ح لۀ ک ک و حمله های ِله است )فرقدی‬
ARN:68
AHD MON:85, BQT:58
‫ آل دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آل خ‬

‫ آل دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آل‬
Indo-European
Leig: to leap, jump ‫پ دن‬
Persian
âlîzîdan: to jump around ( ‫آل دن )آل خ‬
‫آل دن‬
âlîz: a "jumping" horse ‫آل‬ ‫ل د انداخ‬
POK:667, EIV:311
‫نفس چون س گشت ست د‬
(‫توسـن آسـا ــهر سـو آل ـ ــزد ) اج الدین‬
POK:667, MON:86, BQT:59
Indo-European
Mat:pick ‫لنگ‬
Persian
âmâj: plow ‫آماج‬
‫آماج‬
‫اوآهن‬
POK:700, ARN:69 ARN:69 NOTE - through Spanish & Italian mattock :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Avestan
â-mâ-: to prepare,
Persian
â-mâdeh: ready ‫آماده‬
‫آماده‬
be ready
POK:703, 731 EIV:256, BQT
EIV:256
Indo-European
Mer 1, Smer, Hmar: to remember
Avestan
mar.1, smer: to remember
Persian
âmâr: census ‫آمار‬
‫آمار‬
َ remember :‫هم‬
‫ب اد آوردن‬ â-mar: (count) to remember hamâr: number, quantity, size ‫همار‬
POK:969, EIV:137 MON, KLN:961, FFD:64 HUB, HRN, BQT, EIV
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
gâman: step
Persian
gâm: step ‫ام‬
‫آمدن‬
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318
come :‫هم‬
a-gam: to come âmadan: to come
Apo: off ‫ دور‬،‫جدا‬ ap 2, apa: off, away, to â: a prefix for making verbs POK:463 (‫آمدن )آینده‬
HRN:11, BQT
Indo-European
Mêlg, Marz?: to wipe off, rub, milk ‫ دوش دن‬،‫ ا کردن‬،‫لمس کردن‬
Avestan
â-marz: wipe out sins
Persian
âmorzîdan: to forgive ‫آمرز دن‬
‫آمرزدن‬
POK:722, EIV:180, 269 POK:722, BQT:1448, HRN:12 MON
Sanskrit Persian ُ
‫آملج‬
Amalaka: emblic tree ُ ) ‫آمله‬
(‫آملج‬ ُ ‫درخت‬ âmoleh: emblic tree ُ ) ‫آمله‬
(‫آملج‬ ُ
‫درخت آمله‬
KLN:513 BQT:61, MON:90
Indo-European
Mauč: to learn, teach ‫آموخ‬
Pahlavi
hammôz-: learn
Persian
âmuxtan ‫آموخ‬
‫آموخ‬
EIV:270 EIV:270 FFD:27, MON:91
Pahlavi
Âmon: full, filled with ‫ پر از‬،‫پر‬
Persian
âmûdan: to fill with ‫آمودن‬
‫آمودن‬
‫هم ز ا شــان ز فـحـش آمــوده‬
‫ُپر کردن‬
SNS:6
(‫هم درو شان ه خ ث آلوده )سنائـی‬

SNS:6, BQT:61, MON:91
8
‫آم خ‬
Indo-European
Meig: to mix ‫مخلوط کردن‬
Avestan
a-minašti: to mix, mixed
Persian
âmîxtan: to mix (‫آم خ )آم ش‬
‫آم خ‬
POK:712-714, AHD POK:714, BQT:1835 HRN, BQT
mix :‫هم‬
‫ آم خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آم ش‬

Indo-European
An 2: other ‫د گر‬
Av/Old Pers
anya, aimya: other
Persian
ân: that ‫آن‬
‫آن‬
other :‫هم‬
POK:37 HRN:13, KLN:1108, POK:37, ARN:72 HRN:13
Indo-European
Ne 1, An 3: no, not
َ
‫نه‬
Av/Old Pers
a-, â-, an-: no, not
Av/Old Pers
an-âhita: not
Persian
ânâhîtâ: "innocent, pure" (‫آناهیتا )ناه د‬
‫آناهیتا‬
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
dirty, innocent "‫" ع ب‬
MON, BQT
Avestan Avestan BQT:36,72,788
a-hu: not good, defect, fault ‫ ع ب‬،‫نقص‬ âhita: dirty, faulty
FAF, BQT:72 BQT:72, FAF:36, KNT:167
Indo-European
Wekw: voice ‫صدا‬
Av/Old Pers
vak, vačah, vaxš: word, voice, sound
Av/Old Pers
â-vač: voice, song
Persian
âvâ: voice, song (‫آوا )آواز‬
‫آوا‬
POK:1135 POK:1135 POK:1135, KLN:1719, SYN:26 BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Wel 2, War: to tear, wound, plunder ‫ غارت کردن‬،‫کردن‬ ‫ زخ‬،‫اره کردن‬
Avestan
varenâ: to rob, pluck
Persian
âvâr: to plunder, rob ۱‫آوار‬
۱‫آوار‬
‫غارت و چ اول‬
POK:1144, EIV:208 EIV:208 BQT, EIV:208
‫ آواره‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫آوار‬

Indo-European
Âlêiô: to wander, roam, rove ‫ ول گش‬،‫پرسه زدن‬
Persian
âvâreh: homeless, wanderer, exiled (۲‫آواره )آوار‬
‫آواره‬
POK:27, AHD:1505, IEC:14 IEC:14
‫ آوا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آواز‬

Indo-European
Per 3: oppose, hit ‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬
Avestan
â-part: battle
Persian
âvard: battle ‫آورد‬
‫آورد‬
POK:815-818 ‫جنگ و ن د‬
Indo-European Avestan Avestan POK:818, EIV:298 BQT:2115, HRN:230
Indo-European
Bher 1: to carry ‫حمل کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
bar: to carry
Avestan
â-vare, â-bar-a: bring
Persian
âvardan: to bring ‫آوردن‬
‫آوردن‬
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128 BQT:66, MON:1395, FFD:28 BQT, FSF:58
Indo-European
Weik: to shake, swing ‫ تاب دادن‬،‫لرزاندن‬
Av/Old Pers
vyâxa, vyâxman: assembly, collection
Persian
âvang: pendulum ‫آونگ‬
‫آونگ‬
POK:1130 POK:1130 BQT, HRN, MON
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
waix, waig: to swing
Persian
vîxtan: to sling ‫وخ‬
‫آو خ‬
âvîxtan: to hang (‫آو خ )آو ز‬
‫ ب خ‬:‫مق‬
POK:1130 POK:1130
BQT, HRN, MON
‫ آو خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آو ز‬

‫ آه خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آهخ‬
9
. ‫آهن‬
Indo-European
Aios: metal ‫فلز‬
Avestan
ayô, ayah, ayanh: metal
Pahlavi
âsîn, âhên: metal, iron
Persian
Âhan: iron, anything hard ‫آهن‬
‫آهن‬
POK:15, KLN:1093 POK:15, KLN:1093 BQT:70, HRN:14 BQT:70, SYN:612
NOTE- KLN:1093 claims that this word may have been driven from Ayashya, ancient name of Cyprus, meaning Cyprus metal.
‫ هنج دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آهنج دن‬

Indo-European
Avestan
thang, â-thax, hanč: to pull, also a path
Persian
âhang: intention ‫آهنگ‬
‫آهنگ‬
POK:1064,1067 BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7 BQT, MON, HRN, SNS, FFD
۲‫ گر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آهنگر‬

Indo-European
Ôku: swift ‫ــع‬
Avestan
âsu: swift
Pahlavi
âhûk, âhûg: a fast running animal, deer
Persian
âhû 1: deer ۱‫آهو‬
۱‫آهو‬
POK:775 POK:775 BQT:71, SOD:10 MON:109
Indo-European
Su 1: well, good ‫خوب‬
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
a-hu: not good,
Pahlavi
ahûk: fault
Persian
âhû 2: defect ۲‫آهو‬
۲‫آهو‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
defect, fault ‫عب‬
BQT:72 ‫آهو ن ا ک‬ ‫زگیتـی‬
َ ‫ ع ب‬،‫نقص‬
Ne 1, An 3: no, not ‫نه‬ a-, â-, an-: no, not ( ‫)و س و رام‬ ‫ا ر چند دارد ه ها‬
FAF, BQT:72
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167 BRT:345
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
hîxtan: to pull ‫هخ‬
‫آه خ‬
POK:1064,1067 BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7 ‫ فروه خ‬:‫مق‬
âhîxtan: to pull out ‫ آخ‬، ‫ آهخ‬، ‫آه خ‬
Indo-European Avestan tension :‫هم‬
Apo: off ‫ دور‬،‫جدا‬ ap 2, apa: off, away, to BQT, HRN, SNS
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086
‫شان‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آ شه‬

‫ آمدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آینده‬
‫ د دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آینه‬
Indo-European
Old Persian
adhi-vaina: ornament
Pahlavi
adhvênak: ornament
Persian
âzîn: ornament ‫آذین‬
‫آی‬
POK:243 KNT:191, AEF:322, FFD:55 BQT:340 âîn: ceremony, customs ‫آی‬
BQT, SNS:291, AEF:80
Indo-European
Au: away, off, down ‫ ای‬،‫ دور‬،‫جدا‬
Av/Old Pers
ava 1, aorâ: down
Avestan
ava-par: fill down
Persian
obârdan: to swallow ( ‫ا اردن )ا اش‬
‫ا اردن‬
obâsh: gangsters ‫او اش‬ ‫لع دن‬
POK:72 KLN:132, POK:72 AEF:175, BQT:180
‫س ـ ـ ـ ـ ارد ا شان را ه ـم ــه‬
Pel 1: to fill ‫پر کردن‬ par 1, perana: full
( ‫رمه )رود‬ ، ‫ش ان را م ش زنده‬
POK:799, EIV:299 POK:799
BQT:180, AEF:175, FFD:31
‫ ا اردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ا اش‬

۲‫ َبر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َابر‬
Indo-European
Nebh, Nembh: cloud, moisture ‫ رط ت‬،‫ابر‬
Avestan
awrem, awra, awar: cloud
Pahlavi
awr, avr, abr: cloud
Persian
abr: cloud ‫ابر‬
‫ابر‬
POK:315 KLN:772, POK:316, SNS:11 SNS:11 POK:316, SNS:11
Indo-European
Nebh, Nembh: cloud, moisture
Avestan
awrem, awra, awar: cloud
Pahlavi
abr-âmûn: cloudy
Persian
abrâmûn: cloudy ‫ابرآمون‬
‫ابرآمون‬
‫ رط ت‬،‫ابر‬ KLN:772, POK:316, SNS:11 SNS:11 POK:316, SNS:11
POK:315 Pahlavi
Âmon: full, filled with ‫ پر از‬،‫پر‬
SNS:6
10
‫ابرو‬
Indo-European
Bhru 1: eyebrow ‫ ت چو‬،‫ابرو‬
Avestan
brvat: brow
Pahlavi
brûk
Persian
abrû: eyebrow (‫ابرو ) ُبرو‬
‫ابرو‬
POK:172 POK BQT:80 POK:172, BQT:80, FSF:81
‫ ر ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اب شم‬

Indo-European
Avestan
âp: water
Pahlavi
âp-rex: water
Arabic Persian
ebrîq: a water container
‫ِاب ق‬
POK:1 KLN:2
container ‫آب رز‬
‫اِ ب ق‬
FVQ:46, ISS:3
Leigh 2, Raič: to leave ‫ترک کردن‬ rêxt, rêz, hâek: to pour FVQ:46
POK:669, EIV:307 POK:669, FFD:72, SOD:11
Indo-European
Ghei 2: to propel ‫جلو بردن‬
Indo-European
Ghaise: spear ‫ن ه‬
Avestan
zaêna 1: weapon
Pahlavi
abzâr: tools
Persian
abzâr, afzâr: tools ‫ افزار‬،‫ابزار‬
‫ابزار‬
POK:410,424 POK:410,424 zaya: tools, equipment ISS:16 ISS:16
POK:424, KLN:666, SYN:1384
NOTE- For a different derivation of these words see root "Geu 2: to hasten".
Indo-European Indo-European Avestan Persian

Ghei 2: to propel Ghaise: spear ‫ن ه‬ zaêmi: eager ?
POK:410,424 POK:410,424 zaêman: active
zaênah-vant: watchful
POK:424
Indo-European
Geu 2: to hasten ‫عجله کردن‬
Avestan
zavah, zâvar: power, force
Persian
abzâr, afzâr: tools ‫ افزار‬،‫ابزار‬
‫ابزار‬
POK:399 api-zâwar: tool POK:399, BQT, HRN:149
POK:399, BQT:148 NOTE- For a different derivation of "abzâr & afzâr" see root "Ghei 2: to propel".
Indo-European
Dwo: two ‫عدد دو‬
Greek
di, dis: two
Greek
dia-ballein: to throw across, slander
Arabic
iblis: devil
Persian
eblîs: devil ‫الس‬
‫الس‬
dia: through, across, apart "‫" تهمت زن‬
POK:230, diabolos: slanderer, devil BQT:83, FVQ:48 BQT:83
AHD
Indo-European
KLN:440, AHD:361
Gwel 1: to throw, reach ‫ رس دن‬،‫پرتاب کردن‬
POK:472
Indo-European
Ab 1: water
Avestan
âp: water
Persian
âb: glitter (as on
Arabic
ab-baha: "glittering shine", elegance
Persian
obbohat: elegance
‫ا ّبهت‬
water surface)
‫آب‬ KLN:2
۲‫آب‬ abboha: magnificence, elegance ‫ا ّبهت‬
POK:1 AFM:7, FVF:11 MON:131
HRN, AEF
‫ ـ جرد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ابیورد‬

‫ سای دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ا سان‬
Indo-European
Swekwo: resin, juice ‫ عصاره‬،‫صمغ‬
Greek
opos: juice
Persian
apyûn: opium (‫اپیون )افیون‬
‫اپیون‬
POK:1044 opion: poppy juice BQT:86
AHD
‫ ب گ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اتا ک‬

Akkadian
Agaru: to hire ‫استخدام کردن‬
Syriac Arabic
a`jara: he hired
Persian
ejâreh: rent (‫اجاره )اجرت‬
‫اجاره‬
KLN KLN AKD:47, FVQ:49 MON
‫ اجاره‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اجرت‬
11
. ‫اخ‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Pahlavi
âğ, âk: trouble
Persian
âx, ax: a word of rejection and grief ‫ اخ‬،‫آخ‬
‫اخ‬
‫ ناسازار‬،‫اف ده‬ POK:8 SNS:38 SNS:38, BQT:90
POK:7,8
Avestan
Apânk: turned backwards, north ‫ شمال‬،‫ازگشت‬
Pahlavi
apâxtar: north, north star
Persian
axtar: star, fate ‫اخ‬
‫اخ‬
SYN:873
axtar: star BQT, FSF
SYN:870, BQT:99, FSF:58
Sumerian
Dub: tablet, scripture ‫ نوشته‬،‫لوحه‬
Old Persian
dipi: to write
Persian
teacher (‫ دیوان‬،‫ دی اچه‬،‫دب )د ستان‬
Arabic
adab:literature
Persian
adab: literature
‫ادب‬
AKD:19, BQT:823 BQT:823 BQT:824, KLN:467, AKD:19, ETM:36 FVF:13,273 (‫ ادب ات‬،‫ادب )آداب‬
FVA:28, FVF:273
‫ ادب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ادب ات‬

‫ ّاراده‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ّارا ه‬
Indo-European
Ret: to roll, run ‫ دو دن‬،‫قلت دن‬
Avestan
ratha: chariot
Persian
arrâdeh: chariot (‫ّاراده ) ّارا ه‬
‫ّاراده‬
POK:866 POK:866, ARN:302 BQT:97,1895, MON:191, ARN:78
Indo-European Old Persian Persian

Ret: to roll, run ratha: chariot ?
POK:866 KNT:176
‫ آرا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارا‬

‫ آرا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اران‬
Indo-European
Avestan
ratha-eštra: "standing on a chariot"
Persian
arteš: army ‫ار ش‬
‫ار ش‬
POK:1008,1009 POK:866, MON:191 BQT:97, 1895
"‫"سوار بر ارا ه‬
Ret: to roll, run ‫ دو دن‬،‫قلت دن‬ ratha: chariot
POK:866 POK:866, ARN:302
Indo-European
Algwh: worth, value ‫ارزش‬
Avestan
arej, arejah: value
Persian
arj: value (‫ ارزش‬،‫ ارز دن‬،‫ ورج‬،‫ارج )ارز‬
‫ارج‬
POK:32 varejah, varecah: value ‫نه تنه ــا ش ــه و خ ـس ــروکشور است‬
( ‫که شاه است و ا ورج پ غم است )فردو‬
POK:32, SYN:826
BQT, HRN:241, MON
Indo-European
Ekwos: horse ‫اسب‬
Avestan
aspa: horse
Avestan
arejat-aspa: (with) valuable horses
Persian
arjâsp: "with valuable horses"
‫ارجاسپ‬
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819
‫"دارای اس ان‬
BQT, POK:1082, KNT, HRN:206, MON5: 419 ‫ارجاسپ‬
Indo-European Avestan "‫ارزشمند‬
Algwh: worth, value ‫ارزش‬ arej, arejah: value MON
POK:32 POK:32, SYN:826
Indo-European
Ar 1: to fit together ‫جور و درست کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
arta 2, areta: just, holy
Persian
ard: just ‫ارد‬
‫ارد‬
arata, aradra: true ‫عدالت‬
POK:55 BQT:98-101, IRN:28
POK:56, IRN:28 reason :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
Ardešîr: "just king"
‫اردش‬
POK:55 "‫"شاه عادل‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers arta-xšathra: a just king. ‫اردش‬
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule xšača: king, ruler POK:56, IRN:28
‫ فرمانروا کردن‬،‫قادر و شا سته بودن‬ POK:626, KNT:181
POK:626, KLN:272
12
‫اردﻻن‬
Indo-European
Al 1: beyond, above ‫ اﻻتر‬،‫فراتر‬
Indo-European
AV/Old Pers
arân: land of Aryans
Persian
Ardalân: "holy Aryan land" ‫اردﻻن‬
‫اردﻻن‬
POK:24 POK:24,67
‫ف‬ ‫" زم‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers art-arân: holy Aryan land PRT, MON5, PRT, IRN, FSF
"‫آر ای ان‬
Ar 1: to fit together ‫جور و درست کردن‬ arta 2, areta: just, holy AHD, POK, IRN:7,28
POK:55 POK:56, IRN:28
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
Ardavân: "protector of justice"
‫اردوان‬
"‫"حافظ عدالت‬
POK:55 arta-pa: protector of justice. ‫اردوان‬
Pa: to protect, feed ‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ pa: to guard BQT:98-101, IRN:28
POK:56, IRN:28
POK:787,842, SYN:103 HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532
Indo-European
Isto: most or last ‫سوند صفت عا‬
Av/Old Pers
išta: a superlative suffix
Avestan
arta-vah-išta: best true goodness
Persian
Ordîbehešt: "best justice"
‫اردیبهشت‬
KLN:35 KNT:191,202
"‫"به ن عدالت‬
KNT:202, TZF:26, BQT:2133 ‫اردیبهشت‬
Su 1: well, good ‫خوب‬ vohu, vahu: good MON, BQT, TZF
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1174
Ar 1: to fit together ‫جور و درست کردن‬ aša 2, arta: true
POK:55 POK:56, BQT:142
۲‫ برنج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارز‬

‫ ارج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارز‬
‫ ارج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارزش‬
Indo-European
Ger 2, Grnom: to become ripe, grow old. Also means grain ‫ همچن غﻼت‬.‫ پ شدن‬،‫رس دن‬
Pahlavi
arzan: millet
Persian
arzan: millet (‫ارزن )ارژن‬
‫ارزن‬
grain :‫هم‬
POK:390-391, AEN:444 MON:199 IEC:406
‫ ارج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارز دن‬

Indo-European
Arg: to shine, white metal ‫ فلز سف د‬،‫درخش دن‬
Avestan
erezata: white metal
Pahlavi
arzyz: tin
Persian
arzîz: tin ‫ارز ز‬
‫ارزز‬
‫قلع‬
POK:64 POK:64 SOD:56 HRN:17

Arg: to shine, white metal arda-: light ?
POK:64 ardata: shiny metal, silver
arda-stâna: (light stand), window frame
KNT:171
‫ ارزن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارژن‬

‫ اشک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارس‬
Indo-European
El 1 : to bend, elbow ‫ آرنج‬،‫خم کردن‬
Old Persian
arašn, arašni: elbow
Persian
arš, araš: unit of distance from elbow to finger tips ‫ارش‬
‫ارش‬
‫ارش‬ ‫مندی ف ا بر‬ ‫ آرنج‬:‫هم‬
POK:308, KLN:509 ARN:81, MPP:79
elbow :‫هم‬
( ‫ما ب ازو زره در برش )فردو‬
MON:201, ARN:81
Indo-European
Ersen: ejector of semen, male ‫ نر‬، ‫دفع کننده م‬
Av/Old Pers
aršan, varešna: male, man, hero
Persian
Aršâsp: "with male horses" ‫ارشاسپ‬
‫ارشاسپ‬
POK:335
"‫"دارای اس ان نر‬
Indo-European Avestan aršan-aspa: (with) male horses BQT
Ekwos: horse ‫اسب‬ aspa: horse POK:336, AHD:1480, SOD:414

POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819
13
. ‫ارشام‬
Indo-European
Rk-tho: bear (animal) ‫خرس‬
Avestan
areša: bear
Persian
Aršâm: "with power of a bear"
‫ارشام‬
POK:875, SOD:70 "‫" ا ن وی خرس‬
Indo-European Avestan areša-ama: with ‫ارشام‬
power of a bear
Ome: to move with energy ama: strength, attack (injury) force BQT:31,733
‫ا انرژی حرکت کردن‬ POK:778, SYN:298
POK:875
POK:778
Indo-European
Eres 1: to flow, to be wet ‫ خ س بودن‬، ‫ج ان داش‬
Av/Old Pers
Persian
Aršân: "man, masculine" ‫ارشان‬
‫ارشان‬
"‫ مذکر‬،‫"مرد‬
POK:335 POK:336, AHD:1480, SOD:414 BQT
Indo-European
Ere, Arš: to have bad will, envy ‫ا حسادت کردن‬ ‫دشم‬
Avestan
araska: enmity
Pahlavi
arešk: envy
Persian
arašk, rašk: envy, zeal ‫ َرشک‬،‫ارشک‬
‫ارشک‬
POK:335 POK:337 EIV:167 BQT:952
Indo-European
Er, Ar 2: to set in motion, excite
Indo-European
Ergh : to excite, tremble
Avestan
ereğant: angry, evil
Persian
arğandeh: angry ‫ارغنده‬
‫ارغنده‬
‫ بر انگ خ‬،‫ه حرکت در آوردن‬ POK:339 POK:339 ‫س آن ـی درفش ل د و سـتـرگ‬
POK:327, EIV:165 ( ‫ه پ ش اندر آ د چو ارغنده گرگ )دق‬

BQT:32
Indo-European
Werg 1: to work ‫ار کردن‬
Greek
organon: tool
Arabic Persian
arğanûn: a musical instrument ‫ارغنون‬
‫ارغنون‬
POK:1168 AHD MON:203 BQT:106, MON:203
Indo-European
Orghi: testicle ‫خا ه‬
Greek
orxis: orchid flower named after its testicle-shaped root
Latin
orchis
French Persian
orkîdeh: orchid ‫ارک ده‬
‫ارک ده‬
POK:782 POK:782

Orghi: testicle êrêzi, arazi: testicles ?
POK:782 POK:782, KLN:1092, SYN:257
Akkadian
Erêbu: to enter, to go down (sunset)
Hebrew
èrebh: sunset, west
Greek
europa:
Latin
eurôpa
French
europe
Persian
orûpâ: Europe
‫ارو ا‬
‫ غروب خورش د‬، ‫فرو رف‬ land of sunset
‫ارو ا‬ "‫"مغرب‬
AKD:64, KLN:550 AHD:452
AKD:64, KLN:550 KLN:550,
Indo-European
Er, Ar 2: to set in motion,
Av/Old Pers
aurva, aurvant: swift,
Pahlavi
alvend: fast
Persian
Arvand: "fast", Tigris river (۱‫اروند )الوند‬
‫اروند‬
excite fast
Alvand: name of a mountain in Hamadan with many springs "‫عت‬ ‫"ا‬
BQT:160
‫ بر انگ خ‬،‫ه حرکت در آوردن‬ run :‫هم‬
POK:331, IRN:112, KNT:170 ۲‫الوند‬
POK:327, EIV:165 BQT, IRN
Indo-European
Srisâ, Sernh, Harn: file, saw ‫ اره‬،‫سوهان‬
Persian
arreh: saw ‫ّاره‬
‫ّاره‬
IEC:1277, EIV:132 IEC:1277, MON:209, EIV:132
Indo-European
Kei 3: to lie down, rest
Indo-European
Koi-to: bed, couch,
Greek
koite, ari-koite:
Arabic
arîkeh: throne
Persian
arîkeh: bed, throne, domain ‫ارکه‬
‫ارکه‬
home, domain (decorated) bed
‫ اس احت کردن‬،‫دراز کش دن‬ TAD:2, FVA:30 FVA:30, MON:210, BQT:112
POK:539 POK:539 POK:539, TAD:2
Indo-European
Sekw: to follow ‫دن ال کردن‬
Avestan
hačâ: followed from
Pahlavi
aj: from
Persian
az: from ‫از‬
‫از‬
POK:896 POK:896 HRN:12,150 BQT:113,1051
14
‫ازغ‬
Indo-European
Ozgho: branch, bud, offspring ‫ فرزند‬، ‫ جوانه‬، ‫شاخه‬
Pahlavi
azg: branch, offspring
Persian
azğ: branch, shoot ۱‫ ازگ‬،‫ازغ‬
‫ازغ‬
azm: child ‫ازم‬
‫شاخه‬
POK:786 POK:786, IEC:863
BQT:114,115, IEC:863, MON:218
‫ ازغ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫ازگ‬

Indo-European
Aig-: goat, of a goat ‫بز‬
Avestan
iza: goat
Pahlavi
azak: goat
Persian
azg: goat ۲‫ازگ‬
۲‫ازگ‬
‫ُبز ماده‬
POK:6, ARN:82 POK:6, KLN:30 POK:6, ARN:82 POK:6, ARN:82 .‫این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد‬
‫ ازغ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ازم‬

‫ اژدها‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اژدر‬
Indo-European
Angwhi: snake ‫مار‬
Avestan
aži: snake
Persian
ّ ) ‫ اژدها‬،‫اژدها‬
eždehâk: serpent ( ‫ضحا‬
‫اژدها‬
POK:43 aži-dahâkô: biting snake aždar: torpedo ‫اژدر‬
POK:44, KLN:86 BQT:116,1339, PLA:5,190, FSF:43
‫ اژدها‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اژدها‬

Indo-European
Avestan
aspa: horse
Pahlavi
asp: horse
Persian
asb: horse ‫اسب‬
‫اسب‬
،‫ طهماسپ‬,‫ تهماسب‬,‫ ارشاسپ‬,‫ ارجاسپ‬: ‫مثال "اسب" در نامهای ایرا‬
‫ اس‬:‫هم‬
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819 BQT:119
‫ و شتاسپ‬,‫ لهراسپ‬,‫ گش سپ‬,‫ گشناسب‬,‫ گشتاسپ‬,‫ گرشاسپ‬,‫جاماسب‬

MON, BQT
‫ است ک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫است ق‬

Indo-European
Stebh: support, stem ‫ ساقه‬، ‫ش ی ا‬
Avestan
stawra: firm
Pahlavi
stapr, stawr: strong
Persian
estabrak: strong cloth
‫است ک‬
(‫است ک )است ق‬ ‫ ست‬:‫هم‬
POK:1012 POK:1012, BQT:1098, SOD:363 BQT:1098, FVQ:59, MON:261,262
BQT, FVQ, MON
Indo-European
Spereg: to swell, sprout, jump, begin
Avestan
spareğa: a kind
Pahlavi
sparm: a plant
Persian
esparğam: a plant ‫اس غم‬
‫اس غم‬
‫ پ دن‬، ‫ جوانه زدن‬، ‫متورم شدن‬
of sprout
spêg: blossom šâh-esperam: an aromatic plant ‫شاه اس َ َ م‬
‫ اسفراج‬:‫هم‬
PRT:645, KLN:1481, spring :‫هم‬
POK:996,998, OEW:337 SNS:175,177 BQT:1118
SYN:525
Indo-European
Spereg: to swell, sprout, jump,
Persian
esparûd: sparrow (‫اس ود )اسفرود‬
‫اس ود‬
begin
‫نما د آب رود‬ ‫پ ش عمان‬ ‫گنجشک‬
‫ پ دن‬، ‫ جوانه زدن‬، ‫متورم شدن‬ (‫ب ازد اسفرود )لغت نامه‬ ‫پ ش شاه‬
POK:996,998, OEW:337 MON:232, AEF:105, HRN:19, HUB:13 NOTE- These are cognates with the German word "Sperling: sparrow".
Indo-European
Avestan
aspa: horse
Avestan
aspa-asa: horse
Pahlavi
aspast:
Persian
aspast: alfalfa (‫اس ست )س ست‬
‫اس ست‬
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819
food horse food, "‫"غذای اسب‬
alfalfa ‫س ل و سوسن کجا آمد دست از روضه ای‬
Indo-European Avestan alfalfa :‫هم‬
BQT:1819
Ed: to eat ‫خوردن‬ asa 1: food BQT:119 (‫اندرو تخم س ست و س و س سن برند )سنائـی‬
POK:287 POK:287, BQT:44,1624
‫ اسفند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اس نتا‬

‫ اس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫است‬
‫ استخوان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫است‬
15
. ‫استاد‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Avestan
ava-stata, hvô-îstâ: standing in front (of students)
Persian
ostâd: teacher ‫استاد‬
‫استاد‬
stâ, stata, šta, šti ‫"آنکه جلو‬
POK:1008,1009 BQT, HRN
BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008
KLN:1222, POK:1008, SYN:1376, SOD:439
"‫ا ستاده‬
‫ ِستا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫استا‬

‫ ستان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫استان‬
Indo-European
Avestan
sta-xra: firm, hard
Persian
estaxr: "firm" ‫استخر‬
‫استخر‬
POK:1008,1009 POK:1009,1011, KLN:1508, HRN:205 HRN, BQT
Indo-European
Ost: bone ‫استخوان‬
Avestan
ast, ascu: bone
Pahlavi
astag, astak, astuxan: bone
Persian
ast: bone (‫ )استخوان‬۲‫است‬
‫استخوان‬
POK:783 asča: shin bone BQT:124, HRN:20 xastu: core (‫ )هسته‬۱‫خستو‬
SYN:207, POK:783, KLN:1099 MON

Ost: bone ast: bone ?
POK:783 TZF:26
Indo-European
Sanskrit
asva-tara: related to a horse
Pahlavi
astar: mule
Persian
astar: mule ‫اس‬
‫اس‬
"‫"از سل اسب‬
POK:301 MON:246, BQT:125 MON:246 BQT:125
َ
Indo-European
Stomen: mouth ‫دهان‬
Avestan
staman: mouth (of a dog)
Persian
astam: mouth (obsolete)
َ
‫استم‬
‫استم‬
‫دهان‬
POK:1035 POK:1035, KLN:1518 HRN:267 .‫این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد‬
Indo-European
Es-ti: to be ‫بودن‬
Avestan
asti: it is
Pahlavi
ast, hast: is
Persian
astan: to be (۱‫)است‬ ‫اس‬
‫اس‬
is :‫هم‬
POK:340,341,342, IEC:254 POK:340, KNT:214, IEC:254, EIV:152 IEC:254, EIV:152, ARN:528 hastan: to be (‫)هست‬ ‫هس‬
IEC:250,254, MON:260,345, EIV:152

Es-ti: to be amiy: I am ?
POK:340,341,342, IEC:254 hašiya: true
POK:340,341, KNT:214
Indo-European
Avestan
stawra: firm
Pahlavi
Persian
ostovâr: firm, an army rank
‫استوار‬
POK:1012 POK:1012, BQT:1098, SOD:363
‫ ست‬:‫هم‬
hôstubâr, astô-bâr: firm ‫استوار‬
Bher 1: to carry ‫حمل کردن‬ bar: to carry BQT:1098, FVQ:59, MON:261,262 BQT, FVQ, MON
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
َ ۱‫استوان‬
۲‫ خستو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
۲‫ ُستوان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫استوان‬
Indo-European
Latin
stabulum: standing place
Arabic Persian
establ: barn ‫اسط ل‬
‫اسط ل‬
POK:1008,1009 AHD MON MON:266
ُ ُ
Indo-European
Stoigh: to stride, step, rise
Greek
stoixeion: shadow line, element
Arabic
istoqos: element
Persian
ostoqos: substance, strength
ُ ُ
‫اسطقس‬
‫اسطقس‬
‫ لند شدن‬،‫قدم زدن‬ POK:107, AHD TAD:3 MON:266
POK:1017
16
‫اسطوره‬
Indo-European
Weid: to see, to know
Greek
histôr: wise
Arabic
ostûreh: historical tale, myth
Persian
ostûreh: myth ( ‫اسطوره )اساط‬
‫اسطوره‬
‫ دا س‬،‫د دن‬ NOTE- FVQ:56 & VDQ:113,257 derive this from " ‫"داستان تار‬
istoria: history Arabic "s.t.r"; from Akkadian "šatarû: to write". MON:225
history :‫هم‬
POK:1125 POK:1127, AHD TAD:3, FVQ:56
Indo-European
Ne 1, An 3: no, not
َ
‫نه‬
Greek
a-sphallein, asphaltos: "not
âsfâlt: "not slippery"
‫اسفالت‬
POK:756, KNT:167
slippery", asphalt ‫"سطح غ‬
Greek ‫اسفالت‬
AHD "‫لغزنده‬
Sphallein: cause to fall, slip ‫ افتادن‬،‫ل خوردن‬ VOP
NOTE- From an unknown Semitic root
KLN:114, AHD:78
Indo-European
Spereg: to swell, sprout, jump, begin
Avestan
spareğa: a kind of sprout
Greek
asparagos:
Arabic
isferâj: asparagus
Persian
esferâj: asparagus
‫اسفراج‬
‫ پ دن‬، ‫ جوانه زدن‬، ‫متورم شدن‬
a sprout
‫اسفراج‬ ‫مارچ ه‬
PRT:645, KLN:1481, SYN:525 PLA:18
POK:996,998, OEW:337 PLA:18 MON:268, BQT:130
Indo-European
Spongo : fluffy, empty ‫ خا‬، ‫ف‬
Greek
spongos: sponge
Arabic
isfanj: sponge
Persian
esfanj: sponge ‫اسفنج‬
‫اسفنج‬
WLD2: 621 WLD2: 621 TAD:35 BQT:130, MON:269
Indo-European
Kwen 1: holy ‫مقدس‬
Avestan
spenta: holy, also an herb
Persian
esfand: an aromatic plant ‫اسفند‬
‫اسفند‬
POK:630 KLN:746, SYN:1476, HRN:210, BQT:121,210 espantâ: holy (‫اس نتا )س نتا‬
ARN:342, MON
Indo-European
Avestan
spento-dâto: holy creation
Persian
Esfandîyâr: "holy creation" ‫اسفند ار‬
‫اسفند ار‬
POK:630 "‫"خلقت مقدس‬
KLN:746, SYN:1476, HRN:210, BQT:121,210 ARN:342, MON
Dô: to give, create ‫ خلق کردن‬،‫دادن‬ dâ 1: to give
POK:223 dâtar: giver, God
BQT:121, POK:223,225
Indo-European
Skand 1: to climb, leap ‫ پ دن‬، ‫اﻻ رف‬
Latin
scâlae: step, ladder
Italian
scalo: platform, wharf
Arabic
iskileh
Persian
eskeleh: wharf ‫اس له‬
‫اس له‬
WLD:540, AHD:1539 WLD:540 TAD:4 MON:271
Indo-European
Latin
signum:
English
seal, sign
French
assignat:
Russian
assignatsia:
Persian
eskenâs: money bill ‫اسکناس‬
‫اسکناس‬
sign, mark assigned bonds money bill "‫"سفته‬
POK:896 AHD ARK:239
AHD
Indo-European
Alek: to ward off, protect ‫دفاع کردن‬
Greek
alexein: to protect
Arabic
Iskandar
Persian
Eskandar:
‫اسکندر‬
POK:32 alex-andros: protector of
"Protector of people" "‫"حافظ مردم‬
Indo-European Greek MON5: 144
men ‫اسکندر‬
Ner 1: vital energy, man ‫ مرد‬، ‫انرژی ح ا‬ andros: man
AHD:1506, KLN:47,856 MON5: 144
POK:765 AHD, KLN:47
Indo-European
Avestan
kan: to dig
Persian
eskeneh: chisel ‫سکنه‬
ِ ِ‫ا‬
‫سکنه‬
ِ ‫ِا‬
EIV:232, POK:534
Indo-European us-kan: to carve out (wood) EIV:233
Ud 1: up, out, away ‫ ب ون‬،‫اﻻ‬
EIV:233
POK:1103
17
. ‫اش‬
Indo-European
Wes 1 : wet, also male animal ‫ حیوان نر‬،‫خ س‬
Av/Old Pers
uš-tra, uštra: camel
Persian
oštor: camel ( ‫اش )ش‬
‫اش‬
POK:1171,1172, IEC:1582 POK:1172 BQT:138
‫ق‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ا اق‬

Indo-European
Akru: tear, tear drop ‫ اشک‬،‫گ ه‬
Avestan
asrû, asraka: tear
Pahlavi
ars: tear
Persian
ars: tear ‫ارس‬
‫اشک‬
tear :‫هم‬
POK:23, 179 POK:23, KLN:1578 ašk: tear ‫اشک‬
BQT:103, HRN:17
Indo-European
Reuto: intestines, bowels ‫دل و روده‬
Avestan
uruthwara, uruthwan,
Pahlavi
aškumb: abdomen
Persian
eškam: abdomen, belly (‫اش م )ش م‬
‫اش م‬
uruthwasča: abdomen, belly
POK:873 SNS:36 SNS:36
POK:874
Indo-European
Snâ: to flow, swim ‫ شنا کردن‬، ‫ا ج ان رف‬
Avestan
snâ: wash, swim
Persian
ošnân: an alkaline plant used in washing, soap ‫اشنان‬
‫اشنان‬
POK:971 ‫ک ـ ـن ــون اخ ـت ــر ازر ان ــدر گذشـ ــت‬ ‫صابون‬
Indo-European us-snâ: wash out
Ud 1: up, out, away ‫ ب ون‬،‫اﻻ‬ ( ‫ه د ان شد و برد اشنان ه دست )فردو‬
POK:971, KLN:1030, HUB:15
POK:1103 BQT, HRN:176, AEF:118
‫ شنوشه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اشنوسه‬

Indo-European
Avestan
aša 2, arta: true
Pahlavi
ahru, ahrav, ašôg: sacred
Persian
ašû: true, heaven ‫اشو‬
‫اشو‬
‫بهشت‬
POK:55 POK:56, BQT:142 BQT:101,142, SNS:5 BQT, MON, TZF
Indo-European
Kwon: dog ‫سگ‬
Av/Old Pers
spâ 1: dog
Avestan
spâda, spâtha: army
Persian
esfahân: a city in central Iran
‫اصفهان‬
spakâ: dog, also "army" where armies used to gather "‫"س اه دان‬
POK:632, KLN:746, BQT:1155 aspa-dâna: army place,
POK:632, KLN:746
Indo-European Avestan Isfahan ‫اصفهان‬
Dhê 2: to do, set ‫ چ دن‬،‫انجام دادن‬ dhana: vessel, holder, pot POK:632 BQT:118,1087, HRN:155, POK:632
AHD:1512, POK:235 POK:238
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
ava 1, aorâ: down
Avestan
ava-pat: fall down
Persian
oftâdan: to fall ‫افتادن‬
‫افتادن‬
POK:72 KLN:132, POK:72 KLN:132, HRN:105, BQT:733 HRN:22, BQT:145,180
Pet 1: to fly, to fall ‫ افتادن‬،‫پرواز کردن‬ ptâta, tâta: falling
POK:825, EIV:299 POK:825, HRN:22
Indo-European Avestan Avestan Persian

Pet 1: to fly, to fall pataiti, patayeiti: flies fra-ptaražât: bird ?
POK:825, EIV:299
patareta: flying paiti-pasti: approach, step
POK:825 POK:825
Indo-European Old Persian Old Persian Persian

Pet 1: to fly, to fall pat: to fly ud-pat: rise up ?
POK:825, EIV:299 POK:825, KNT:194 POK:825, KNT:194
Indo-European
Avestan
aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: over, above, both
Avestan
aiwi-reg: to
Persian
afrâštan: to raise
‫افراش‬
straighten up
POK:34 POK:34
(‫افراش )افراز‬
POK:34
Reg 1: move straight, right ‫مستق م حرکت کردن‬ râsta: right HRN
POK:854, KNT:206 POK:854
18
‫افروخ‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
aiwi-ruč: to
Persian
afrûxtan: to light up
‫افروخ‬
light up
POK:34 POK:34
Indo-European Avestan ‫افروخ‬
POK:34
Leuk: light, brightness ‫ روشنا‬،‫نور‬ raočah: light HRN
POK:687, KNT:205 HRN:23,136,140, SYN:470,991, BQT:31
‫ ابزار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫افزار‬

Indo-European
Ambhi: around
Avestan
Avestan
aiwi-zâvayeiti:
Pahlavi
abzû-: to
Persian
afzûdan: to add
‫افزودن‬
adds up increase
POK:34
‫ پ امون‬،‫اطراف‬ Indo-European Avestan
(‫افزودن )فزون‬
HUB:16 EIV:112
POK:34 Geu 2: to hasten ‫عجله کردن‬ zava: haste HRN
POK:399 POK:399, HUB:16
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
aiwi-sâra:
Persian
afsâr: bridle ‫افسار‬
‫افسار‬
around the head
POK:34 POK:34 HRN
Indo-European Avestan POK:34
Ker 1: head, horn ‫ شاخ‬، sarah, sârah: head
POK:574, KLN:261,657 AHD, POK:574, KLN:261
‫ سای دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫افسان‬

Indo-European
Kens: to speak solemnly, proclaim ‫ اعﻼم کردن‬، ‫موقر صح ت کردن‬
Avestan
sah: to say, declare
Persian
afsâneh: fable ‫افسانه‬
‫افسانه‬
POK:566, WLD1: 403 POK:566, KNT:188 IEC:608
‫ سای دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫افسان دن‬

Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
aiwi-sara: on
Persian
afsar: crown, officer
‫اف‬
the head
POK:34 POK:34
‫اف‬
Ker 1: head, horn ‫ شاخ‬، sarah, sârah: head HRN
POK:574, KLN:261,657 AHD, POK:574, KLN:261
Indo-European
Avestan
sarethâ: cold
Pahlavi
awsartan: to become
Persian
afsordan: to lose hope ‫اف دن‬
‫اف دن‬
NOTE- This root has two opposing meanings
cold, to lose hope.
POK:551, SYN:1078 POK:551, SYN:1078, BQT
POK:551, SYN:1078 HRN:23
Indo-European
Avestan
spenta: holy, also an herb
Greek
apsinthion: an herb
Arabic
afsantîn
Persian
afsantîn: an herb ‫افس ت‬
‫افس ت‬
‫ اسفند‬:‫هم‬
POK:630 KLN:746, SYN:1476, HRN:210, BQT:121,210 KLN:7 TAD:4 MON:316
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
aiwi-saoka:
Persian
afsûs: regret ‫افسوس‬
‫افسوس‬
burn over
POK:34 POK:34 HRN
HUB:16
Keuk: to shine, be white ‫درخش دن‬ saoč, sauk, saux: to light up
POK:597 POK:597, HRN:161,165, IRN:128
Old Iranian
Xšarta: to press, squeeze ‫ف دن‬
Pahlavi
afsârtan, asšârdan: to squeeze
Persian
afšârdan: squeeze, crush (‫ اف ه‬،‫افشاردن )فشار‬
‫افشاردن‬
BLY:75 BLY:75, PHD:5 BLY:75
19
. ‫افشاندن‬
Indo-European
Ambhi: around
Avestan
Avestan
aiwi-fšân: to
Persian
afšândan: to spread, sprinkle ‫افشاندن‬
‫افشاندن‬
spread around
‫ پ امون‬،‫اطراف‬ POK:34 afšûn: rake ‫افشون‬
Avestan
POK:34
Fšân: spread, sprinkle ‫ اش دن‬،‫خش کردن‬ HRN:24, BQT:2143, MON:317
HRN:24
‫ افشاردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اف ه‬

‫ افشاندن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫افشون‬
Indo-European
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule
Sogdian
`xš`y: to rule
Persian
afšîn: title of some kings ‫افش‬
‫افش‬
‫ فرمانروا کردن‬،‫قادر و شا سته بودن‬ xšae-wan: title of some kings SOD:26,28
POK:626, KLN:272 SOD:26,28
Indo-European
Swen, Huan: to sound, call ‫صدا کردن‬
Avestan
xvan, xwan: to call, sound
Persian
afğân, fağân: loud call, crying
‫افغان‬
POK:1046, EIV:144 ‫ خواندن‬:‫هم‬
Indo-European Avestan abi-xwan: call loudly, cry ‫ فغان‬،‫افغان‬
Ambhi: around ‫ پ امون‬،‫اطراف‬ aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: POK:1046, EIV:144, ARN:250 MON, EIV:144
over, above, both
POK:34 POK:34
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
aiwi-kand: to
Persian
afkandan: to throw
‫افکندن‬
throw away
POK:34 POK:34
Indo-European Av/Old Pers HUB:16 ‫افکندن‬
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig ‫کندن‬ kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out and mound it up, build
HRN
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49
‫ اپیون‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫افیون‬

Indo-European
Klei: to lean ‫ تک ه دادن‬،‫ما ل شدن‬
Greek
klîma: sloping surface or land
Arabic
iqlîm: a zone on earth, country
Persian
eqlîm: country, land ‫اقل م‬
‫اقل م‬
POK:600 POK:600 TAD:57 MON:326

Klei: to lean sray-, srinav-, srinu-: to lean ?
POK:600 srita, sray-: leaned
POK:600
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Old Persian
ham-gmatana,
Persian
ekbâtân: "a gathering place", city of Hamedan
‫ا اتان‬
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318 hangmatâna: (a place ‫محل "گرد هم‬
for) coming together (‫ا اتان )همدان‬
Indo-European Avestan " ‫آ‬
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬ ham 1: with, also, too BQT:2368, KNT:212 BQT:2368
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
Indo-European
Ksero: dry ‫خشک‬
Greek
xêros: dry powder, medicine
Arabic
al-iksir: ilixir
Persian
eksîr: elixir ‫اس‬
‫اس‬
POK:625 POK:625, AHD:424 AHD:424 ‫جز قلب ت ه هیچ شد حاصل و هنوز‬
(‫اطل در این خ ــال که ا س ـ ـ ـر م ـکــنند )حافظ‬
MON:331
‫ نو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ا نون‬

Indo-European
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend ‫خم کردن‬
Latin
cuppa: curved-in pot
Arabic
koab: cup
Persian
akvâb: cups, jars ‫ا واب‬
‫ا واب‬
akwab: cups cup :‫هم‬
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 AHD MON, TAD:44
NOTE- Compare with root "Kam 2: to bend" ARK:223, TAD:44
20
‫ار‬
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear ‫ اره کردن‬،‫ب دن‬
Avestan
ha-keret: cut once
Persian
agar: if "cut once" (‫ هرگز‬،‫ا ر )مگر‬
‫ار‬
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155
POK:941, KLN:1432, HRN:188, SYN:321 BQT, HRN, MON, SYN
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬ ham 1: with, also, too
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
Turkish
Ul: to go, to step ‫ قدم برداش‬، ‫رف‬
Turkish
ulak: runner, courier, messenger, donkey
Persian
olâğ: courier, load carrier, donkey ‫اﻻغ‬
‫اﻻغ‬
‫ حمل‬،‫"رونده‬
KLN:857 KLN:857 MON:3334, BQT:157
"‫کننده‬
Indo-European
Dema: to tame and domesticate animals ‫اه کردن حیوانات‬
Greek
daman: to tame, conquer
Pahlavi
almâs: "unbreakable"
Persian
almâs:
‫الماس‬
POK:199, KLN:442
"unbreakable" "‫" شکن‬
a-damas: unconquerable BQT:159, MON:342
Indo-European Greek ‫الماس‬
َ AHD
Ne 1, An 3: no, not ‫نه‬ a-,an-: no, not
POK:756, KNT:167 AHD
‫ اروند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫الوند‬

‫ این‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ِام‬
Indo-European
Mer 2: to rub away, harm, die ‫ مردن‬،‫فرسوده شدن‬
Indo-European
Mor-to: mortal man ‫ا سان فا‬
Avestan
a-mereta, amaša:
Persian
amordâd: "not mortal"
‫امرداد‬
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 POK:735,970, AHD:1529
eternal "‫"نا م ا‬
(‫امرداد )مرداد‬
POK:735,
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:1872,1934,1982-6,
َ BQT, HRN, ZMA
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
‫ این‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫امروز‬

Indo-European
Men 2: to remain ‫ماندن‬
Av/Old Pers
man 2: await
Pahlavi
ômêd: hope
Persian
omîd: hope ‫ام د‬
‫ام د‬
POK:729
upa-mati: remain, SNS:74 MON
Indo-European Av/Old Pers keep the hopes up
Upo: to, from below ‫ از ای‬،‫سوی‬ upa, upâ: to, toward KLN:934, HRN:215,
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105 KNT:202, SNS:74
Indo-European
Anôr: watery, juicy ‫آ دار‬
Pahlavi
anâr: pomegranate
Persian
anâr: pomegranate ‫انار‬
‫انار‬
MON:4557, IEC:1645
IEC:1645 IEC:1645 NOTE- SKT:360 links this to Sanskrit "Naranga: orange tree"
‫ ُپر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ان ار‬

Indo-European
Bhag: to share out, to enjoy
Av/Old Pers
baga, bağa: distributor of
Avestan
hama-bağa:
Pahlavi
hambâğ:
Persian
anbâz: companion ‫ان از‬
‫ان از‬
‫ لذت بردن‬،‫خش دن‬
good fortune, God share together companion
anbâğ: rival wife ‫ان اغ‬
‫همدم‬
POK:107, IEC:61 POK:107, KNT, KLN:169 BQT:164 BQT:164
‫ان از و ار‬ ‫ای خدای ا و‬
Indo-European Avestan (‫دست ــگ و ج ــرم ما را در گذار )مولوی‬
BQT, HRN
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
‫ ُپر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ان اش‬

‫ ان از‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ان اغ‬
21
. ‫ان‬
Indo-European
Indo-European
Ambhô-Bhor: a two-pronged
Persian
ambor: prongs, tongs, pliers ‫ان‬
‫ان‬
tool for grabbing objects
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107
IEC:19
Indo-European Indo-European IEC:19
Ambhi: around ‫ پ امون‬،‫اطراف‬ Ambhô: both ‫هردو‬
POK:34 POK:34

Ambhi: around abiš, abiy, abi: over, above ?
POK:34 POK:34
‫س‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ان ست‬

Indo-European
Avestan
âp: water
Persian
âbnîk: good
Arabic
al-anbîq:
Persian
anbîq:
‫ان یق‬
POK:1 KLN:2
(distilled) water distilling distilling ‫وس له ته ه "آب‬
apparatus apparatus
Indo-European Old Persian Pahlavi Persian "‫ن ک‬
‫آب ک‬ ‫ان یق‬
Nei 1: to shine, to be excited ni 3, naiba: nêv-ak: nîk: good, PLA:27
beautiful, brave, good good pure PLA:22
‫ تح ک شدن‬،‫درخش دن‬ MON:362
POK:760, KNT:192
POK:760 SNS:291, KLN:1033,
BQT:2237 BQT:2127,
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
han-jâma: conclusion
Persian
anjâm: conclusion ‫انجام‬
‫انجام‬
POK:463,EIV:98
jam, jantu: to go BQT:166,1451 ETM, FFD
POK:463, KLN:318
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
han-jâmana:
Persian
anjoman: society, meeting ‫انجمن‬
‫انجمن‬
coming together
POK:463,EIV:98
jam, jantu: to go ETM, FFD
POK:463, KLN:318 BQT:166,1451
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
Indo-European
Kwei 2, Ĉai: to pile up ‫ا چ دن‬ ‫روی هم ر خ‬
Avestan
kay, kaeš, čay, čî 1: to
Persian
anjîdan: to cut up in pieces, pierce ‫انج دن‬
‫انج دن‬
POK:637,EIV
prepare, spread, sprinkle
‫ه خنج ــر همه ت ش انج ده اند‬ ‫سوراخ کردن‬
ham-či:to cut in pieces (‫برآن خا و خو ش شنج ده اند )ل ـ ـ ـ ــی‬
POK:902,904 POK:902-904 POK:637,638, BQT:167 POK:637, BQT:167
Indo-European
Teku: to run, flow
Avestan
tak, taka, tač: to run
Avestan
ham-tač,
Pahlavi
handâčak: throw
Persian
andâxtan: to measure ‫انداخ‬
‫انداخ‬
‫ ج ان اف‬،‫دو دن‬ POK:1059, BQT:503
ham-tak: to together (like laying a
andâzeh: size ‫اندازه‬ ‫ هندسه‬:‫هم‬
throw together yardstick next to
POK:1059, EIV:374 something for ‫ن ا د سخن گفت ناساخته‬
Indo-European Avestan BQT:128, HRN:27 measurement), measure
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬ ham 1: with, also, too (‫نـ ـش ــا د ـ ـ دن ن ـ ـنــداخته )سعدی‬
BQT
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
BQT
NOTE- this may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive"
‫ انداخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اندازه‬

Indo-European
Avestan
han-dâma: put
Pahlavi
handâm: figure
Persian
andâm: body, shape
‫اندام‬
together, shape
AHD:1512, POK:235
Indo-European Avestan ‫اندام‬
BQT:169,418, POK:238
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬ ham 1: with, also, too MON:813
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
22
۱‫اندر‬
Indo-European
En: in, inside ‫داخل‬
Av/Old Pers
an-tar, an-tare, antara: among, in
Persian
(‫ )اندرون‬۱‫اندر‬
۱‫اندر‬
POK:311 POK:311 HRN:27, BRT:132
Indo-European
An 2: other ‫د گر‬
Indo-European
An-teros: second,
Persian
andar: a suffix meaning step as in step father ۲‫اندر‬
۲‫اندر‬
POK:37
other, step parent other :‫هم‬
Indo-European ‫اندر‬ ،‫ دخ اندر‬،‫ مادراندر‬،‫دراندر‬
IEC:27
Ter 1: to cross over, surpass, overcome ‫ غل ه کردن‬، ‫عبور کردن‬
IEC:27, MON:373
POK:1075, KLN:1639
Indo-European
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬
Avestan
ham 1: with, also, too
Avestan
han-dareza:
Persian
andarz: advice
‫اندرز‬
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
pull together, firm :‫هم‬
fortify, advise ‫اندرز‬
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold firmly, keep, guard ‫ حفظ کردن‬، ‫مح م گرف‬ dereza: to hold BQT:172 BQT, MON,EIV
together, close, tighten
POK:252, EIV:129
POK:252,258
Indo-European
Wê: to blow ‫دم دن‬
Avestan
antara-vâyu:
Persian
andarvâ: wandering, poor ‫اندروا‬
‫اندروا‬
POK:81
in the wind
‫که خدمت جز اوکند هم شه بود‬ ‫ک‬ "‫"در هوا‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers POK:81, KLN:1745, ( ‫س ستا‬ ‫ز ـهـر عاق ت خ شـ دل انـدروای )فر‬
En: in, inside ‫داخل‬ an-tar, an-tare, antara: among, in BQT:170
BQT
POK:311 POK:311
۱‫ اندر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اندرون‬

Indo-European
Tauj: to gather, gain ‫جمع آوری کردن‬
Old Persian
ham-tauj, ham-taug,
Pahlavi
ham-tôxtan, han-dôzh:
Persian
andûxtan: to save,
‫اندوخ‬
ham-taux: to gather to store, add up, save store
POK:1080, EIV:387
Indo-European Avestan together, store
BQT:172, AEF:159 (‫اندوخ )اندوز دن‬
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬ ham 1: with, also, too BQT:172, FFD:32, EIV:387
POK:902,904 POK:902-904 BQT:171, AEF:159
Indo-European
Dheu 3 : to shine ‫درخش دن‬
Av/Old Pers
dav 2, dû: to wipe, clean
Persian
andûdan: to smear, mix
‫اندودن‬
POK:261
Indo-European Avestan han-du, ham-dû: to smear together ‫اندودن‬
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬ ham 1: with, also, too POK:261, BQT:172,1008, FFD:32,58 BQT:1008
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
‫ اندوخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اندوز دن‬

Indo-European
Dheu 2: smoke, mist, dizziness ‫ گ جه‬، ‫ غ ار‬، ‫دود‬
Avestan
dav 1: press
Avestan
han-davathe:
Persian
andûh: sorrow ‫اندوه‬
‫اندوه‬
depressed
POK:262 POK:262, BRT:688
BQT, MON,EIV
Indo-European Avestan BQT:172
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
dais: to show, think
Pahlavi
handêš: thought
Persian
andišidan: to think
‫اند ش دن‬
POK:243 ‫ د دن‬:‫هم‬
Indo-European Avestan ham-dais-a: to think FFD:33 ‫اند ش دن‬
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬ ham 1: with, also, too POK:243, KNT:191, FFD:33 FFD:33
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
23
. ‫انغوزه‬
Indo-European
Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt ‫ آزردن‬،‫زدن‬
Av/Old Pers
jatara: resin (obtained by striking a tree trunk)
Persian
žad, žeh, zeh: resin ۳‫ زه‬،‫ ژه‬،‫ژد‬
َ ‫انغوزه‬
POK:492, EIV:222 NOTE- Derivation of "jatara: resin" is not certain "‫"صمغ ش ن‬
ang-žeh: sweet resin (‫انگژه )انغوزه‬
AHD:1520, AEF:335
Indo-European Avestan MON, BQT
Embhi: honey, honey bee ‫ زنبور عسل‬،‫عسل‬ ang, angu: honey

POK:311, WLD1: 125 SOD:42
‫س‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫انفست‬

Indo-European
Ne 1, An 3: no, not
َ
‫نه‬
Latin
ne: not
Arabic
naker: to negate, deny, not recognize
Persian
enkâr: denial ‫ان ار‬
‫ان ار‬
negâre: to deny "‫ پ شوند "نا ـ‬:‫هم‬
POK:756, KNT:167 TAD:73 FVA:415
AHD
‫ انگشت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫انگ‬

Indo-European
Embhi: honey, honey bee ‫ زنبور عسل‬،‫عسل‬
Avestan
ang, angu: honey
Pahlavi
ang, angubin:
Persian
ang: honey ۲‫انگ‬
۲‫انگ‬
POK:311, WLD1: 125
honey ‫عسل‬
angu-paêna: sweet sap ‫ انغوزه‬، ‫ سکنجب‬، ‫انگب‬
Indo-European Avestan WLD1: 125
Peî: sap, fat ‫ چر‬، ‫ش ه‬ payah: milk SOD:42 BQT, HRN:254
POK:793 POK:793
Indo-European
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form ‫ شک ل دادن‬، ‫ساخ‬
Avestan
han-kar: to do (consider) all, imagine
Persian
engârdan: imagine (‫ان اردن )ن اردن‬
‫ان اردن‬
POK:641, EIV:236 BQT:173, HRN:28,232, HUB:39 BQT
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
‫ ان اردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ان اش‬

۲‫ انگ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫انگب‬
‫ انغوزه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫انگژه‬
Indo-European
Ang: to bend ‫خم کردن‬
Avestan
angušta: toe, finger
Persian
‫ انگول‬،۱‫ انگ‬،‫انگشت‬
‫انگشت‬
England :‫هم‬
POK:46 KLN:75 MON:392
‫ انگشت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫انگول‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
waix, waig: to swing
Pahlavi
han-vêxt-an: to
Persian
angîxtan: to excite, motivate
‫انگ خ‬
motivate, excite
POK:1130 POK:1130
Indo-European Avestan (‫انگ خ )انگ ه‬
AEF:169, HRN:30
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬ ham 1: with, also, too BQT:178, AEF:169
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
‫ انگ خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫انگ ه‬

Indo-European
Avestan
ûši: two ears, intelligence, mortal life
Avestan
an-aoša:
Pahlavi
anôšak:
Persian
anušeh: eternal, happiness, wine
‫انوشه‬
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:785
without a mortal eternal life
‫انوشه‬ "‫" مرگ‬
life
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:178
َ BQT:178, FSF:51 ‫دو گفت پ ان که ای شه ار‬
( ‫انــوش ــه ُ ــدی ت ــا ــود روزگـار )فردو‬
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
BQT:178, FSF:51
24
‫انوش وان‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
an-aoša: without a
Pahlavi
anôšak: eternal life
Persian
Anošîravân:
‫انوش وان‬
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:785
mortal life "with eternal spirit" "‫" ا روح جاو د‬
anôšak-ruvân: with
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:178, FSF:51 eternal spirit ‫انوش وان‬
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not ‫نه‬ a-, â-, an-: no, not BQT:178 BQT:178, FSF:51
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
Avestan Pahlavi
Urvan: spirit, soul ‫روح‬ ruvân: spirit
SYN:1088, BQT:967 BQT:967
Indo-European
So: this, that ‫ آن‬،‫این‬
Av/Old Pers
ava-hya, awa: he, she
Pahlavi
avâ: he, she
Persian
oû: he, she ‫او‬
‫او‬
that :‫هم‬
POK:979 POK:979 BQT:197 BQT, HRN
‫ وام‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اوام‬

‫ ا اردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫او اش‬
Indo-European
Sanskrit
ucca, učča: high, top
Arabic
awja: tip, high top
Persian
owj: top ‫اوج‬
‫اوج‬
out :‫هم‬
POK:1103 POK:1104 MON:399 MON:399

Ud 1: up, out, away us-tema: outmost, extreme ?
POK:1103 usča: above, overhead, on top
POK:1104

Ud 1: up, out, away ud: up ?
POK:1103 ud-zma, uzma: grown up from ground
KNT:176
‫ اهورامزدا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اورمزد‬

Indo-European Av/Old Pers Pahlavi Persian َ
‫اورور‬
Bheu: to exist, grow ‫ رشد کردن‬،‫بودن‬ urvarâ: plant urvar: plants ûrvar: plant َ
‫اورور‬
‫رست ها‬
POK:146 POK:146, BQT:111, KNT:200 AEF:298 POK, BQT, MON, AEF
‫ اوژندن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اوژدن‬

Indo-European
Old Persian
jan.: to strike
Old Persian
ava-jan, apa-jan: to
Persian
owžandan: to strike down
‫اوژندن‬
strike down, kill ‫زدن‬ ‫زم‬
POK:492, EIV:222 KNT:184,185 (‫ اوژن دن‬،‫اوژندن )اوژدن‬
KNT:184
Indo-European Av/Old Pers ‫ش اوژن‬
Au: away, off, down ‫ ای‬،‫ دور‬،‫جدا‬ ava 1, aorâ: down
BQT:184, FSF:55
POK:72 KLN:132, POK:72
Indo-European Old Persian Old Persian Persian

Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt jan.: to strike pati-jan: fight against ?
POK:492, EIV:222 KNT:184,185 fra-jan: cut off
vi-jan: strike apart, shatter
KNT:184,185, HRN:231
Indo-European
Weid: to see, to know ‫ دا س‬،‫د دن‬
Avestan
hu-vaeda: well known,
Persian
Avestâ: "well known", the Holy Book of Zoroastrians
‫اوستا‬
POK:1125
apparent ‫"معروف و‬
‫اوستا‬
Indo-European Avestan POK:1125, 1126 "‫ستوده‬
Su 1: well, good ‫خوب‬ vohu, vahu: good MON, BQT
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1174
25
. ‫اه من‬
Indo-European
Ens: meet with hostile intent ‫مﻼقات ا قصد خصمانه‬
Avestan
anra, angra: devilish
Avestan
anra-mainyu, ahra-manyu:
Persian
ahrîman: devil
‫اه من‬
WLD1: 134 WLD1: 134, BRT:361
evil spirit ‫" ا اف ار‬
‫اه من‬
Indo-European Avestan POK:726, SIN:1179, ETM:35 "‫خصمانه‬
Men 1: to think ‫فکر کردن‬ mainyu: spirit, heaven BQT:2083, FSF:36
POK:726 POK:726, AHD:26, KLN

Ens: meet with hostile intent ahrika: adversely disposed ?
WLD1: 134 WLD1: 134
‫ اهورامزدا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اهورا‬

Indo-European
Men 1: to think ‫فکر کردن‬
Indo-European
Men-dh: to learn
Avestan
madz-dha: done
Persian
Ahurâmazdâ: "wise spirit", God (‫اهورامزدا )اهورا‬
‫اهورامزدا‬
POK:726 POK:730
learning, wise "‫"روح عاقل‬
‫ هرمز‬،‫ هورمزد‬،‫اورمزد‬
Indo-European AHD, KLN:1095
Dhê 2: to do, set ‫ چ دن‬،‫انجام دادن‬ MON:400
AHD:1512, POK:235
An 1: breath ‫ دم‬،‫نفس‬ ahu, ahura: life, spirit, world
Ansu: spirit, world ‫ جهان‬،‫روح‬ POK:48, KLN:41,1095, AHD, SNS:6, OEW:9
KLN, AHD, POK:48
Indo-European
I 2 : pronominal stem ‫ر شه س اری از ضم ها‬
Avestan
itha, itta, aêta-vant: here, there, so, thus, then
Persian
îdar: here ‫ا در‬
‫ا در‬
POK:281, KNT:203 POK:281,285, KLN:763 îdûn: now, such ‫ا دون‬
BQT, HRN:32

I 2 : pronominal stem ‫ر شه س اری از ضم ها‬ im, iyam, imam: she, he, them ?
POK:281, KNT:203 it: that
yô: who, which, what
ya-târa: which one (of two)
POK:283, KNT:203
‫ ا در‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ا دون‬

‫ آرا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ایران‬
Indo-European
Al 1: beyond, above
Indo-European
AV/Old Pers
aria: noble
Persian
Îrânvêj: original homeland of Aryans
‫ایران ــج‬
‫ اﻻتر‬،‫فراتر‬ airyanam-vaêžo: Aryan race and family ‫ایران ــج‬ ‫" زم‬
POK:24,67
POK:24 AHD, POK, IRN:7,28 PRT, MON5, PRT, IRN, FSF
"‫آر ای ان‬
Indo-European
Al 1: beyond, above
Indo-European
AV/Old Pers
aria: noble
Avestan
airiyava: helper of Aryans
Persian
Îraj: "helper of Aryans" ‫ای ج‬
‫ای ج‬
‫ اﻻتر‬،‫فراتر‬ "‫" ار آر ای ان‬
POK:24,67 AHD, POK, IRN:7,28 POK:24, BQT:196, IRN:12, FAF:86 POK:67, BQT:196, IRN:12
POK:24
Indo-European
Al 1: beyond, above
Indo-European
AV/Old Pers
aria: noble
Avestan
airya-man: noble
Persian
îrmân: guest ‫ایرمان‬
‫ایرمان‬
‫ اﻻتر‬،‫فراتر‬
mannered, friend, "‫"میهمان مح م‬
POK:24,67 AHD, POK, IRN:7,28 guest ‫ا رکشته آ د ه دست تو گرگ‬
POK:24
Indo-European Avestan POK:24, BQT:196, ( ‫تـ ـاشـی ه روم ا ــرمــا بزرگ )فردو‬
IRN:12, FAF:86
Men 1: to think ‫فکر کردن‬ manah: mind, manners
POK:67, BQT:196, IRN:12
POK:726 man 1: to resemble
POK:726,727, BQT
Indo-European
Yag: to worship ‫ستا ش کردن‬
Avestan
yaz: to worship
Persian
Îzad: God (‫ یزد‬،‫ایزد )یزدان‬
‫ایزد‬
POK:501 yazatanam: God BQT, ETM
POK:501, HRN:95,252, KLN:1759
26
‫ا ستادن‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Av/Old Pers
adi-sta: in
Persian
istâdan: to stand ‫ا ستادن‬
‫ا ستادن‬
standing
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008
‫ ستون‬,‫ تا ستان‬,‫ پرستار‬,‫ استان‬,‫ استاد‬:"‫مثال فرم "ست‬
Indo-European Old Persian BQT:123, HRN:20,
POK:1008, KNT:210
En: in, inside ‫داخل‬ adi, adyi: in ‫ ار ش‬،‫ شت‬،‫ فرشته‬، ‫ آش‬:"‫مثال فرم "شت ا ش‬
POK:311 POK:311
BQT, MON
Indo-European
So: this, that
Av/Old Pers
ava-hya, awa: he, she
Pahlavi
avâ: he, she
Persian
îšân: he/she, him/her
‫ا شان‬
‫ آن‬،‫این‬ šim, šâm: him, her avâ-šâm: plural form used as a sign of respect ‫ا شان‬ this :‫هم‬
‫شان‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ا شه‬

Indo-European
I 2 : pronominal stem
Indo-European
Au 1: one, this one
Old Persian
aina, êna, aita, aêta:
Pahlavi
ên: this
Persian
în: this ‫این‬
‫این‬
this one, this
‫ر شه س اری از ضم ها‬ im: this em-: a time prefix meaning "this" (‫اِ م )امروز‬
POK:73,75,281,286 ima, imam: this
MON:345,4 MON, TZF:13
POK:281, KNT:203 POK:75,286, BQT:199, TZF:13,
SOD:85,220
Indo-European
Bhê: indeed ‫واقعا‬
Avestan
bâ, bê, beî: indeed
Persian
bî-, be-: prefixes to emphasize verbs (‫ ب ا‬،‫ـ )برو‬ ، ‫ِب ـ‬
‫ِب ـ‬
POK:113, IEC:59, WLD2: 136 POK:113, IEC:59 IEC:59, MON
‫خ‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ا‬

‫اا‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اب‬
Indo-European
Pahlavi
pâp, Pâpak: father. Suffix -k indicates respect and love.
Persian
bâbâ: father (‫ ا ک‬،‫ا ا ) اب‬
‫اا‬
‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ NOTE- BQT claims these are cognates with Latin "papa". NOTE- The words "bâb" and "bâbû" as a title of ‫ در‬:‫هم‬
respect may be from a different root and mixed up father :‫هم‬
POK:787,842, SYN:103 BQT:202 with "bâbâ: father". See root "Baba".
NOTE- This has probably started as a nursery word. Compare with the root "Baba". BQT:202, HRN:34, NYB:150, MON:428, AEF:197
‫اا‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اک‬

۱‫خش دن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫اج‬
‫ وا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫اج‬
Avestan
Apânk: turned backwards, north ‫ شمال‬،‫ازگشت‬
Pahlavi
apâxtar: north, north star
Persian
bâxtar: west ‫اخ‬
‫اخ‬
SYN:873 axtar: star axtar: star, fate ‫اخ‬
SYN:870, BQT:99, FSF:58 NOTE- IEC links "axtar" to "setâreh: star".
NOTE- bâxtar was used to mean "north" in Avestan but now it mean "west" in modern Persian. BQT, FSF
‫ازدن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اخ‬

Indo-European
Wê: to blow ‫دم دن‬
Avestan
vâta, vâiti: wind
Pahlavi
wâd: wind
Persian
bâd: wind ‫اد‬
‫اد‬
wind :‫هم‬
POK:81 POK:81, KLN:1745, BQT:170 ARN:102 BQT
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
as, asan: stone
Pahlavi
Persian
bâdâs: wind mill
‫ادآس‬
POK:18, KNT:173 POK:19, KLN:18, KNT
vât-âs: wind mill ‫ادآس‬
Wê: to blow ‫دم دن‬ vâta, vâiti: wind BQT:39,42,43 BQT
POK:81 POK:81, KLN:1745, BQT:170
27
. ‫ادنجان‬
Sanskrit
Vatin-ganah: eggplant ‫ادنجان‬
Persian
bâdengân: eggplant ‫ادن ان‬
Arabic
badinjan
Persian
bâdenjân: eggplant (‫ادنجان ) ادمجان‬
‫ادنجان‬
KLN:125, AHD:86 KLN:125, BQT:213, MON:444 badinjan BQT:213, MON:444
KLN:125,165
Old Persian
Batiaxê: a bowl (of wine) (‫اسه ) اب‬
Pahlavi
bâtak: wine
Persian
bâdeh: wine ‫اده‬
‫اده‬
HRN:36 AEF:207 bâdîyeh: bowl (of wine) (‫اد ه ) اط ه‬
AEF:207
‫اده‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اد ه‬

‫ بردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫ار‬
Indo-European
Wel 3: to turn, roll
Avestan
var 3: turn, time (as in one tine)
Persian
bâr 2: time (as in two times), it also refers to (time of) admission in a royal court.
۲‫ار‬
‫ تا اندن‬،‫چرخاندن‬ (‫ ارخدا‬،‫ ارعام‬،‫ )در ار‬۲‫ار‬
‫دفعه‬
POK:1140
POK:1139-1140 POK:1140, SNS:98, MON, SOD:411
Indo-European
Per 2: to lead or fly across. ‫پرواز ا عبور کردن‬
Avestan
par 2: there, over there
Pahlavi
bâr 2: shore, edge
Persian
bâr 3: a suffix meaning shore (‫ )رود ار‬۳‫ار‬
۳‫ـ ار‬
pâra 2 : end, shore ‫ کنار‬،‫ساحل‬
POK:817 AEF:209
POK:816 AEF:209
Indo-European
Wer 4, Ud 2: water, wet ‫ رط ت‬،‫آب‬
Avestan
vâr, wâr, vâra 1: rain
Pahlavi
vârân, vârîtan
Persian
bârân: rain ‫اران‬
‫اران‬
POK:78, AHD:1547,1549, KLN:1732, EIV:406 POK:78, KLN:1682 BQT:218, AEF:209 bârgîn: pond, storage of rain water ‫ارگ‬
BQT, AEF:209

Wer 4, Ud 2: water, wet aoda: fountain ?
POK:78, AHD:1547,1549, KLN:1732, EIV:406 vaidi: water way
vairi: sea
POK:78
‫اران‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارگ‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
bar: to carry
Pahlavi
burtan: to carry away
Persian
bâreh: carrier, horse ‫اره‬
۱‫اره‬
‫برنهاد‬ ‫ترگ رومـی ه‬ ‫اسب‬
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128 bâr 1: load
( ‫اره ز راندرش همچو اد )فردو‬
BQT:253
POK, BQT, AEF
Indo-European
Wer 3, Werg 2: to cover, enclose ‫ محصورکردن‬،‫پوشاندن‬
Av/Old Pers
var 1, vara, vâra 2: cover, wall
Persian
bâru: castle wall (‫ارو ) اره‬
۲‫اره‬
‫سـر ــارۀ دژ ُ ــد انــدر ه ــوا‬ ‫دیوار قلعه‬
POK:1116, IEC:1599 POK:1116, AEF:212, KNT:207
( ‫ند دند جنگ هوا کس روا )فردو‬
BQT
۲‫اره‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارو‬

Indo-European
Pel 3: dust, flour ‫ آرد‬، ‫خا‬
Latin
pollen: dust
French
poudre: dust, powder
Turkish Persian
bârût: gun powder ‫اروت‬
‫اروت‬
BQT:216, TAD:6
‫ پودر‬:‫هم‬
POK:802 AHD AHD:1024 BQT:216, TAD:6
Indo-European
Bhengh, Banz: to be thick, dense ‫ غل ظ‬،‫لفت‬
Avestan
bazah: height, depth
Persian
bâz: distance between stretched hands ۱‫از‬
۱‫از‬
POK:127 ‫لند ش ا چ خ هم ــاز بود‬ ‫واحد طول‬
POK:127, KLN:1109
( ‫ست ش ب ش از چهل از بود )اسدی طو‬
MON,EIV
28
۲‫از‬
Indo-European
Wegh: to go, carry ‫ حمل کردن‬، ‫رف‬
Avestan
vaz: fly
Pahlavi
bâza, bâž: hawk
Persian
bâz: hawk, falcon (‫ واشه‬،‫ ) اشه‬۲‫از‬
۲‫از‬
‫ دار‬۲‫س اندر دوان هفتصد از‬ ‫شاه‬
POK:1119 vaza 1: a bird, hawk ARN:105
( ‫ار )فردو‬ ‫ا ا واش ــه و چ خ و ش ــاه‬
POK:1119
BQT, MON

Wegh: to go, carry vašta: curved ?
POK:1119 vaštar: load carrying animal
uždar, uždri: carrier
POK:1119
Indo-European
Bheğh: outside, open ‫ از‬،‫ب ون‬
Pahlavi
a-pâč: open
Persian
bâz: open ۳‫از‬
۳‫از‬
‫گشاده‬
IEC:69,70, POK:112-113, ARN:140 MON:452 IEC:70
Indo-European
Kwel: to move around,turn
Avestan
car, čâr: to move around, also an open field
Pahlavi
vâ-čar: place to get
Persian
bâzâr: "place of assembly",
‫ازار‬
‫ چرخ دن‬، ‫حرکت کردن‬ BQT:635, FFD:73
together, bazaar bazaar "‫"محل تجمع‬
Old Persian
POK:640 (‫ازار ) ازران‬
Abâ: to assemble together ‫دور هم جمع شدن‬
MON, BQT, FFD:73
BQT:218
‫ازار‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ازران‬

Indo-European
Bhâghu : elbow, arm ‫ ازو‬،‫آرنج‬
Avestan
bâzu, bâzâu: arm
Persian
bâzû: arm ‫ازو‬
‫ازو‬
POK:108 POK:108, KLN:190 BQT:220
Indo-European
Weg 2: to be lively, strong
Iranian
vâz, wâz: power,
Pahlavi
vâzîtan: to rise up, be active, play
Persian
bâzîdan: to play ‫از دن‬
‫ازدن‬
largeness or rising.
‫زنده و قوی بودن‬ bâxtan: to rise up, play bâxtan: to play, also to lose a game ‫اخ‬
AEF:201, IEC:1499
POK:1117 HUB:22, AEF:201 AEF:201, HUB:22, IEC:1499
۱‫خش دن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اژ‬

۲‫از‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اشه‬
‫اده‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اط ه‬
Indo-European
Bhag: to share out, to enjoy ‫ لذت بردن‬،‫خش دن‬
Avestan
bâga: share, property, garden
Persian
bâğ: garden ‫اغ‬
‫اغ‬
POK:107, IEC:61 HRN:39, AEF:224 HRN:39, AEF:224
Indo-European
Webh: to weave ‫اف‬
Avestan
ubdaena: woven
Pahlavi
vaf-: to weave
Persian
bâftan: to weave ‫اف‬
‫اف‬
weave :‫هم‬
POK:1114 POK:1114 ARN:106 HRN:38, BQT:2461, POK:1114,
ُ ُ
‫ آفدم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫افدم‬
‫ ب م‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ا‬
‫لند‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اﻻ‬
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3:
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
kandak: a dug-in house
Persian
xâneh: house
Persian
bâlâxâneh: top
‫اﻻخانه‬
to dig and mound it up, build َ room, balcony ‫ ال ن‬:‫مق‬
HRN:194, BQT:1707, SNS:8,155 (‫خانه )خن‬
‫کندن‬ POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49
HRN:194, BQT, ‫اﻻخانه‬
EIV:232, POK:534 ZMA:51, MON
MON:465
Bhergh: high ‫ لند‬،‫اﻻ‬ bareš, berezant: high bâlâ: up, top ‫ اﻻ‬،‫لند‬
POK:140 POK:140, KLN:188, KNT:200, VDQ:36 KLN:148, BQT, FSF:78
29
. ‫الش‬
Indo-European
Bhel: to swell, blow, grow, overflow
Avestan
baraziš, barašnav:
Pahlavi
bâlîšn, bâlên: pillow
Persian
bâleš: pillow ( ‫الش ) ال‬
‫الش‬
cushion, pillow belly :‫هم‬
‫ر ز شدن‬ ، ‫ رشد کردن‬، ‫ دم دن‬، ‫ورم کردن‬ SNS:98 POK:125, SNS:98, ARN:108
POK:120-158, ARN:124 POK:125
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt
Pahlavi
kandak: a
Persian
xâneh:
Persian
bâlâxâneh:
Persian
bâlkon: balcony ‫ال ن‬
‫ال ن‬
out and mound it up, build dug-in house house top room,
‫کندن‬ balcony NOTE- through Italian &
POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, HRN:194, HRN:194,
EIV:232, POK:534 French
BQT:1707, BQT, ZMA:51, ‫اﻻخانه‬
MON:467
Bhergh: high ‫ لند‬،‫اﻻ‬ bareš, berezant: high bâlâ: up, top MON:465
Indo-European
Werd: raised point ‫نقطه برجسته‬
Pahlavi
vard: wart
Persian
bâlû: wart ‫الو‬
‫الو‬
‫ای عشق ز من دور که بر دل همه رن‬ ‫زگ ل‬
Wordos: wart, frog ‫ قور اغه‬، ‫زگ ل‬ ARN:109
wart :‫هم‬
(‫ه ـ ـم ـچ ــو ز ــر چ ــشم ـکـی مح م ال ــو )شا ر خارائـی‬
IEC:1577, POK:1151
IEC:1577, MON:467, FRS:201
‫ واﻻ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ال دن‬

‫الش‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ال‬
Indo-European
Bhâ 1: to shine ‫درخش دن‬
Avestan
bama, bâ, bâmya: bright
Persian
bâm: morning (‫ ) امداد‬۱‫ام‬
۱‫ام‬
‫صبح‬
POK:104 POK:104, SOD:97 BQT:227
Indo-European
Avestan
vah, vahna,vanhna, vasta: cover, clothes
Persian
bâm 2: shelter, house, roof (۲‫ ) ان‬۲‫ام‬
۲‫ام‬
‫سقف‬
POK:1172 POK:1172, KNT:219, ARN:62 AEF:230
۱‫ام‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫امداد‬

‫ای دن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫ان‬
۲‫ام‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫ان‬
Indo-European
Wekw: voice
Av/Old Pers
vak, vačah, vaxš:
Old Persian
wâk: to speak
Pahlavi
vang: call, loud
Persian
vang 2: call, crying ۲‫َونگ‬
‫انگ‬
word, voice, sound sound, crying
‫صدا‬ wânk: call, called bâng: call, loud sound ‫انگ‬
POK:1135 POK:1135 ETM:61 BQT:229 ETM, BQT
Indo-European
Avestan
var 2, ver 1, varena: to wish
Avestan
upa-var: in belief
Persian
bâvar: belief ‫اور‬
‫اور‬
POK:1137 POK:1137
will :‫هم‬
HRN:41,65,71,72,73 BQT
Indo-European
Upo: to, from below ‫ از ای‬،‫سوی‬
POK:1106, KLN:1105
Indo-European
Persian
bâh: sperm, sexual drive ‫اه‬
‫اه‬
POK:1171,1172, IEC:1582 IEC:1495,1525,1582, MON:470
Indo-European
Bhru 2: beam, log ‫ت و الوار چو‬
Avestan
bâru: large stick
Persian
bâhû: large stick, club ‫اهو‬
‫اهو‬
‫شکنم له ه اهوی هجا و دشنام‬ ‫گرز‬
POK:173, ARN:111 POK:173, ARN:111
bridge :‫هم‬
( ‫زآنکه آن لۀ شوم ازدر اهوست مرا )سوز‬
ARN:111
30
‫اد‬
Indo-European
I 1: to go ‫رف‬
Old Persian
ay: to move
Pahlavi
upâyat:
Persian
bâyad: must
‫اد‬
have to, must
POK:293,501, KLN:825
upâ-aitiy, upâ-ay-a: ought ‫اد‬
to AEF:234, FFD:35
Upo: to, from below ‫ از ای‬،‫سوی‬ upa, upâ: to, toward AEF:234
POK:293, FFD:35
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105
Indo-European Avestan Pahlavi Persian َ ‫َب‬

Bher 4: bright, brown ‫ قهوه ای‬،‫روشن‬ bowra, bawraini, bawri: bavarak: beaver babar: beaver, red fox َ ‫َب‬
brown animal, beaver beaver :‫هم‬
POK:136 MON:471 MON:471
POK:136, KLN:158
Indo-European
Baba: baby words, indistinct speech. ‫ الفاظ نا مفهوم‬،‫از لغات اول ه کودک‬
Indo-European
Barbarah: unclear speech, people who
Persian
baba: baby ‫َب َ ه‬
‫َب َ ه‬
speak a foreign language. ‫چه‬
OEW:22, AHD:1507, POK:91 ARN:113
OEW:22, AHD:1507, POK:91 baby :‫هم‬
NOTE- These words may be related to the root "Pa: to protect, feed".
Sogdian
Pwt: Buddha, also used to mean an idol ‫ ت‬،‫بودا‬
Pahlavi
bôt: idol
Persian
bot: idol (‫ُ ت )بتکده‬
‫ُت‬
NOTE- SLW: 94 claims this word has a Chinese / Indian root. NOTE- See "Bheu 3" for another possible root.
BQT
SOD:332, SLW:94 MON:472, BQT:234, SLW:94
Indo-European
Bheu: to exist, grow ‫ رشد کردن‬،‫بودن‬
Avestan
bûiti, buiti daevo: name of a demon
Persian
bot: idol (‫ُ ت )بتکده‬
‫ُت‬
encouraging idolatry NOTE- See "Pwt" for another possible root.
POK:146
BQT:223, SYN:1503, POK:146 MON:472, BQT:234
Indo-European
Bheğh: outside, open ‫ از‬،‫ب ون‬
Indo-European
Bheğh-iks: outside, excluding ‫ ه جز‬، ‫ ه اس ثنای‬، ‫خارج‬
Persian
bejoz: except, excluding ‫جز‬
‫جز‬
IEC:69,70, POK:112-113, ARN:140 IEC:69,70, POK:112-113, ARN:140 IEC:70, MON:473
Indo-European
Wet: year, also referring to things with few years
Iranian
vasa: one year old,
Pahlavi
vhat-čak, cačak: one year
Persian
bačeh: child, baby ‫ّچه‬
‫ّچه‬
(young) or many years (old) young child old, child
BQT:237, HRN:26
‫ موجود چند ساله‬،‫سال‬ HRN:43 HRN:43, HUB:26
POK:1175, OEW:441
‫ پوزدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُ خت‬

۱‫خش دن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َ خت‬
َ
‫ خواب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َ خت‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
baxto-dâta: one who is given a good
Persian
baxšîdan: to give, share (‫ خت ار‬،۱‫خش دن ) َ خت‬
۱‫خش دن‬
fortune, lucky
bâj: toll, tax (‫ ) اژ‬۱‫اج‬ ‫عطا کردن‬
bax-ta: that which is given, fate
‫ز د ـ ـ ـن ـ ــار ــر ک ــرده ده چ ــرم گــاو‬
POK:107, IEC:61 POK:107, KNT, KLN:169
( ‫سه ساله فرستاده شد اژ و ساو )فردو‬
BQT:203,239, AEF:198,241, ETM:61, FFD:35
Av/Old Pers
Xšad: to forgive ‫خشودن‬
Av/Old Pers
apa-xšad-a: to forgive
Pahlavi
abaxšay,
Persian
baxšîdan: to forgive
۲‫خش دن‬
FFD:35, EIV:450 abaxšâyîd ‫خشودن‬
FFD:35 (‫خشودن ) خشودن‬
Indo-European Avestan FFD:35
Apo: off ‫ دور‬،‫جدا‬ ap 2, apa: off, away, to FFD:35, EIV450
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086
۲‫خش دن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خشودن‬

31
. ‫َد‬
Indo-Scythian
Vata: small, undesirable, bad ‫ د‬،‫ نا سند‬،‫کوچک‬
Iranian
vata: bad
Pahlavi
vat: bad
Persian
bad 1: bad ‫َد‬
‫َد‬
ISS:223 ISS:224 ISS:224 vad: bad ‫َود‬
HRN:44, BQT, MON:4993
Indo-European
Per 3: oppose, hit
Avestan
paiti 2: counter,
Pahlavi
paitiš, pat, pêš: in front of,
Persian
bod, bed 2: (suffix) leader (‫ م د‬،‫ ه د‬،‫ ِ د )سپه د‬،‫ُ د‬
‫ُد‬
‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬
back before, leader ‫ ره‬،‫پ شوا‬
BQT
POK:815-818 POK:815 BQT:440
‫ لخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دخشان‬

ُ ‫درود‬
۲‫ درود‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
Indo-European
Indo-European
Bhag-los, Bhag-mos: enjoyment, feasting
Persian
bazleh: joke ‫ذله‬
‫ذله‬
POK:107, IEC:61 IEC:61 IEC:61, MON:489
NOTE- MON derives this from Arabic
‫ و ر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫َبر‬

Indo-
Bhergh: high
Old Persian
bard-: to be high or tall
Persian
bar 2: high (‫ ب ن‬،‫ )برتر‬۲‫َبر‬
۲‫َبر‬
‫ لند‬،‫اﻻ‬ Bardiya: glorified Bardiyeh: "great", a name ‫برد ه‬ ‫اﻻ‬
POK:140 KNT:200,201 FSF:79, KNT:200 NOTE- See "Upo: from below" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Indo-European
Uper: over, above, beyond
Avestan
upairi: above,
Pahlavi
apar: on, over,
Persian
abar: super ‫َابر‬
۲‫َبر‬
POK:1106, KLN:1105
over, beyond more than
bar 2: over ۲‫َبر‬
‫اﻻ‬
POK:1105, KLN:1105
POK:1105, KLN:1105 HRN
NOTE- See "Bhergh: high" for another possible root. BQT:79
‫ بردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۳‫َبر‬

Indo-European
Bhreus: swollen ‫متورم‬
Avestan
varang,varah: swollen, breast
Pahlavi
war, bar: breast
Persian
bar: breast, chest, appearance ۴‫َبر‬
۴‫َبر‬
‫س نه‬
breast :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Indo-European
Bhra-ter: carrier of load
Avestan
brâ-tar: carrier of
Persian
barâdar: "load or responsibility
‫برادر‬
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107
or responsibility family carrier of family", brother brother :‫هم‬
Indo-European
POK, SYN:103-107 KLN, SYN:103-107
‫برادر‬
Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term ‫سوند گروه ا فام ل‬ BQT
PRT:863, AHD:1500
‫ برازدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫برازنده‬

Indo-European
Bhereg: to shine, bright ‫ روشن‬،‫درخش دن‬
Avestan
brâz: to shine
Persian
barâzîdan: to look nice ‫براز دن‬
‫برازدن‬
bright :‫هم‬
POK:139 POK:139, BQT:137 barâzandeh: well suited, fit ‫برازنده‬
BQT:247, MON:493, ARN:118
Indo-European
Baba: baby words, indistinct speech.
Indo-European
Barbarah: unclear
Greek
barbitos: foreign
Pahlavi
barbut: a
Persian
barbat: a musical instrument
‫ب ط‬
speech, people who speak people or objects. stringed musical
‫ الفاظ نا مفهوم‬،‫از لغات اول ه کودک‬ a foreign language. instrument ‫ب ط‬
OEW:22
OEW:22, AHD:1507, POK:91 OEW:22, AHD:1507, POK:91 BQT:249, MON:497 MON:497
‫ بهره‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َب خ‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
bar: to carry
Pahlavi
Persian
bordan: to carry, take ‫بردن‬
‫بردن‬
bear :‫هم‬
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128 bâr 1: load bâr 1: load, fruit (tree load) (۳‫ ) َبر‬۱‫ار‬
BQT:253 POK, BQT, AEF
32
‫َبرده‬
Avestan
Vareta: slave ‫برده‬
Pahlavi
vartak 1: slave
Persian
bardeh: slave ‫َبرده‬
‫َبرده‬
BQT:253 BQT:253, HUB:26 HUB:26, BQT:253
۲‫ َبر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫برد ه‬

Indo-European
Avestan
bareš, berezant: high
Persian
borz: tall, tallness ‫ُبرز‬
‫ُبرز‬
barzoy: "great" ‫ بروز ه‬،‫برزوی‬ ۲‫ َبر‬:‫هم‬
POK:140 POK:140, KLN:188, KNT:200, VDQ:36
KLN, BQT, FSF, VDQ
‫ ورزدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َبرز‬

Indo-European
An 1: breath ‫ دم‬،‫نفس‬
Avestan
ahu, ahura: life, spirit, world
Avestan
barz-ahva: better
Pahlavi
barzax: better
Persian
barzax: middle
‫برزخ‬
(higher) world world stage ‫ دوزخ‬:‫مق‬
Indo-European POK:48, BQT:896, VDQ:36
‫برزخ‬
KLN, AHD, POK:48
VDQ:36, SOD:127 BQT:896, VDQ:36
POK:140
۱‫ وار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َبرزن‬

‫ ُبرز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫برزوی‬
Indo-European Avestan Pahlavi Persian َ ‫َب‬
‫رسم‬
Bhel: to swell, blow, grow, overflow barez: to grow barsum: branches, barsam: a bundle of twigs used in
twigs Zoroastrian ceremonies
‫ر ز شدن‬ ، ‫ رشد کردن‬، ‫ دم دن‬، ‫ورم کردن‬ bara-s-man: bundle ‫برسم‬
of twigs BQT:256
POK:120-158, ARN:124 ‫جهانجوی ا آن دو خ و پرست‬
POK:120, BQT:256
( ‫گرفت از ـی واژ ـرسم ـدست )فردو‬
BQT:256, SNS:103
Indo-European
Bher 2: to cook ‫خ‬
Old Persian
braij: to cook, fry
Pahlavi
brištag: roasted
Persian
berešteh: roasted, toasted (‫برشته )ب ان‬
‫برشته‬
POK:137 POK:137, BQT:270, HRN:47 SNS:103, BQT:270 berîjan: baking oven ‫ب َجن‬
MON, BQT, AEF, FFD
Indo-European
Wep: to throw, spray ? ‫ اش دن؟‬،‫پرتاب کردن‬
Avestan
vafra: snow
Pahlavi
vafr
Persian
barf: snow ‫برف‬
‫برف‬
POK:1149 POK:1149 POK:1149 POK:1149, AEF:258
Indo-European
Bhel: to swell, blow, grow, overflow
Avestan
bara-: branches
Pahlavi
varg, valg: leaf
Persian
barg: leaf, page, sustenance
‫برگ‬
bloom :‫هم‬
‫ر ز شدن‬ ، ‫ رشد کردن‬، ‫ دم دن‬، ‫ورم کردن‬ Varekahe, Varaka: leaf BQT:260, AEF:259 (‫ ل ه‬، ‫برگ ) ل‬
POK:120-158, ARN:124 SNS:281, SYN:525, POK:123 MON:571, AEF:259, ARN:124
Indo-European
Kost: bone, rib, side of anything ‫ کنار هر چ ی‬،‫ دنده‬،‫استخوان‬
Pahlavi
kost: side
Persian
bargostovân: armor
‫برگستوان‬
POK:616, AHD:1524
(worn to protect the sides) ‫زره "حافظ‬
uparô-kušta-pâma:
protection for the sides ‫برگستوان‬ "‫پهلوها‬
Upo: to, from below ‫ از ای‬،‫سوی‬ upa, upâ: to, toward
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105 BQT:1643, AEF:261 BQT
Pa: to protect, feed ‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ pa: to guard
POK:787,842, SYN:103 HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532 NOTE- AHD claims that this may be related to the root "Ost: bone".
Indo-Scythian
var: to cover
Pahlavi
varm: container, reservoir
Persian
barm: reservoir, pool ‫َبرم‬
‫َبرم‬
‫ استخر‬، ‫آ گ‬
ISS:234 ISS:234 ISS:234, MON:511
‫ پرماس دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫برماس دن‬

33
. ‫برم ش‬
‫ م ش‬+ ۲‫ َبر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫برم ش‬
Indo-European
Ne 1, An 3: no, not
َ
‫نه‬
Av/Old Pers
a-, â-, an-: no, not
Pahlavi
a-purn-ây: "not
Persian
bornâ: young ‫ُبرنا‬
‫برنا‬
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
full of life", young ‫ جوان‬:‫مق‬
BQT:264
BQT:264, KNT:209
Aiw: vitality, eternity ‫ ا د ت‬،‫ح ات‬ âyu, ay: life, age perana-âyu: full of life
POK:17 POK:17 KLN:31, BQT:264
Pel 1: to fill ‫پر کردن‬ par 1, perana: full
POK:799, EIV:299 POK:799
‫ برنز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫برنج‬

Indo-European
Urigh: rice ‫برنج‬
Sanskrit
Vrihi: rice
Av/Old Pers
brîzi, vriz, urvinj: rice
Persian
oroz: rice ‫ارز‬
۲‫برنج‬
IEC:1681 AHD:1116 KLN:1346 varîzeh: rice ‫ور زه‬
berenj 2: rice ۲‫برنج‬
BQT, MON, IEC:1681
Avestan
Berenža: brass ‫برنز‬
Persian
berenj 1: brass ۱‫برنج‬
Latin
boronzium: brass
Italian
bronzo
French Persian
bronz: bronze ‫برنز‬
‫برنز‬
HRN:48 HRN:48 PRT:60, KLN:203 PRT:60, MON
‫ ابرو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُبرو‬

‫ ـ جرد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫بروجرد‬
‫ ُبرز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫بروز ه‬
Indo-European
Weren: lamb ‫بره‬
Av/Old Pers
varnak: lamb
Pahlavi
varrak: lamb
Persian
barreh: lamb ‫ّبره‬
‫ّبره‬
POK:1170 POK:1170 POK:1170, BQT:268 BQT, POK:1170, HRN:192,
Indo-European
Nogw: naked ‫ع ان‬
Avestan
mağnâ: naked
Pahlavi
brahnak: naked
Persian
berehneh: naked ‫برهنه‬
‫برهنه‬
POK:769 POK:769, KLN:1026, SYN:325 ISS:256 ISS:256, MON:517
NOTE- See "Bûnai: naked" for another possible root.
Indo-Scythian
Bûnai: naked ‫ع ان‬
Avestan
mağna: naked
Pahlavi
brahnak: naked
Persian
berehneh: naked ‫برهنه‬
‫برهنه‬
BQT:1555 ISS:256 ISS:256 ISS:256, MON:517
NOTE- See "Nogw: naked" for another possible root.
‫ برشته‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ب ان‬

‫ برشته‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ب َجن‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
bar: to carry
Pahlavi
Persian
barîd: mail carrier ‫َب د‬
‫َب د‬
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128 BQT:253 POK, BQT, AEF
NOTE- PLA, TAD and AFM claim "barîd" is from Pahlavi "burtan". BQT, MON and AKD claim it is from Latin "veredus: carrier".
Indo-European
Bher 3: to cut, pierce ‫ سوراخ کردن‬،‫ب دن‬
Avestan
brây: to cut
Pahlavi
brîdan: to cut
Persian
borîdan: to cut (‫ ب ل‬،‫ب دن ) ُبر‬
‫ب دن‬
bore :‫هم‬
POK:133, 166, ARN:127 HRN:49, BQT:270 SNS:105 POK:133, BQT:270, HRN:59
Indo-European
Bhugo: male animal of various kinds ‫حیوان نر‬
Avestan
buza, bûza: buck, goat
Pahlavi
buc, bûž: goat
Persian
boz: goat ‫ُبز‬
‫ُبز‬
buck :‫هم‬
POK:174 POK:174, AEF:272 BQT:271, AEF:272
34
‫بزرگ‬
Indo-European
Weg 2: to be lively, strong
Iranian
vâz, wâz: power,
Old Persian
vazraka: large
Pahlavi
vajarg, bazurk: big
Persian
bozorg: large ‫بزرگ‬
‫بزرگ‬
‫زنده و قوی بودن‬
largeness or rising. vigor :‫هم‬
POK:1117 HRN BQT:272, POK:1117
POK:1117 AEF:201, IEC:1499
Indo-European
Indo-European
Bhag-los, Bhag-mos: enjoyment, feasting
Pahlavi
bazm: feast
Persian
bazm: feast ‫بزم‬
‫بزم‬
POK:107, IEC:61 IEC:61 MON:523 MON:523, IEC:61
Indo-European
Wek: to wish, desire ‫ خواس‬،‫آرزو کردن‬
Old Persian
vas: to wish, desire
Pahlavi
vas: enough
Persian
bas: enough, sufficient (‫َ س ) سنده‬
‫َس‬
POK:1135, KNT:207 vašna: will, desire vas-yâr: plenty besyâr: plenty, many ‫س ار‬
KNT:207 MON:537, KNT:207, KNT:207, BQT:276, MON:537

Wek: to wish, desire vasnah: wish ?
POK:1135, KNT:207 vasah: desired
an-usant: not willing, reluctant
POK:1135
Indo-European
Puk 1: bundled together
Avestan
pusâ: crown made of bundled twigs
Pahlavi
pusag: crown
Persian
pasâk: crown of flowers ( ‫َ سا ) َ سا‬
‫َ سا‬
and flowers
‫ز ز ور همه غرق در س م و زر‬ ‫تاج ل‬
‫بهم سته شده‬ pusâ-ka: garland, crown
MON:779
POK:849 POK:849, SOD:298

(‫)اسدی‬ ‫سا ز ل برنهاده ه‬
MON:779, FRS:146
‫ بو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ستان‬

Indo-European
Ster 1: to spread, throw ‫ پرت کردن‬،‫خش کردن‬
Avestan
star 1: to spread, throw
Pahlavi
vi-starak: bed
Persian
bastar: spread out (for sleeping)
‫س‬
POK:1029, EIV:263
(spread for sleeping) ‫ گس دن‬:‫مق‬
wi-star: to spread apart ‫س‬
Indo-European BQT:278,1816, HRN:205
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ KLN:1522, FFD:73 BQT, SNS, FFD
POK:1175,1176
Indo-European
Bhendh: to bind, fasten
Av/Old Pers
basta: bundled up, fastened
Persian
bastan: to tie, close ‫س‬
‫س‬
bind :‫هم‬
‫س‬ ham-basta: tied together, interwoven, spider web anbast: tied together, dense, coagulated ‫ان ست‬
POK:127 anfast: spider web ‫انفست‬
POK:127, AEF:160, HUB:18
‫که خ ط شمس گردون‬ ‫شه شا‬
(‫بود بر طاق ایوان وی انفست )شمس فخری‬
KLN, BQT, AEF
‫َس‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سنده‬

‫َس‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫س ار‬
Indo-European
Bhergh: high
Avestan
bareš, berezant:
Avestan
bareša: high on top (of a
Sogdian
bnš: mane
Persian
faš: mane
َ
(‫فش ) َ ش‬
‫َش‬
‫ لند‬،‫اﻻ‬
high horse neck), mane
‫َ ش و ال اس ان کران تا کران‬ ‫ال‬
SOD:104
‫براندوده بر ُمشک و بر زعفران )فردو‬

POK:140, KLN:188, SOD:104
POK:140
KNT:200, VDQ:36 (
SOD:140
‫لسام‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َ شام‬

Indo-European
Pad-: duck ‫مرغا‬
Persian
bat: duck ‫َط‬
‫َط‬
ARN:113 ARN:113
35
. ‫بغ‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
baga, bağa: distributor of good fortune, God
Persian
bağ, fağ: God, goddess ‫ فغ‬،‫بغ‬
‫بغ‬
POK:107, IEC:61 POK:107, KNT, KLN:169 BQT, MON, POK, TZF
‫خشنده‬
NOTE- Henning derives "bağ" from Sogdian (SLW:94).
Turkish
Boqčâ: linen for wrapping clothes in it ‫غچه‬
Persian
boqčeh: bundle, pack ‫غچه‬
‫غچه‬
MON:551 MON:551,555
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
Bağdâd: God-given (city), Baghdad ‫غداد‬
‫غداد‬
‫ لذت بردن‬،‫خش دن‬ ‫"خدا داد" ا‬
POK:107, KNT, KLN:169 NOTE- Henning derives "bağ" from Sogdian (SLW: 94).
POK:107, IEC:61 TAD: 12 derives "Bağdâd" from Persian "bâğ-e-dâd: "‫" اغ عدالت‬
Indo-European Avestan garden of justice".
Dô: to give, create ‫ خلق کردن‬،‫دادن‬ dâ 1: to give

BQT, MON, POK, TZF
POK:223 BQT:121, POK:223,225
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
baga, bağa: distributor of good
Persian
bağ-stân: location or mountain of gods
‫غستان‬
fortune, God "‫"جا اه خدا‬
‫ ب ستون‬،‫ فغستان‬،‫غستان‬
POK:107, IEC:61 POK:107, KNT, KLN:169
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT, MON, POK, TZF
Stâ: to stand ‫ا ستادن‬ sta: to stand, to set
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008 NOTE- Henning derives "bağ" from Sogdian (SLW:94).
Avestan
Apânk: turned backwards, north
Pahlavi
apâxtar: north,
Pahlavi
bâxtri, bâxr, balx: a city north
Persian
balx: an ancient city in Iran famous
‫لخ‬
north star of the ancient Iran for its rose-red ruby gems.
‫ شمال‬،‫ازگشت‬
SYN:870, BQT:99, MON5: 275, BQT:297
(‫ دخشان‬،‫لخ ) لخش‬
SYN:873
MON5: 247
Aramaic
Busmâ: perfume ‫عطر‬
Hebrew
bâsam: spice,
Greek
balsamon: balsam
Arabic
bašam: perfume
Persian
balsâm: any resinous plant ‫لسام‬
‫لسام‬
balsam :‫هم‬
‫َ شام‬
balsam plant plant
TAD:12, KLN:144 balšam: balsam plant bašâm: seed of a balsam plant
KLN:144 KLN:144 TAD:12, MON:567 MON:540,567
‫ برگ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ل ه‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
bâlâ: up, top ‫ اﻻ‬،‫لند‬
‫لند‬
‫ آرزو‬:‫هم‬
Indo-European
Bheru: to boil, bubble ‫جوشاندن‬
Persian
balvâ: tumult ‫لوا‬
‫لوا‬
NOTE- MON: 575 claims this is from an Arabic root
AHD:1510, POK:132,143, IEC:116
IEC:116, MON: 575
Sanskrit
Bêlûr: an Indian city famous for its crystal ‫نام شهری در هند‬
Greek
beryllos: crystal
Arabic
bolûr: crystal
Persian
bolûr: crystal ‫ُ لور‬
‫ُ لور‬
KLN:166, AHD:126 AHD:126, KLN:166 MON:575 MON:575
Indo-European
Bhê: indeed ‫واقعا‬
Avestan
bâ, bê, beî: indeed
Persian
baleh: yes ‫له‬
‫له‬
POK:113, IEC:59, WLD2: 136 POK:113, IEC:59 IEC:59, MON
NOTE- MON derives "baleh & balî" from Arabic while IEC claims they are Indo-European
Indo-European
Bamb: bang, rumble ‫ غرش‬،‫ه‬ ‫صدای‬
Persian
bam: bass, low ‫َم‬
‫َم‬
POK:93, IEC:53,92 IEC:53,92, MON:578 NOTE- MON derives this word from Arabic but IEC claims it is Indo-European
36
۱‫ُبن‬
Indo-European
Bhun: base, bottom ‫ ای‬، ‫ا ه‬
Avestan
bûnô, bûnâ: base
Pahlavi
bun, bun-dât: base
Persian
bon: base, foundation, house (‫ )ب اد‬۱‫ُبن‬
۱‫ُبن‬
foundation :‫هم‬
POK:174, IEC:124 POK:174 BQT:304, AEF:288 boneh: house, nest, shelter ‫ُبنه‬
‫چوس م غ را چه شد گرسنه‬
( ‫ــه ــرواز ــر شــد دمــان از بنه )فردو‬
BQT:304, BRT:968, NYB:50, AEF:288,290
Indo-European
Wen: to wish, desire
Avestan
vanâ: woods, tree (hunting place)
Pahlavi
van: tree
Persian
van: tree َ ) ‫َون‬
(‫نارون‬
۲‫ـ ُبن‬
‫ عﻼقه ه ش ار‬،‫آرزو کردن‬ bon: tree, tree stump ( ‫ ) ل‬۲‫ُبن‬
۱‫ ُبن‬:‫مق‬
WLD1: 259 WLD1: 259
POK:1146, OEW:434 WLD1: 259, AEF:287
Indo-European Avestan Pahlavi Persian

Wen: to wish, desire vanaiti: he wishes vânîtan: to be victorious ?
POK:1146, OEW:434 vantar: victorious POK:1146
POK:1146, KLN:1697

Bhendh: to bind, fasten ‫س‬ banda: band, tie band: band, dam ‫بند‬ ‫بند‬
band :‫هم‬
POK:127 paiti-band: to attach payvastan: to attach, join ‫پیوس‬
POK:127, BQT:449 AHD:1509, BQT:305
Per 3: oppose, hit ‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ paiti 2: counter, back
POK:815-818 POK:815
‫ درند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫بندر‬

Indo-European
Bhendh: to bind, fasten ‫س‬
Old Persian
bandaka: slave
Pahlavi
bandak: slave
Persian
bandeh: servant, slave ‫بنده‬
‫بنده‬
POK:127 SOD:105, KNT:199 MON:588, KNT:199 MON:588
‫ بنفشه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫بنفش‬

Indo-European
Wen: to wish, desire ‫ عﻼقه ه ش ار‬،‫آرزو کردن‬
Avestan
vanâ: woods, tree (hunting place)
Avestan
vana-vaxša:
Pahlavi
vana-vašak:
Persian
banafšeh:
‫بنفشه‬
POK:1146, OEW:434 WLD1: 259
grown in the pansy, violet pansy ‫" ل م ان‬
woods, pansy
Indo-European Indo-European Avestan AEF:291 ‫بنفشه‬ "‫درختان‬
Yeu 1, Yauj: to join, harness Aueg : to grow, vaxšaiti, uxšyeiti: AEF:291
(‫)بنفش‬
strengthen grows
‫ مهار کردن‬،‫جفت کردن‬ AEF:291
POK:84-85 ،510, POK:84,85, SYN:876,
POK:509, EIV:217
۱‫ ُبن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُبنه‬

۱‫ ُبن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ب اد‬
Indo-European
Bheudh: to be aware, enlighten ‫ روشن ساخ‬، ‫آ اه بودن‬
Av/Old Pers
baoidi: nice aroma
Pahlavi
bûy: smell
Persian
(‫ ستان‬،‫ بوستان‬،‫ )بو‬۱‫بوی‬
‫بو‬
POK:150 POK:151, BQT:311, FFD:39 EIV:15 BQT:311
Indo-European
Beu 1: root of muffled sounds ‫ر شه صداهای خفه‬
Avestan
bučahin, buxti: howl, yell
Persian
bû-tîmâr: a bird of heron family ‫بوت مار‬
‫بوت مار‬
POK:97 POK:97 IEC:116
Indo-European
Bheudh: to be aware, enlighten ‫ روشن ساخ‬، ‫آ اه بودن‬
Sanskrit
bûdhati: he awakes
Persian
budâ: Buddha ‫بودا‬
‫بودا‬
POK:150 bûdha: wise, aware BQT:313
AHD
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
bûta, bav: to exist, become
Pahlavi
bw: to be
Persian
bûdan: to be ‫بودن‬
‫بودن‬
be :‫هم‬
POK:146 POK:146, BQT:111 EIV:17 POK:147, BQT:111,314, MON:603, AEF:293
37
. ‫بور‬
Indo-European
Bher 4: bright, brown
Avestan
bowra, bawraini, bawri: brown
Persian
bûr: brownish red, red horse, flushed from embarrassment ‫بور‬
‫بور‬
animal, beaver
‫ قهوه ای‬،‫روشن‬ bûreh: borax, white ‫بوره‬
POK:136, KLN:158
‫ـ ـ ــاز ـ ــد چ ـنـ ـ ال گـ ــردی ـ ــزور‬
POK:136
( ‫ب فشارد ک دست بر شت بور )فردو‬
BQT:231,314,315, MON:601, AEF:295
‫ بور‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫بوره‬

Indo-European
Bu: lip, kiss ‫ بوس‬،‫لب‬
Persian
bûs: kiss ‫بوس‬
‫بوس‬
POK:103, SYN:1113 POK:103
NOTE- Kissing is unknown among many races. There is no conclusive evidence that kissing was known in the Indo-European times.
Indo-European
Baud: to feel, sense
Avestan
baod: sense
Pahlavi
bwd: perception, sense
Persian
bûs: kiss ‫بوس‬
‫بوس‬
EIV:15 EIV:15 EIV:15 EIV NOTE- see Bu: lip, kiss" for another possible root.
‫ بو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫بوستان‬

۱‫ بوم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫بوف‬
Indo-European
Beu 2: to swell, blow ‫ دم دن‬،‫ورم کردن‬
Latin
bûcina: trumpet, horn
Aramaic
bucina: horn
Arabic
bûq: horn
Persian
bûq: horn ‫بوق‬
‫بوق‬
POK:98 AHD BQT:318 BQT:318
Indo-European
Beu 1: root of muffled sounds ‫ر شه صداهای خفه‬
Pahlavi
bûm 1, buf: owl
Persian
bûm: owl (‫ )بوف‬۱‫بوم‬
۱‫بوم‬
‫جغد‬
POK:97 MON:606, ARN:136 POK:97, ARN:136
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
bûmî: earth
Pahlavi
bûm 2: earth
Persian
bûm: earth, country ۲‫بوم‬
۲‫بوم‬
‫زم‬
POK:146 POK:146, BQT:111, KNT:200 AEF:298 POK, BQT, MON, AEF
Indo-European
Bheu: to exist, grow
Av/Old Pers
bûmî: earth
Pahlavi
bûmahan: earthquake
Persian
bûmmahan: earthquake ‫بوم َهن‬
َ ‫بوم َهن‬
َ
‫بومـ ـه ــن ن مشب‬ ‫ــرآمد ـ ـ‬ ‫زلزله‬
‫ رشد کردن‬،‫بودن‬ bûmî-mathan: earthquake AEF:298
( ‫تو گفتـی زمـ ـن دارد از لــرزه تب )اسدی طو‬
POK:146 POK:146, BQT:111, KNT:200
POK, BQT, MON, AEF
‫ بو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫بوی‬

Indo-European
Bhôu: joy, satisfaction ‫ رضا ت‬، ‫شادما‬
Persian
bûyeh: desire, hope ‫ ب ه‬،۲‫بوی‬
۲‫بوی‬
‫چه جورها که کش دند ل ﻼن از وی‬ ‫آرزو‬
IEC:98
(‫ـ ـ ــوی آنکـه دگ ــر نــو ـه ــار از آ ــد )حافظ‬
IEC:98, MON:607
۲‫ بوی‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ب ه‬
Indo-European
Avestan
hu 1,vahu: good
Pahlavi
veh, bêh: good
Persian
beh, bah: good ‫ه‬
‫َه‬
‫خوب‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037, SYN:1176, KLN:169, 401 ARN:138 BQT, MON, ZMA:19
Indo-European
Avestan
paiti 2: counter, back
Pahlavi
pad, pa: to, toward
Persian
be[h]: to, toward ‫ه‬
‫ه‬
‫عل ه‬
POK:815-818 POK:815 HRN:33, AEF:190 AEF:190,191
38
‫ه‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
upa, upâ: to, toward
Pahlavi
pat, pa, pad: to, toward
Persian
beh: to, toward ‫ه‬
‫ه‬
‫جهت‬
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105 HRN:33, AEF:190,191 MON:605, AEF:190,191
Indo-European
Wes 2: to buy ‫خ دن‬
Pahlavi
vah-âk: value
Persian
bahâ: value ‫بها‬
‫بها‬
vendor :‫هم‬
POK:1173, OEW:440, AEF:302 AEF:302 AEF:302, FSF:91
Indo-European
Sanskrit
bhağa: good fortune
Mongolian Persian
bahâdor: hero
‫بهادر‬
POK:107, IEC:61 HJB:49 ‫ ب گ‬:‫هم‬
bhaga-dhara: holder of happiness, ‫بهادر‬
Indo-European Sanskrit brave
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to dhar: to hold, keep BQT, MON
hold firmly, keep, guard AHD, HJB:49, KLN:140
POK:252
‫ حفظ کردن‬، ‫مح م گرف‬
POK:252, EIV:129 NOTE- HJB:49 claims "bhaga-dhara" may be from Persian "faghpoor"
Indo-European
Aus 2: to shine ‫درخش دن‬
Indo-European
Wes 5: spring
Avestan
vasar, vasri: spring
Pahlavi
vahâr: spring
Persian
bahâr: spring ‫بهار‬
‫بهار‬
Ausus: dawn ‫س ده دم‬ KLN:1702 vanri, vanhâr: spring HRN:56 POK:1174, KLN:1702
POK:86, KLN:495 POK:1174
Indo-European Indo-European Old Persian Persian

Aus 2: to shine Wes 5: spring vâhara: spring time ?
POK:86, KLN:495 KLN:1702 KNT:188,207
Indo-European
Old Persian
vahâna: cover
Pahlavi
vahânak: hidden reason, excuse
Persian
bahâneh: excuse ‫بهانه‬
‫بهانه‬
POK:1172 HUB:32, AEF:305 HUB:32 AEF:305
Indo-European
Avestan
varethra: defender, also
Pahlavi
varhrâm:
Persian
bahrâm: "demon
‫بهرام‬
POK:1116, IEC:1599
name of a demon victorious killer", a male name "‫"دیو کش‬
Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt žata, jan., jaiti: to hit, varethra-jan: demon killer BQT:324 ‫بهرام‬
harm, bite
‫ آزردن‬،‫زدن‬ BQT
POK:492, EIV:222 POK:492, HRN:204, BQT:324, POK:1116
FFD:25
Indo-European
Avestan
baxadra: interest, something given
Persian
‫بهره‬
‫بهره‬
POK:107, IEC:61 BQT:251,324, SNS:96 barx: interest ( ‫َب خ )بر‬
‫چند نا ز چ خ‬ ‫تو ای دا‬
( ‫که ایزد َ دی دادت از چ خ ب خ )اسدی طو‬
BQT, SNS:96
Indo-European
Avestan
hu 1,vahu: good
Persian
behešt: "best"
‫بهشت‬
POK:1037, KLN:548
"‫"به ن‬
vah-išta: best (place), heaven ‫بهشت‬
Isto: most or last ‫سوند صفت عا‬ išta: a superlative suffix POK:1037, SYN:1176, KLN:169, 401 BQT, MON, ZMA:19
KLN:35 KNT:191,202
Indo-European
Avestan
vohu, vahu: good
Avestan
vahu-man: well mannered
Persian
Bahman: "well mannered"
‫بهمن‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1174 "‫"خوش مرام‬
POK:1037, SYN:1176, KLN:169, 401 ‫بهمن‬
Indo-European Avestan mind :‫هم‬
Men 1: to think ‫فکر کردن‬ manah: mind, manners BQT, MON, ZMA:19
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT
39
.
Indo-European Old Persian Pahlavi Persian

Bheğh: outside, open ‫ از‬،‫ب ون‬ bhe: without bê: without bî: without
‫ جز‬:‫هم‬
IEC:69,70, POK:112-113, ARN:140 POK:112-113 ARN:140 AEF, MON
‫ ِب ـ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ـ‬

‫ ِب ـ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫با‬
Indo-European
Weidh: to select, separate ‫ جدا کردن‬،‫انتخاب کردن‬
Avestan
vaêc: sift
Pahlavi
wêz: sieve
Persian
bîxtan: to sieve ‫بخ‬
‫بخ‬
POK:1128, EIV:407 EIV:407 EIV:407 parvîzan: sieve ‫پرو زن‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫ال‬
NOTE- see "Weik: to shake, swing" for another possible root EIV:407
Indo-European
Avestan
vaêc: sift
Pahlavi
wêz: sieve
Persian
bîxtan: to sieve ‫بخ‬
‫بخ‬
parvîzan: sieve ‫پرو زن‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫ال‬
POK:1130 EIV:407 EIV:407
‫س اه‬ ‫شد‬ ‫ک ش محمود‬
(‫ـ ــزی د ــد ســر بر خا راه )عطار‬ ‫خا‬
NOTE- see "Weidh: to select, separate" for another possible root EIV:407
Indo-European
Wei 1: to bend, turn, twist
Avestan
vay: twist
Pahlavi
vêt: willow
Persian
bêd: willow tree ‫بد‬
‫بد‬
vaêiti: willow tree willow :‫هم‬
‫ تا اندن‬،‫خم کردن‬ vîsag, vîsak: wooded area bîšeh: grove, woods ‫ب شه‬
varaša: tree
POK:1120 MON:58, SNS:287, BQT:338, ISS:42 BQT, SNS, ISS
KLN:1749, ISS:42
Indo-European
Ger 3: to awaken ‫ب دار کردن‬
Avestan
gar 1: to wake up
Pahlavi
vîgrâs: to awaken
Persian
bîdâr: awake ‫ب دار‬
‫ب دار‬
POK:391, EIV:173 POK:391, EIV:173
wiğrâd: awake MON:621, EIV:173
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite POK:391, EIV:173
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Avestan
bağa-puthra: son
Persian
fağpûr: "son of God", title of
‫ب دخت‬
‫ لذت بردن‬،‫خش دن‬ of God, title of respect respect "‫"دخ خدا‬
POK:107, KNT, KLN:169
POK:107, IEC:61
bağa-dugdâr: ‫فغفور‬
Indo-European Avestan daughter of God, Venus
Pôu: small, young ‫ جوان‬،‫کوچک‬ pu 1, pu-thra, puthra: son, child Bîdoxt: "daughter of God"
HJB:49, BQT:333,1494
POK:842 POK:842
Indo-European Indo-European Avestan ‫ب دخت‬
Dheugh: to milk ‫ش دوش دن‬ Dhugh-tar: dugeda, duğdâr: HJB, BQT, TZF
POK:271,277, WLD:847,868 milker (of the daughter (milker)
Indo-European family), daughter
KLN:404, POK:277,
Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term POK:277, WLD:868
‫سوند گروه ا فام ل‬
PRT:863, AHD:1500 NOTE- Compare "Dheugh: to milk" with the root "Dhê 1: to suckle milk"
Indo-European
Dâ 1: to divide, cut in pieces ‫ قطعه قطعه کردن‬، ‫تقس م کردن‬
Sanskrit
dâtra: sickle
Pahlavi
dâs: sickle
Persian
bî-das-tar: beaver. An animal that
‫ب دس‬
POK:175 POK:175, BQT:904 BQT:813
cuts trees "without sickles" "‫" داس‬
Indo-European Old Persian Pahlavi َ
‫ب دس‬
Bheğh: outside, open ‫ از‬،‫ب ون‬ bhe: without bê: without
POK:175, BQT:333,813
IEC:69,70, POK:112-113, ARN:140 POK:112-113 ARN:140
‫ و ر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ـ ـر‬
40
‫ب ست‬
Indo-European
Dekm: ten ‫عدد ده‬
Av/Old Pers
saiti, sat: a suffix meaning multiples of ten
Persian
bîst: twenty ‫ب ست‬
‫ب ست‬
POK:191 vi-saiti: (two) separate tens BQT
thri-sat: three times ten
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite
čatvare-sat: four times ten
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
POK:191
‫غستان‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ب ستون‬

Indo-European
Weis: to rot, melt away, flow
Avestan
vaeša: mold
Pahlavi
bêš 2: a poisonous plant
Persian
bîš 2: a poisonous plant
۱‫ب ش‬
‫ آب شدن‬،‫فاسد شدن‬ viš 1, viša: rotten food, poison ‫بش‬ ‫نو گ اه س‬
BQT:338
POK:1134 POK:1134, KLN:1714 BQT:338
virus :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Avestan
dva, duva: two
Pahlavi
vêš: more
Persian
bîš: more ‫بش‬
۲‫ب ش‬
biš: more two :‫هم‬
POK:230, BQT:337 BQT:337
POK:230, KLN:440,1669, SOD:145
‫ ب د‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ب شه‬

‫ پ غاره‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ب غاره‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
baga, bağa:
Turkish
bak: grand, Lord, God
Persian
bayg: a title of respect ‫بگ‬
‫بگ‬
distributor of good
‫ لذت بردن‬،‫خش دن‬ fortune, God ata-bak: grand father, god father atabak: grand father, god father ‫اتا ک‬
POK:107, IEC:61 POK:107, KNT, KLN:169 ZMA:49 ETM:60
‫ ب دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫بل‬

Indo-European
Bhôi: to fear ‫ترس دن‬
Avestan
bay: fear
Pahlavi
bhâyaka: fear
Persian
bîm: fear ( ‫بم)ا‬
‫بم‬
POK:161 POK:161,162 ARN:107 POK:162, HRN:39,59, BQT:340
Indo-European
Indo-European
Med: to take appropriate measures, to cure
Avestan
vi-mad: care
Pahlavi
vîmâr:
Persian
bîmâr: sick
‫ب مار‬
giver, physician patient
POK:703, 731 POK:705 ‫ب مار‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers POK:705, SYN:307
BQT:340, HRN:59
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
Indo-European
Bhôi: to fear ‫ترس دن‬
Sanskrit
bhay: to fear
Persian
bîmeh: insurance ‫ب مه‬
‫ب مه‬
POK:161
bhî-ma: dreadful MON:633
AEF:320 NOTE- IEC: 723,1562 links this word to root "Weid: to see"
Indo-European
Old Persian
dî, dây, wai, vâe: to see
Pahlavi
vên-âk, vên-âg: one sees
Persian
bînâ: one who sees ‫ب نا‬
‫ب نا‬
POK:243
vâe-na, vaina: observer BQT:340 BQT, SNS:291, AEF:80
KNT:191, AEF:322, FFD:55
Indo-European
Nas, Nâs: nose ‫بی‬
Avestan
nâh,vaenâ, vaênâ: nose
Pahlavi
vênîk, bênîk: nose
Persian
bînî: nose ‫بی‬
‫بی‬
nose :‫هم‬
POK:755, AEN:145 AEF:323, Pok:755 AEF:323 BQT:341

Nas, Nâs: nose nâh, nâham: nose ?
POK:755, AEN:145 KNT:193
‫ بیوگ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫بیو‬

41
. َ
‫بیور‬
Indo-Scythian Avestan Pahlavi Persian َ

‫بیور‬
Byûrru: ten thousand baevar, baevare: bêvar: ten thousand bîvar: ten thousand ‫بیور‬
ten thousand
Bîvarasp: "with 10,000 horses" ‫بیوراسپ‬ ‫ده هزار‬
‫ده هزار‬ bêvar-asp: (with) ten thousand horses
ISS:262, AEF:324 ‫کجا بیور از پهلوا شمار‬
ISS:262 AEF:324
( ‫بود بر ز ــان دری ده ه ـزار )فردو‬
MON, FSF:98
‫ بیور‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫بیوراسب‬

Indo-European
Bheudh: to be aware,
Av/Old Pers
baoidi: nice
Av/Old Pers
pati-baus: to smell,
Pahlavi
payôs: expect
Persian
bîyûsîdan: expect (‫بیوس دن )پیوس دن‬
‫بیوس دن‬
enlighten aroma expect, guess
nâ-bîyûsân: unexpected ‫نابیوسان‬ ‫انتظار داش‬
FFD:40
NOTE- EIV:427 derives this
‫ روشن ساخ‬، ‫آ اه بودن‬ POK:151,
from the I.E. root "Was: to ‫ــرآم ــد ـ ـکــی ن ـ ــا ـ ـ ـ ـ ــوسـ ــان نـ ـ ـ ــرد‬
BQT:311,
wish"
( ‫که در ا همه خون شد و دشت گرد )اسدی طو‬
POK:150 FFD:40 FSF:98, FFD:40, BQT:342
Indo-European
Wedh 1: to marry ‫ازدواج کردن‬
Avestan
vadhu, vadû: marry
Persian
bayûg: bride (‫ بیو‬،‫بیوگ )بیوک‬
‫بیوگ‬
bayûgânî: marriage ‫بیو ا‬ ‫عروس‬
POK:1115 POK:1115
‫ شاد اش‬، ‫ س گرا‬، ‫س ع زم‬ wedding :‫هم‬
( ‫انــدر ا ــن خــانــه ـســان نـو ـ ــوک )رود‬
BQT:342, FRS:160, AEF:264, EIV:201
Indo-European
Weidh: to select, separate ‫ جدا کردن‬،‫انتخاب کردن‬
Avestan
vidhavâ: separated, widow
Persian
bîveh: widow ‫بیوه‬
‫بیوه‬
widow :‫هم‬
POK:1128, EIV:407 POK:1127 BRT:1443
Indo-European
Per 3: oppose, hit
Avestan
paiti 2:
Persian
pa -, pâ -: a prefix indicating opposition ،countering or facing off ‫پـ‬
‫پـ‬
counter, back
‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ ,‫ ش مان‬,‫ پژوه دن‬,‫ پژمان‬, ‫ پره‬, ‫ پره خ‬,‫ ذیره‬, ‫ ذیرف‬,‫ پ اره‬,‫ اسخ‬,‫ ادزهر‬,‫ ادافراه‬,‫ اداش‬:‫مثال‬
POK:815
‫ پیوس‬,‫ پ مودن‬,‫ پ مانه‬,‫ پ مان‬,‫ پ کر‬,‫ پ ان‬,‫ پ ار‬,‫ پ غام‬,‫ پ غاره‬,‫ پ شوا‬, ‫ پ شا‬,‫ پ ش‬,‫ پ ام‬،‫پ اله‬
POK:815-818
BQT
Indo-European
Pod: foot ‫ا‬
Av/Old Pers
pâd, pad, pada: foot, step
Pahlavi
pay, pây: foot
Persian
pâ: foot ( ‫ ای‬، ِ ،‫ا ) ای‬
‫ا‬
foot :‫هم‬
POK:790, ARN:148 KLN:1112 ARN:148 BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Pô, Pe: to drink ‫نوش دن‬
Sanskrit
pâtila: a large drinking vessel
Persian
pâtîl: a large liquid container ‫ات ل‬
‫ات ل‬
POK:839, EIV:289 POK:839 MON:643
Indo-European
Dô: to give, create ‫ خلق کردن‬،‫دادن‬
Avestan
dâ 1: to give
Pahlavi
dâtan: to give
Persian
pâdâš: reward ‫اداش‬
‫اداش‬
POK:223 BQT:121, POK:223,225
paiti-dâhišn: reward, given back BQT, FSF, SNS
Per 3: oppose, hit ‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ paiti 2: counter, back NYB:56, HRN:61,115
POK:815-818 POK:815
Indo-European
Perk 1 : to ask ‫پرس دن‬
Avestan
fras: to ask
Pahlavi
pâtî-frâs:
Persian
pâdafrâh: punishment
‫ادافراه‬
POK:821
punishment ‫ پرس دن‬:‫مق‬
Indo-European Avestan paiti-frasna: interrogation, ‫ادافراه‬
punishment BQT:206,385
BQT, AEF:205, ETM:62
POK:821, SNS:141, AEF:205
POK:815-818 POK:815
42
‫ادزهر‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
jathra: poison
Persian
zahr: poison ‫زهر‬
‫ادزهر‬
POK:492, EIV:222
Indo-European paiti-jathra: anti-poison pâdzahr: antitoxin ‫ادزهر‬
AHD:1520, AEF:335 BQT:1047
POK:815-818
Indo-European
Pa: to protect, feed ‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
pa: to guard
Av/Old Pers
paiti 1, patiy: protector
Persian
pâdešâh: protecting king
‫ادشاه‬
paiti-xšathra: protecting ‫ادشاه‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers king
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule xšača: king, ruler BQT, KLN, FSF, TZF
POK:842, HRN:41, KLN:144,157,
‫ فرمانروا کردن‬،‫قادر و شا سته بودن‬ xša-thra, xšathra: "having a AHD:1532
king", kingdom
POK:626, KLN:272 POK:626, KNT:181
Indo-European
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬
Avestan
paurva, parô, para, parâ: former,
Persian
pâr: earlier ‫ َپ َرندوش‬،‫ ارسال‬،‫ار‬
‫ار‬
earlier
POK:810 parîr: yesterday ‫ پ روز‬،‫َپ ر‬
parô-ayare: last day ‫داد اسخ که برکوه و دشت‬ ‫چن‬
Ayer: day, morning ayare: day
‫ صبح‬،‫روز‬ prô-ayare: yesterday
POK:810,813,815, HRN:61, AEF:376 ( ‫سواری پرندوش بر من گذشت )فردو‬
POK:12, AHD:1507, OEW:3 POK:12, AEF:376 BQT, AEF, ZMA:55
Old Persian
Parth, Parti: the name of a tribe in Khorâsân who rose to power and pushed the Greeks out of
Persian
pârt: an ancient Iranian dynasty
‫ارت‬
Iran in 250 BC.
‫ارت‬
.‫ ق ل از م ﻼد از ایران ب ون راند‬250 ‫نام قب له ای در خراسان که ه قدرت رس د و یونا ها را در سال‬
pahlov: a Parthian, a strong and brave hero
Parthava, Partia: the province of Parths in N.E. of the Persian Empire. (‫ پهلوی‬،‫ )پهل ُ د‬۱‫َپهلو‬
.‫ق ام اتوری ارس‬ ‫استان ارت در شمال‬ BQT, MON, FSF:117
KNT:196
Indo-European
Perd, Pers: speck, spot, sprinkle ‫ل ه‬
Medit
parnas, pard: spotted animal
Sanskrit
pardâku: panther
Persian
pard: panther ۲‫ ارس‬،‫ارد‬
‫ارد‬
leopard :‫هم‬
POK:823, IEC:1003, EIV:298 PRT:349, IEC:998,1003 PRT:349, KLN:1129 palang: leopard ‫لنگ‬
HRN:72, SKT:372, BQT
Old Persian
Pârsa: name of an Aryan (Indo-European) tribe who migrated to Persia (Iran) about 4000
Persian
Pârs, Fârs: Persia ‫ فارس‬،۱‫ارس‬
۱‫ارس‬
years ago.
Pâsârgâd: home of the Pârs people ‫اساراد‬
‫ سال پ ش ه جنوب ایران مهاجرت‬4000 ‫نام ک قب له آر ا )هند و ارو ا ( است که حدود‬
NOTE- Pâsârgâd was also name of an early Iranian tribe.
.‫کرد‬
KNT:196 BQT, MON5: 322, IRN:63
‫ارد‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫ارس‬

Indo-European
Pel 2: pale, gray ‫ خا س ی‬،‫مرنگ‬
Indo-European
Porkwos: bright, clean, pure ‫ خالص‬، ‫ تم‬،‫روشن‬
Persian
pârsâ: chaste ‫ارسا‬
‫ارسا‬
POK:804, IEC:977 POK:804, IEC:977 MON:653, IEC:977
‫ار‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارسال‬

Indo-European
Per 4: to give, present ‫هد ه دادن‬
Avestan
pâra 1: gift
Pahlavi
pârak: bribe, gift
Persian
pâreh: money, gift, a piece of something (‫اره )آ ش اره‬
‫اره‬
‫ه از ن کو سخن چ ی ن ا‬ ‫تکه‬
POK:817, EIV:297 POK:817 NYB:150
part :‫هم‬
(‫که زی دانا ــری بررســم ــاره )نا خ و‬
MON, BQT:351, AEF:333
‫اس ان‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اس‬

۱‫ارس‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اساراد‬
43
. ‫اس ان‬
Indo-European
Spek: to look, examine
Avestan
spasyeiti: to observe, watch, wait on (serve)
Pahlavi
spâs: to serve, wait on
Persian
sepâs: appreciation
‫اس ان‬
spy :‫هم‬
‫کردن‬ ‫ برر‬، ‫ن اه کردن‬ spas, spasânô: guard, watcher pâsbân: guard, police (‫ اس ان‬،‫س اس ) اس‬
POK:984 POK:984 HRN:154, SNS:117 BQT:1086, SNS:117, ARN:151
Indo-European
Eueguh, Wegwh: to speak solemnly ‫موقرانه صح ت کردن‬
Old Persian
aok: to speak
Persian
pâsox: response
‫اسخ‬
POK:348
Indo-European Avestan paiti-aok: counter speech, response ‫اسخ‬
Per 3: oppose, hit ‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ paiti 2: counter, back TZF:29 TZF:29
POK:815-818 POK:815 NOTE- See Root "Kâs: to command" for another possible derivation

Eueguh, Wegwh: to speak solemnly aog, aoj, aox: to speak ?
POK:348 aojaiti, aoxia, aogeda
POK:348, KLN:1722, SYN:1256
Indo-European
Kâs 3: to direct, command ‫ فرمان دادن‬،‫هدا ت کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
sâs, sâh: command
Pahlavi
passaxv, pasux:
Persian
pâsox: answer
‫اسخ‬
answer ‫ سخن‬:‫مق‬
POK:533, WLD1: 358 sâxvan, sâsnâ: instructions, teachings ‫اسخ‬
Indo-European Avestan BQT:354,1573,
Per 3: oppose, hit paiti 2: paiti-sahva: return of speech, answer BQT, HRN:160, MON,
counter, back FSF:99
‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ POK:533, BRT:1574, SYN:1338, BQT:354
POK:815
POK:815-818 NOTE- see root " Eueguh: to speak solemnly" as another suggested root for "pâsox: answer"
Indo-European
Persna: heel ‫اشنه‬
Avestan
pâšna: heel
Pahlavi
pâšnak: heel
Persian
pâšneh: heel ‫اشنه‬
‫اشنه‬
POK:823 POK:823 BQT:355
Indo-European
Perd, Pers: speck, spot, sprinkle ‫ل ه‬
Avestan
pareš: drip
Persian
pâšîdan ‫اش دن‬
‫اش دن‬
POK:823, IEC:1003, EIV:298
paršuya: of water IEC:1003, MON:665
IEC:1003, POK:823
Indo-European
Peu: to purify ‫ا کردن‬
Avestan
pûttika, pâvaka: pure, clean
Pahlavi
pavak, pâk: clean
Persian
pâk: clean ‫ا‬
‫ا‬
pure :‫هم‬
POK:827 HRN:62, ARN:152 ARN:152 ARN:152
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
pâlutan (pat-lutan): to
Persian
pâlân: a straw-filled saddle
‫اﻻن‬
filter, protect against dirt
POK:681 FFD:26 ‫اﻻن‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:58,358, HRN:10,62,
Pa: to protect, feed ‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ pa: to guard AEF, FFD
‫الودن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اﻻ ش‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
pâlutan (pat-lutan): to filter,
Persian
pâlûdan: to clean
‫الودن‬
protect against dirt
POK:681 FFD:26 (‫ اﻻ ش‬،‫الودن ) ال دن‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers NOTE- HUB: 36 does not agree with
Pa: to protect, feed ‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ pa: to guard the link between "âlûdan" and pâlûneh: filter, pot used for
"pâlûdan". cleaning
BQT:58,358, HRN:10,62, HUB:8,36 ‫الونه‬
NOTE- ARN:153 derives "paludan" from the Indo-European root "Peu" and cognate with Persian "pâk" AEF, FFD
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
pâlutan (pat-lutan): to
Persian
pâlûdeh: clean, also
‫الوده‬
filter, protect against dirt name of a dessert
POK:681 FFD:26
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:58,358, HRN:10,62,
‫ فالوده‬،‫الوده‬
Pa: to protect, feed ‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ pa: to guard
AEF, FFD
44
‫الونه‬
‫الودن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫الونه‬
‫الودن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫ال دن‬
Indo-European
Pôl : to touch, feel ‫ حس کردن‬،‫لمس کردن‬
Persian
pâlîdan: to touch a surface in search of something ۲‫ال دن‬
۲‫ال دن‬
‫لمس کردن‬
POK:847 POK:841, MON, ARN:154
feel :‫هم‬
‫ پرد س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ال‬

‫ا‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ای‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
pa: to guard
Av/Old Pers
paiti 1, patiy: protector
Persian
pâyîdan: to watch ‫ای دن‬
‫ای دن‬
feed :‫هم‬
‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532 POK:842, HRN:41, KLN:144,157, AHD:1532 bân: a suffix meaning protector (‫ )در ان‬۱‫ان‬
POK:787,842, SYN:103 BQT, KLN, FSF, TZF
‫ا‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ای‬

Indo-European
Er, Ar 2: to set in motion, excite ‫ بر انگ خ‬،‫ه حرکت در آوردن‬
Av/Old Pers
ar, ra: to move
Persian
patyâreh: "against progress", ugly ‫پ اره‬
‫پ اره‬
POK:327, EIV:165 HRN, BQT, FSF, FFD ‫"مخالف‬
Indo-European Avestan paity-âra: against
progress, ugly
"‫پ فت‬
POK:815-818 POK:815 POK:327, BRT, FSF:105
Indo-European
Skabh: to support ‫حما ت کردن‬
Avestan
skambem: support
Persian
pečkam: roof on columns, porch
‫ِچ م‬
POK:916, EIV:344
‫خانه تا ستا‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers upa-skambem: support, (‫ِ چ م ) ش م‬
pillar
Upo: to, from below ‫ از ای‬،‫سوی‬ upa, upâ: to, toward POK:916, BQT:410, MON:798, FRS:183
POK:916, SOD:152
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105
Indo-European
Pekw: to cook
Avestan
pax, pač, pačaiti: to cook
Pahlavi
puxtag: cooked
Persian
poxtan: to cook, bake (‫ َپز‬،‫خ ) َپ دن‬
‫خ‬
cook :‫هم‬
‫خ‬ -pâka: a suffix referring to the cook. paz: cook bâ, vâ: suffixes for cook or cooking (‫ شور ا‬،‫ ـ وا )نانوا‬،‫ـ ا‬
POK:798 POK:798, BQT:370, SYN:336, FFD:40 SNS:137, FFD:40 BQT:370, AEF:195, IEC:920
Indo-European
Indo-European
Pa-ter: protector/
Avestan
pi-tar: protector of
Persian
pedar: "protector of family", father
‫در‬
POK:787,842, SYN:103
feeder of the family family
‫ــدر‬ "‫"حافظ خانواده‬
Indo-European
POK, SYN:103-107 KLN, SYN:103-107 BQT
Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term ‫سوند گروه ا فام ل‬
PRT:863, AHD:1500
Indo-European
Rem: to rest ‫اس احت کردن‬
Avestan
râman: quiet, restful
Persian
pedrâm: "pleasant", also
‫درام‬
POK:864
could be "rebellious" "‫ آرام‬،‫"آراسته‬
Indo-European Avestan paiti-râman: well arranged, pleasant
‫درام‬
Per 3: oppose, hit ‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ paiti 2: counter, back POK:864, KLN:1335, SYN:841, AEF:351 BQT, HRN, AEF, FAF, FFD
POK:815-818
POK:815 NOTE- The name Pedrâm could mean both against calm and having calmness.
۲‫ اندر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دراندر‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Avestan
upa-diti: to (in) sight, apparent
Persian
padîd: apparent ‫دد‬
‫دد‬
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105 HRN:41,65,71,72,73 BQT
Indo-European
POK:243
45
. ‫ذیرف‬
Indo-European
Ghrebh 1: seize ‫گرف‬
Av/Old Pers
grab: to grab
Persian
gereftan: to grab, take (‫گرف )گرو‬
‫ذیرف‬
POK:455
grab :‫هم‬
Indo-European Avestan paiti-grab: accept pazîroftan: accept ‫ذیرف‬
Per 3: oppose, hit ‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ paiti 2: counter, back POK:455, SOD:237 BQT, EIV:121
POK:815-818 POK:815
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
ar, ra: to move
Persian
pazîreh: to challenge an enemy, fight ‫ذیره‬
‫ذیره‬
POK:327, EIV:165 ‫ذ ــره ش ــدش دیو را جنگجوی‬ ‫ه ن د طلب دن‬
Indo-European Avestan pati-ara: challenge,
Per 3: oppose, hit ‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ paiti 2: counter, back fight ( ‫س ه را چوروی اندرآمد ه روی )فردو‬
HRN, BQT, FSF, FFD
POK:815-818 POK:815 POK:327, BRT, FSF:105
Indo-European
Pel 1: to fill ‫پر کردن‬
Avestan
par 1, perana: full
Persian
por: full ‫ُپر‬
‫ُپر‬
POK:799, EIV:299
full :‫هم‬
Indo-European Avestan ham-par: to fill together, store anbâr: storage ( ‫ان ار )ان اش‬
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬ ham 1: with, also, too POK:799 BQT, FFD:31
POK:902,904 POK:902-904

Pel 1: to fill paru,parav: much, many ?
POK:799, EIV:299 KNT:196, POK:800
Indo-European
Parn, Porno: wing, feather ‫ ال‬،‫َپر‬
Avestan
parena: feather, wing
Pahlavi
parr: wing, feather
Persian
par: feather (‫َپر )پ دن‬
‫َپر‬
POK:850, EIV:297 POK:817,850 POK:850, EIV:297 BQT:397, EIV:297
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out and mound it up, build
Avestan
para-kan:
Persian
parâkandan: to
‫پرا ندن‬
spread around spread around
Indo-European Avestan POK:491, HRN:194 ‫پرا ندن‬
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ pairi, pari: around, forward
BQT, FFD:26
POK:810 POK:244,810
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
para-tab: shine
Persian
parto: light rays (Bqt:378) ‫پرتو‬
‫پرتو‬
forward, light ray
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589 BQT, HRN
Indo-European Avestan BQT:49,453,1252,1958
POK:810 POK:244,810
Indo-European
Avestan
kay 2, kaeš, čay, čî 1: to prepare
Persian
parčîn: fence
‫پرچ‬
POK:637,EIV ‫پرچ‬ ‫ چ دن‬:‫مق‬
Indo-European Avestan čayeiti, činvaiti: selects, sorts
POK:637, BQT,
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ pairi, pari: around, forward pairi-čayeti: set around, surround HRN:204, AEF
POK:810 POK:244,810 POK:637,638
Indo-European
Teku: to run, flow ‫ ج ان اف‬،‫دو دن‬
Avestan
Avestan
pairi-tak: to run
Persian
pardâxtan: to do, set to do ‫پرداخ‬
۱ ‫پرداخ‬
POK:1059, EIV:374 POK:1059, BQT:503
around ‫انجام دادن‬
Indo-European Avestan BQT:380, HRN:66
POK:810 POK:244,810 NOTE- Teku may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive"

Teku: to run, flow tak, taka, tač: to run tačar: road ?
POK:1059, EIV:374 POK:1059, BQT:503 tačan: haste, hurry
tahra: swift
POK:1059
46
۲ ‫پرداخ‬
Indo-European
Tek, Tač: to stretch the hand, reach, receive ‫ در افت کردن‬،‫دست دراز کردن‬
Pahlavi
par-daz-: to accomplish,
Persian
pardâxtan: to pay
۲ ‫پرداخ‬
pay
POK:1057, EIV:374
Indo-European Avestan ‫پرداخ‬
EIV:374
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ pairi, pari: around, forward EIV:374
POK:810 POK:244,810 NOTE- Teku may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive"
Indo-European
Paita: to spread, make flat ‫پهن کردن‬
Iranian
partaka: flap of cloth, curtain
Pahlavi
pardag: curtain, veil
Persian
pardeh: curtain ‫پرده‬
‫پرده‬
POK:805, IEC:918, CEL2: 3 IEC:918 PHD:64
Indo-European
Dheigh: to form out of clay, to knead clay or dough
Avestan
daeza: wall,
Avestan
pairi-daeza: with walls
Persian
pardîs: paradise ‫پرد س‬
‫پرد س‬
‫درست کردن ا خا رس ا خم‬
fortification around it (garden) ‫"محصور ه‬
‫ جال‬، ‫ ال‬،‫فردوس‬
POK:244, KNT:191, CEL3: 203 POK:244 POK:244 "‫دیوار‬
Indo-European Avestan BQT:359, 1455: MON: 680

POK:810 POK:244,810
‫ پرس دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پرستار‬

Indo-European
Sper: sparrow ‫ پرستو‬،‫گنجشک‬
Old Persian
peleštuk: sparrow
Pahlavi
paristôk: sparrow
Persian
parastû ‫پرستو‬
‫پرستو‬
sparrow :‫هم‬
POK:991, IEC:613,1056 ARN:162 ARN:162 BQT, ARN:162
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Avestan
par-šta: [stand around], worship,
Persian
parastîdan: worship
‫پرس دن‬
serve
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008 (‫پرس دن )پرستار‬
par-šti: "stand up", back pošt: back ‫شت‬
BQT, HRN
POK:810 POK:244,810 KLN:1222, POK:1008, SYN:1376, SOD:439
Old Persian
Fra-sanga: a distance of about five kilometers ‫فرسنگ‬
Pahlavi
farsang
Persian
farsang: a distance of about 5 kilometers (‫فرسنگ ) َپرسنگ‬
‫َپرسنگ‬
HRN:182 BQT:1462 farsax: Arabic pronunciation of "farsang" ‫فرسخ‬
MON:743,2517, BQT:1462
Indo-European
Perk 1 : to ask ‫پرس دن‬
Avestan
fras: to ask
Pahlavi
porsitan: to ask
Persian
porsîdan: to ask ‫پرس دن‬
‫پرس دن‬
prs-sa, pere-sa: to ask ‫ ادافراه‬:‫مق‬
POK:821 BQT:206,385 BQT, AEF:205, ETM:62
POK:821, SNS:141, AEF:205
Indo-European
Avestan
pairi-kara: go (draw)
Persian
pargâr: compass ‫پرار‬
‫پرار‬
POK:641, EIV:236
around, a compass "‫"پ امون ن ار‬
Indo-European Avestan BQT
BQT:173, HRN:28,232, HUB:39 perimeter :‫هم‬
POK:810 POK:244,810 NOTE- HUB:39 is not sure about the derivation of "pargâr"
Indo-European
Avestan
pairi-marz:
Persian
parmâsîdan: to touch, feel
۱‫َپرماس دن‬
POK:722, EIV:180, 269
to touch around
‫ پرماس‬،۱‫پرماس دن‬ ،‫لمس کردن‬
POK:722, FFD:77, ‫سودن‬
‫آنکه او ن ض خ ش شناسد‬
POK:810 POK:244,810
( ‫چه پرماسد )سنا‬ ‫ن ض د گر ک‬
BQT:262,387, EIV:180
47
. ۲‫َپرماس دن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
pairî-mâ-: to know
Persian
parmâsîdan: to know
۲‫َپرماس دن‬
POK:703, 731 ۲‫َپرماس دن‬ ‫دا س‬
EIV:256
EIV:256, BQT
POK:810 POK:244,810
‫ار‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َپ َرندوش‬

Indo-European
Wer 3, Werg 2: to cover, enclose
Av/Old Pers
Av/Old Pers
pairi-vâra: walled
Persian
parvâr: barn, barn-raised
‫پروار‬
‫ محصورکردن‬،‫پوشاندن‬
around, barn animal, fat animal ‫"بزرگ شده در‬
POK:1116, AEF:212, KNT:207
POK:1116, IEC:1599 POK:1116, AEF:268
‫پروار‬ " ‫حصار‬
Indo-European Avestan BQT, AEF
POK:810 POK:244,810
Indo-European
Avestan
vaz: fly
Persian
parvâz: flight ‫پرواز‬
‫پرواز‬
POK:1119
Indo-European Avestan pairi-vaza: fly around BQT, MON
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ pairi, pari: around, forward POK:1119
POK:810 POK:244,810
Indo-European
Pelpel: butterfly ‫پروانه‬
Pahlavi
parvânak: butterfly
Persian
parvâneh: butterfly ‫پروانه‬
‫پروانه‬
NOTE- it is a vocal imitation of sound (onomatopoeia)
ARN:164 ARN:164, BQT
ARN:164
Indo-European
Werg 2, Warz: nourished, strong ‫ قوی‬،‫تغذ ه شده‬
Avestan
varez-: strength(ening)
Pahlavi
par-war-: to
Persian
parvardan: breed, raise
‫پروردن‬
foster, nurture
POK:1169, EIV:422 EIV:422
‫پروردن‬
EIV:422
POK:810 POK:244,810
NOTE- ARN:164 derives this word from the Indo-European root "Pa: to feed, protect"
‫ ب خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پرو زن‬

Indo-European
Pel 1: to fill
Indo-European
Pelu: a quantity of, a group of
Avestan
paoiry-aêini: a cluster of stars
Persian
parvin: a cluster of stars ‫پرو ن‬
‫پرو ن‬
‫پر کردن‬ ‫تعداد ا گروه‬ "‫"گروه ستاران‬
POK:800 BQT:395, AEF:372
POK:799, EIV:299 POK:799, EIV:299
Indo-European
Leigh 2, Raič: to leave ‫ترک کردن‬
Avestan
paiti-raeč:
Pahlavi
par-hêxtan,
Persian
parhîxtan : to avoid
‫پره خ‬
POK:669, EIV:307
avoid, leave pahrêzišn: to avoid ‫پره کردن‬
Indo-European Avestan ( ‫پره خ )پره‬
POK:669, FFD:72, BQT, HRN:141,203, FVQ:46,
Per 3: oppose, hit ‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ paiti 2: counter, back SOD:11 SNS:115 POK:669, BQT, AEF:373
POK:815-818 POK:815
‫ پره خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پره‬

Indo-European
Parîkâ: sweet heart, fairy ‫ پری‬، ‫دل‬
Avestan
pairikâ: beautiful woman
Pahlavi
parî: fairy
Persian
parîk: fairy ‫پری‬
‫پری‬
POK:789 POK:789, KLN:1115 POK:789, KLN:1115 POK:789, KLN:1115, HRN:69, BQT:396,864
‫ َپر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دن‬ ‫پ‬

‫ار‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫َپ‬
‫ار‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫روز‬ ‫پ‬
‫خ‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َپز‬
48
‫پزشک‬
Indo-European
Bhâ 2: to speak, heal ‫ درمان کردن‬،‫صح ت کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
bišazka: healer, doctor
Pahlavi
bešazak: doctor
Persian
pezešk ‫پزشک‬
‫پزشک‬
POK:105
baešaza: doctor, medicine AEF:237,EIV BQT:399,EIV
NYB:48, POK:105,EIV
‫خ‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َپ دن‬

Sanskrit
Parvan: knot ‫گره‬
Avestan
paurvatâ: mountain range
Persian
paž: rough terrain, mountain ‫َپژ‬
‫َپژ‬
‫را که امراد بود‬ ‫سفر خوش است ک‬ ‫کوه‬
Parvata: knotty, rugged ‫ ناهموار‬،‫پر گره‬ SYN:26, BQT:401
( ‫ا ر س ـراسـ ـ ــرکوه و ــژ آ دش در پ ــش )خ وا‬
SYN:26
BQT:345,399,401
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
paiti-man: to think against
Persian
pažmân: regretting ‫پژمان‬
‫پژمان‬
POK:815-818 POK:815
(an earlier action), regret ‫ش مان‬
Indo-European Avestan pašîmân: regretting ‫ش مان‬
HRN:68-88, BQT:400-445
Men 1: to think ‫فکر کردن‬ manah: mind, manners BQT, HRN
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT
Indo-European
Avestan
mar.2: to die
Persian
pažmordan:to fade, wither
‫پژمردن‬
POK:735,970, AHD:1529
Indo-European Avestan paei-mar: to fade, ‫پژمردن‬
wither
POK:810 POK:244,810 EIV:265
Sanskrit
Parvan: knot ‫گره‬
Avestan
paurvatâ: mountain range
Persian
pažvâk, pežvâk: echo ‫پژوا‬
‫پژوا‬
Parvata: knotty, rugged ‫ ناهموار‬،‫پر گره‬ "‫"صدای کوه‬
BQT:345,399,401
SYN:26
Indo-European Av/Old Pers paurvatâ-vac: sound of
mountains, echo
Wekw: voice ‫صدا‬ vak, vačah, vaxš: word, voice, sound
POK:1135 POK:1135 SYN:26, BQT:401
Indo-European
Avestan
vaeda, vîdada: I know
Avestan
paitiš-vaêd: to search for
Persian
pažuhîdan: search
‫پژوه دن‬
POK:1125 POK:1125, 1126
Indo-European Avestan POK:1121, AEF:379, HRN:70 ‫پژوه دن‬
Per 3: oppose, hit ‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ paiti 2: counter, back AEF:379
POK:815-818 POK:815
Indo-European
Indo-European
Pos: after, behind
Av/Old Pers
pasča, pasca, pasâ: after, behind
Persian
pas: later, after (‫س ) س انداز‬
‫س‬
POK:53 POK:841, AHD:1506 POK:842 HRN:70, BQT:403, IEC:29
‫سا‬
َ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َ سا‬
Indo-European
Pet 1: to fly, to fall ‫ افتادن‬،‫پرواز کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
ptâta, tâta: falling
Avestan
patta: fallen, low, inferior
Persian
past: low, inferior ۱‫َ ست‬
‫َ ست‬
POK:825, EIV:299 POK:825, HRN:22 AEF:382, HUB:41 AEF:382
Indo-European
Pais: crush, grind ‫خرد کردن‬
Avestan
pišant: crushing, grinding
Persian
pest: flour, crushed roasted wheat ۲‫ِ ست‬
‫ِ ست‬
‫ب ــاورد ج ــامــی ز ــاقـوت زرد‬ ‫آرد‬
WLD2: 1, EIV:292 pîštra: flour
( ‫د )فردو‬ ‫پر از شکر و ِ ست ا آب‬
WLD2: 1, EIV:292
HUB:42, MON, EIV:292
Indo-European
Pestêno: breast ‫ستان‬
Avestan
fštâna: breast
Persian
pestân: breast ‫ستان‬
‫ستان‬
POK:990 KLN:1513, POK:990 POK:990, BQT:405
49
. ‫سته‬
Pahlavi
Bistak: pistachio ‫سته‬
Persian
pesteh: pistachio ‫سته‬
‫سته‬
PLA:210, AHD:998

Pôu: small, young ‫ جوان‬،‫کوچک‬ pu 1, pu-thra, puthra: son, child pus, pusar: boy, child pesar: son (‫)پور‬
POK:842 POK:842 ARN:169 BQT, AEF:384

Pôu: small, young puča: son ?
POK:842 TZF:13
۲‫ اندر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اندر‬

Indo-European
Sed, Had: to sit, also to place a step, to go ‫ رف‬، ‫شس‬
Avestan
sad, sand: settlement, agreement
Persian
pasandîdan: to admire,
‫سند دن‬
select
POK:884,887, KLN:1075, EIV:125
upa-sad: (good for) agreement
Indo-European Av/Old Pers ‫سند دن‬
Upo: to, from below ‫ از ای‬،‫سوی‬ upa, upâ: to, toward HRN:71, FFD:43
BQT
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105
‫ پرس دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شت‬

‫ِچ م‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ِش م‬
Indo-European
Pek: wool, to pluck wool ‫ شم کندن‬،‫شم‬
Avestan
pasu, pašman: wool
Persian
pašm: wool ‫شم‬
‫شم‬
Peku: woolly animals, cattle, property ‫ دارا‬،‫ احشام‬،‫حیوانات پر شم‬ fšu: cattle ‫ چ ان‬:‫هم‬
POK:797, SNS:123,125
POK:797 POK:797
Old Persian
Pârsa: name of an Aryan (Indo-European) tribe who
Greek
persis:
Latin
malus persica:
French
pêches: peach
Persian
pešmelbâ: ice cream made with
‫شمل ا‬
migrated to Persia (Iran) about 4000 years ago. Persia Persian apple (peach) the "Persian apple" (peach) ‫" ست س ب‬
pêches melba:
‫نام ک قب له آر ا )هند و ارو ا ( است که حدود‬ SYN:377 peach ice cream ‫شمل ا‬ " ‫ار‬
.‫ سال پ ش ه جنوب ایران مهاجرت کرد‬4000
VOP:120 VOP:120
KNT:196
Indo-European
Seiku, Haič: to flow, moisten ‫ خ س خوردن‬،‫جاری شدن‬
Avestan
fra-šaêkam:
Persian
pašanjîdan: sprinkle ‫شنج دن‬
‫شنج دن‬
spilling ْ ‫ خ ساندن‬:‫هم‬
OEW:340, POK:893, EIV:127 ‫ه خنجر همه ت ش انجـ ـ ده اند‬
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ pairi, pari: around, forward (‫بر آن خا و خو ش شنج ده اند )ل ـ ـ ـ ــی‬
POK:810 POK:244,810 AEF:391, MON:799, EIV:127
Indo-European
Indo-European
Tenu: thin
Avestan
pešô-tanu: with
Persian
Pašûtan: "with condemned body" ‫شوتن‬
‫شوتن‬
condemned body "‫" ا دن محکوم‬
POK:1064,1067 AHD, POK HRN, BQT
POK:1069, BQT:411,515
Indo-European
Plou, Blou: flea ‫ک‬
Pahlavi
pakhšag: mosquito
Persian
pašeh: mosquito ‫شه‬
‫شه‬
flea :‫هم‬
POK:102, ARN:171 ARN:171 ARN:171, BQT:411
‫ پژمان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ش مان‬

Indo-European
Puk 2, Pauk: puff, a blow of air ‫ ُ ف‬،‫فوت‬
Persian
pof: puff, blow ‫ُف‬
‫ُف‬
puff :‫هم‬
POK:849, ARN:172 ARN:172
50
‫اه‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Avestan
upa-gâh: to time, morning
Persian
pegâh: early morning ‫اه‬
‫اه‬
POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105 HRN:41,65,71,72,73 BQT
Indo-European
Pod: foot ‫ا‬
Sogdian
pd: foot
Persian
pal: heel ‫َل‬
‫َل‬
‫هم شه کفش و لش را کف ده ب نم من‬ ‫اشنه‬
POK:790, ARN:148 SOD:270,273
( ‫)معرو‬ ‫جــای کفـش و ل ــش دل کف ده ا س‬
SOD:270, FRS:173, SLW:98
Indo-European
Avestan
peretu: bridge
Pahlavi
puhl: bridge
Persian
pol: bridge ‫ُل‬
‫ُل‬
ford :‫هم‬
POK:817 POK:817, KLN:1220 SNS:137 BQT:414
‫ فلفل‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫لل‬

‫ارد‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫لنگ‬
Sanskrit
Pulâka: ball of rice (‫گوله برنج ) لو‬
Persian
polo: cooked rice ‫لو‬
‫لو‬
KLN:1185 KLN:1185, HJB:710, MON:810
Indo-European
Avestan
paiti-dâma:
Pahlavi
pa-dâm, panum: a cloth
Persian
panâm: a protective
‫پنام‬
AHD:1512, POK:235
protection for mouthpiece worn to protect mouthpiece ‫دهان بند‬
the holy fire
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:169,418, ‫پنام‬
Pa: to protect, feed pa: to guard
MON:813
‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532
POK:787,842, SYN:103
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
pa: to guard
Av/Old Pers
pa-nâh: protecting help, shelter
Persian
panâh: shelter ‫پناه‬
‫پناه‬
POK:787,842, SYN:103 HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532 HRN:72 BQT
Indo-European
Nâ: to help ‫مک کردن‬
POK:754
Indo-European
Penkwe: five ‫پنج‬
Avestan
panca: five
Persian
panj: five ‫پنج‬
‫پنج‬
POK:808 pancâsas: fifty panjâh: fifty ‫پنجاه‬
POK:808 BQT:419, MON
Indo-European
Pent: to go, pass ‫ گذر کردن‬، ‫رف‬
Av/Old Pers
pant, panta, path, pathi, pathâ: way, path, advice
Persian
pand: advice ‫پند‬
‫پند‬
path :‫هم‬
POK:808 POK:808, KNT:195 BQT:422
‫ داش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پندار‬

‫ داش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پنداش‬
Indo-European
Peg: breast ‫ستان‬
Sanskrit
pakša: breast, wing
Hindustani
pankâ: a curtain used to fan a room
Persian
pankeh: fan ‫پنکه‬
‫پنکه‬
POK:792 AHD AHD, KLN:1272 MON:824
‫ فنجان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َپن ان‬

‫ نهادن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پنهان‬
51
. ‫پن‬
Indo-European
Peî: sap, fat ‫ چر‬، ‫ش ه‬
Avestan
payah: milk
Persian
pînû: dried whey, sour milk ‫پ نو‬
‫پن‬
POK:793 paêman: mother's milk panîr: cheese ‫پن‬
POK:793 MON, BQT, SNS
Indo-European
Peud: to press, hasten ‫ عجله کردن‬،‫فشار آوردن‬
Old Iranian
paud, paud-a: to run
Pahlavi
pôy: to run
Persian
pû: running (‫ ت اپو‬،‫پو )پ ا‬
‫پو‬
POK:998, EIV:302 pûyîdan: to walk fast ‫پ دن‬
‫دو دن‬
FFD:44 FFD:44
POK:998, ISS:130, MON
‫ پ و‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پ ک‬
Indo-European
Opop: a bird sound ‫پرنده‬ ‫صدای نو‬
Persian
pupu: a bird with tall crown and long beak (‫پ و )پ ک‬
‫پ و‬
POK:325 POK:325, BQT:424
Indo-European
Pel 3: dust, flour ‫ آرد‬، ‫خا‬
Latin
pollen: dust
French
poudre: dust, powder
Persian
pûdr: powder ‫پودر‬
‫پودر‬
POK:802 AHD AHD:1024 MON:827
‫ پوس دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پوده‬

:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پور‬
‫ پوز دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پوزش‬
Indo-European
Bheug: to purify, save, free
Avestan
baog, bunja: to save
Pahlavi
bôxtan: to save, free
Persian
boxt: saved, rescued, forgiven ‫ُ خت‬
‫پوزدن‬
‫ آزاد کردن‬،‫ نگهداری کردن‬،‫ا کردن‬ baoxtar: rescuer bôzišn: pardon pûzîdan: to ask for pardon (‫پوز دن )پوزش‬
POK:152 POK:152 POK:152, SNS:106 SNS, MON

Bheug: to purify, save, free baug: to set free ?
POK:152 baga-buxša: God-freed
KNT:199
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
apa-vasta, pavasta, pastô: outer
Pahlavi
pôst: skin, bark, cover
Persian
pûst: skin, hide ‫پوست‬
‫پوست‬
cover, skin, bark
POK:1172
SNS:410, SNS:139 BQT:427, AEF:410, MON:830
Indo-European
BRT:904, AEF:410, KLN:1223, KNT:196
POK:53
Indo-European
Peua: to decay, rot
Avestan
pu 2, pav, puyeiti: to decay
Pahlavi
pûsîtan: to rot
Persian
pûsîdan: to rot ‫پوس دن‬
‫پوس دن‬
foul :‫هم‬
‫ پوس دن‬،‫فاسد شدن‬ pûtay, pûiti: rotten pûdag, pûtak: rotten pûdeh: rotten ‫پوده‬
POK:848 POK:849, SNS:137 POK:849, SNS:137 BQT:425,429, FFD:44, BLY:73
Indo-European
Pu: to blow, swell ‫ ورم کردن‬،‫فوت کردن‬
Persian
pûk: empty ‫پوک‬
‫پوک‬
POK:847 POK:847, HRN:75
Indo-European
Gwel 2: to pierce ‫سوراخ کردن‬
Greek
obolos: nail, nail-shaped Greek coins
Persian
pûl: money ‫پول‬ َ
‫پول‬
‫ فلس‬:‫مق‬
POK:470 POK:470, KLN:1068 BQT:428
‫ پو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پ ا‬
‫ پو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پ دن‬
‫ پ ه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ِه‬
52
‫پهل ُ د‬
‫ارت‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پهل ُ د‬
Indo-European
Perk 2: rib, chest ‫ س نه‬،‫دنده‬
Avestan
paresu, peresu: rib, side
Pahlavi
pahlûg: side
Persian
pahlû: side ۲‫َپهلو‬
۱‫پهلو‬
POK:820 POK:820 SNS:114 AEF:415
‫ارت‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫َپهلو‬

‫ارت‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پهلوی‬
Indo-European
Pet 2: to spread ‫خش شدن‬
Avestan
pathana, perethu: wide
Persian
pahn: wide ‫َپهن‬
‫َپهن‬
POK:824 POK:824 BQT:433
‫ا‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬

ِ
Indo-European
Pod: foot ‫ا‬
Av/Old Pers
pâd, pad, pada: foot, step
Avestan
padika: walker
Persian
pîyâdeh: on foot (‫پ اده )پ ک‬
‫پ اده‬
POK:790, ARN:148 KLN:1112
padâtaka: pedestrian BQT:434, NYB:147
POK:790
Indo-European
Gwer 3: to swallow ‫قورت دادن‬
Avestan
gar 3: to swallow, devour
Avestan
pati-gâra: a cup "for drinking"
Persian
pîâleh: cup ‫پ اله‬
‫پ اله‬
POK:474 POK:474, KNT:199 KNT:199 KNT:199
POK:815-818 POK:815 NOTE- MON lists "pîyâleh" as a cognate of Greek "piâle"
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
paiti-gama: come
Persian
payâm: message (‫پ ام )پ غام‬
‫پ ام‬
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318
forth (with a message) ‫ ام‬:‫مق‬
HRN:11, BQT
POK:463
POK:815-818 POK:815
Indo-European
Pel 2: pale, gray ‫ خا س ی‬،‫مرنگ‬
Avestan
pouruša, parya: gray, old
Persian
pîr: old, aged, spiritual leader ‫پ‬
‫پ‬
POK:804, IEC:977 POK:807 BQT:436
Indo-European
Avestan
râd: right, correct, proper
Persian
pîrâstan: to trim (add or cut)
‫پ اس‬
POK:55 pati-râd: to trim around (‫پ اس )پ ا ه‬ "‫پ امون‬ ‫"آراس‬
Indo-European Avestan order :‫هم‬
NOTE- EIV:196 derives this from BQT, AEF, FFD
Per 1: around, forward. pairi, pari: around, forward the root "Reg 1: straight"
‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ POK:244,810 WLD:74, POK:56
POK:810
Indo-European
Per 1: around, forward.
Avestan
pairi, pari:
Persian
pîrâmûn: perimeter ‫پ امون‬
‫پ امون‬
‫ پرواز‬,‫ پروار‬,‫ پرار‬,‫ پرس دن‬,‫ پرستار‬,‫ پرد س‬,۱ ‫ پرداخ‬, ‫ پرچ‬,‫ پرتو‬,‫ پرا ندن‬:"‫مثال فرم " َپر ـ‬
around, forward
‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬
POK:244,810 َ
‫ فروخ‬,‫ فرهنگ‬,‫ فرمان‬,‫ فرشته‬,‫ فرستادن‬,‫ فرزن‬,‫ فرزانه‬,‫ فردین‬,‫ فرجام‬,‫ فرامرز‬,‫ فراز‬,‫ فرا‬:"‫مثال فرم "فر ـ‬
POK:810
HRN, BQT

Per 1: around, forward. paruva: early ?
POK:810
pariy: around
para: later, beyond
parâ: along
KNT:195,196
53
. ‫پ اهن‬
Indo-European
Yôs: to gird, belt ‫ دور چ ی را پوشاندن‬، ‫مر س‬
Av/Old Pers
yâsta, yânhaeiti: belted
Persian
pîrâhan: shirt ‫پ اهن‬
‫پ اهن‬
POK:513 ‫ جامه‬:‫هم‬
Indo-European Avestan pairi-yân: shirt EIV:210
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ pairi, pari: around, forward POK:513, KLN:1770, SYN:434,
POK:810 POK:244,810 EIV:210
‫ پ اس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پ اه‬

Indo-European
Yeu 1, Yauj: to join, harness
Indo-European
Aueg : to grow, strengthen
Avestan
aogah: strength
Avestan
pairi-aojastara,
Persian
pîrûz: victorious
‫پ وز‬
‫ مهار کردن‬،‫جفت کردن‬ ‫ قوی شدن‬،‫رشد کردن‬ yaôxaôra: warlike strain pari-aužah : all "‫"توانا و مسلط‬
strong, victorious ‫پ وز‬
POK:509, EIV:217 POK:84-85 ،510, EIV:217 POK:84,509
Indo-European Avestan HUB:45, NYB:160, BRT:862, SNS:144
BRT:862
POK:810 POK:244,810
Indo-European
Yôs: to gird, belt
Av/Old Pers
yâhma: cover,
Pahlavi
yâmak:
Persian
pâ-jâmeh:
English
pajamas
French Persian
pîjâmeh:
‫پ امه‬
clothes clothes pants, pajamas pajamas
‫ دور چ ی را پوشاندن‬، ‫مر س‬ NOTE- through
ETM:63
POK:513, KLN:1770,
POK:513 SYN:434, EIV:210 HUB:49, ‫اجامه‬ Hindustani ‫پ امه‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT AHD, KLN MON:868,902
Pod: foot ‫ا‬ pâd, pad, pada: foot, step
POK:790, ARN:148 KLN:1112
Indo-European
Peig: to mark ‫عﻼمت گذاری کردن‬
Avestan
paes, paeš: to decorate, mark
Persian
pîseh: black and white markings ‫پ سه‬
‫پ سه‬
POK:794 POK:794, SYN:1284, SNS:143 pîsî: a disease identified with markings on skin ‫پ‬
BQT:440, 443, MON:904, HRN:80
Indo-European
Per 3: oppose, hit
Avestan
paiti 2: counter,
Pahlavi
paitiš, pat, pêš: in front of,
Persian
pîš: front, ahead (‫ پ شوا‬، ‫پ ش )پ شا‬
‫پش‬
back before, leader pre - :‫هم‬
BQT
POK:815 BQT:440
POK:815-818
‫ پ ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پ شا‬

Indo-European
Peig: to mark ‫عﻼمت گذاری کردن‬
Avestan
paes, paeš: to decorate, mark
Persian
pîšeh: skill, job skill, job ‫پ شه‬
‫پ شه‬
POK:794 paêsah, pištra: decorated, skilled BQT:440, 443, MON:904, HRN:80
POK:794, SYN:1284, SNS:143
‫ پ ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پ شوا‬

Indo-European
Gwer 2: to praise, welcome, sing ‫ آواز خواندن‬، ‫خوش آمد گف‬
Avestan
gar 2, gard: to call, cry, pray
Persian
payğâreh: blame ‫ ب غاره‬،‫پ غاره‬
‫پ غاره‬
POK:478 ‫دو گفت شاه ای د دک ش‬ ‫زش‬
Indo-European Avestan paiti-gar: to speak against, blame
Per 3: oppose, hit ‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ paiti 2: counter, back ( ‫ز ش )فردو‬ ‫اوار پ غاره و‬
POK:815-818 POK:815 POK:478 HRN, BQT, EIV
‫ پ ام‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پ غام‬

‫ پ اده‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پک‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
kar 2, kara 1: to work
Persian
paykâr: fight ‫پ ار‬
‫پ ار‬
POK:641, EIV:236
Indo-European Avestan paiti-kâra: work against, fight MON, FFD
Per 3: oppose, hit ‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ paiti 2: counter, back NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628, EIV:237
POK:815-818 POK:815
54
‫پ ان‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out and mound it up, build
Avestan
paiti-kan: front
Persian
paykân: arrow
‫پ ان‬
digger, arrow tip tip
Indo-European Avestan POK:491, HRN:194 ‫پ ان‬
BQT, FFD:26
POK:815-818 POK:815
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
paiti-kara: form
Persian
paykar: body, statue ‫پ کر‬
‫پ کر‬
POK:641, EIV:236
against (like) something "‫"ش ه‬
MON, FFD
Indo-European Avestan NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628,
Per 3: oppose, hit ‫ مقا ل‬،‫مخالف‬ paiti 2: counter, back EIV:237
POK:815-818 POK:815
Egyptian
Elu-ephas: elephant ‫فل‬
Aramaic
pîlâ: elephant
Persian
pîl: elephant (‫پ ل )ف ل‬
‫پل‬
NOTE- These words had appeared in the Hamitic (old Egyptian) language
MON:953 pîl-âs: "elephant's bone", ivory ‫پ ﻼس‬
KLN:507,821, AHD:423 PLA:214, BQT:446, MON:953, KLN:507
‫ پ ل‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پ ﻼس‬

Indo-European
Pilo: hair ‫مو‬
Persian
pîleh: cocoon ‫پ له‬
‫پ له‬
POK:830, IEC:940,1650 IEC:940,1650
‫ پ مودن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پ مان‬

‫ پ مودن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پ مانه‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
paiti-ma: to measure
Persian
paymûdan: measure
‫پ مودن‬
POK:815-818 POK:815
against measure :‫هم‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers (‫ پ مان‬،‫پ مودن )پ مانه‬
HRN:68-88, BQT:354,400-
Me 1: to measure ‫اندازه گرف‬ mâ 1: to measure 434, FSF:99, POK:243 BQT, HRN
POK:703, 731 POK:703,731, SYN:54,877,1010
‫ موزه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پ موز دن‬

Indo-European
Pend, Spen: twist ‫پیچ دادن‬
Persian
pîneh: patch of cloth, calluses ‫پ نه‬
‫پ نه‬
‫تکه ارچه‬
IEC:971, POK:988 IEC:971, MON:970
‫ پن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پ نو‬

‫ بند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پیوس‬
‫ بیوس دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫پیوس دن‬
‫ام دوار بودن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
pitu, pithwa: food, fat
Pahlavi
pîh: fat (noun)
Persian
pîh: fat (like on meat) (‫پ ه ) ِ ه‬
‫په‬
‫صد جگر اره شد زهر س ـی‬ fat :‫هم‬
POK:793 HRN:81,181 BQT:1450
(‫ت ــا درآمـ ــد ـهـ ــی ــه ـه ـل ـ ــی )نظا گنجوی‬
BQT, MON
‫ تب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تاب‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Av/Old Pers
tap-stana: place (time) of heat
Persian
tâbestân: summer ‫تا ستان‬
‫تا ستان‬
Tep: to be warm ‫گرم بودن‬ tap 2, tab: warm, glowing
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589
55
. ۱‫تاب دن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
tan, tapayati: to pull, stretch, spin
Persian
tâbîdan: to spin, twist (۱ ‫ )تاف‬۱‫تاب دن‬
۱‫تاب دن‬
POK:1064,1067 SNS:147, ARN:186 POK:1064, ARN:186
‫ تب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫تاب دن‬

Indo-European
Steg: to cover ‫پوشاندان‬
Persian
tâj: crown (‫ تازی‬،‫ تاج ک‬،‫تاج )تاجور‬
‫تاج‬
POK:1013 AHD:1543, KLN:1510
‫ تاج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تاجور‬

‫ تاج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تاج ک‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
tâxtan: to ride fast ‫تاخ‬
‫تاخ‬
POK:1059, EIV:374 POK:1059, BQT:503 tâzîdan: to ride fast (‫ تاز انه‬،‫تاز دن )تک دن‬
NOTE- Teku may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive" BQT, MON, IEC:1372
Indo-European
Avestan
tathra: string
Persian
târ: string (‫تار )سه تار‬
۱‫تار‬
thin :‫هم‬
POK:1064,1067 POK:1065
َ
‫ تم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫تار‬
َ
‫ تم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تار ک‬
‫ تاج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تازی‬
‫ تاخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تاز انه‬
‫ تاخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تاز دن‬
‫ ت شه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تاس‬
۱‫ تاب دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱ ‫تاف‬
‫ تب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲ ‫تاف‬
Indo-European
Tâl: to grow, twig, a stick used as a unit of length (‫ تکه چوب )برای اندازه گ ی‬،‫ ترکه‬،‫رشد کردن‬
Persian
tâlâr: a roof or room on (wooden) pillars ‫تاﻻر‬
‫تاﻻر‬
‫اطاق ا ستونهای‬
POK:1055, WLD1: 705 ISS:88
‫چو‬
Persian
Talk: a mineral, talc, talcum powder ‫ پودر تال‬،‫طلق‬
Arabic
talq: talc
M. Latin
talcum
French
talc
Persian
tâlk: talcum powder ‫تال‬
‫تال‬
MON:1133, BQT:509 MON:1133, AHD:1312 AHD:1312 VOP:135
Indo-European
Persian
tâj: crown (‫ تازی‬،‫ تاج ک‬،‫تاج )تاجور‬
Greek
tiara: a head dress
English
tiara, tire
Persian
tâyer: tire ‫تایر‬
‫تایر‬
‫ تاجور‬:‫هم‬
POK:1013 AHD:1543, KLN:1510 PRT:719 PRT:358 MON:1014
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
tab: fever (‫تب )تاب‬
‫تب‬
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589 tâbîdan: shine (‫ تفت‬،۲ ‫ )تاف‬۲‫تاب دن‬
BQT, HRN, FFD:46
Indo-European
Teup: to push, beat, hit, also throw
Avestan
tap 1: to hit, hurt, destroy
Persian
tabâh: ruined, destroyed, bad ‫ت اه‬
‫ت اه‬
‫ پرت کردن‬،‫ زدن‬،‫هل دادن‬ SNS:147 SNS:147
POK:1032 NOTE- IEC derives these words from Indo-European root "Tâbh: to rot"
‫ ط ل‬،‫ ت بور‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تبورا‬

‫ ط ل‬،‫ ت بور‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تب‬
56
‫ت دن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
tapîdan: beat ‫ت دن‬
‫ت دن‬
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589 BQT, HRN, FFD:46
َ
Indo-European
Old Persian
tačara: cover, house, castle
Persian
tajar: winter house, castle
َ َ
(‫ت َجر )ت َزر‬
‫ت َجر‬
‫فـرق است‬ ‫م ان این تـ ـج ــر و گن د فل‬ ‫خانه زمستا‬
POK:1013 KNT:186
( ‫ آن ن اشد آرامش )نزاری قهستا‬،‫که هست این ب ات‬
HRN:84, BQT:472
‫ ت شه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تخته‬

Indo-European
Old Persian
taxša: a type of bow & arrow
Persian
taxš: bow and arrow ‫تخش‬
‫تخش‬
‫همه بنده در پ ش رخش منند‬ ‫ت و مان‬
POK:1059, EIV:374 POK:1059
( ‫جگر خستۀ تیغ و تخش منند )فردو‬
NOTE- Teku may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive" BQT:476
‫ تخش دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تخشا‬

Indo-European
Tuxš: to be busy, working
Av/Old Pers
taxš: effort
Pahlavi
tuxš: to struggle with
Persian
taxšîdan: to strive, try (‫تخش دن )تخشا‬
‫تخش دن‬
‫فعال ت کردن‬ ham-taxš: to work with ‫کوش دن‬
EIV:400 MON, EIV:400, ARN:190
POK:1081, EIV:400 EIV:400
Indo-European
Têu: to swell ‫ورم کردن‬
Indo-European
Teuk: egg, seed
Avestan
taoxman: seed, egg
Persian
toxm: seed, egg ‫تخم‬
‫تخم‬
POK:1082, 1084-1085 POK:1085 POK:1085 HRN:84, MON:1052

Têu: to swell Teuk: egg, seed taumâ: family ?
POK:1082, 1084-1085 POK:1085 KNT:185
Indo-European
Teter: chatter ‫پچ پچ کردن‬
Pahlavi
titar: pheasant
Persian
tazarv: pheasant ‫تذرو‬
‫تذرو‬
POK:1079 POK:1079, KLN:1596 BQT:478, IEC:1388
Indo-European
Avestan
taro, tarya, tar: surpass
Persian
tar 1, tarîn: more, most
َ
‫ ـ ت ن‬،۱‫تر‬
۱‫ـ تر‬
POK:1075, KLN:1639 POK:1075, KLN:1639 BQT, HRN:161, MON
َ
Indo-European
Avestan
tauruna: stretched, tender, young animals
Persian
tar 2: wet
َ
۲‫ت ـ ــر‬
۲‫تـر‬
thaw :‫هم‬
POK:1064,1067 KLN:1585 HRN, BQT
Indo-European
Avestan
taro, tarya, tar: surpass
Persian
tarâbarê: "carrying through",
‫ترابری‬
transportation
POK:1075, KLN:1639 POK:1075, KLN:1639
Indo-European Av/Old Pers ‫ترابری‬
Bher 1: to carry ‫حمل کردن‬ bar: to carry
ARN:193
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Dher 2, Dhragh 2: to confuse, disturb
Greek
traxus: disturbing,
Latin
trachôma: roughness
French Persian
tarâxom: "roughness"
‫تراخم‬
‫ مزاحم شدن‬، ‫گیج کردن‬
rough of the eylid skin
‫تراخم‬ ‫"زری" پوست‬
POK:251 AHD MON:1058 ‫ل‬
57
. ‫تراز‬
Indo-European
Tel: to lift ‫لند کردن‬
Sanskrit
tulâ, tulya: balance weight
Avestan
tara-âz, tara-âzu: balance, scale
Persian
tarâz: level, balanced ‫ طراز‬،‫تراز‬
‫تراز‬
POK:1060, KLN:122 POK:1060, AHD PLA:194, BQT:480 tarâzu: scale, balance ‫ترازو‬
Ag: to drive ‫ چراندن‬،‫راندن‬ az: to drive BQT:480
POK:4 KLN:37, POK:4, PLA:194
‫ تراز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ترازو‬

‫ ت شه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تراش دن‬
Arabic
F.r.q: to split, divide ‫ تقس م کردن‬، ‫فرق گذاش‬
Italian
traffico: traffic
French
trafic
Persian
trâfîc: traffic
‫تراف ک‬
NOTE- KLN claims "traffico" is possibly from Arabic "tafrîq: ‫" خش و‬
Tafrîq: distribution ‫خش‬ distribution", influenced by Latin "traficere: to take over". KLN:1637 ‫تراف ک‬
" ‫پرا ند‬
KLN:1637
KLN:1637
Indo-European
Avestan
tauruna: stretched, tender, young animals
Persian
tarâneh: "a tender" love song ‫ترانه‬
‫ترانه‬
"‫"لط ف‬
POK:1064,1067 KLN:1585 HRN, BQT
ُ
Indo-European
Tulupos: lump, ball, mass, crowd ‫ جمع ت‬،‫ توده‬،‫توپ‬
Persian
torob, torb: radish
ُ
‫ت ُرب‬
‫ت ُرب‬
"‫"توده‬
IEC:1455 IEC:1455
Akkadian
Targumânu: interpreter ‫م جم‬
Aramaic
tûrgemânâ: interpreter
Arabic
tarjama: he translated
Persian
tarjomeh: translation ‫ترجمه‬
‫ترجمه‬
tarjom: speech, statement ُ ‫َت‬
(‫رجم )ترجمان‬
KLN:1573, AHD:396 AHD:396, KLN:1573 KLN:1573
MON:1064
Indo-European
Derk: to see ‫د دن‬
Greek
drakoon: a dragon with devil eyes
Arabic
tarxûn: an aromatic bushy plant
Persian
tarxûn: tarragon ‫ترخون‬
‫ترخون‬
POK:218 KLN:480,1574 KLN:1554, TAD:49 MON
Indo-European
Tenk: to become firm and thick
Avestan
tanj, taxma: pulled together, tight, strong
Persian
tarxêneh: a food made with wheat and milk
‫ترخینه‬
‫مح م و ضخ م شدن‬
and dried to be eaten later ‫ تنگ )خشک‬:‫هم‬
POK:1068, KLN:1617, MON5: 405, BQT:511
(‫ترخینه )تلخینه‬ (‫و سفت‬
POK:1068
ARN:193
ُ
Indo-European
Turd: hard, strong ‫ مح م‬،‫سخت‬
Persian
tord: brittle, stiff
ُ
‫ترد‬
‫ترد‬
WLD1: 747, IEC:1472 IEC:1472, MON:1066

Turd: hard, strong sparda, sfard: stiff, hard ?
WLD1: 747, IEC:1472 IEC:1472
‫ ترس دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ترسا‬

Indo-European
Tres: to tremble ‫لرز دن‬
Avestan
tras: fear
Persian
tarsîdan: to be afraid ‫ترس دن‬
‫ترس دن‬
NOTE- May be related to the root "Trep: to tremble" taršta, thrâsa: frightened tarsâ: afraid (of God), Christian ‫ترسا‬ ‫ سهمنا‬:‫هم‬
POK:1095 KLN:1592, HRN:86, NYB:172 BQT:484, FFD:81
ُ
Indo-European
Ster 3, Sterp, Terp 2: stiff, hard ‫سفت‬
Pahlavi
turuš: sour (stiff) taste
Persian
torš: sour
ُ
‫ترش‬
‫ترش‬
starve :‫هم‬
POK:1022-1025 HRN:86, ARN:195 POK:1022, BQT:485, ARN:195
58
َ
‫ترفند‬
َ
Indo-European
Terp 1:to lie, steal ‫ دروغ گف‬،‫دزد دن‬
Avestan
trap: to steal
Pahlavi
turftag: stolen
Persian
tarfand: lie, fraud ‫ تروند‬،‫ترفند‬
‫ترفند‬
POK:1077, EIV:383 POK:1077, EIV:383 EIV:383 EIV:383
۲‫ ک ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ترکش‬

‫ ترنج دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ترنج‬
َ
Indo-European
Trenk, Thranč: to compress ‫ف دن‬
Avestan
Thranc: to compress
Greek
taranjîdan: to compress, to wrinkle
َ
‫ترنج دن‬
‫ترنج دن‬
ُ ‫چروک دن‬
POK:1093, EIV:395 traxtanam: pressed together toranj: bergamot ‫ترنج‬
POK:1092, KLN:1612, EIV:395 MON, EIV:395
َ
‫ ترفند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تروند‬
Indo-European
Ster 3, Sterp, Terp 2: stiff, hard
Indo-European
Stern: stiff, stiff grass
Pahlavi
tarak
Persian
tareh: leek
َ
‫تره‬
‫تره‬
‫ اشاره ه گ اها گس ده که ش ه چمن اشند و درشت‬،‫درشت‬ thorn :‫هم‬
‫سفت‬ ARN:196 ARN:196
.‫ ع از مشتقات ارو ا این ر شه ه مع خار می اشد‬.‫تر‬
POK:1022-1025 POK:1031
ّ
Indo-European
Ret: to roll, run
Avestan
rad: to
Pahlavi
râs: path,
Persian
râh: way, manner (‫راه ) َره‬
Arabic
torrahat :
Persian
torrahât: worthless things
ُ
‫ت ّرهات‬
‫ترهات‬
run way minor paths ُ ‫سخنان بیهوده‬
‫ دو دن‬،‫قلت دن‬ râygân: "found on the road", free ‫نخوت و دعوی و ک و ت ّرهات‬
POK:866 POK:866, BQT:934 ‫را ان‬ TAD:17 (‫دور کن از دل که تا ا ــی نجــات )مولوی‬
ARN:302
râheb: one who watches his manners, MON:1074
monk
(‫راهب )راه ان‬
HUB:66, BQT:984, PLA:133, FFD:56
۱‫ ـ تر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ـت ن‬

َ ََ
‫ ت َجر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تزر‬
Indo-European
Ghuel: crooked, bent ‫ خم ده‬،‫ناصاف‬
Av/Old Pers
zûrah: lie, cheat
Pahlavi
zûr: not true
Arabic
zûr: lie
Persian
tazvîr: pretense ‫تزو ر‬
‫تزو ر‬
۳‫ زور‬:‫هم‬
POK:489 POK:489 ETM:67, VDQ:240 ETM:67
‫ ت شه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شت‬

Indo-European
Ters: dry, to dry ‫خشک کردن‬
Avestan
taršu: dry
Pahlavi
tišn: thirst
Persian
tešneh: thirsty ‫شنه‬
‫شنه‬
taršna: thirst tišnak: thirsty thirsty :‫هم‬
POK:1078 BQT:499
POK:1078, KLN:1592
ُ
Indo-European
Spyeu: to spit ‫تف کردن‬
Avestan
spâma: to spit
Pahlavi
tûfek: spit
Persian
tof: spit ‫تف‬
ُ ‫تف‬
tofang: "spitter", gun ‫تفنگ‬ spit :‫هم‬
POK:1000 ARN:198 ARN:198
POK:1000, BQT:502
‫ تب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تفت‬

ُ
‫ تف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تفنگ‬
‫ پو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ت اپو‬
ّ َ
‫ گدا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ت دی‬
‫ تاخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تک دن‬
َ
Indo-European
Tem: dark ‫تارک‬
Avestan
temah: darkness
Persian
tam: dark
َ
(‫ ت ه‬،‫ تارک‬،‫تم )تار‬
‫تم‬
POK:1063 POK:1063 BQT:456,511,544
ّ
۲‫ دین‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تمدن‬
59
. ‫تلخینه‬
‫ ترخینه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تلخینه‬
َ
Indo-European
Indo-European
Tenu: thin
Avestan
Persian
tan: "stretched" body
َ
‫تن‬
‫تن‬
‫ تهم‬:‫هم‬
POK:1064,1067 AHD, POK POK:1069, BQT:411,515 HRN, BQT
Caribbean
Tabaco: a pipe for smoking, roll of tobacco leaves ‫برگ توتون که برای دود کردن لوله م کردند‬
Persian
tanbâkû: tobacco (‫ت ا و )تم ا و‬
‫ت او‬
KLN:1623 MON:1147
Indo-European
Dumb: tail
ُ
‫دم‬
Avestan
duma: tail
Persian
donbak, tonbak: a long tailed drum ‫ ت ک‬،‫دن ک‬
‫ت ک‬
POK:227 POK:227, HRN:128 MON:1563
Pahlavi
Tabûrâk: a drum
Persian
tabûrâk: a kind of drum ( ‫تبورا )تب‬
Arabic
tanbûr: drum, also a type
Persian
tanbûr: a stringed musical instrument
‫ت بور‬
of stringed instrument
‫طل‬ ‫ـ ــس تـ ـ ـ ـ ــری د ـ ــد نـ ــزد ـ ــک درخ ــت‬ (‫ت بور )طنبور‬
MON:1025 ( ‫تند و سخت )رود‬ ‫جسـ ـ‬ ‫هرگ ـه ــی انـ ـ‬ AHD:1313
MON
MON:1025
َ
‫ تنگ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تنج دن‬
ُ
‫ توان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تند‬
ُ
Indo-European
Ten 2: to thunder ‫رعد کردن‬
Parthian
tndwr: thunder
Persian
tondar: thunder
ُ
‫تندر‬
‫تندر‬
thunder :‫هم‬
POK:1021 POK:1021 BQT:517, KLN:1613
‫ د س‬+ ‫ تن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تند س‬

َ
‫ ت دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تش‬
ُُ
Indo-European
Indo-European
Tenu: thin
Sanskrit
tanuka: thin, soft
Persian
tonok: thin, little
ُُ
‫تن‬
‫تن‬
ُ thin :‫هم‬
POK:1064,1067 AHD, POK POK:1069 tonekeh: underwear from thin soft cloth ‫تنکه‬
NOTE- See root "Kitu: cotton clothing" for another possible root of "tonekeh" HRN, BQT, MON
ُ
Akkadian
Kitu: cotton clothing
Hebrew
kuttoneth:
Aramaic
kittunâ
Latin
tunica: cotton
Persian
tonekeh: underwear
ُ
‫تنکه‬
‫تنکه‬
cotton clothing clothing, tunic
‫ل اس کتان‬ MON:1154
KLN:1664
BQT:1594 KLN:1664 KLN:1664 NOTE- tonekeh is probably from "tonok: thin, soft". See root "Ten 1".
َ
Indo-European
Tenk: to become firm and thick ‫مح م و ضخ م شدن‬
Avestan
tanj, taxma: pulled together, tight, strong
Persian
tang: tight
َ
‫تنگ‬
‫تنگ‬
tanjîdan: to squeeze ‫تنج دن‬ ‫ رستم‬:‫هم‬
POK:1068 POK:1068, KLN:1617, MON5: 405, BQT:511
NOTE- BQT:516 and HUB claim "tanjîdan" is from Sanskrit "tanj, tanc" that is, ultimately, from the same root. BQT, POK:1068
Indo-European
Tanûr: fire, oven ‫ تنور‬،‫آ ش‬
Avestan
tanûra: oven
Pahlavi
tanûr: oven
Persian
tanûr: oven ‫تنور‬
‫تنور‬
NOTE- TAD:18 derives it from the Arabic root "N.w.r: light, fire".
FVQ:94, BQT:523 NOTE- Henning (MPP: 88) gives BQT:523
FVQ: 92 claims it is a word from the pre-Indo-European and pre-
"tnwr" as a Parthian form.
Semitic tribes.
FVQ:92-94 FVQ:94
َ
Indo-European
Indo-European
Tenu: thin
Avestan
Persian
tanîdan: to stretch, pull
َ
(‫ت دن )ت ش‬
‫ت دن‬
POK:1064,1067 AHD, POK POK:1069, BQT:411,515 HRN, BQT
60
۱‫تو‬
Indo-European
Tu: you ‫شما‬
Av/Old Pers
taiy, tû, tûm, tuvam, tava, tvâm: you
Persian
to: you ۱‫تو‬
۱‫تو‬
‫شما‬
POK:1097 POK:1097, BQT:525 BQT:525
Indo-European
Teub: side ‫طرف‬
Persian
tû: fold, plait, inside ۲‫تو‬
۲‫تو‬
‫داخل‬
IEC:1371,1676 IEC:1371,1676, MON:1158
Indo-European
Avestan
tav: power
Pahlavi
tuwân: power
Persian
tavân: power ‫توان‬
‫توان‬
ُ
POK:1082, 1084-1085 tavant: fast, quick ARN:206 tond: fast ‫تند‬
POK:1082, HRN:89, NYB:196 BQT
Indo-European
Persian
tûbreh: bag ‫ت ره‬
‫ت ره‬
POK:1082, 1084-1085 IEC:1450,1458
Indo-European
Stewe: to cluster, condense ‫ ف ده‬،‫جمع کردن‬
Sanskrit
stupa: a round mass, ball
Turkish
top, tob: ball, cannon ball
Persian
tûp: ball, cannon ‫توپ‬
‫توپ‬
POK:1035 POK:1035, AHD HJB:933 HJB:933, BQT:526
Indo-European
Kwei 2, Ĉai: to pile up
Avestan
kay 2, kaeš, čay, čî 1: to
Avestan
taug, taux:
Pahlavi
tôxtan:
Persian
tozîdan: to pay (‫ کینه توز‬،‫ توز‬، ‫توز دن )توخ‬
‫توخ‬
prepare to pay to pay
‫چو وامش بتوزی درم صد هزار‬
‫پرداخ‬
‫ا چ دن‬ ‫روی هم ر خ‬
POK:637,638 HRN:90, FFD:47 HRN:90,
POK:637,EIV FFD:47 ( ‫ـ ــده تـ ــا ــدارد زمـ ـ ــا ـ ـ ــاد ار )فردو‬
HRN:90, FFD:47
Indo-European
Gwou: cow, ox, bull ‫او‬
Indo-European
Gwôu: dung
Avestan
gutha: dung
Persian
tûdeh: pile, heap ‫توده‬
‫توده‬
KLN:364, POK:483 AHD:1520, POK:483 POK:484, HRN:211 BQT, HRN:211
NOTE- ARN:207 shows "tûdeh: pile, heap" from the Indo_European root "Têu: to swell"
Indo-European
Persian
tudeh: mass, crowd ‫توده‬
‫توده‬
POK:1082, 1084-1085 ARN:207 NOTE- see "Gwou: cow, bull" for another suggested root for this word
Indo-European
Avestan
tauruna: stretched, tender,
Persian
tûrah: jackal ‫توره‬
‫توره‬
young animals
‫تنها من و ک شهر پر از خصم و تو ا من‬ ‫شغال‬
POK:1064,1067
KLN:1585 (‫شـ ـ ـ ــری و ـکــی دش ــت ـراز رو ــه و ت ــوره )قطران ت زی‬
HRN, BQT
Indo-European
Tuer, Tur: to hurry, hasten ‫عجله کردن‬
Pahlavi
ni-har-: to hurry
Persian
turîdan: to run away in fear ‫تور دن‬
‫توردن‬
‫رم دن‬
POK:1100, EIV:300 EIV:399 MON, EIV:399, ARN:196
turn :‫هم‬
‫ توخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫توز دن‬

Indo-European
Trp: to satisfy ‫کردن‬ ‫را‬
Avestan
thrafza, thrafda: satisfied
Persian
tulf: fully satisfied (obsolete) ‫تولف‬
‫تولف‬
tarep: to steal ‫را‬
POK:1077, KLN:1592 POK:1077
POK:1077, KLN:1592 .‫این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد‬

Trp: to satisfy ‫کردن‬ ‫را‬ thrafza, thrafda: satisfied tirft: theft ?
POK:1077, KLN:1592 tarep: to steal POK:1077
POK:1077, KLN:1592
61
. ‫توله‬
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull
Avestan
tauruna: stretched,
Pahlavi
tôrag, tûrak: baby animal
Persian
tûleh: "a tender" animal baby ‫توله‬
‫توله‬
tender, young animals
‫کش دن‬ ARN:207 HRN, BQT
POK:1064,1067 KLN:1585
َ
Indo-European
Teus: empty ‫خا‬
Av/Old Pers
taoš, tuš, tusen, tussya: empty
Pahlavi
tihîk, tuhîk: empty
Persian
tah: bottom
َ
‫ته‬
‫ته‬
POK:1085 POK:1085, SYN:933 BQT:539, SNS:151 tahî, tohî: empty ‫ت‬
BQT:539,537, HRN:90
Indo-European
Avestan
tav: power
Persian
Tahmâsb: "with strong horses"
‫تهماسب‬
POK:1082, 1084-1085 tum-âspa: (with) strong horses (‫تهماسب )طهماسپ‬
"‫" ا اس ان قوی‬
POK:1082, HRN:89, NYB:196 BQT
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819
Indo-European
Indo-European
Tenu: thin
Avestan
Persian
Tahamtan: "with strong body"
‫تهم‬
POK:1064,1067 AHD, POK "‫" ا تن قوی‬
taxma-tanu: with strong body ‫تهم‬
Tenk: to become firm and thick tanj, taxma: pulled together, POK:1069, BQT:411,515 HRN, BQT
tight, strong
‫مح م و ضخ م شدن‬
POK:1068, KLN:1617, MON5: 405,
POK:1068
BQT:511
Indo-European
Tenk: to become firm and thick ‫مح م و ضخ م شدن‬
Avestan
taxma-urupa:
Persian
Tahmûras:
‫تهمورث‬
POK:1068
(with) strong dogs "with strong dogs" "‫" ا سگهای قوی‬
Indo-European Indo-European Avestan
Ulk,Ulkos: wolf (with fiery eyes) ‫گرگ‬ Wlp: wolf, dog urpa, urupis: dog
POK:1068, KLN:1617, ‫تهمورث‬
MON5: 405, BQT:511
NOTE- This may be from the root "Ulk: shine, fiery" BQT, POK:1068
POK:1179 raopias: fox
POK:1144, 1179
POK:1179
َ
‫ ته‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ت‬
Indo-European
Titi: imitation of a bird song ‫تقل د صدای پرنده‬
Sanskrit
tittibha: a water bird
Persian
tîtû: a water bird (‫ت تو )ط طو‬
‫ت تو‬
POK:1086 POK:1086 BQT:1364
Indo-European
Steig, Teig: pointed, sharp
Av/Old Pers
tiğra: sharp, pointed
Pahlavi
têr: stick, pointed
Persian
tîr: "pointed" thing, sharp, arrow (‫ تیغ‬، ‫ت )ت‬
‫ت‬
‫ ت‬، ‫نوک دار‬ taêža, taêğa: sharp têx: pointed, sharp BQT, ARN
POK:1016 POK:1016 BQT, ARN:209-210
َ
‫ تم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ت ه‬
‫ ت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ت‬
Indo-European
Tex: to build from wood, to build ‫ ساخ‬، ‫از چوب ساخ‬
Avestan
taš: to cut, carve
Persian
tîšeh: ax, hatchet (‫ تاس‬،‫ طاس‬،‫ شت‬،‫ت شه )تخته‬
‫ت شه‬
taša: ax
POK:1058 tarâšîdan: to carve ‫تراش دن‬
tašta: cup
IEC:1374,1409, FFD:46, MON
traš, trâš: to cut
KLN, HRN, POK:1058
‫ ت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫تیغ‬

Chinese
Tien: store, shop ‫ ازار‬،‫فروش اه‬
Sogdian
Tien: bazaar, inn
Persian
tîm: bazaar, caravansary (‫ )ت مچه‬۱‫ت م‬
‫تم‬
‫ا‬ ‫ اروا‬،‫ازار‬
ETM:63 ETM:63, SOD:394 ETM:63, MON, BQT:547
62
‫ت مچه‬
‫ ت م‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ت مچه‬
Indo-European
Indo-European
Tauro: bull
Arabic
thwr: bull
Persian
sowr: bull ‫ثور‬
‫ثور‬
POK:1082, 1084-1085 POK:1083, AHD POK:1083, KLN:1509 BQT:550
Indo-European
Avestan
yâ: to go
Pahlavi
giyâk, givâk: location
Persian
jâ: place, location (‫جا )جای‬
‫جا‬
POK:293,501, KLN:825 POK:293-296, KLN:825 BQT:551, ISS:252 HRN:94, BQT
NOTE- ARN:211 shows this word as a cognate of "gâh: location" from the Indo_European root "Gwa: to walk"
ّ
Indo-European
Iâtom: going, movement, crowd ‫ جمع ت‬،‫ حرکت‬، ‫رف‬
Avestan
yâtem: road
Persian
jâddeh: road
ّ
‫جاده‬
‫جاده‬
IEC:441 IEC:441 IEC:441
NOTE- MON:1202 claims "jâddeh" is an Arabic word while FVF:140 and AFM:39 claim Arabic has borrowed it from Persian.
Indo-European
Yâ: to be aroused ‫برانگ خته شدن‬
Avestan
yâ-tu: magic
Pahlavi
žâtûk: magic
Persian
jâdû: magic ‫جادو‬
‫جادو‬
POK:501 yâsâ: wish yâsak: wish yâseh: wish ‫اسه‬
POK:501 BQT:553,2419 BQT, HRN:92, HUB:107
‫ ُرف‬+ ‫ جا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫جاروب‬

‫ پرد س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫جال‬
Indo-European
Avestan
aspa: horse
Avestan
jâm-âspa: owning horses
Persian
Jamasb: a name meaning "has horse(s)"
‫جاماسب‬
"‫"اسب دار‬
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819 BQT, POK:1082, KNT, HRN:206, MON5: MON
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
yâh 2: to put belt on
Pahlavi
yâmak: clothes
Persian
jâmeh: clothes ‫جامه‬
‫جامه‬
POK:513
yâhma: cover, clothes HUB:49, HRN:93 BQT
POK:513, KLN:1770, SYN:434, EIV:210
Indo-European
Sanskrit
dhi: to see, to think
Pahlavi
gyân, jân: soul
Persian
jân: life, soul ‫جان‬
‫جان‬
POK:243
dhyânah: seeing mentally BQT:558 NOTE- HRN: 93 derives this from AV "dhay: to see"
POK:243 HUB:49, BQT:558
Indo-European
Aiw: vitality, eternity ‫ ا د ت‬،‫ح ات‬
Avestan
âyu, ay: life, age
Pahlavi
yavê-tân: ever lasting
Persian
jâvîd: eternal ‫جاو د‬
‫جاو د‬
yave: forever eternal :‫هم‬
POK:17 BQT:564, HRN:93
POK:17
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Av/Old Pers
gât, gâthu, gâv, gâtuš:
Persian
gâh 2: place,
Arabic
jah: rank
Persian
jâh: position, rank
‫جاه‬
place, seat, throne position, rank
‫قدم زدن‬ POK:463, KLN:318 FVF:144 ‫جاه‬
۲‫اه‬
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KNT:183
MON
BQT:1771,1773
Aramaic
J.b.r: to reunite, join together, force ‫ ن و‬،‫ وصل کردن‬،‫بهم آوردن‬
Arabic
J.b.r: to reunite, force
Persian
jabr: force, algebra
‫ج‬
‫ ج وت‬:‫هم‬
Jabra: powerful, man ‫ مرد‬،‫ن ومند‬ Al-Jabr-w'al-Moqâbalah: "Reunion and ‫َج‬
Comparison", the first book on Algebra by Al-Khârazmî
KLN:633 KLN:633, FVA:67 FVA:67
Indo-European
Yau 2, Yeu 4: to separate ‫جدا کردن‬
Avestan
yu: to separate
Pahlavi
jud: separated
Persian
joda: separate ‫جدا‬
‫جدا‬
EIV:215, POK:510 EIV:215 EIV:216 EIV:216
63
. ‫ـ جرد‬
Indo-European
Old Persian
krta: creation, city
Persian
-vard, -gerd, - jerd: town
‫ـ جرد‬
(‫ سوسنگرد‬،‫ بروجرد‬،‫سوند مع شهر )ابیورد‬ ‫شهرک‬
POK:641, EIV:236 HRN:201
NOTE- see "Gher 1: enclose" for an alternative root BQT
Indo-European
Gher: to grasp, enclose
Indo-European
Ghordho: an enclosed land, yard,
Avestan
gereda, geredho:
Persian
-vard, -gerd, - jerd: town
‫ـ جرد‬
‫ محصورکردن‬، ‫گرف‬
garden house, village
(‫ سوسنگرد‬،‫ بروجرد‬،‫سوند مع شهر )ابیورد‬ ‫شهرک‬
‫ اغ‬،‫ ح اط‬،‫زم محصور‬
POK:442, 444 ARN:427 BQT
POK:442, 444
NOTE- see "Kwer 1: to make" for an alternative root
Indo-European
Yes, Ies: to boil ‫جوشاندن‬
Avestan
yah 1: to boil
Persian
jastan: to jump up ‫َجس‬
‫َجس‬
POK:506, EIV:209 yaešyaiti: boils jahîdan: to jump up ‫جه دن‬
jûšîdan: to boil ‫جوش دن‬
POK:506, KLN:1761, EIV:209
BQT, EIV:209
NOTE- see "Yeu3" for another possible root of "jûšîdan: to boil"
Indo-European
Yeu 3: to mix, blend
Indo-European
yeu-dh: shaken, active,
Avestan
yaod, yaošti: active,
Pahlavi
jôyšn : search
Persian
jostan: search
‫ُجس‬
(‫ُجس )ج دن‬
fight searching
‫مخلوط کردن‬ BQT:571
POK:506 KLN:833, POK:512 KLN:833, POK:512, IEC:446 BQT:571, FFD:47
Indo-European
Avestan
yesnya: worship
Persian
jašn: celebration ‫جشن‬
‫جشن‬
POK:501 POK:501, HRN:95,252, KLN:1759 BQT, ETM
‫ ی غ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫جفت‬

Indo-European
Yekwer: liver ‫جگر‬
Avestan
yâkara: liver
Pahlavi
jakar, jagar: liver
Persian
jegar: liver ‫جگر‬
‫جگر‬
POK:504 POK:504 SNS:317 BQT:579, POK:504
Indo-European
Yem: hold together (pair) ‫اهم ن اه داش‬
Avestan
yemô, yemâ, yîma: twin (king)
Pahlavi
yam: king
Persian
jam: king ‫جم‬
‫جم‬
POK:505 KLN:1763, BRT:1301, IRN:5 BQT:587 BQT:587, MON5: 433, TZF:28 "‫"دوقلو‬
NOTE- King Jamshîd's twin sister was also nicknamed "Yimâ: twin".
Indo-European
Avestan
yemô, yemâ, yîma: twin (king)
Pahlavi
yam-šît: brilliant
Persian
Jamšîd: "brilliant king"
‫جمش د‬
king
Indo-European
POK:505 yima-xšaetem: brilliant king ‫جمش د‬
BQT:587
Ksei 2: bright ‫روشن‬ KLN:1763, BRT:1301, IRN:5 BQT:587, MON5: 433, TZF:28
WLD1: 501, BRT:541 NOTE- King Jamshîd's twin sister was also nicknamed "Yimâ: twin".
Indo-European
Sanskrit
yâna: path
Persian
jan: side, path ‫َجن‬
‫َجن‬
‫پرندوش از این َجن سواری گذشت‬ ‫راه‬
POK:293,501, KLN:825 KLN:825
transit :‫هم‬
( ‫بوم و دشت )فردو‬ ‫که لرزد از او‬
BQT:589
Indo-European
Wi: part, apart
Av/Old Pers
wi, vî,vi: apart, against
Old Persian
nath: perish
Pahlavi
vinâs, vinâh,
Arabic
jonah: sin
Persian
jonâh: sin
‫ُجناح‬
‫جدا‬ vi-nath: injure, harm gunâh: ‫ گناه‬:‫مق‬
POK:1175, KNT:204
destruction, sin VDQ:38 ‫جناح‬
POK:1175,1176 Indo-European
VDQ:38,
Nek: to destroy ‫خراب کردن‬ KNT:192,193 BQT:1836, SNS:282
MON:1243,1245
POK:762
64
‫جنازه‬
Parthian
Gzn: treasure ‫گنج‬
Pahlavi
ganj: treasure
Arabic
j.n.z: covers, hides
Persian
jenâzeh: casket, dead body
‫جنازه‬
NOTE- FVQ claims it is possibly borrowed from a Median root jenazeh: casket ‫جنازه‬ ‫تابوت‬
SOD:182
BQT:1841, FVQ:122 KLN:648, FVA:82 FVA:82
Indo-European
Yamb: to move, wander
Pahlavi
junbîtan: to move
Persian
jonbîdan: to move ‫جن دن‬
‫جن دن‬
‫ جن دن‬،‫حرکت کردن‬ NOTE- IEC:475 links this word to the root "ğhumbo: to move"
MON:1244, EIV:212
EIV:212 MON:1244, IEC:425
Indo-European
Ghengh: to proceed, step ‫پ ش رف‬
Persian
jang: fight, war ‫جنگ‬
‫جنگ‬
Ksengio: pace ‫عت‬ xeng: horse ‫ِخنگ‬
POK:438, IEC:414,571 IEC:414
Sanskrit
Jangalah: wasteland covered with wild growths ‫ایر پوش ده شده از گ اهان وح‬ ‫زم‬
Hindustani
jangal: forest
Persian
jangal: forest ‫جن ل‬
‫جن ل‬
AHD:710 KLN:836 BQT:592
Indo-Scythian
Yau 1: move, movement ‫حرکت کردن‬
Old Persian
yauviya: channel (to move water)
Pahlavi
yôî, jôî: stream
Persian
jû: stream ‫ جوب‬،‫ جوی‬،‫جو‬
۱‫جو‬
"‫"رود‬
ISS:91 ISS:91, KNT:204 BQT:602 ISS:91, BQT:602
Indo-Scythian Avestan Persian

Yau 1: move, movement yaona: movement ?
ISS:91 ISS:91
Indo-European
Ieuo: grain ‫غﻼت‬
Avestan
yava: grain
Pahlavi
jav: grain, barley
Persian
jow: barley ‫جو‬
۲‫جو‬
‫غله‬ ‫نو‬
POK:512 SYN:513, POK:512, KLN:1766 BQT:594 BQT:594
Indo-European
Avestan
azaehê: compressed, in need
Pahlavi
jav-az: a
Persian
jovâzeh: a small wood or stone
‫ُجوازه‬
Az: to drive, lead (‫راندن )ف دن‬
small mortar mortar ‫هاون کوچک‬
POK:42, EIV:171 yava-az: grain crusher or MON:4877, (‫ُجوازه )گوازه‬
juicer, a small mortar BQT:594, EIV:172
Ieuo: grain ‫غﻼت‬ yava: grain
POK:42, EIV:172
POK:512 SYN:513, POK:512, KLN:1766
Indo-European
Yeu 2: young ‫جوان‬
Avestan
yuvan, yvan: young
Persian
javân: young ‫جوان‬
‫جوان‬
young :‫هم‬
POK:510 POK:510, KLN:1764, HRN BQT NOTE- Compare with root "Aiw: vitality"
۱‫ جو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫جوب‬

‫ ژوژه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫جوجه‬
Indo-European
Yes, Ies: to boil ‫جوشاندن‬
Avestan
yah 1: to boil
Persian
jûšîdan: to boil ‫جوش دن‬
‫جوش دن‬
yeast :‫هم‬
POK:506, EIV:209 POK:506, KLN:1761, EIV:209 BQT, EIV:209
‫ گوهر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫جوهر‬

۱‫ جو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫جوی‬
۳‫ ار‬+ ۱‫ جو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ج ار‬
Indo-European
Geu 3, Gieu, Jiau: to chew ‫ج دن‬
Old Persian
jutan: to chew
Persian
javîdan: to chew ‫ج دن‬
‫ج دن‬
chew :‫هم‬
POK:400, EIV:226 POK:400 KLN:275, EIV:226, ARN:216
65
. ‫ج دن‬
‫ ُجس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ج دن‬
‫ گی‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫جهان‬
‫ َجس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫جه دن‬
‫ ز س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫جیوه‬
Indo-European
Trep: to tremble, be restless ‫ ب قرار بودن‬،‫لرز دن‬
Old Iranian
thrapu: restless, quick
Old Persian
čapu-ka:
Pahlavi
čâpûk: swift
Persian
čâbok: swift
‫چا ک‬
restless, quick
sapûk: light, swift ( ُ ‫چا ک )س‬ trepid :‫هم‬
POK:1094 BQT:1083
NOTE- May be related to the root "Tres: to tremble" BQT:1083 BQT:607, 1083 BQT:607, 1083
Indo-European
Ĉap 1: to seize, strike ‫ گرف‬،‫چنگ زدن‬
Persian
čâpîdan: to plunder ‫چاپ دن‬
‫چاپ دن‬
EIV:33 EIV:33
Indo-European
Sked,Sâd: to cover ‫پوشاندن‬
Pahlavi
čâdur: sheet, veil
Persian
čâdor: veil ‫چادر‬
‫چادر‬
čatr: umbrella ‫چ‬
POK:919, EIV:341 a-sâyag: shelter
‫آسا ش ؟‬
EIV:341
BQT, EIV:341

Sked,Sâd: to cover sâdayantî: an article of clothing ?
POK:919, EIV:341 POK:919
Indo-European
Avestan
čâra: to mediate
Persian
čâreh: choice, solution ‫چاره‬
‫چاره‬
‫ وچر‬:‫مق‬
POK:641, EIV:236 POK:641, BQT:1813 BQT, HRN
‫ چش دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چاشت‬

‫ چش دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چاش‬
Indo-European
Keku: club ‫ چکش‬،‫گرز‬
Avestan
kakuš, čakuš: ax
Pahlavi
cakôč: ax
Persian
čakkoš: hammer ‫چکش‬
‫چاقو‬
WLD1: 381, POK:543, IEC:1390 POK:543 BQT:613 čâqû: knife ‫چاقو‬
POK:543, SYN:597, BRT:575, MON:1268, IEC:1390
NOTE- IEC links "čakkoš" to "čowgân". See root "Ĉop: wood"

Keku: club queke: club, staff ?
WLD1: 381, POK:543, IEC:1390 POK:543
Indo-European
Ĉak, Ĉag: to strike, hit ‫ در دن‬،‫ه زدن‬
Persian
čâk: rupture, crack ‫چا‬
‫چا‬
EIV:31 EIV:31
‫ چل دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چال‬

‫ چل دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چاﻻ‬
‫ چل دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چالش‬
Indo-European
Genu 2: chin, jaw bone ‫ استخوان فک‬،‫چانه‬
Avestan
zânu, zanva: chin
Persian
zanax: chin (‫زنخ )زنخدان‬
‫چانه‬
chin :‫هم‬
POK:381 POK:381, SYN:221 čâneh: chin ‫چانه‬
SYN:221, BQT:1036, HRN:148, ARN:218
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out and
Pahlavi
kantan, xandan: to dig
Persian
xânî: spring, water pond ‫خا‬
‫چاه‬
mound it up, build
xânîg: spring, water pond
‫کندن‬ čâh: water well ‫چاه‬
čât: well čâh: well
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49 BQT, SYN:46, MON:1395
HRN:194, BQT:1707, SNS:8,155
66
‫چای‬
Chinese
Ĉ'a: tea ‫چای‬
Persian
čây: tea ‫چای‬
‫چای‬
KLN:1578 MON:1270
Indo-European
Ki, Ĉih: to freeze ‫یخ زدن‬
Persian
čâîdan: to become cold ‫چای دن‬
‫چای دن‬
EIV:39 EIV:39
‫ َچ ـه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چپ‬

Old Persian
Ĉop: stick, wood ‫چوب‬
Persian
čûb: wood, stick ‫چوب‬
Turkish
čubûq: smoking pipe with wooden stem
Persian
čopoq: smoking pipe
‫چپق‬
NOTE- Derivation of the Turkish word is not clear. ‫چپق‬
HRN:99 HRN:99
ARK:211
Indo-European
Kam 2, Kamp: to bend, also a cavity, vault ‫ حفره‬،‫خم کردن‬
Old Persian
kanpa: to bend
Persian
čapeh: turned over (‫َچ ـ ــه )چپ‬
‫َچ ـه‬
POK:524,525, EIV:229 POK:524,525 čafteh: bent ( ‫چفته )چم‬
NOTE- Compare "Kam 2" with "Gêu 1: to bend" POK:525, BQT, HRN:99, FFD:48
‫ چادر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چ‬

Indo-European Armenian Persian َ ‫َچ‬
‫تور‬
Kwetwer : four ‫چهار‬ čatvar: one čatvar: one quarter of a kilogram َ ‫َچ‬
‫تور‬
fourth NOTE- MON: 1273 claims this word has entered Persian through Russian. "‫" ک چهارم‬
POK:642
SNS:148 SNS:148
Indo-European
Old Persian
râd, râdiy: cause, reason
Persian
râ: reason, cause ‫را‬
‫ِچرا‬
POK:55 WLD:74, POK:56, KNT:205 čerâ (če-râ): for what reason? ‫چرا ؟‬
NOTE- see "Kwo: stem of interrogative pronouns"
NYB:164, BQT:926, AEF:250
‫ چ دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َچرا‬

Pahlavi
Cîrâğ: lamp ‫چراغ‬
Persian
čerâğ: lamp, light, illumination, guiding light ‫چراغ‬
‫چراغ‬
PLA:157 BQT:626
Indo-European
Selp: fat, oil ‫ روغن‬، ‫چر‬
Pahlavi
čarb, čarbišn: fat
Persian
čarb: greasy ‫چرب‬
‫چرب‬
salve :‫هم‬
POK:901, ARN:219 ARN:219 ARN:219
Indo-European
Kwel: to move around,turn ‫ چرخ دن‬، ‫حرکت کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
čaxra, čakra, caxra: wheel
Persian
čarx: wheel ‫چخ‬
‫چخ‬
wheel :‫هم‬
POK:640 POK:640, BQT:629, SYN:725,905
Indo-European
Ker 4, Kers: black, dirty ‫ کث ف‬،‫س اه‬
Pahlavi
karic: dirt
Persian
čardeh: a suffix indicating (dark) color (‫ َچرزه‬،‫ َچرد‬،‫َچرده ) َچرته‬
‫چرده‬
OEW:182, POK:573 POK:573 POK:573, BQT, MON
Indo-European
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, separate, tear
Avestan
kereta: knife, a cut trench
Persian
čarm: hide (cut from animals)
‫چرم‬
‫ اره کردن‬،‫ب دن‬ kareman, čareman: hide cut off animals ‫چرم‬ shear :‫هم‬
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 POK:941, KLN:1432, HRN:188, SYN:321 BQT, HRN, MON, SYN
67
. ‫چرمه‬
Indo-European
Kel 4: light and dark spots, gray color tones ‫ل ه های سا ه روشن‬
Persian
čarmeh: horse, white horse ‫چرمه‬
‫چرمه‬
POK:547 POK:547
Indo-European
Avestan
car, čâr: to move around,
Pahlavi
čâr: an open field, also to graze
Persian
čarîdan: to graze (‫چ دن )چرا‬
‫چ دن‬
‫ چرخ دن‬، ‫حرکت کردن‬
also an open field ‫ چرخ دن‬:‫هم‬
MON, BQT, FFD:73
POK:640 BQT:635, FFD:73
Indo-European
Kap, Ĉap 2: grasp ‫چنگ زدن‬
Old Persian
čifsati: attach
Persian
časbîdan: to attach (‫چس دن )چفس دن‬
‫چس دن‬
POK:527,EIV BQT:636 POK:527, HRN:98, IEC:473,EIV
Indo-European
Skeud, Ĉaud: to throw, shoot ‫ ت اندازی کردن‬،‫پرت کردن‬
Sanskrit
čodatî: to hurry, propel
Persian
čost: quick, fast ‫ُچست‬
‫ُچست‬
shoot :‫هم‬
POK:955,EIV POK:955, HRN:99 POK:955, BQT:636,EIV
Indo-European
Avestan
kas, čas, čaš: to behold, see, taste
Persian
čašm: eye ‫چشم‬
‫چشم‬
POK:638, EIV:245 čašman: eyes BQT, HRN
POK:638, KLN:42, SYN:1436
Indo-European
Kwek, Kas 1: to appear, see, show
Avestan
kas, čas, čaš: to behold, see,
Pahlavi
čâšišn: taste
Persian
čašîdan: to taste ( ‫چش دن )چاش‬
‫چش دن‬
taste
‫ نما ش‬،‫ د دن‬،‫ظاهر شدن‬ čašîtan: to taste čâšt: morning meal ‫چاشت‬
POK:638, KLN:42, SYN:1436
POK:638, EIV:245 ISS:98,EIV ISS:98,EIV
‫ َچ ـه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چفته‬

‫ چس دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چفس دن‬
‫ شاه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َچک‬
Indo-European
Keku: club ‫ چکش‬،‫گرز‬
Pahlavi
čakât: peak
Persian
čakâd: peak, summit ‫چ اد‬
‫چ اد‬
‫ب ــامــد دوان د ــده ان از چ ـ اد‬ ‫م ان لند‬
WLD1: 381, POK:543, IEC:1390 MON:1300
( ‫چو اد )فردو‬ ‫که آمد از ایران س ا‬
FRS:80, MON:1300
‫ چاقو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چکش‬

‫ گون‬+ ‫ چه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چگونه‬
‫ ک اسو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چل اسه‬
‫ شا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چلتوک‬
Aramaic
Salîbâ: cross ‫ صل ب‬،‫خاج‬
Persian
čalîpâ: cross ‫چلی ا‬
‫چلی ا‬
BQT:656, MON:1310 MON:1310, BQT:656
Indo-European
Sanskrit
cal: to move
Persian
čalîdan: to walk proudly (‫چل دن )چال‬
‫چل دن‬
čâlâk: quick, fast ‫چاﻻ‬ ‫ چ خ‬:‫هم‬
POK:640 POK:639
čâleš: struggle, quarrel ‫چالش‬

BQT
‫ َچم دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َچمان‬

‫ َچم دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چماندن‬
‫ َچ ـه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چم‬
68
‫چمدان‬
‫ دان‬+ ‫ جامه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چمدان‬
Indo-European
Old Persian
kanpa: to bend
Persian
čamîdan 1: to flaunt
۱‫چم دن‬
čam: to bend, move fluently (‫ َچمان‬،‫َچم دن )چماندن‬ ‫خرام دن‬
POK:524,525, EIV:229
NOTE- Compare "Kam 2" with "Gêu 1: to bend" POK:524,525 POK:525, BQT, HRN:99, FFD:48
Indo-European
Kwen 2: sip, swallow ‫ قورت دادن‬، ‫جرعه‬
Old Iranian
čam: to sip, drink
Persian
čamîdan 2: to sip, drink ۲‫َچم دن‬
۲‫چم دن‬
POK:640 AHM:184 POK:640, AHM:184 ‫نوش دن‬
.‫این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد‬
‫ چه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چند‬

Indo-European
Skeht, Ĉat: tremble, shake ‫لرز دن‬
Pahlavi
čand: tremble, shake
Persian
čendeš: trembling ‫چندش‬
‫چندش‬
Indo-European
Keg, Keng: hook ‫قﻼب‬
Avestan
cang: hook
Persian
čang: hook, paw, harp (‫چنگ )چن ال‬
‫چنگ‬
hook :‫هم‬
POK:537, IEC:458 POK:537 POK:537, BQT:665, ARN:227
‫ کندر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُچندل‬

‫ کندر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُچندن‬
Old Persian
Persian
čûb: wood, stick ‫چوب‬
‫چوب‬
‫ چو ان‬:‫مق‬
HRN:99 HRN:99
Indo-European
Pek: wool, to pluck wool ‫ شم کندن‬،‫شم‬
Avestan
fšu: cattle
Pahlavi
šupân, šubân:
Persian
čûpân, šabân:
‫چ ان‬
Peku: woolly animals, cattle, property ‫ دارا‬،‫ احشام‬،‫حیوانات پر شم‬
shepherd shepherd ‫ شم‬:‫هم‬
fšu-pait: protector
POK:797 of cattle ARN:375 ‫ ش ان‬،‫چ ان‬
POK:797
Pa: to protect, feed ‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ pa: to guard POK:797,
Old Persian
Old Persian
Ĉop-gân: a long stick ‫چوب لند‬
Persian
čowgân: club, polo ‫چو ان‬
‫چو ان‬
‫ چوب‬:‫مق‬
HRN:99 HRN:99 HRN:99
‫ گون‬+ ‫ چه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چون‬

Indo-European
Kwo: stem of interrogative and relative pronouns
Avestan
č-, čû, čî 2: how?
Persian
‫ چند‬، ‫ چ‬،‫ چون‬، ،‫چه‬
‫چه‬
čiš, čiš-ca: who? ۲‫ کـی‬:‫مق‬
‫ر شه ضمایر سئوا و س‬ BQT:672
čeč: whether what :‫هم‬
POK:644,646, AHD
cit: even, in any case
čaiti, chvant: how many?
ča-hyâ: who, which?
POK:644,648, BQT:1748, HRN:196
Indo-European
Kwetwer : four ‫چهار‬
Avestan
čatwârao: four
Persian
čahâr: four (‫چهار )چهارک‬
‫چهار‬
four :‫هم‬
POK:642 POK:642 POK:642
‫ چهار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چهارک‬

‫ ـ ُ م‬+ ‫ چهار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چهارم‬
69
. ‫چهره‬
Indo-European
Skai: shining, bright ‫ روشن‬،‫درخشان‬
Avestan
čitra: clarity, face, also race and origin
Persian
čehreh: face ‫چهره‬
‫چهره‬
POK:917 POK:700,916, BQT:2047,674, KNT:184 BQT, MON
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
saiti, sat: a suffix meaning multiples of ten
Persian
čehel: forty ‫چهل‬
‫چهل‬
POK:191 vi-saiti: (two) separate tens
Kwetwer : four ‫چهار‬ čatwârao: four
POK:642 POK:642
POK:191
‫ چه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
Indo-European
Avestan
kay 2, kaeš, čay, čî 1: to prepare
Persian
čîdan: to arrange ‫چ دن‬
‫چ دن‬
POK:637,EIV čayeiti, činvaiti: selects, sorts POK:637, BQT, HRN:204, AEF
POK:637,638

Kwei 2, Ĉai: to pile up spâ 2: throw away pari-sp: wall (built around) ?
POK:637,EIV KNT:209 KNT:209

Kwei 2, Ĉai: to pile up fra-kaêš, vi-kaêš: to prepare, arrange ?
POK:637,EIV POK:637

Kwei 2, Ĉai: to pile up sâ 1: to build, pile up ?
POK:637,EIV fra-sâ: build, erect
KNT:209
Av/Old Pers
Ĉirya: brave, quick ‫ــع‬ ،‫شجاع‬
Pahlavi
cêr, čêrîh: strong, brave, quick, dominating
Persian
čîr: dominating, victorious (‫چ )چ ه‬
‫چ ه‬
BRT:598, BQT:676, SYN:1150 BQT:676 BRT:598, BQT:676
‫ چه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چ‬

Indo-European
Skhai: to cut, strike ‫ه زدن‬ ،‫ب دن‬
Old Persian
kai, či: to cut
Pahlavi
čêlân: metal objects
Persian
čîlân: small objects made of iron ‫چ ﻼن‬
‫چ ﻼن‬
čêlânkar: metal worker čîlângar: metal worker ‫چ لنگر‬ ‫ آه‬،‫آهن‬
POK:917 ISS:84
ISS:84 MON:1327
‫ چ ﻼن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫چ لنگر‬

Indo-European
Sâwel: sun ‫خورش د‬
Avestan
hvare, xvar 1: sun, light
Persian
hûr 2: sun, star ‫هور‬
Arabic
herba'
Persian
herbâ: chameleon ‫ِح ا‬
‫ِح ا‬
POK:881 POK:881 hûr-bân: "sun guard", chameleon. ‫آفتاب ست‬
FVF:189, AFM:50 MON:1347
Indo-European Av/Old Pers sun :‫هم‬
‫هور ان‬
Pa: to protect, feed pa: to guard
FVF:189, AFM:50, BQT
‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ HRN:41,72, KLN:114, AHD:1532
POK:787,842, SYN:103
Indo-European
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hava-rd:
Pahlavi
hu-rust: well
Arabic
hûr:
Persian
hûr: heavenly
‫حور‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
well grown built, beautiful heavenly women "‫"خوش اندام‬
woman
Indo-European Avestan VDQ:39 ‫حور‬
VDQ:39
Leudh, Raud 2: to grow ‫رشد کردن‬ raod 1, raodha: growth MON:1378
POK:684, KLN:885, SYN:874, VDQ:39 KLN:885, SYN:874
70
‫خار‬
Indo-European
Kar 1: hard ‫سخت‬
Pahlavi
xâr: hard, rough
Persian
xâr 2: thorn ‫خار‬
‫خار‬
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 BQT:697, WLD:355, SYN:173 xârâ: a hard stone ‫خارا‬
BQT, HRN
NOTE- ARN:232 suggests the Indo-European root "Ǧhers: spiky animal" for the origin of Persian "xârpošt: porcupine" and "xâr: thorn".
‫ خار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خارا‬

Indo-European
Swer: to press, cut, hurt ‫ ب دن‬،‫ف دن‬
Indo-European
Huar: to itch, scratch ‫خاراندن‬
Avestan
Xvara: wound, sore
Persian
xârândan: to scratch
‫خاراندن‬
sore :‫هم‬
POK:1050, IEC:1348 EIV:150 EIV:150 (‫خاراندن )خار دن‬
NOTE- see Kar for an alternative root. EIV:150
‫ خار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خار شت‬

Indo-European
Indo-European
Qusêro: scrape, scratch
Persian
xârîdan: to scratch, itch ‫خار دن‬
‫خاردن‬
NOTE- see Swer for an alternative root
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 IEC:1056
IEC:1056
Indo-European
Suîğ: jump, dance ‫ رقص‬،‫پرش‬
Av/Old Pers
haiz: to rise
Pahlavi
xâstan, xêzistan: to rise
Persian
xâstan: to rise ( ‫ رستاخ‬،‫خاس )خ دن‬
‫خاس‬
IEC:1354 xvîsat: he rises NYB:39, FVS:199 BQT:700,745,948, HRN:103, IEC:1354
HRN:103, ETM:66

Suîğ: jump, dance haxš: to rise ?
IEC:1354 HRN:102
Pahlavi
Xâk: dust, soil, earth ‫ زم‬، ‫خا‬
Persian
xâk: dust, soil ‫خا‬
‫خا‬
BQT:701 MON:1390
Indo-European
Avestan
Pahlavi
xâk-astar: spread dust
Persian
xâkestar: ashes ‫خا س‬
‫خا س‬
(fire ashes)
POK:1029, EIV:263 KLN:1522, FFD:73 BQT, SNS, FFD
Pahlavi BQT:278,1816, HRN:205
Xâk: dust, soil, earth ‫ زم‬، ‫خا‬
BQT:701
Indo-European
Om: raw, bitter ‫ تلخ‬،‫خام‬
Old Persian
âmâd
Pahlavi
xâm: raw
Persian
xâm: raw, not cooked ‫خام‬
‫خام‬
Indo-European
Indo-European
Mers, Marš: to forget ‫فراموش کردن‬
Persian
xâmuš: quiet ‫خاموش‬
‫خاموش‬
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 POK:737, EIV:268 BQT:706,1448
NOTE- Sanskrit "â-marš: quiet" is from this root too.
Arabic
Umm: mother ‫مادر‬
Turkish
xân-umm: mother of Khan
Persian
xânom: "khan's mother" ‫خانم‬
‫خانم‬
"‫" مادر ا ام خان‬
KLN:160 KLN:160 BQT:339
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to dig dirt out and
Pahlavi
Persian
xâneh: house
َ
(‫خانه )خن‬
‫خانه‬
mound it up, build
‫کندن‬ kandak: a dug-in house HRN:194, BQT, ZMA:51, MON
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49 HRN:194, BQT:1707, SNS:8,155
‫ چاه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خا‬

71
. ‫خاور‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
hvare-varân: where sun is carried, west.
Persian
xâvar[ân]: east ‫خاور‬
‫خاور‬
POK:881 POK:881 NOTE- it could be a misinterpretation as this BQT, MON
Indo-European Av/Old Pers word is used to mean east.
POK:881, KLN:1469, HRN:111
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Aw: bird ‫پرنده‬
Indo-European
Ow: a bird egg
Av/Old Pers
âvaya, xâya: egg
Pahlavi
hâyîk, xâyak: egg, testicle
Persian
xâvîyâr: caviar
‫خاو ار‬
POK:86 POK:86,783 POK:783, SYN:256
"‫"خا ه ار‬ ‫ما‬
xâyak-bar, xâyak-bâr: egg ‫خاو ار‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers carrier (fish)
Bher 1: to carry ‫حمل کردن‬ bar: to carry HRN:103, SYN:256,
HRN:103, PLA:104, BQT:711 PLA:104
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Indo-European
Ow: a bird egg
Av/Old Pers
âvaya, xâya: egg
Pahlavi
hâyîk, xâyak: egg, testicle
Persian
xâyeh: egg, testicle ‫خا ه‬
‫خا ه‬
egg :‫هم‬
POK:86 POK:86,783 POK:783, SYN:256 HRN:103, PLA:104, BQT:711 HRN:103, SYN:256, PLA:104
Indo-European
Khâd: to bite ‫از زدن‬
Avestan
xad 1, xâ
Persian
xâyîdan: to grind with teeth, chew (‫خای دن )خای‬
‫خای دن‬
POK:634, WLD1: 341 HRN:104, ARN:234 BQT:712, ARN:234
Indo-European
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-jasta: well wished, blessed
Persian
xojasteh: "blessed" ‫خجسته‬
‫خجسته‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037 BQT:717,737,748,2365, HRN:108 BQT
Indo-European
Gwhedh: to ask, wish, want ‫ خواس‬،‫پرس دن‬
POK:488
Indo-European
Ghu 1: to call
Indo-European
Ghu-to: God, one who
Avestan
zavaiti: invoked, God
Pahlavi
xvatây: God
Persian
Xodâ: God (who is called upon for help) ‫خدا‬
‫خدا‬
for help, appeal is called upon for help
‫ خواجه‬،‫خدیو‬ ‫"ک که از او‬
WLD:599, KLN:413 HUB:54
‫مک خواس‬ AHD "‫مک م طلبند‬
BQT:718, HRN:104, FSF:159
POK:413 NOTE- See "Aiw" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Seu 1: one's own self ‫ نفس‬،‫خود‬
Avestan
hva, hava, xva, xvâothra: self
Pahlavi
Xvatây: God
Persian
Xodâ: "alive from self" ‫خدا‬
‫خدا‬
POK:882, AHD:1538 xvâjo-ayâo, xvadâya: alive from self ‫ خواجه‬،‫خدیو‬
"‫"زنده از خود‬
HUB:54, SNS:79
BQT:779, HRN:104
Aiw: vitality, eternity âyu, ay: life, age POK:882, BQT:718, BRT:1862
‫ ا د ت‬،‫ح ات‬ POK:17
POK:17 NOTE- See "Ghu 1" for another possible root.
Chinese
Xalen: birch tree, birch wood ‫ چوب توس‬، ‫درخت توس‬
Altaic Persian
xadang: hard wood, arrow made of this wood ‫خدنگ‬
‫خدنگ‬
SIN:552 SIN:553 SIN:553, BQT:719, FSF:158
NOTE- Xalen was a common tree in north China and Tabarestân. The artifacts from this wood were exported to Iran.
‫ خدا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خدیو‬

Indo-European
Avestan
xara: a harsh voiced animal, donkey
Pahlavi
xar: donkey, harsh
Persian
xar: donkey, symbol of harshness ‫خر‬
‫خر‬
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 SOD:166 WLD:355, SYN:173 BQT, HRN, FVF:190
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
hvare-âsân: sun rise, east
Persian
xorâsân: an eastern state in Iran ‫خراسان‬
‫خراسان‬
‫"خاست اه‬
POK:881 POK:881 POK:881, KLN:1469, HRN:111 ‫ز ــان ـ ـه ــلوی هرک ــو ش ـ ـنــاس ـ ــد‬
Old Persian "‫خورش د‬
âs, âsa: to arrive, come ‫ رس دن‬،‫آمدن‬ ( ‫خراسان آن بود کزوی خورآسد )فخر گر ا‬
TZF:62 BQT, MON
72
‫خرام دن‬
Sanskrit
Kram: to walk, to step ‫ راه رف‬،‫قدم زدن‬
Av/Old Pers
xram: to step, walk
Pahlavi
a-xrâm: to flaunt
Persian
xarâmîdan: to flaunt ‫خرام دن‬
‫خرام دن‬
BQT:724, MON:1406, HRN:104 FFD:50 FFD:50 MON:1406, FFD:50, BQT:724
Indo-European
Pahlavi
xâr: hard, rough
Persian
xarčang: crab ‫خرچنگ‬
‫خرچنگ‬
kar-cang: crab (hard body) ‫ خارا‬:‫هم‬
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 BQT, HRN
BQT:697, WLD:355, SYN:173
‫ غرغره‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خرخره‬

ُ
Indo-European
Ksudros: coarse, crushed in small pieces ‫ خرد شده در قطعات کوچک‬، ‫درشت‬
Avestan
xšudram: seed
Pahlavi
kvart: small
Persian
xord: small
ُ
‫خرد‬
‫خرد‬
IEC:576,1060
xvareta: small BQT BQT:729, IEC:576,1060
NOTE- see "Skordh: small" for another possible root of this word. BQT:729, IEC:576,1060
ُ
Indo-European
Skordh, Kerdh: small ‫کوچک‬
Avestan
xvareta: small
Pahlavi
kvart: small
Persian
xord: small
ُ
‫خرد‬
‫خرد‬
Pok:949, ARN:236 BQT:729, IEC:576,1060 BQT BQT:729, IEC:576,1060
NOTE- see "Ksudros: crushed into small pieces" for another possible root of this word.
Indo-European
Avestan
xratu: mental strength
Pahlavi
xrat: intelligence
Persian
xerad: intelligence ‫ِخ َرد‬
‫ِخ َرد‬
hard :‫هم‬
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 POK:531, SYN:1201 BQT:729
Indo-European
Sol: whole ‫ امل‬،‫تمام‬
Avestan
haurva 1: whole, all, each
Persian
Xordâd: "perfect" ‫خرداد‬
‫خرداد‬
haurvatât: completeness "‫" امل‬
POK:979 BQT:729,2318
POK:979
Indo-European
Rk-tho: bear (animal) ‫خرس‬
Avestan
areša: bear
Persian
xers: bear ‫خرس‬
‫خرس‬
POK:875, SOD:70 POK:875 BQT:31,733
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
ava 1, aorâ: down
Avestan
avara-sad: settle down, satisfy
Persian
xorsand: satisfied ‫خرسند‬
‫خرسند‬
POK:72 KLN:132, POK:72 KLN:132, HRN:105, BQT:733 HRN:22, BQT:145,180
Indo-European
POK:884,887, KLN:1075, EIV:125
َ
Indo-European
Krep: body ‫دن‬
Avestan
kerefs: body
Pahlavi
xrafstar: pests,
Persian
xerafstar: pest
َ َ َ
( ‫ِخ َرفس )خس‬
‫ِخ َرفس‬
POK:620, KLN:352
troublesome creatures ‫جانور موذی‬
xrafs-tra: carnivorous SNS:40, MON, ARN:237
Indo-European Avestan creatures SNS:37, ARN:237
Ed: to eat ‫خوردن‬ adâiti: to eat
POK:617, ARN:237
POK:287 POK:287, BQT:44,1624
ُ
Indo-European
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-rama: well rested
Persian
xorram: "well rested"
ُ
‫خ ّرم‬
‫خ ّرم‬
Rem: to rest ‫اس احت کردن‬ râman: quiet, restful
POK:864 POK:864, KLN:1335, SYN:841, AEF:351
73
. ‫خروار‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Pahlavi
xar: donkey, harsh
Persian
xarvâr: the load size a donkey could carry
‫خروار‬
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 SOD:166
xar-bâra: donkey load ‫خروار‬
BQT, HRN, FVF:190
Bher 1: to carry ‫حمل کردن‬ bar: to carry WLD:355, SYN:173
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
‫ خروش دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خروس‬

Indo-European
Ker 3: loud noise, noisy birds
Avestan
xraos: loud noise
Pahlavi
xrusîten: roar
Persian
xorûšîdan: to roar ‫خروش دن‬
‫خروش دن‬
‫ پرند ان پر صدا‬،‫صدای لند‬ POK:571, KLN:1305 xros: rooster xorûs: rooster (‫خروس )خروچ‬
POK:567 BQT:741 BQT
Indo-European
Kwri: to buy ‫خ دن‬
Av/Old Pers
xrî: to buy
Persian
xarîdan: to buy, accept ‫خ دن‬
‫خ دن‬
cheap :‫هم‬
POK:648 FFD:50 POK:648, KLN:1241, SYN:817, BQT, ARN:239
Parthian
Pahlavi
ganj: treasure
Arabic
kanz: treasure
Arabic
maxzan: storage
Persian
xazâneh: storage, treasury (‫خزانه )مخزن‬
‫خزانه‬
SOD:182 BQT:1841, FVQ:122 FVQ:251 PLA:108, FVQ:122 FVA
magazine :‫هم‬
NOTE- FVQ claims Pahlavi "ganj: treasure" was is possibly borrowed from a Median root
ُ
Indo-European
Svas: thresh, beat grain ‫خرمن کو کردن‬
Avestan
xvasta: threshed
Persian
xost: pressed, squeezed, mashed
ُ ُ
(‫خوست )خست‬
‫خست‬
‫ک ده شده‬
SYN:510 SYN:510 SYN:510, MON:1455
َ َ َ
‫ ِخ َرفس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خس‬
َ
‫ خسته‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خس‬
Indo-Scythian
Xad: to beat, to wound ‫کردن‬ ‫ زخ‬،‫زدن‬
Avestan
xad 2, xas: to tear, beat
Pahlavi
xvastan: to beat
Persian
xastan: to beat
َ
‫خس‬
‫خسته‬
ISS:60 ISS:60, FFD:50 xastak: beaten xasteh: beaten, tired ‫خسته‬
NOTE- ARN:240 suggests root "Swer: to hurt" ISS:60 ISS:60, BQT:747
Indo-European
Avestan
Xvara: wound, sore
Pahlavi
xvastan: to beat
Persian
xastan: to beat
َ
‫خس‬
‫خسته‬
POK:1050, IEC:1348 EIV:150 xastak: beaten xasteh: beaten, tired ‫خسته‬
NOTE- ISS:60 suggests root "Xad: to wound" ISS:60 ISS:60, BQT:747
‫ استخوان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫خستو‬

َ
Indo-European
Steu: to praise
Avestan
stav: to praise
Pahlavi
stâyîtan: to praise
Persian
ostovân: believer, confessor (۱‫ )ستوان‬۱‫استوان‬
۲‫خستو‬
َ ‫ ستای دن‬:‫هم‬
‫ستا ش کردن‬ staoiti: praised âstvân: believer, trusted xastû: believer, confessor ۲‫خستو‬
َ
POK:1035 POK:1035 âstôbân: confessor ‫تو خستو شوآنرا ه هست و ک ست‬
BQT:747,1098, SNS:31
( ‫روان و خ ــرد را جـ ــز ا ـ ــن راه نـ ـ ـســت )فردو‬
BQT, HRN:159, NYB:180, SNS:31, MON
Indo- Avestan Avestan Pahlavi Persian ُ ‫ُخ‬

Kleu, Srau: sru, srav, xšnu, xšnaw: to hear hu-srav: well hu-srov: well-famed, title xosor: father-in-law
to hear famed, famous of kings and in-laws. ُ ‫در هم‬
HRN:177 (‫ خسوره‬،‫خ ُ )خسور‬
‫ش دن‬
Indo-European Avestan HRN:108, SNS:331 BQT:748
xošû: mother-in-law
POK:605, EIV:356
Su 1: well, good ‫خوب‬ hu 1: good ُ
‫خشو‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
BQT
NOTE- BQT:749 indicates these words are cognates of "xosrow: king"
74
‫خ و‬
Indo-European
Kleu, Srau: to hear
Avestan
sru, srav, xšnu, xšnaw: to hear
Avestan
hu-srav: well
Persian
xosrow: "well known" king (‫خ و )ک ی‬
‫خ و‬
‫ش دن‬ HRN:177
famed, famous ‫خوشنام‬
(ruler) BQT
POK:605, EIV:356
Su 1: well, good ‫خوب‬ hu 1: good BQT:717,737,748,
2365, HRN:108
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
NOTE- POK:1043-44 derives "xosor" from "Swekru: father-in-law or mother-in-law"
Indo-European Avestan Avestan Pahlavi Persian

Kleu, Srau: to hear sru, srav, xšnu, xšnaw: to hear dâuš-sravah: du-srav: ill famed ?
ill-famed
POK:605, EIV:356 HRN:177 SNS:331
HRN:108, SNS:331
ُ ‫ ُخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ُ
‫خسور‬
‫خسوره‬
‫ کسوف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خسوف‬
Indo-European
Kes: to scratch ‫خراش دن‬
Persian
xasîdan: to chew ‫خس دن‬
‫خس دن‬
‫ج دن‬
POK:585, WLD1: 449 IEC:572
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
Xašâyâr: "king of men"
‫خشا ار‬
POK:335
"‫"شاه مردان‬
xšaya-aršan: hero among kings or ‫خشا ار‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers king of men
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule xšây, xši: to rule, to BQT
qualify POK:336, AHD:1480, SOD:414
‫ فرمانروا کردن‬،‫قادر و شا سته بودن‬
POK:626, KNT:181
POK:626, KLN:272
Indo-European
Aidh: to burn ‫سوزاندن‬
Avestan
ištya: dried clay, brick
Pahlavi
xišt: clay brick
Persian
xešt 1: clay brick ۱‫خشت‬
۱‫خشت‬
‫ ه م‬:‫هم‬
PRT, KLN, AHD POK:11, HRN:108, SYN:604 SNS:36 BQT:750, SYN:604
Indo-European
Eres 2: to pierce ‫سوراخ کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
aršti, aštrâ: a short spear
Persian
xešt 2: a short spear ۲‫ِخشت‬
۲‫ِخشت‬
‫چو ش نر بر آن خوک دژم تاخت‬ ‫ن ه کوتاه‬
POK:335 POK:335, KNT:172, TZF:31
( ‫س ه پر خشت پ چان را ب انداخت )و س و رام‬
BQT:751, TZF: 31
Indo-European
Saus, Hauš: dry ‫خشک‬
Av/Old Pers
hauš: to dry
Persian
xošk: dry (‫خشک )خوش دن‬
‫خشک‬
POK:881, EIV:174 hauš-a, huška: dry ‫چشمه های قد م‬ ‫خوش د‬
POK:881, SOD:373, ETM:64, EIV:174 (‫نــماند آب جز آب چشـم یتـ م )سعدی‬
BQT:752, MON:1461, ETM:64, EIV:174

Saus, Hauš: dry uška: dry ?
POK:881, EIV:174 KNT:178
Indo-European
Eis 1: passion ‫شور و ه جان‬
Avestan
aes-ma, aêš-ma: anger
Pahlavi
hišm, xešm: anger
Persian
xešm (xašm) : anger ‫خشم‬
‫خشم‬
POK:299 POK:299, BQT:754 ARN:244 HRN:109
َ َ
Indo-European
Ksei 2: bright ‫روشن‬
Avestan
xšae-ta, xšôithmi: bright
Avestan
a-xšae-na: not
Persian
xašan: dark blue
َ َ
‫خشن‬
‫خشن‬
bright, a dark color, َ ‫رنگ آ ت ه‬
WLD1: 501, BRT:541 WLD1: 501, BQT:788,1320 xašîsâr: a blue bird with white head ‫خش سار‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers WLD1: 501, BQT:1320,
َ ‫رفت ج ان ش ار‬ ‫پ اده ه‬
SYN:1053
( ‫خش ـ ســار د د اندرآن رود ــار )فردو‬
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
BQT:756, MON:1425, FRS:89
75
. ‫خشنود‬
Indo-European
Avestan
hu-xšnuta, hu-šnûta: well
Persian
xošnûd: happy, satisfied (‫خشنود )خوش‬
‫خشنود‬
polished, pleasant, happy
POK:585, WLD1: 449 HRN:113, BQT:755, FFD:52
Indo-European Avestan POK:585, KNT:175
Su 1: well, good ‫خوب‬ hu 1: good
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
‫خشو‬
َ َ ‫خش سار‬
‫ خشن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
َ ُ
‫ خواب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خفت‬
ُ
‫ خواب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خف‬
َ
‫ خواب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خفج‬
َ ‫خل ان‬
‫ خل دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
َ َ
‫ خل دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خ ِله‬
َ
Indo-European
Avestan
xvara: thorn, to pierce
Persian
xalîdan: to pierce, dip in water ‫خل دن‬
َ ‫خل دن‬
َ sword :‫هم‬
POK:1050, IEC:1348 POK:1050, KLN:1554 xaleh: thorn, also an oar ‫خ ِله‬
xale-bân: one who rows a boat, pilot ‫خل ان‬
HRN:109, BQT:766
ُ
Indo-European
Avestan
xumba: bent container, pot
Pahlavi
xombak: a jar
Persian
xom: jar
ُ
(‫ )خمره‬۱‫خم‬
‫خم‬
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:591,592, KLN:391 HRN:195 BQT, WLD1
NOTE- Compare with root "Kam 2: to bend"
َ
Indo-European
Old Persian
kanpa: to bend
Persian
xam: a curve
َ
‫خم‬
‫خم‬
POK:524,525, EIV:229
čam: to bend, move fluently POK:525, BQT, HRN:99, FFD:48
NOTE- Compare "Kam 2" with "Gêu 1: to bend" POK:524,525
ُ ‫خمره‬
‫ خم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
َ
‫ خانه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خن‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
Arabic
xandaq: a
Persian
xandaq: trench ‫خندق‬
‫خندق‬
out and mound it up, build dug out trench
‫کندن‬ HRN:194, BQT:1707, SNS:8,155 MON:1443
POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49 PLA:113
EIV:232, POK:534
‫ جنگ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ِخنگ‬

ُ
Indo-European
Wekw: voice
Av/Old Pers
Avestan
ni-vak: sound, music
Persian
navâ: sound, melody ( ‫نوا )نواخ‬
‫خن ا‬
‫صدا‬ POK:1135 ُ ‫ نوا‬+ ‫خوش‬
hu-ni-vak: good sound xonyâ: melody, music ‫خن ا‬
POK:1135
Su 1: well, good ‫خوب‬ hu 1: good BQT:2174 BQT:2174,2178
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
Indo-European
Swen, Huan: to sound, call
Avestan
xvan, xwan:
Pahlavi
xvântan: to read, sing, call
Persian
xanîdan: to echo, to be famous ‫خن دن‬
‫خن دن‬
to call, sound
‫ه مهر و وف ــا‬ ‫خن ده ه گی‬ ‫مشهور بودن‬
‫صدا کردن‬ POK:1046, EIV:144, BQT:784, ARN:250
( ‫زآهرم ـنــی دور و دور از ج ـف ــا )فردو‬
POK:1046, EIV:144 ARN:250
HRN, BQT, EIV:144
۱‫ خود‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خو‬

76
‫خواب‬
Indo-European
Swep: to sleep ‫خواب دن‬
Avestan
xwap, xvap, xwaf: to sleep
Pahlavi
xwâb, xuft: sleep
Persian
xâb: sleep, dream
ُ
( ‫خواب )خف‬
‫خواب‬
َ َ َ َ ُ
POK:1048 xvafna, xwafsa, hufsa: sleep FFD:50 xoftak: nightmare (‫ خفج‬، ‫خفت ) خت‬
POK:1048, HRN:107, FFD:50 BQT:746,760,780, HUB:56, MON:1431
‫ خدا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خواجه‬

Indo-European
Ěter: internal (insignificant) organs ( ‫اعضای داخ )ناچ‬
Avestan
xv-âthra: insignificant, low in value
Pahlavi
xâr
Persian
xâr 1: of low value ‫خوار‬
‫خوار‬
POK:344, IEC:1347, WLD1: 264 POK:344 HRN:110,127 BQT:780,866, HRN:110,127
Indo-European
Old Persian
hu, u, uv: good
Av/Old Pers
u-vâra-zmi: good ... land
Persian
Xârazm, Khârazm: a city in central Asia,
‫خوارزم‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 KNT:175
modern Khiva "‫خوب‬ ‫" زم‬
KNT:177
Indo-European Av/Old Pers ‫خوارزم‬
Ghdhem: earth ‫زم‬ zam: earth BQT:781,805, MON5: 488,491, KLN:49
POK:414,SYN:16,AHD:1513 AHD, BQT:1032, KNT:177
Indo-European
Swâd: sweet ‫ش ن‬
Avestan
xwâs, xwâd: to desire
Pahlavi
xvâstan: to desire, want
Persian
xâstan: to want (‫خواس )خواهش‬
‫خواس‬
POK:1039 POK:1040, FFD:51 HRN:110, BQT:783 BQT:783
Indo-European
Swerd: dirty, dark ‫ تارک‬،‫کث ف‬
Persian
xwâl: soot used for making black ink ‫خوال‬
‫خوال‬
Hwar: to paint, stain ‫ ل کردن‬،‫رنگ زدن‬ ‫دوده برای مرکب‬
BQT:782, EIV:151, ARN:248
POK:1052, ARN:248, EIV:151 swart :‫هم‬
Avestan
Xvaini: cover, carpet ‫ فرش‬،‫پوشش‬
Pahlavi
xvân: table cloth, food table
Persian
xân: food table, table cloth (‫خوان )خوانچه‬
‫خوان‬
NOTE- Hubshmân does not agree with this derivation
SNS:59, HRN:110 BQT:783
HRN:110, AEF:640
‫ خوان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خوانچه‬

Indo-European
Swen, Huan: to sound, call
Avestan
xvan, xwan: to call, sound
Pahlavi
xvântan: to read,
Persian
xândan: to read, sing, call ‫خواندن‬
‫خواندن‬
sing, call sound :‫هم‬
‫صدا کردن‬ POK:1046, EIV:144, ARN:250 âxûnd: preacher ‫آخوند‬
POK:1046, EIV:144 BQT:784, ARN:250 HRN, BQT, EIV:144
Indo-European
Seu 1: one's own self ‫ نفس‬،‫خود‬
Indo-European
Swe-sor: one's own female
Avestan
xvan-har: sister
Persian
xâhar ‫خواهر‬
‫خواهر‬
POK:882, AHD:1538 ‫ خود‬:‫هم‬
SYN: 85,108, POK:1051
Indo-European sister :‫هم‬
PRT:863, AHD:1500
‫ خواس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خواهش‬

Indo-European
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-apah:
Persian
xûb: good ‫خوب‬
‫خوب‬
good deed ُ ُ ُ ُ "‫"عمل ن ک‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037 ‫ خوش‬,‫ خن ا‬,‫ خشنود‬,‫ خسوره‬,‫ خ و‬,‫ خ ّرم‬,‫ خجسته‬:"‫مثال فرم "خ‬
Indo-European POK:780,1037, ُ ُ
Op: work, produce in abundance ‫ار کردن‬ HRN:111, HUB:57 ‫ ه دا‬,‫ هومن‬,‫ هوشنگ‬, ‫ ه‬,‫ همایون‬,‫ هما‬,‫ ه ر‬:"‫مثال فرم "ه‬
POK:780 SOD:462

Su 1: well, good hu, u, uv: good ?
POK:1037, KLN:548 KNT:175
77
. ۱‫خود‬
Indo-European
Seu 1: one's own self
Avestan
hva, hava, xva,
Avestan
xwa-tam, xwa-tô: the self, character, habit
Persian
xû: character, habit (‫خود )خو‬
۱‫خود‬
xvâothra: self xvaê-pati, xvaê-paithya: one's own self ‫خ ش‬
‫ نفس‬،‫خود‬ xîš: self ‫خ ش‬
POK:882, BQT:718, NOTE- pati, paithya means self or own in this combination self :‫هم‬
POK:882, AHD:1538 BRT:1862 POK:842, SNS:267, IEC:1351
POK:842, SNS:267, IEC:1351
Indo-European
Sku: to cover ‫پوشاندن‬
Indo-European
Kut-no: cover, shell
Av/Old Pers
xaôda, xaudâ: helmet
Persian
xûd: helmet (‫ ) ﻼهخود‬۲‫خود‬
۲‫خود‬
POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540 POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540 POK:952, KNT:180, BQT:785 POK:952, KNT:180, BQT:785
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
hûr 2: sun, star ‫هور‬
‫خور‬
sun :‫هم‬
POK:881 POK:881 xor: sun ‫خور‬
MON:5220, BQT:2389

Sâwel: sun xvang: sun ?
POK:881 POK:881
Indo-European
Swel: to eat ‫خوردن‬
Avestan
xvar 2, xwar: to eat
Pahlavi
xvartan: to eat
Persian
xordan: to eat ‫خوردن‬
‫خوردن‬
َ َ
POK:1045 POK:1045, AEF:10 MON:1455, BQT:788 xavarnağ: royal dining room (castle) ‫خ َورنق‬
َ َ
‫خ َورنق‬ ‫ی که ق‬ ‫برافراشت ق‬
(‫ه ازار اﻻی آن گش ــت مغبون )صح ت ﻻری‬
MON, FVF:221
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
hvare-xšâeta: bright sun
Persian
xoršîd: sun ‫خورش د‬
‫خورش د‬
POK:881 POK:881 POK:881, KLN:1469, HRN:111 BQT, MON
Ksei 2: bright ‫روشن‬ xšae-ta, xšôithmi: bright
WLD1: 501, BRT:541 WLD1: 501, BQT:788,1320
َ َ
‫ خوردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خ َورنق‬
۲‫ اه‬+ ‫ خوردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خورن اه‬
Indo-European
Avestan
xwarô: wound
Persian
xoreh: gangrene, leprosy ‫خوره‬
‫خوره‬
NOTE- MON derives this from Persian "xordan".
POK:1050, IEC:1348 IEC:1348
IEC:1348
ُ ُ
‫ خست‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خوست‬
‫ خشنود‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خوش‬
‫ خشک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خوش دن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
xerpta: cut, shaped
Persian
xûk: "boar-shaped animal", pig ‫خوک‬
‫خوک‬
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155
swine :‫هم‬
hu-xerpta, hu-kehrpta: BQT:794
Indo-European Avestan shaped like a boar, pig
Su 2: wild boar, pig ‫ خوک‬،‫گراز‬ hu 2: wild boar
POK:926
POK:1038 POK:1038
Indo-European
Avestan
vanhu, vohnua, vohuni: blood
Persian
xûn: blood ‫خون‬
‫خون‬
POK:1171,1172, IEC:1582 POK:1172 BRT:1434, HRN:113, SYN:206
78
‫ِخوی‬
Indo-European
Sweid, Huaid: to sweat ‫عرق‬
Avestan
xvaeza: sweat
Persian
xay, xoy: sweat, saliva ‫خوی‬
‫ِخوی‬
‫ز ــش ده ـس ـتــان س ـ ــوی ری ک ـشـ ـ ــد‬ ‫عرق‬
POK:1043, EIV:143 POK:1043
( ‫زاس ان ه رنج و ه تگ ِخوی کش د )فردو‬
BQT:797
۱‫ خود‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خ ش‬
‫ مال خول ا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خ ال‬
‫ خاس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خ دن‬
Indo-European
Seiku, Haič: to flow, moisten ‫ خ س خوردن‬،‫جاری شدن‬
Avestan
haeč: to irrigate
Persian
xîsândan: to soak, moisten (‫خ ساندن )خ س‬
‫خ ساندن‬
‫ شنج دن‬:‫هم‬
OEW:340, POK:893, EIV:127 EIV:127 EIV:127
Indo-European
Oies: pole ‫ت‬
Avestan
aeša: pole, plow shaft
Persian
xîš: plow or wagon pole ‫خش‬
‫خش‬
xîškâr: farmer ‫خ ش ار‬ ‫اوآهن‬
WLD1: 167 SYN:496, BRT:32
‫کنم چاه آب اندرو صدهزار‬
( ‫توانگر کنم م ــردم خ ــش ار )فردو‬
HRN:114, BQT:803, MON:1465
‫ خ ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خ ش ار‬

Avestan
Haem, Haya: character, nature ‫ طب عت‬، ‫شخص ت‬
Pahlavi
xîm: temper, nature
Persian
ُ
(‫ دژخ م‬،‫خ م )خوش خ م‬
‫خم‬
HRN:114, FVS:168,179 PHD:94, HRN:114 BQT:804, HRN:114, FSF:168,179
Indo-European
Sweid, Huaid: to sweat ‫عرق‬
Avestan
xvaeza: sweat
Persian
xeyû: saliva (‫خیو )خیوه‬
‫خیو‬
‫زد دار پ ان فرو ماندند‬ ‫آب دهان‬
POK:1043, EIV:143 POK:1043
( ‫خیو زر لبها برافشاندند )فردو‬
HRN:114, BQT:805, MON:1472
‫ خیو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫خیوه‬

Indo-European
Avestan
dâ 2: to settle, to give
Persian
dâd: justice ‫داد‬
‫داد‬
dâtô, dâta: that which is settled, law ‫عدالت‬
AHD:1512, POK:235 BQT:807,814,821, HRN:118, NYB:60
POK:235, FFD:52 NOTE- NYB:60 derives "dâd" from "dâdan: to give one's right"
Indo-European
Avestan
dâ 1: to give
Pahlavi
dâdâr: God
Persian
dâdâr: God ‫دادار‬
‫دادار‬
POK:223 dâtar: giver, God NYB:56, HRN:61,115 BQT, FSF, SNS
BQT:121, POK:223,225
Indo-European
Avestan
dâ 1: to give
Pahlavi
dâtan: to give
Persian
dâdan: to give ‫دادن‬
‫دادن‬
POK:223 BQT:121, POK:223,225 NYB:56, HRN:61,115 BQT, FSF, SNS
Indo-European Avestan Avestan Pahlavi Persian

Dô: to give, create dâ 1: to give dâthra: gift dâsr: gift, kindness ?
POK:223 BQT:121, POK:223,225 POK:225 SNS:298
‫ درخت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دار‬

‫ داش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫داراب‬
79
. ‫دارا گرد‬
Indo-European
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold firmly, keep, guard ‫ حفظ کردن‬، ‫مح م گرف‬
Old Persian
dâr: to hold
Persian
dârâbgard: "city of Dârâb" ‫دارا گرد‬
‫دارا گرد‬
POK:252, EIV:129 AHD:335
، ‫ داش‬:‫مق‬
BQT, TZF
Indo-European Old Persian ‫داراب‬
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form ‫ شک ل دادن‬، ‫ساخ‬ krta: creation, city
POK:641, EIV:236 HRN:201
‫ درخت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دارکوب‬

‫ درست‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫دارو‬
‫ درمان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫دارو‬
Indo-European
Deru: wood, tree, to be firm
Avestan
dru, dâuru, derežda, draxta: tree,
Persian
dârîyeh: a wood frame, a tambourine with wood rim ‫دار ه‬
‫دار ه‬
wood
‫ مح م بودن‬،‫ درخت‬،‫چوب‬ NOTE - FVA:146 derives this from the Arabic "D.v.r.: turns".
POK:214, KLN:1644, SNS:318, ETM:65
POK:214 FVF:256
Indo-European
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold firmly, keep, guard ‫ حفظ کردن‬، ‫مح م گرف‬
Old Persian
dâr: to hold
Persian
Dârîûš: Darius, king of Persia ‫دار وش‬
‫دار وش‬
ً
POK:252, EIV:129
" ‫"دارنده ن‬
dârayat-vahu: he BQT, TZF
Indo-European Avestan holds goodness
Su 1: well, good ‫خوب‬ vohu, vahu: good
AHD:335
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1174
Indo-European
Sanskrit
dâtra: sickle
Pahlavi
dâs: sickle
Persian
dâs: sickle ‫داس‬
‫داس‬
‫ ب دس‬:‫مق‬
POK:175 POK:175, BQT:904 BQT:813 POK:175, BQT:333,813
Indo-European
Dhê 2: to do, set
Avestan
Pahlavi
dâtastân: law, a legal case (story)
Persian
dâstân: story ‫داستان‬
‫داستان‬
‫ چ دن‬،‫انجام دادن‬ dâtô, dâta: that which is settled, law " ‫"مورد قانو‬
HRN:127 BQT:862
AHD:1512, POK:235 POK:235, FFD:52
Indo-European
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold
Av/Old
dâr, dr: to
Pahlavi
dâštan: to have
Persian
dâštan: to have, own (‫ داراب‬،‫داش )دارا‬
‫داش‬
firmly, keep, guard hold
‫ حفظ کردن‬، ‫مح م گرف‬ pad-en-dâštan: to take, consider pendâštan: to think, consider (‫پنداش )پندار‬
POK:252
POK:252, EIV:129 FFD:43,52 BQT:810, FFD:43
Indo-European
Avestan
dâ 1: to give
Pahlavi
dâtan: to give
Persian
َ
dâšan: gift, tip (۲‫ دشت‬،‫داشن )دهش‬
‫داشن‬
dâhišn: gift ‫ دادن‬:‫هم‬
POK:223 BQT:121, POK:223,225 BQT, FSF, SNS
NYB:56, HRN:61,115 donate :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Dhegh: to heat, burn ‫ سوزاندن‬،‫گرم کردن‬
Avestan
dağa, dâğah: hot
Persian
dâğ: hot ‫داغ‬
‫داغ‬
day :‫هم‬
POK:240 daxma: place for burning the dead daxmeh: tomb ‫دخمه‬
POK:240, BQT:815, 827 FSF:173
Indo-European
Dema: to tame and domesticate animals ‫اه کردن حیوانات‬
Avestan
dâman: domestic animals
Persian
dâm: domestic animals ‫دام‬
۱‫دام‬
‫حیوانات اه‬
POK:199, KLN:442 BQT:817 KLN:1569, POK:199, BQT:817
Indo-European
Dê, Dah 2: to bind, tie ‫س‬
Avestan
dâ 4: trap
Pahlavi
dâm: trap
Persian
dâm: trap ‫دام‬
۲‫دام‬
‫تله‬
POK:183,EIV POK:183 EIV:47 BQT:817,EIV
80
‫داماد‬
Indo-European
Geme: to marry ‫ازدواج کردن‬
Avestan
jâma: kinship (daughter)
Pahlavi
dâmât: bride groom
Persian
dâmâd: son-in-law,
‫داماد‬
bride groom
POK:369
Indo-European zâmâ-tar: married to the family MON:1487
‫داماد‬
Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term ‫سوند گروه ا فام ل‬ POK:369, HRN:117, IEC:402
BQT:817
PRT:863, AHD:1500
Indo-European
Avestan
dhana: vessel, holder, pot
Persian
dân: vessel, holder (‫دان ) لدان‬
‫ـ دان‬
AHD:1512, POK:235 POK:238 BQT:818
Indo-European
Gnô: to know ‫دا س‬
Av/Old Pers
dan, dânâ: to know
Persian
dânestan (‫دا س )دا ش‬
‫دا س‬
know :‫هم‬
POK:376 POK:376, BQT:1298 BQT, FFD
‫ دا س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دا ش‬

‫ دانه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دانگ‬
Indo-European
Dhê 1, Dah 1: to suckle milk, to produce ‫ تول د کردن‬،‫ش دادن‬
Av/Old Pers
dânô: grain
Persian
dâneh: grain ‫دانه‬
‫دانه‬
POK:241,EIV danâxe: grain dâng: grain, also one sixth ‫دانگ‬
NOTE- Compare with the root "Dheugh: to milk" POK:242 BQT:820
Indo-European
Dâ 2: to flow ‫ج ان اف‬
Av/Old Pers
dânu: river, water
Greek
Dânao: Danube
French Persian
Dânûb ‫دانوب‬
‫دانوب‬
NOTE- This word apparently entered European "‫"رودخانه‬
Dânu: river ‫رودخانه‬ Dânavo: Danube river languages through Scythians (7th century B.C.).
MON5: 516
POK:175 POK:175, IRN:123 POK:175, IRN:123, MON5: 772
Indo-European
Dhen: to flow, run around ‫ دور زدن‬، ‫جاری شدن‬
Old Persian
danuvatiy: flows
Persian
dânîdan: to roll ‫دان دن‬
‫دان دن‬
‫غلطان دن‬
POK:249 POK:249, ARN:265 ARN:265
‫ داوطلب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫داو‬

Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
dâvar: judge, referee
‫داور‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers Avestan
AHD:1512, POK:235 dâtô, dâta: that which is settled, ‫دا و ر‬
law
Bher 1: to carry ‫حمل کردن‬ bar: to carry â-vare, â-bar-a: BQT:807,814,821, HRN:118,
bring dâtô-vare: carrier of judgment, NYB:60
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
BQT:66, MON:1395, FFD:28
judge
NOTE- NYB:60 derives "dâd" from "dâdan: to give one's right" POK:235, FFD:52
Indo-European
Dâ 1: to divide, cut in pieces
Indo-European
Dabh, Dâbh : one's turn or strike in
Persian
dâv: one's turn or strike in a game ‫داو‬
‫داوطلب‬
‫ قطعه قطعه کردن‬، ‫تقس م کردن‬
battle, harm
dâv-talab: one who seeks his turn, volunteer ‫داوطلب‬ "‫"ن ت طلب‬
POK:175 IEC:129, AHD:1511 IEC:129, MON:1492
Indo-European
Dhê 1, Dah 1: to suckle milk,
Indo-European
Dhe-mnâ: one who gives
Avestan
daenu: female
Pahlavi
dâyag: foster-
Persian
dâyeh: baby sitter, nurse ‫دا ه‬
‫دا ه‬
to produce milk, nurse mother
POK:241 dâyê: mother's brother ‫دا ــی‬
‫ تول د کردن‬،‫ش دادن‬ ‫ پرستار‬،‫ش دهنده‬
EIV:47 BQT:822, HRN:119
POK:241,EIV POK:241,EIV
NOTE- Compare with the root "Dheugh: to milk"
‫ دا ه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دا ــی‬

َ
Indo-European
Bhengh, Banz: to be thick, dense ‫ غل ظ‬،‫لفت‬
Avestan
bazah: height, depth
Persian
dabz: thickness, roughness
َ
‫دبز‬
‫دبز‬
‫ضخامت‬
POK:127 POK:127, KLN:1109 MON,EIV
81
. ‫د ستان‬
‫ دب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫د ستان‬
Sumerian
Dub: tablet, scripture ‫ نوشته‬،‫لوحه‬
Old Persian
dipi: to write
Persian
teacher (‫ دیوان‬،‫ دی اچه‬،‫دب )د ستان‬
‫دب‬
AKD:19, BQT:823 BQT:823 BQT:824, KLN:467, AKD:19, ETM:36
Indo-European
Steig, Teig: pointed,
Av/Old Pers
Semitic
Diglat: Tigris
Arabic
dijlat: river name
Persian
dejleh: Tigris river (‫دجله )د اله‬
‫دجله‬
sharp "‫ــع‬ "
‫ ت‬، ‫نوک دار‬ tigrâ: Tigris, "fast moving" river IRN:112 IRN:112 MON5: 520, IRN:112
POK:1016 POK:1016 NOTE- "Arvand: swift (river)" is a translation of "Dejleh: fast (river)".
Indo-European
Indo-European
Dhugh-tar: milker (of the
Avestan
dugeda, duğdâr:
Persian
doxtar: daughter, girl
‫دخ‬
NOTE- Compare with "Dhê 1: to suckle milk"
family), daughter daughter (milker) "‫"ش دوش‬
‫دخ‬
POK:271,277, WLD:847,868 POK:277, WLD:868 KLN:404, POK:277, BQT:333 daughter :‫هم‬
Indo-European BQT, WLD:868

PRT:863, AHD:1500 NOTE- compare with the Persian word "dûxtan: to milk"
۲‫ اندر‬+ ‫ دخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دخ اندر‬

Indo-European
Dek: take, accept, understand ‫ قبول کردن‬، ‫گرف‬
Avestan
daxš 1: make things understandable, teach
Persian
daxš 1: trade, occupation ۱‫دخش‬
۱‫دخش‬
‫حرفه‬
POK:189 POK:189, WLD1: 784, SYN:1227 POK:189, BRT:667, BQT:827
Indo-European
Avestan
dağa, dâğah: hot
Persian
daxš 2: dark ۲‫دخش‬
۲‫دخش‬
‫گناهش ه ــزدان خش ــنده خش‬ ‫تارک‬
POK:240 daxša: burnt
POK:240, BQT:815, 827
( ‫مکن روز بر دشمن ودوست دخش )فردو‬
FSF:173
‫ داغ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دخمه‬

َ
Indo-European
Denk: to bite ‫از گرف‬
Avestan
danta, dantan: tooth
Persian
dad: wild animal
َ
‫دد‬
‫دد‬
daitika: wild (biting) animals ‫ دندان‬:‫هم‬
POK:201 BQT:884, BRT:653, HRN:120
POK:201, SYN:138
Indo-European
Âtos: father, mother, family, race ‫ نژاد‬،‫ فام ل‬،‫ مادر‬،‫در‬
Indo-European
Tât, Tâta: daddy
Persian
dadeh: great-grandparents ۱‫دده‬
۱‫دده‬
POK:71, AHD:1507 Dhêdh: grandfather IEC:178, MON:1499
SYN:94, WLD1: 44, IEC:178,1369
َ
Indo-European
Dhedh: nurse ‫پرستار‬
Persian
dadeh: maid servant, nurse
َ
۲‫دده‬
۲‫دده‬
IEC:178 IEC:178, MON:1499
Indo-European
Dhwer: door ‫در‬
Av/Old Pers
dvar, duvara: door
Persian
dar: door (‫در )درب‬
‫در‬
door :‫هم‬
POK:278, KNT:191 BQT:828, KNT:191 BQT, FVF:98,240
Indo-European
Del: long ‫ طوﻻ‬،‫دراز‬
Avestan
daraga, darağa, drâjah: long
Persian
derâz: long ‫دراز‬
‫دراز‬
‫ درنگ‬:‫هم‬
POK:197, KNT:190 POK:197, BQT:829, SNS:324 POK, BQT, SNS
82
‫درای دن‬
Indo-European
Dhreu, Drau: to call on ‫فراخواندن‬
Pahlavi
drâyî: to howl, talk
Persian
darâyîdan: to talk ‫درای دن‬
‫درای دن‬
EIV:77 EIV:77 ‫ ز ا ه اران درای‬، ‫نزاری‬
( ‫ای )نزاری قهستا‬ ‫ز ا ان و ا ه اران‬
EIV:77
‫ در‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫درب‬

۲‫ار‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫در ار‬
‫ای دن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫در ان‬
Indo-European
Dhwer: door ‫در‬
Av/Old Pers
dvar, duvara: door
Persian
darband: "enclosed area" (‫درند )بندر‬
‫درند‬
POK:278, KNT:191 BQT:828, KNT:191
‫"منطقه‬
BQT, FVF:98,240
Indo-European Avestan "‫محصور‬
Bhendh: to bind, fasten ‫س‬ banda: band, tie
POK:127 POK:127, BQT:449
Indo-European
Avestan
dru, dâuru, derežda, draxta: tree, wood
Persian
deraxt: tree ‫درخت‬
‫درخت‬
ُ tree :‫هم‬
‫ مح م بودن‬،‫ درخت‬،‫چوب‬ POK:214, KLN:1644, SNS:318, ETM:65 dorûd 1: wood ( ‫ )درودگر‬۱‫درود‬
POK:214 dâr 2: wood (‫ )دارکوب‬۲‫دار‬
BQT, HRN, FVF, ETM, FSF

Deru: wood, tree, to be firm dâru: wood ?
POK:214 asâ-dâru: stone wood, hard wood, ebony
KNT:190
‫ رخش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫درخش‬

‫ رخش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫درخش دن‬
َ
‫ دردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫درد‬
َ
Indo-European
Darh: to have pain ‫درد داش‬
Pahlavi
dard: pain, illness
Persian
dard: pain, illness
َ
‫درد‬
‫درد‬
EIV:61 EIV:61 EIV:61 NOTE- see "Der 1: to split, tear" for another possible root
Indo-European
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold firmly, keep, guard
Avestan
dereza: to hold together, close, tighten
Persian
darz: seam ‫درز‬
‫درز‬
‫ حفظ کردن‬، ‫مح م گرف‬ POK:252,258 darzî: tailor ‫درزی‬
POK:252, EIV:129 darzmân: thread ‫درزمان‬
darzan: needle ‫درزن‬
HRN:122, CEL3: 254, MON:1510,EIV
‫ درز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫درزمان‬

‫ درز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫درزن‬
‫ درز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫درزی‬
Indo-European
Avestan
drva: healthy, sound
Persian
dorost: healthy, right ‫درست‬
‫درست‬
dârû: medicine. See "Dher 1" for another possible root. ‫دارو‬ ‫ درخت‬:‫هم‬
‫ مح م بودن‬،‫ درخت‬،‫چوب‬ dârug: medicine from plants
ُ
POK:214 dorûd 2: greetings ۲‫درود‬
POK:214, ETM:65
POK, BQT
Indo-European
Dhars: to dare ‫جرات کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
darš: dare, to be bold
Persian
dorošt: large, rough ‫درشت‬
‫درشت‬
daršam: boldly dare :‫هم‬
POK:259 HRN:122, BQT:837
POK:259, SYN:1149, KNT:190 NOTE- POK:216 derives it from "Deru: wood, firm".
83
. ‫درشکه‬
Indo-European
Dhragh 1: to pull ‫کش دن‬
Russian
drožki: carriage
Persian
doroškeh ‫درشکه‬
‫درشکه‬
drag :‫هم‬
POK:257 AHD:400 MON:1511, BQT:837
‫ رخش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫درفش‬

Indo-European
Der 1: to split, to tear ‫ اره کردن‬،‫تقس م کردن‬
Indo-European
Drep: a piece of cloth, banner
Avestan
drafšâ, drafšô: banner
Persian
derafš: banner
۲‫درفش‬
Drauh: to mow, cut ‫ب دن‬ ۲‫درفش‬ ‫پرچم‬
POK:211, IEC:159 SYN:396, POK:211, IEC:159
POK:206, IEC:165,EIV BQT:838, HRN:123
Indo-European
Darb, Darf: to join, sew ‫بهم دوخ‬
Persian
derafš: awl, needle ۳‫درفش‬
۳‫درفش‬
‫وس له سوراخ‬
EIV:60 EIV:63
‫کردن‬
‫ درخش دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫درفش دن‬

Greek
Drassoman: as much as one
Greek
draxmon : a coin, also a unit of weight
Pahlavi
dram, diram: a silver coin
Persian
deram: a coin (money)
‫ِد َرم‬
can hold in the hand
‫آنچه در دست گنجد‬
NOTE- This may be from a Semitic root FVQ:130, MON:1513 (‫ِد َرم ) ِدرهم‬
FVQ:129 FVQ:129 BQT:840
Indo-European
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold firmly, keep, guard
Av/Old Pers
dâr, dr: to hold
Persian
darmân: treatment (‫درمان )دارو‬
‫درمان‬
‫ حفظ کردن‬، ‫مح م گرف‬ POK:252 BQT:840, HRN:116,123
POK:252, EIV:129 NOTE- ETM:65 derives these words from "Deru: wood (also firm and healthy)".
Indo-European
Del: long ‫ طوﻻ‬،‫دراز‬
Avestan
daraga, darağa, drâjah: long
Persian
dîr: late ‫دیر‬
‫درنگ‬
POK:197, KNT:190 drang: hesitation derang: length of time, hesitation ‫درنگ‬
POK:197, BQT:829, SNS:324 POK, BQT, SNS
Indo-European
Avestan
dereta: cuts, harvests
Persian
dero: harvest ‫ِدرو‬
‫ِدرو‬
Drauh: to mow, cut ‫ب دن‬ ُ
deretô: cut, mown dorûdan: to harvest ‫درودن‬
POK:206, IEC:165,EIV POK:208 POK:208, HRN:124
Indo-European
Drauš: to make a mark, brand ‫ُمهر و داغ کردن‬
Avestan
drauša: to mark, brand
Pahlavi
drôš: to brand
Persian
dirôš: to mark, brand ‫ِدروش‬
‫ِدروش‬
‫که ستوران دروش و داغ کنند‬ ‫ه موس‬ ‫داغ و ُمهر‬
( ‫ستوروار بر اعدا نهاده داغ و دروش )سوز‬
EIV:80
Indo-European
Dregh: unwilling ‫مل‬
Avestan
drigu, dregu, driwi: poor
Pahlavi
driyôš: poor
Persian
darvîš: poor ( ‫ در وز‬،‫درو ش )در وز‬
‫درو ش‬
WLD:821 WLD:821 BRT:849 BQT:846, HRN:124, KLN:431
NOTE- TAD:27 suggests "darvîsh" is a distorted form of Persian "dar pîsh: at the door, beggar". BQT: 846 does not agree with this derivation.
ُ
‫ درخت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫درود‬
ُ
‫ درست‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫درود‬
‫ درخت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫درودگر‬
ُ
‫ ِدرو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫درودن‬
84
‫دروغ‬
Indo-European
Dhreugh: to deceive ‫ف ب دادن‬
Avestan
draoga,drauga: a lie, a demon
Pahlavi
drôg: a lie
Persian
dorûğ: a lie ‫دروغ‬
‫دروغ‬
ُ
POK:276 POK:276, BQT:845, SNS:324 druvand: non-believer dorvand: atheist ‫دروند‬
BQT:846, SNS:324,325 BQT:846, SNS:324, BQT:845, TZF:22

Dhreugh: to deceive duruj: lie, deceive ?
POK:276 KNT:191
Indo-European
Der 2: to run ‫دو دن‬
Avestan
draonah: travel goods ‫توشه راه‬
Persian
darûn: a Zoroastrian prayer ۱‫درون‬
‫درون‬
‫دعای زر ش ان‬
POK:205 POK:205 HRN:274, BQT:844 ?
َ ‫ُد‬
‫روند‬
‫ دروغ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
Indo-European
Deru: wood, tree, to be firm ‫ مح م بودن‬،‫ درخت‬،‫چوب‬
Sanskrit
druna: made of wood
Persian
darûneh: bow, rainbow ‫درونه‬
‫درونه‬
POK:214 POK:214 ‫س ـ ــرو ــود ـ ــم چـ ـن ــد اه ــلن ــد‬
(‫کوز گش م و چون درونه شد م )کسا مروزی‬
BQT:854, HRN:124, FRS:217
Indo-European Avestan Persian ّ

‫دره‬
Der 1: to split, to tear ‫ اره کردن‬،‫تقس م کردن‬ darêna: a cut in earth, ravine darreh: valley ّ
‫دره‬
Drauh: to mow, cut ‫ب دن‬ POK:206 BQT:845, HUB:62, HRN:124
POK:206, IEC:165,EIV
‫ ِد َرم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ِدرهم‬

Indo-European
Glei: run up to, water flow ‫حرکت ) ا تم ج( آب‬
Old Persian
drayah: sea
Pahlavi
drai-âp: sea water
Persian
daryâ: sea ‫در ا‬
‫در ا‬
POK:401, KNT:192 POK:401, SYN:37
‫ زراه‬:‫هم‬
MON:1730, BQT:847 MON:37, BQT:847, HRN:125,
POK:1 KLN:2
Indo-European
Avestan
dar, dareta: to split
Pahlavi
darîtan: to tear
Persian
darîdan: to tear ‫در دن‬
‫دردن‬
Drauh: to mow, cut ‫ب دن‬ dart: pain َ tear :‫هم‬
POK:206, SYN:565 dard: pain ‫درد‬
POK:206, IEC:165,EIV SYN:565
BQT, POK, SYN
NOTE- see "Darh: to have pain" for another possible root for "dard: pain"
‫ درو ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫در وز‬

Indo-European
Dus: bad, evil ‫ ش طا‬،‫د‬
Avestan
duš, duž, duždâo: bad, evil
Persian
dozd: thief ‫دزد‬
‫دزد‬
‫ دشمن‬:‫هم‬
POK:227 POK:227, FSF:179, 183 BQT, HRN:126, MON
‫ دژ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دزفول‬

Indo-European
Dheigh: to form out of clay, to knead clay or dough
Avestan
daeza: wall, fortification
Pahlavi
diz: wall,
Persian
dež: fort (‫ دژدار‬،‫دژ )دژ ان‬
‫ِدژ‬
fortification
‫درست کردن ا خا رس ا خم‬ POK:244 dež-pol:fort bridge (‫دژ ل )دزفول‬
POK:244, KNT:191, CEL3: 203 ARN:278
BQT:851, MON5: 528
ُ
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
duš, duž: bad, evil
Persian
dož: a prefix meaning bad or evil
ُ ُ
( ‫دژ ـ )دش ـ‬
‫دژ ـ‬
POK:227 BQT:866 (‫ دوزخ‬،‫ )دزد‬،‫ دژمان‬،‫ دژ ه‬،‫ دژم‬،‫ دژخ م‬:‫مثال‬
‫ دشوار‬،‫ دشخوار‬،‫ دش ل‬،‫ دش ه‬،‫ دش اد‬،‫ دشنام‬،‫دشمن‬
BQT:866
85
ُ
. ‫دژ ه‬
ُ
Indo-European
Avestan
duš-pithwa: bad fat, abscess
Persian
dožpîh: abscess
ُ ُ ُ
(‫ دش ل‬،‫دژ ه )دش ه‬
‫دژ ه‬
POK:227 BQT:897, TZF:22 BQT, HRN, TZF
Indo-European
POK:793
Avestan
Haem, Haya: character, nature ‫ طب عت‬، ‫شخص ت‬
Pahlavi
Persian
dožxîm: bad tempered
ُ
‫دژخ م‬
‫دژخ م‬
HRN:114, FVS:168,179 PHD:94, HRN:114 BQT:804, HRN:114
Dus: bad, evil ‫ ش طا‬،‫د‬ duš, duž, duždâo: bad, evil
POK:227 POK:227, FSF:179, 183
ُ
‫ دشمن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دژم‬
ُ
‫ دشمن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دژمان‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Pahlavi
dast-war: judge, priest
Persian
dastûr: story, priest,
‫دستور‬
agenda
AHD:1512, POK:235 dâtô, dâta: that which is NOTE- NYB:59 claims "dastwar"
Indo-European Av/Old Pers settled, law is from Avestan "dah: to teach" ‫دستور‬
Bher 1: to carry ‫حمل کردن‬ bar: to carry dâtô-vare: carrier of BQT:862
judgment, judge HRN:127
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
POK:235, FFD:52 NOTE- see Dens for another possible root
Indo-European
Dens, Danh: to teach, instruct ‫تعل م دادن‬
Avestan
danh: to teach, instruct
Pahlavi
dast-war: carrier of
Persian
dastûr: authority, judge,
‫دستور‬
authority, judge, priest Zoroastrian priest
EIV:56 EIV:56
Indo-European Av/Old Pers EIV:56
‫دستور‬
Bher 1: to carry ‫حمل کردن‬ bar: to carry EIV:56
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128 NOTE- see Dhê 2 for another possible root.
ُ ُ
‫ دژ ـ ـ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دش ـ ـ‬
ُ ُ
‫ دژ ه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دش ه‬
ُ ُ
‫ دژ ه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دش ل‬
Indo-European
Dek: take, accept, understand
Indo-European
Deks: right, on
Avestan
dašina:
Pahlavi
dašn: right
Persian
dašn: right side, also the first (daily) sales
َ
‫دشن‬
۱‫دشت‬
the right side right
‫ قبول کردن‬، ‫گرف‬ SNS:316 dašt: the first sales of a business in a day ۱‫دشت‬
POK:189 POK:190, AHD:1511 POK:190
SNS:316, BQT:866
َ
‫ داشن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫دشت‬
‫ دشوار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دشخوار‬
Indo-European
Avestan
manah: mind, manners
Avestan
duš-manah: with unfriendly thoughts
Persian
došman: enemy
‫دشمن‬
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT ُ ُ
POK:726, BQT (‫ دژمان‬،‫دشمن )دژم‬
Dus: bad, evil ‫ ش طا‬،‫د‬ duš, duž, duždâo: bad, evil BQT, HRN, ZMA
POK:227 POK:227, FSF:179, 183
َ
۱‫ دشت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دشن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
duš, duž, duždâo: bad, evil
Persian
došnâm: insult ‫دشنام‬
‫دشنام‬
POK:227
name :‫هم‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers duš-nâma: bad name BQT, HRN:126, MON
Nomn: name ‫نام‬ nâma, nâman: name POK:227, FSF:179, 183

POK:321 POK:321, KNT:193
86
‫دشوار‬
Indo-European
Avestan
duš-vâre: difficult to carry
Persian
došxâr: difficult (‫دشخوار )دشوار‬
‫دشوار‬
POK:227
"‫" ار َ د‬
POK:227, FSF:179, 183 BQT, HRN:126, MON
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Avestan
duš-yâta: backbite
Persian
došyâd: humiliation of people
‫دش اد‬
POK:227
in their absence ‫غی ت‬
BQT:897, TZF:22
‫دش اد‬
Yem: hold together (pair) ‫اهم ن اه داش‬ yata, yâta, ya: remember
BQT, HRN, TZF
POK:505 POK:505
َ
Sumerian
Dub: tablet, scripture
Akkadian
duppu: tablet
Aramaic
dappa: skin for
Arabic
daf: a tambourine made
Persian
َ
daf: tambourine (‫دف )شندف‬
‫دف‬
writing tablet of animal skin on a frame
‫ نوشته‬،‫لوحه‬ AKD:19, BQT:823 MON:1540
MON:1540
AKD:19, BQT:823 NOTE- See "Deru 1" for another possible root
Indo-European
Deph: to stamp
Greek
diphtera: prepared hide, leather used to write on
Arabic
daftar: record book
Persian
daftar: notebook, office ‫دف‬
‫دف‬
‫مهر زدن‬ letter :‫هم‬
AHD HJB:329, KLN:487 BQT:869
POK:203 NOTE- BQT:870 indicates that the Greek "diphtera" may have been derived from the Sumerian "Dub: scripture".
َ
Semitic
Daqal: fruit of palm tree, date ‫ خرما‬،‫میوه نخل‬
Arabic
daqal: inferior date palm
Persian
daqal: inferior date
َ
‫دقل‬
‫دقل‬
‫خرمای نامرغوب‬
KLN:403 MON:1543
date :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Kerd 1: heart ‫قلب‬
Avestan
zered, zaredaya: heart, center
Pahlavi
dîl: heart
Persian
del: heart ‫دل‬
‫دل‬
POK:579, SYN:251 POK:580, KLN:352, SYN:251 BQT:873 BQT:873
heart :‫هم‬
NOTE- The "z" sound is kept in Kurdish "zar: heart" and Baluchi "zirdê: heart".
Turkish
Dolmak: to wind, wrap ‫پ چ دن‬
Turkish
dolman: wrapping, cover, coating
Persian
dolmeh: food wrapped in vine leaves ‫دلمه‬
‫دلمه‬
AHD:389 AHD:389 MON:1554
Indo-European
Dhars: to dare ‫جرات کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
darš: dare, to be bold
Pahlavi
dilêr: brave
Persian
dalêr: brave ‫دل‬
‫دل‬
daršam: boldly dare :‫هم‬
POK:259 ARN:281 ARN:281
POK:259, SYN:1149, KNT:190
َ
Indo-European
Dhem: to make vapor, raise dust ‫ گرد و خا کردن‬،‫خار کردن‬
Avestan
dam: to blow, breathe
Persian
dam: breath, air, vapor, weather
َ
‫دم‬
‫دم‬
damp :‫هم‬
POK:247 POK:247 damâ: weather, heat ‫دما‬
POK, BQT, HRN
ُ
Indo-European
Dumb: tail
ُ
‫دم‬
Avestan
duma: tail
Persian
dom: tail
ُ ُ
(‫دم )دنب‬
‫دم‬
tip :‫هم‬
POK:227 POK:227, HRN:128 BQT:876,882, NYB:82
َ ‫دما‬
‫ دم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
Indo-European
Dhem: to make vapor, raise dust ‫ گرد و خا کردن‬،‫خار کردن‬
Avestan
dam: to blow, breathe
Persian
Damâvand: a mountain (with vapor) ‫دماوند‬
‫دماوند‬
POK:247 POK:247 POK, BQT, HRN
NOTE- BQT:878 suggests "Damâvand" may be from the root "Dumb: tail".
87
ُ
. ‫د َمل‬
ُ
Indo-European
Avestan
duš-pithwa: bad fat, abscess
Persian
domal: abscess
ُ
‫د َمل‬
‫د َمل‬
POK:227 BQT:897, TZF:22 BQT, HRN, TZF
Indo-European
POK:793 NOTE- See "Dumb: tail" for another possible root of "domal"
ُ
Indo-
Dumb: tail
Avestan
duma: tail
Persian
dom: tail
ُ ُ
(‫دم )دنب‬
Persian
donbal: testicles
ُ
‫ دن ﻼن‬،‫دن َ ل‬
Arabic
domal: abscess
Persian
domal: abscess
ُ
‫د َمل‬
‫د َمل‬
ُ
‫دم‬ POK:227, HRN:128 BQT:876,882, NYB:82 FVF:258, MON:1563 FVF:258 MON:1561
POK:227 NOTE- See "Peî: sap, fat" for another possible root of "domal"
َ
Indo-European
Dhen: to flow, run around ‫ دور زدن‬، ‫جاری شدن‬
Old Persian
danuvatiy: flows
Persian
danîdan: to run joyfully
َ
‫دن دن‬
‫دن‬
dan: joyful shouting
َ َ
(‫دن )دنان‬ ‫ف اد شادی‬
POK:249 POK:249, ARN:265
‫س اندر س اه منوچهر شاه‬
( ‫دم ــان و دنـ ــان ــرگرف ـتـند راه )فردو‬
BQT:888, POK:249, HRN:128, FSF:88,
َ َ
‫ دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دنان‬
ُ ُ
‫ دم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دنب‬
ُ
‫ ت ک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دن ک‬
Indo-European
Dumb: tail
ُ
‫دم‬
Avestan
duma: tail
Persian
ُ ُ
dom: tail (‫دم )دنب‬
Persian
donbal: testicles
ُ
‫ دن ﻼن‬،‫دن َ ل‬
‫دن ﻼن‬
POK:227 POK:227, HRN:128 BQT:876,882, NYB:82 FVF:258, MON:1563
Indo-European
Denk: to bite ‫از گرف‬
Avestan
Persian
dandân: tooth ‫دندان‬
‫دندان‬
POK:201 POK:201, SYN:138 dandeh: rib ‫دنده‬
BQT:884, BRT:653, HRN:120
NOTE- POK:287-289 derives it from "Ed: to eat > Ed-ont, Dnt: tooth"
Indo-European
Indo-European
Ed-ont, Dont, Dnt: tooth ‫دندان‬
Avestan
Persian
dandân: tooth ‫دندان‬
‫دندان‬
POK:287 POK:287-289, ARN:284 POK:201, SYN:138 BQT:884, BRT:653, HRN:120
NOTE- POK:201 derives it from "Denk: to bite"
‫ دندان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دنده‬

َ َ
‫ دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دن دن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
dva, duva: two
Persian
do: two ‫دو‬
‫دو‬
two :‫هم‬
POK:230, duvitya-kara: the other one di-gar: other ‫د گر‬
POK:230, KLN:440,1669, SOD:145 BQT:888,902,914, HRN:132, HUB:65
َ ‫دوازده‬
۱‫ ده‬+ ‫ دو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
Indo-European
Latin
bis, duo: two
French
douzaine
Persian
dojên: "two on ten" ‫دوج‬
‫دوج‬
POK:230, "‫"دو اﻻی ده‬
duo-decem: two plus ten (dozen) KLN:175 MON
Indo-European dozen :‫هم‬
Dekm: ten ‫عدد ده‬ AHD, KLN:175
POK:191
Indo-European
Deuk: to lead, move, draw ‫ حرکت دادن‬،‫هدا ت کردن‬
Iranian
duk, duč, davč: to sew
Pahlavi
dôxtan: to sew
Persian
dûxtan: to sew (‫ )دوز دن‬۱ ‫دوخ‬
۱ ‫دوخ‬
POK:220 HUB:63, HRN:129 HUB:63 BQT:892, FFD:54, MON
88
۲ ‫دوخ‬
Indo-European
Iranian
dhauğ, daux, dauxš: to milk
Pahlavi
dûxtan, dôxtan: to milk
Persian
dûxtan: to milk ۲ ‫دوخ‬
۲ ‫دوخ‬
dûğ: diluted yogurt ‫دوغ‬ ‫دوش دن‬
POK:271,277, WLD:847,868 POK:271, SYN:386 HRN:129
NOTE- Compare with the root "Dhê 1: to suckle milk" BQT, POK, SYN, AEF, FFD
Indo-European
Avestan
dvaidi: smoke
Pahlavi
dûd: smoke
Persian
dûd: smoke ‫دود‬
‫دود‬
fume :‫هم‬
POK:262 POK:262 HRN:129, POK:262, BQT:894 BQT:894, HRN:129
Indo-European
Avestan
dvaidi: smoke
Pahlavi
dûd: smoke
Persian
dûdmân: family
‫دودمان‬
POK:262 POK:262
Indo-European Avestan dûtak-mân: family members ‫دودمان‬
sitting around a fire
Dem: house ‫خانه‬ demâna, nmâna, mân: house BQT:894, HRN:129
HRN:129, POK:262, BQT:894
POK:198 POK:199, KNT:302
Indo-European
Deu 2: to lack, not available, far away ‫ موجود نبودن‬،‫فاقد بودن‬
Av/Old Pers
dûraê, dûra: far
Persian
dûr: far away ۱‫دور‬
‫دور‬
POK:219 POK:219 SNS:335
Indo-European
An 1: breath ‫ دم‬،‫نفس‬
Avestan
ahu, ahura: life, spirit, world
Avestan
daoš-ahva: evil
Pahlavi
dužax: bad world
Persian
dûzax: hell ‫دوزخ‬
‫دوزخ‬
world ‫ برزخ‬:‫مق‬
VDQ:36 BQT:896, VDQ:36
KLN, AHD, POK:48 Indo-European POK:48, BQT:896,
VDQ:36, SOD:127
POK:227
۱ ‫ دوخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دوز دن‬

Indo-European
Geus: to love, favor, choose ‫ ترجیح دادن‬، ‫دوست داش‬
Av/Old Pers
zaošô: to agree
Persian
dûst: friend ‫دوست‬
‫دوست‬
zuštô: favorite choose :‫هم‬
POK:399 HRN:130, BQT:897
dauštar: friend
POK:399, KNT:189
Indo-European
Deu 1: to penetrate, sink ‫ غرق شدن‬، ‫فرو رف‬
Av/Old Pers
dauša: sunset, night
Persian
dûš: last night ۱‫دوش‬
۱‫دوش‬
‫د شب‬
POK:217 POK:217, ETM:66 POK:217, HRN:130, BQT:898
Indo-European
Dous: arm ‫ازو‬
Avestan
daoš: shoulder
Persian
dûš: shoulder ۲‫دوش‬
۲‫دوش‬
‫کتف‬
POK:226 POK:226 BQT:898, HRN:130, POK:226
Indo-European
Deuk: to lead, move, draw ‫ حرکت دادن‬،‫هدا ت کردن‬
Latin Italian
doccione: pipe
French Persian
duš: shower ۳‫دوش‬
۳‫دوش‬
POK:220 HUB:63, AHD KLN:477 KLN:477 VOP:172, ETM:66
Indo-European
Iranian
dhauğ, daux, dauxš: to milk
Pahlavi
dûšitan: to milk
Persian
dûšîdan: to milk ‫دوش دن‬
‫دوش دن‬
POK:271,277, WLD:847,868 POK:271, SYN:386 HRN:129 BQT, POK, SYN, AEF, FFD
NOTE- Compare with the root "Dhê 1: to suckle milk"
Indo-European
Iranian
dhauğ, daux,
Pahlavi
dûšitan: to milk
Persian
dûšîzeh: "milker", girl. See "doxtar" ‫دوش ه‬
‫دوش ه‬
dauxš: to milk ‫بز و م ش د ش ور همچن‬ "‫"دوشنده‬
NOTE- Compare with "Dhê 1: to suckle milk" HRN:129
POK:271, SYN:386 daughter :‫هم‬
( ‫ه دوش ان داده د ا دین )فردو‬
POK:271,277, WLD:847,868
BQT, POK, SYN, AEF, FFD
NOTE- dûšîzeh has lost its original meaning as "milker" and, in some prints of this poem, has been changed to "dûšandegân"
89
. ‫دوغ‬
۲ ‫ دوخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دوغ‬
Indo-European
Dhûs: whir, whirring object, spindle ‫ دوک‬،‫ اجسام مدور‬،‫چرخاندن‬
Persian
dûk: spindle ‫دوک‬
‫دوک‬
IEC:224 IEC:224
‫ ـ ُ م‬+ ‫ دو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دوم‬

Indo-European
Dheu 1: to flow, move ‫ج ان داش‬
Av/Old Pers
daw: to run
Pahlavi
davîtan: to run
Persian
davîdan: to run ‫دو دن‬
‫دو دن‬
POK:259,EIV FFD:54 POK:259, FFD:54 BQT:902, HRN:130
Indo-European
Indo-European
Dkm-tom: hundred
Avestan
sata, satam: hundred
Persian
devîst: two hundred ‫دو ست‬
‫دو ست‬
POK:191 AHD
hundred :‫هم‬
dve-sate, duye-saite: two hundred BQT
Dwo: two ‫عدد دو‬ dva, duva: two POK:191, 192
POK:230, POK:230, KLN:440,1669, SOD:145
َ
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
dasa: ten or "plus ten"
Pahlavi
dah: ten
Persian
šânzdah: sixteen ‫شانزده‬ َ
‫ده‬
‫ شست‬:‫مق‬
POK:191 POK:191 BQT BQT
ten :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Dhîs: village, land ‫ زم‬،‫ده‬
Av/Old Pers
dahyu, dainhu: land, country
Pahlavi
deh, dih: village
Persian
deh 2: village, country ۲‫ِده‬
‫ِده‬
IEC:191 SYN:1302, KNT:190, BRT:706 BQT:902, SNS:242 SYN:1302, BQT:902, MON:1585, TZF:13
Indo-European
Sanskrit
dâtra: sickle
Persian
dahreh: a sickle shaped weapon ‫دهره‬
‫دهره‬
‫ت ـ ــر بر نــارون گس ـت ــاخ مـ ـ ــزد‬
damage :‫هم‬
POK:175 POK:175, BQT:904
(‫و بن را شاخ م د )نظا گنجوی‬ ‫ه دهره‬
BQT:904
‫ داشن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دهش‬

Indo-European
Ghei 1: winter ‫زمستان‬
Avestan
zaem, zyam: winter
Persian
day: (first month of) winter ۱‫دی‬
۱‫ِدی‬
POK:425 POK:425, KLN:728, SYN:1014 POK:425, SYN:1014 ‫ماه دهم‬
NOTE- See root "Dô: to give, create" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Dô: to give, create
Avestan
dâ 1: to give
Avestan
dathuš: creator
Persian
day: creator, the tenth month in Persian calendar ۱‫ِدی‬
۱‫ِدی‬
‫ خلق کردن‬،‫دادن‬ dâtar: giver, God ‫ماه دهم‬
BQT:121,907 MON:1588
POK:223 BQT:121, POK:223,225 NOTE- See root "Ghei 1: winter" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Ghdies: yester (‫دی )گذشته‬
Avestan
zyô: yester
Pahlavi
dîk: yester
Persian
dî: yester (‫ )دیروز‬۲‫دی‬
۲‫دی‬
yesterday :‫هم‬
POK:416 POK:416, KLN:1762 MON:1588
‫ دجله‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫د اله‬

Indo-European
Dei: to shine, used to describe bright days and heavenly spirits
Sanskrit
dîp: to shine
Pahlavi
dêpâk, dêbâg: a
Persian
dîbâ: a colorful cloth ‫دی ا‬
‫دی ا‬
‫ برای توص ف روزهای روشن و ارواح آسما استفاده شده‬،‫درخش دن‬
colorful type of cloth divine :‫هم‬
POK:183, AHD BQT:908
BQT:908, SNS:313
POK:183, AHD NOTE- See root "Zi: to adorn" for another possible derivation.
90
‫دی ا‬
Indo-Scythian
Zi: to adorn ‫آراس‬
Pahlavi
dêpâk: a beautiful cloth, brocade
Persian
dîbâ: a colorful cloth (‫دی ا )دی اج‬
‫دی ا‬
ISS:16 ISS:16 BQT:908
NOTE- See root "Dei: to shine" for another possible derivation.
‫ دب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دی اچه‬

Indo-European
Avestan
dâ 3, dây, dâi, dî: to see
Pahlavi
dîtan: to see
Persian
dîdan: to see (‫د دن )آینه‬
‫د دن‬
POK:243 vaêna: observer âdênak: mirror BQT, ARN:296
POK:243, BQT:373,910, SOD:421 BQT:74,373,910
‫ درنگ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دیر‬

‫ روز‬+ ۳‫ دی‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دیروز‬
‫ ـ د س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ـ دیز‬
‫ د گ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دیزی‬
Indo-European
Deik: to show ‫شان دادن‬
Avestan
daês: to show, demonstrate
Persian
dîs, dîz: appearance ‫ ـ دیز‬،‫ـ د س‬
‫ـدس‬
‫ ش دیز‬،‫تند س‬ ‫سوند ش اهت‬
POK:188 POK:188
HUB:65, BQT:912
Indo-European
Dheigh: to form out of clay, to knead clay or dough ‫رس ا خم‬ ‫درست کردن ا خا‬
Old Persian
daika: clay pot
Persian
dîg: a large cooking pot (‫د گ )دیزی‬
‫دگ‬
POK:244, KNT:191, CEL3: 203 HUB:65, KLN:469 BQT:912,914, KLN:469
‫ دو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫د گر‬

Indo-European
Avestan
dâ 3, dây, dâi, dî: to see
Persian
dîm, dîmeh: light, face ‫ د مه‬،‫د م‬
‫دم‬
‫دانگه که صبح زمان د مه داد‬ ‫چهره‬
POK:243 daêman: eye
(‫زراتـ ـش ــت ف ـ ـ ـ ّ خ ز مـ ــادر ـ ـزاد )زر شت نامه‬
POK:243, BQT:373,910, SOD:421
BQT, ARN:296
‫ د م‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫د مه‬

Indo-European
Dheye: to see
Avestan
daêna: insight, religion
Pahlavi
dîn: religion
Persian
dîn 1: religion ۱‫دین‬
۱‫دین‬
dînkart: religious instructions ‫اور مذه‬
‫د دن‬ POK:243 NOTE- after going through Arabic, this word came back in
BQT:916 different forms like adyân, tadayyon, motedayyen, etc.
POK:243
BQT:916, MON:1597, FSF:191
NOTE- FVQ:132 claims Arabic "dîn: religion" is borrowed from Iranian while "dîn: judgment" is borrowed from Aramaic and passed to Persian.
Akkadian
Dînu: law, right, judgment ‫ قضاوت‬،‫ حق‬،‫قانون‬
Aramaic
dîn: to rule
Arabic
dîn 2: judgment
Persian
dîn 2: judgment, rule (‫ تمدن‬،‫ )مدینه‬۲‫دین‬
۲‫دین‬
dayn: debt dayn: debt ۳‫ِدین‬ ‫حکومت و‬
BQT:916, KLN:399 BQT:916, KLN:399
BQT:916, FVQ:131 FVA:148, MON
‫قضاوت‬
NOTE- FVQ:132 claims Arabic "dîn: religion" is borrowed from Iranian while "dîn: judgment" is borrowed from Aramaic and passed to Persian.
۲‫ دین‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۳‫ِدین‬

Indo-European
Dekm: ten
Latin
dên-ârius: a coin worth
Pahlavi
denâr
Persian
dînar: a currency unit in several countries that was originated in the ancient Rome.
‫دینار‬
‫عدد ده‬
ten bronze "asses".
‫دینار‬ ten :‫هم‬
BQT:916
POK:191 AHD:352, BQT:916
91
. ‫دیو‬
Indo-European
Avestan
daêv, daêvoh: originally meant god
Persian
dîv: demon ‫دیو‬
‫دیو‬
but when Zoroaster introduced
‫شده‬ ‫ برای توص ف روزهای روشن و ارواح آسما استفاده‬،‫درخش دن‬ Ahuramazda, old gods were rejected dîvâneh: like a demon, crazy
and considered as demons.
‫دیوانه‬
POK:183, AHD
POK:185, AHD:1511, BQT:917 HRN:133
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Av/Old Pers
dêğa-vâra: clay wall
Persian
dîvâr: "clay wall"
‫دیوار‬
‫ محصورکردن‬،‫پوشاندن‬ " ‫"حصار‬
POK:1116, AEF:212, KNT:207 POK:1116, AEF:268 ‫دیوار‬
POK:1116, IEC:1599 cover :‫هم‬
Indo-European BQT, AEF
Dheigh: to form out of clay, to knead clay or dough ‫رس ا خم‬ ‫درست کردن ا خا‬
POK:244, KNT:191, CEL3: 203
‫ دب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دیوان‬

‫ دیو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫دیوانه‬
Indo-European
Dê, Dah 2: to bind, tie ‫س‬
Greek
dia-dein, dia-dêma: a headband tied
Persian
dayhîm: crown ‫دیه م‬
‫دیه م‬
on two sides
POK:183,EIV BQT:921, MON:1603
Indo-European Greek
POK:183
Dwo: two ‫عدد دو‬ di, dis: two
POK:230,
dia: through, across, apart
AHD
Indo-European
Indo-European
Geulo: coal
Avestan
skarana, skairya: coal
Persian
zoğâl: coal ‫ذغال‬
‫ذغال‬
coal :‫هم‬
POK:240 IEC:379,407, POK:399 HRN:163, BQT:1150, IEC:379,407 BQT:1026,1150, HRN:163,
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
râd: proper, brave ۱‫راد‬
۱‫راد‬
NOTE- EIV:196 derives this from the root "Reg 1: straight" ‫درست‬
POK:55 BQT, AEF, FFD
WLD:74, POK:56 order :‫هم‬

Ar 1: to fit together arânte: puts in order ?
POK:55 aram, arem: suitable
POK:56
Indo-European
Rei 1: possession ‫مال ت‬
Avestan
râ: to give
Persian
râd: generous ۲‫راد‬
۲‫راد‬
râiti, a-râiti: generous ‫خشنده‬
POK:860 BQT:926
POK:860, BQT, ARN:301 real :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Redh: to separate, isolate ‫جدا کردن‬
Avestan
rah: to escape, set free
Persian
râz: secret ‫راز‬
‫راز‬
KNT:205 razah: isolation BQT:926, HRN:134
KNT:205, NYB:167
‫ ری‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫رازی‬

Indo-European
Reg 1: move straight, right ‫مستق م حرکت کردن‬
Avestan
râsta: right
Persian
râst: right, straight ‫راست‬
‫راست‬
right :‫هم‬
POK:854, KNT:206 erezu: straight (line) raj: line, row ‫رج‬
POK:854 BQT, HRN

Reg 1: move straight, right arštâ: rectitude ?
POK:854, KNT:206 ardu: upright
râsta: right, true
KNT:171,206
92
‫راسو‬
Indo-European
Lohrk: weasel ‫راسو ا حیوان ش ه آن‬
Pahlavi
rasug: weasel
Persian
râsû: weasel? ‫راسو‬
‫راسو‬
ARN:299 ARN:299 ARN:299, BQT:929
Indo-European
Rem: to rest ‫اس احت کردن‬
Avestan
râman: quiet, restful
Persian
râm: quiet (‫ رام دن‬، ‫ رام‬،‫ رامش‬،‫رام )شهرام‬
‫رام‬
POK:864 POK:864, KLN:1335, SYN:841, AEF:351 ârâm: quiet ‫آرام‬
BQT, HRN, AEF, FAF, FFD

Rem: to rest ram: to be at peace ?
POK:864 KNT:206
‫ رام‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫رامش‬

‫ رام‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫رام‬
Indo-European
Srêno: thigh, hip ‫ران‬
Avestan
râna: thigh
Persian
rân: thigh ‫ران‬
‫ران‬
POK:1002 POK:1002 BQT:932, HRN:135
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
ar, ra: to move
Pahlavi
rân: to drive
Persian
rândan: to drive ‫راندن‬
‫راندن‬
run :‫هم‬
POK:327, EIV:165 POK:327, BRT, FSF:105 EIV:165 EIV:165
‫ چرا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫را‬

Indo-European
Avestan
rad: to run
Pahlavi
râs: path, way
Persian
râh: way, manner (‫راه ) َره‬
‫راه‬
POK:866 POK:866, ARN:302 BQT:934 râygân: "found on the road", free ‫را ان‬
râheb: one who watches his manners, monk (‫راهب )راه ان‬
HUB:66, BQT:984, PLA:133, FFD:56
‫ راه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫راهب‬

Indo-European
Rei 1: possession ‫مال ت‬
Avestan
raêvant: rich
Pahlavi
râyomand: with power and grace
Persian
rây: wisdom ‫رای‬
‫رای‬
real :‫هم‬
POK:860 POK:860, BQT, ARN:301 BQT936, ARN:301 BQT:936, ARN:302
‫ راه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫را ان‬

Indo-European
Leup, Raup 2: to break, peel off ‫ پوست کندن‬، ‫شکس‬
Av/Old Pers
rup,rupâ: to rob
Pahlavi
rôp 1: to rob
Persian
robûdan: to steal ‫ر ودن‬
‫رودن‬
loot :‫هم‬
POK:690. EIV:195 FFD:55 HRN:135 BQT:938, EIV:195
‫ راست‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫رج‬

‫ رزدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َرج دن‬
Indo-European
Leuk: light, brightness
Avestan
raočah: light
Avestan
raoč-xšaena, raoxšna:
Persian
raxš: brightness
‫رخش‬
‫ روشنا‬،‫نور‬
bright light light :‫هم‬
HRN:23,136,140, SYN:470,991, BQT:31 (‫ درخش دن‬،‫رخش )درخش‬
POK:687, KNT:205 Indo-European drafša: (bright) banner
derafš: banner ۱‫درفش‬
Ksei 2: bright ‫روشن‬ WLD1: 501, BQT:788,1320
BQT, MON
WLD1: 501, BRT:541
Indo-European
Ar 1: to fit together
Avestan
ratu: judge, religious leader
Pahlavi
rad: leader, master, Sir
Persian
rad: leader, judge ‫َرد‬
‫َرد‬
‫دل ــخردان داشــت و مغــز َردان‬ ‫ قا‬،‫فرمانده‬
‫جور و درست کردن‬ WLD:74, POK:56 SNS:226
ُ
( ‫دو کـ ـت ــف ﻼن و ه ــش مـ ـ دان )فردو‬
POK:55
BQT:943, MON:1645, FSF:199
93
. ‫رده‬
Indo-European
Avestan
râsta: right
Persian
radeh: a row of soldiers (‫رده )رژه‬
‫رده‬
POK:854, KNT:206
erezu: straight (line) BQT, HRN
POK:854
NOTE- see "Ret: to roll" as another suggested root for "radeh: row of soldiers"
Indo-European
Avestan
ratha: chariot
Pahlavi
radag: row of soldiers
Persian
radeh: row of soldiers ‫َرده‬
‫رده‬
POK:866 POK:866, ARN:302 ARN:302, BQT:944 ARN:302, BQT:944
NOTE- see "Reg: move straight" as another suggested root for "radeh: row of soldiers"
‫ رو دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫َرز‬

Indo-European
Word: thorn, flower ‫ ل‬، ‫خار‬
Av /Old Iranian
wrda, varedha: rose
Greek
rhodon: rose
roz: rose ‫ُرز‬
۲‫ُرز‬
KLN:1357, SYN:527 KLN:1357, BQT:1822 SYN:527, KLN:1357, MON:1647
Indo-European
Leuk: light, brightness
Avestan
raočah: light
Persian
rûz: day (‫ فروغ‬،‫روز )فروزان‬
Arabic
rizq: daily food
Persian
rezq: daily bread ‫رزق‬
‫رزق‬
light :‫هم‬
‫ روشنا‬،‫نور‬ HRN:23,136,140, SYN:470,991, BQT:31 BQT, FSF:176 AFM:72, PLA:135 MON
POK:687, KNT:205
Indo-European
Avestan
razma: lined up (for a fight)
Persian
razm: battle (with rows of soldiers) ‫رزم‬
‫رزم‬
POK:854, KNT:206 POK:854 BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Reg 2: to dye, color ‫ رنگ زدن‬، ‫رنگ‬
Persian
rajîdan: to paint (‫ رنگرز‬،‫َرز دن )رج دن‬
‫رزدن‬
POK:854 IEC:1065, MON:1640
‫ رده‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫رژه‬

Indo-European
Leith: to go forth, die ‫مردن‬
Avestan
raêth, ris, rith: to die
Pahlavi
rist: dead
Persian
rastâxîz: rising of the dead ‫رستاخ‬
‫رستاخ‬
POK:672 POK:672, WLD:401, ETM:66
"‫"ق ام مرد ان‬
rist-axez: rising dead BQT:948, HRN:136, NYB:170
Suîğ: jump, dance ‫ رقص‬،‫پرش‬ haiz: to rise NYB:170, HRN:103
IEC:1354 xvîsat: he rises

HRN:103, ETM:66
‫ ره دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫رست ار‬

Indo-European
Leudh, Raud 2: to grow ‫رشد کردن‬
Avestan
raod 1, raodha: growth
Avestan
raodha-taxma: grown strong,
Persian
Rostam:
‫ُرستم‬
POK:684, KLN:885, SYN:874, VDQ:39 KLN:885, SYN:874
name of a legendary hero "grown strong" ‫" ا قدرت رشد‬
Indo-European Avestan KLN:885, SYN:874 ‫ُرستم‬ "‫کرده‬
Tenk: to become firm and thick tanj, taxma: pulled together, tight, strong
BQT
‫مح م و ضخ م شدن‬ POK:1068, KLN:1617, MON5: 405, BQT:511
POK:1068
‫ رو دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُرس‬

‫ ره دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َرس‬
Indo-European
Rek: to tie ‫س‬
Sanskrit
račana, rašanâ:
Pahlavi
rasan: rope
Persian
rasan: rope, string ‫َر َسن‬
‫َر َسن‬
rope, strap, belt NOTE- MON: 1654 & AFM: 72 claim "rasan" is the Arabic pronunciation of
POK:863, WLD2: 362 SNS:227
Persian rîsmân. PLA: 138 claims Arabic "rasan" is from Pahlavi "rasan".
WLD2: 362, POK:863
HRN:137, SNS:227
94
‫رس دن‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
ar, ra: to move
Persian
resîdan: to arrive, to ripe ‫رس دن‬
‫رس دن‬
ras 1, rasa: to come, arrive run :‫هم‬
POK:327, EIV:165 HRN, BQT, FSF, FFD
POK:327, BRT, FSF:105
‫ ر ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫رشته‬

Indo-European
Erek: flea, mite ‫ کنه‬، ‫ک‬
Old Persian
rikša: louse, flea eggs
Persian
rešk: flea eggs ‫رشک‬
‫رشک‬
POK:335 ARN:307 HRN:137, BQT:952, ARN:307
‫ ارشک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َرشک‬

Indo-European
Lithra: a scale, balance ‫ تراز‬،‫ترازو‬
Greek
litra: a unit of
Arabic
ratl: a large liquid container
Persian
ratl: a large cup of wine
‫رطل‬
NOTE- This is most likely a Mediterranean word
liquid measurement liter :‫هم‬
NOTE- ratl is a distorted form of "lîtr" ‫رطل‬
AHD:762, KLN:896
AHD:1527 MON:1660
‫ آروغ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُرغ‬

Indo-European
Rezg, Resg: to plait, wind ‫ تاب دن‬، ‫اف‬
Persian
rağzeh: woolen clothes, woolen blanket ‫َرغزه‬
‫َرغزه‬
‫پوشش ش‬
POK:874 ARN:307, BQT
Indo-Scythian
Raup 1: to sweep away ‫جارو کردن‬
Pahlavi
rôpet, rôp 2: sweep
Persian
roftan: to sweep ( ‫ ﻻیرو‬،‫ُرف )جاروب‬
‫ُرف‬
ISS:251 ISS:252 ISS:252
Indo-European
Rêp: to crawl ‫خ دن‬
Avestan
rap: to go
Persian
raftan: to go ‫رف‬
Arabic
rawaj: circulation
Persian
ravâj: popularity, prevalence ‫رواج‬
‫َرف‬
POK:865 HUB:67, HRN:137 ‫ روش‬،۱‫ روان‬،‫روا‬ AFM:74 HRN:137, AFM:74
BQT:955
Indo-European
Gheu: to pour ‫رخ‬
Latin
fundere: to pour
French
refuse: poured back, rejected
Persian
refûzeh: failed ‫رفوزه‬
‫رفوزه‬
POK:447 AHD AHD MON:1665
Indo-European
Avestan
ranhâ: vein
Pahlavi
rahg, rag: vein
Persian
rag: vein ‫رگ‬
‫رگ‬
POK:335 POK:336, AHD:1115, SOD:339 SOD:339 SOD:339
‫ رم دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َرم‬

Indo-European
Ser 1, Sreu: to flow ‫جاری شدن‬
Persian
ram: flight ‫َرم‬
‫رم دن‬
Srêm: running ‫جاری‬ ramîdan: to be scared ‫رم دن‬
POK:909,1003, KNT:205, IEC:1276 IEC:1276
Indo-European
Lanğ: to droop, be sad, sorrow ‫ غم‬،‫غمگ بودن‬
Avestan
ranj: trouble, effort
Pahlavi
ranz, ranj: pain, suffering
Persian
ranj: pain, suffering ‫رنج‬
‫رنج‬
Ranj: to take action, effort ‫زحمت کش دن‬ EIV:191 BQT:963 MON:1676, IEC:663
IEC:663, EIV:191
Indo-European
Rand: to scrape ‫تراش دن‬
Pahlavi
Rand: scratch
Persian
randîdan: to grate (‫رند دن )رنده‬
‫رنده‬
EIV:312 EIV:312 MON:964, HRN:138
‫ رنده‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫رند دن‬

95
. ‫رنگ‬
Indo-European
Reg 2: to dye, color ‫ رنگ زدن‬، ‫رنگ‬
Sanskrit
ranga
Pahlavi
rang: color
Persian
rang: color ‫رنگ‬
‫رنگ‬
POK:854 SYN:1051 HRN:138, BQT:964, PHD:72 MON:1677
‫ َرف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫روا‬

‫ روی‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫رو‬
‫ َرف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫رواج‬
‫ َرف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫روان‬
Avestan
Urvan: spirit, soul ‫روح‬
Pahlavi
ruvân: spirit
Persian
ravân: spirit ۲‫روان‬
۲‫روان‬
SYN:1088, BQT:967 BQT:967 BQT:967
Indo-European
Ulk,Ulkos: wolf (with fiery eyes) ‫گرگ‬
Indo-European
Wlp: wolf, dog
Avestan
urpa, urupis: dog
Pahlavi
ropas: fox
Persian
rûbâh ‫رو اه‬
‫رو اه‬
NOTE- This may be from the root "Ulk: shine, fiery"
POK:1179
raopias: fox Pok:1179, ARN:309 BQT, MON5
POK:1144, 1179 POK:1179
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
rautah, raodah: river
Pahlavi
rôt 2: river
Persian
rûd: river ‫رود‬
۱‫رود‬
Srêm: running ‫جاری‬ POK:1003, HRN:139 MON BQT:969
stream :‫هم‬
POK:909,1003, KNT:205, IEC:1276

Ser 1, Sreu: to flow ravan: river ?
POK:909,1003, KNT:205, IEC:1276 raonami: the rivers
urvant, sru-vant: fluently
POK:1003
Indo-European
Seu 3, Hau 2: to give birth ‫زای دن‬
Avestan
hu 3, hav, hunâmi: to give birth
Persian
rûd: child ‫رود‬
۲‫رود‬
POK:913, EIV: 135 hunuš: son ‫دولت مادر روز ار‬ ‫ز‬ ‫فرزند‬
son :‫هم‬
POK:913, KLN:1473, EIV: 135 (‫که رودی چن پرورد در کنار )سعدی‬
BQT:969, EIV135

Seu 3, Hau 2: to give birth hu 3, hav, hunâmi: to give birth ?
POK:913, EIV: 135 hunuš: son
POK:913, KLN:1473, EIV: 135
۳‫ ار‬+ ‫ رود‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫رود ار‬

Indo-European
Reuto: intestines, bowels ‫دل و روده‬
Pahlavi
rôt 1: intestine
Persian
rûdeh: intestine ‫روده‬
‫روده‬
POK:873 POK:874 POK:874, HRN:139, BQT:970
Indo-European
Avestan
raočah: light
Persian
rûz: day (‫ فروغ‬،‫روز )فروزان‬
‫روز‬
light :‫هم‬
POK:687, KNT:205 HRN:23,136,140, SYN:470,991, BQT:31 BQT, FSF:176

Leuk: light, brightness raucah: day ?
POK:687, KNT:205 KNT:205
Indo-European
Avestan
Pahlavi
rôstâk: village
Persian
rûstâ: village ‫روستا‬
‫روستا‬
POK:684, KLN:885, SYN:874, VDQ:39 KLN:885, SYN:874 MON:1689 IEC:1103, MON:1689
‫ َرف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫روش‬

96
‫روشن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
raoč-xšaema, raoxšna: bright light
Persian
rošan: bright ‫روشن‬
‫روشن‬
POK:687, KNT:205
light :‫هم‬
HRN:23,136,140, SYN:470,991, BQT:31 BQT, FSF:176
Ksei 2: bright ‫روشن‬ xšae-ta, xšôithmi: bright
WLD1: 501, BRT:541 WLD1: 501, BQT:788,1320
Indo-European
Leudh, Raud 2: to grow
Avestan
raod 1, raodha:
Persian
rûîdan: to grow ( ‫رو ی دن ) ُرس‬
Arabic
rauza: garden
Persian
rowzeh: garden
‫روضه‬
growth
raz: garden, vineyard, vine ۱‫َرز‬ PLA:138 ‫روضه‬ ‫ رو دن‬:‫هم‬
‫رشد کردن‬
KLN:885, SYN:874 FSF:199, BQT:944 MON
POK:684, KLN:885, SYN:874, VDQ:39
NOTE- AFM derives the Arabic "rauza: garden" from Persian "rîxtan: to pour". VDQ derives it from Pahlavi "rôt: river".
Indo-European
Ser 1, Sreu: to flow
Av/Old Pers
rautah, raodah: river
Pahlavi
rôt 2: river
Arabic
rauza: land of rivers, garden
Persian
rowzeh: garden ‫روضه‬
‫روضه‬
‫جاری شدن‬ ‫ رود‬:‫هم‬
POK:1003, HRN:139 MON VDQ:226 MON
POK:909,1003, KNT:205,
NOTE- PLA:138 derives Arabic "rauza: garden" from Persian "raz: garden".
Indo-European
Reughmen: oil, cream ‫ کرم‬،‫روغن‬
Avestan
raoğna: oil
Pahlavi
rôğn: oil
Persian
roğan: oil ‫روغن‬
‫روغن‬
POK:873 POK:873, KLN:1307 BQT:978 BQT:978
Indo-European
Reudh: red ‫قرمز‬
Avestan
raoidita: red
Persian
ronâs: a plant used for dying ‫روناس‬
‫روناس‬
red :‫هم‬
POK:872 POK:872 BQT:980,981, HRN:141, MON:1696
‫ ن ک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫رونق‬

Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
rôy: face (۲‫روی )رو‬
‫روی‬
POK:684, KLN:885, SYN:874, VDQ:39 KLN:885, SYN:874 KLN:885, SYN:874
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
rûîdan: to grow ( ‫رو ی دن ) ُرس‬
‫رو دن‬
POK:684, KLN:885, SYN:874, VDQ:39 KLN:885, SYN:874 raz: garden, vineyard, vine ۱‫َرز‬
FSF:199, BQT:944
Indo-European
Redh: to separate, isolate ‫جدا کردن‬
Old Persian
rad, radh, ras 2: set free
Persian
rahîdan: escape, become free (‫ رست ار‬، ‫ وارس‬، ‫ره دن ) َرس‬
‫ره دن‬
KNT:205 KNT:205, BQT:949 BRT:1505, KNT:205, BQT:949, FFD:55
AV/Old Pers
Ragâ, Rağâ: city of "Ray" south of Tehran. ‫نام شهر ری در جنوب تهران‬
Persian
Ray: a city south of Tehran ‫ری‬
‫ری‬
MON5: 636 râzî: from Ray ‫رازی‬
BQT:985, FVF:278
Indo-European
Latin
rex: ruler, king
Spanish
real: royal coin
Persian
rîyâl: unit of currency ‫ر ال‬
‫رال‬
POK:854, KNT:206 AHD AHD BQT:985
royal :‫هم‬
NOTE- Currency from the Spanish commerce in the Persian Gulf.
Indo-European
Avestan
rêxt, rêz, hâek: to pour
Pahlavi
rextan: to pour
Persian
rîxtan : to pour ‫رخ‬
‫رخ‬
‫ گ خ‬:‫مق‬
POK:669, EIV:307 POK:669, FFD:72, SOD:11 BQT, HRN:141,203, FVQ:46, SNS:115 POK:669, BQT, AEF:373
97
. ‫ر دن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
rî, rae, raec: discharge
Pahlavi
rîtan: to defecate
Persian
rîdan: defecate ‫ر دن‬
‫ردن‬
‫ بر انگ خ‬،‫ه حرکت در آوردن‬ BQT:987, SYN:278, HRN:142 HRN:142, BQT:987, SNS:235 HRN:142, BQT:987,990
POK:327, EIV:165
Indo-European
Rei 2, Raiš: to hurt, tear, cut ‫ اره کردن‬،‫آزردن‬
Persian
rîzeh: small pieces, crumbs ‫ر زه‬
‫ر زه‬
POK:857, IEC:1067, EIV:308 IEC:1067
‫ ر ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ر سمان‬

‫ ر ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ر س دن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
raesah, raeš: wound
Persian
rîš 1: wound, wounded ۱‫ر ش‬
۱‫ر ش‬
‫زخم‬
POK:857, IEC:1067, EIV:308 POK:858 BQT:988, EIV:308
Indo-European
Uroiks: twist, beard ‫ ر ش‬،‫تا اندن‬
Avestan
raeša: hair, beard
Pahlavi
rêš: beard
Persian
rîš 2: beard ۲‫ر ش‬
۲‫ر ش‬
IEC:704,1593 HRN:142, IEC:104,1593 rêšak: (hairy) root rîšeh: root ‫ر شه‬
BQT:988, SOD:348 BQT:988,989, HRN:142, IEC:704,1593
NOTE- ARN:319 indicates that these words are from the Indo-European root "Werd, Wrad: to grow" (POK:1167)
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
riš, rîz: to spin threads
Persian
rîštan: to spin threads (‫ر ش )رشته‬
‫رش‬
rope :‫هم‬
POK:857, IEC:1067, EIV:308 FFD:56 rîsîdan: to spin threads (‫ر س دن )ر سمان‬
abrîšam: silk ‫اب شم‬
BQT:951, HUB:12, FFD:56
۲‫ ر ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ر شه‬

Indo-European
Avestan / Sanskrit
ari, arika, araeka: enemy,
Persian
ârîğ: hostility, hatred ‫آر ــغ‬
‫ر ــغ‬
hostility, hatred
rîğ: animosity, also hated, enemy, dung ‫ر ــغ‬ ‫کینه و دشم‬
‫ بر انگ خ‬،‫ه حرکت در آوردن‬
WLD1: 136, AEF:20 ‫جهان و یژه کردم ه ّبرنده تیغ‬
POK:327, EIV:165
( ‫چ ـرا دارد ازمـن ه دل ش ــاه ر ـ ــغ )فردو‬
BQT, AEF:20,21

Er, Ar 2: to set in motion, excite arati: energy ?
POK:327, EIV:165 aranu, ham-aranu: hostile coincidence, fight, competition
ham-ara, ham-aratha: opponents
râna: fighter
artha: affair
POK:327-331
Old Persian
Raika: sand, gravel ‫ سنگ ر زه‬،‫شن‬
Pahlavi
rêg: sand
Persian
rîg: sand, gravel ‫رگ‬
‫رگ‬
HRN:142, BRT PHD:73 HUB:68, BQT:989, HRN:142
Indo-European
Avestan
rî, rae, raec: discharge
Pahlavi
rêman: dirty discharges
Persian
rîm: dirt, dirty discharge from the eye
‫رم‬
from eyes etc.
‫ بر انگ خ‬،‫ه حرکت در آوردن‬ BQT:987, SYN:278, HRN:142 ‫ ر مه‬،‫ر م‬
POK:327, EIV:165 HRN:142, BQT:987, SNS:235 HRN:142, BQT:987,990
‫ ف ب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫رو‬

Indo-European
Avestan
raêvas: rhubarb, grown on Rha (Volga) banks.
Persian
rîvâs: rhubarb (‫ر واس )ر وند‬
‫رواس‬
rhubarb :‫هم‬
POK:335 POK:336, AHD:1115, SOD:339 BQT:991
98
‫ر وند‬
‫ رواس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ر وند‬
Indo-European
Avestan
zan 1: to give birth to
Persian
zâdan: to give birth to (‫زادن )زای دن‬
‫زادن‬
gene :‫هم‬
POK:373 POK:373, SOD:462 POK:373, BQT, HRN:181,231
Indo-European Av/Old Pers Persian

Gene: to give birth to zana: human being ?
POK:373 POK:376, KNT:211
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
zar 2: to grow old
Persian
zâr 1: ill, weak ۱‫زار‬
۱‫زار‬
POK:390-391, AEN:444 POK:390 HRN:143, POK:390, BQT
Indo-European
Ger 4: to cry hoarsely, growl ‫ غر زدن‬، ‫گ ه كردن‬
Sanskrit
jaratê: to cry loudly
Persian
zâr 2: cry (‫ )زاری‬۲‫زار‬
۲‫زار‬
care :‫هم‬
POK:383, IEC:308 POK:383 HRN:143, BQT:995
Indo-European
Avestan
Pahlavi
čâr: an open
Persian
zâr: place of, home of (‫ ) لزار‬۳‫زار‬
۳‫ـ زار‬
also an open field field, also to
‫ چرخ دن‬، ‫حرکت کردن‬ MON, BQT, FFD:73
POK:640 BQT:635, FFD:73
۲‫ زار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زاری‬

Indo-European
Gwag: cry, quack, squeak, squeal ‫ ج ج‬،‫ف اد‬
Persian
zâğ: crow ‫زاغ‬
‫زاغ‬
POK:1110, IEC:351,354 IEC, BQT, MON NOTE- See "Ghâgwh: young animal" for another possible root
Indo-European
Ghâgwh: young animal ‫چه حیوان‬
Persian
zâğ: crow ‫زاغ‬
‫زاغ‬
POK:409, ARN:318 POK:409, ARN:318 NOTE- See "Gwag: cry, quack" for another possible root
Indo-European
Ghaido: goat ‫بز‬
Persian
zâq: young of any animal ‫زاق‬
‫زاق‬
goat :‫هم‬
POK:409, CEL5: 7 zâq-dân: womb ‫زاقدان‬
CEL5: 7, MON:1712
‫ زاق‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زاقدان‬

۲‫ زر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زال‬
Indo-European
Gel 2: to swallow, devour ‫لع دن‬
Indo-European
Gelu: leech
Pahlavi
zalug
Persian
zâlu: leech (‫زالو )زلو‬
‫زالو‬
NOTE- The Old Irish form "Gelid" means a blood sucker, leech
ARN:318 ARN:318 ARN:318
POK:365
Indo-European
Genu 1: angle, knee ‫ زانو‬،‫زاو ه‬
Avestan
žnu, znum: knee
Pahlavi
zânûg, zânûk: knee
Persian
zânu: knee ‫زانو‬
‫زانو‬
knee :‫هم‬
POK:381 POK:381, SOD:184 ARN:319 BQT:1000, ARN:319
۱‫ زور‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زاو‬

۱‫ زور‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ز َاور‬
Indo-European
Greek
Zeus: a god in Greek mythology,
Persian
zâvoš: Jupiter ‫زاوش‬
‫زاوش‬
Jupiter
‫ برای توص ف روزهای روشن و ارواح آسما استفاده شده‬،‫درخش دن‬ ARN:319
POK:183, AHD AHD
۲‫ زه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زاه دن‬

99
. ‫زای دن‬
‫ زادن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زای دن‬
Indo-European
Ghu 2: tongue ‫ز ان‬
Avestan
zav 1, zbâ: call
Pahlavi
uzvân
Persian
zabân: tongue, language ‫ز ان‬
‫زان‬
tongue :‫هم‬
POK:223, PRT:335, KNT:211 hizû, hizvâ: tongue hozvân: tongue ‫هزوان‬
PRT:335, SYN:230, KNT:211,214 PRT:335, BQT, BRT:1815, IEC:409,410, MON

Ghu 2: tongue zbâ: call ?
POK:223, PRT:335, KNT:211 hizana: tongue
KNT:211,214
Indo-European
Zgwes: to extinguish ‫خاموش کردن‬
Sanskrit
jas: extinguished, exhausted, wounded
Avestan
zaxya: wound
Persian
zaxm: wound ‫زخم‬
‫زخم‬
POK:479 POK:479 HRN:145 BQT:1007
Indo-European
Avestan
žata, jan., jaiti: to hit, harm, bite
Persian
zadan: to hit, strike ‫زدن‬
‫زدن‬
POK:492, EIV:222 POK:492, HRN:204, BQT:324, FFD:25 HRN, BQT, FSF, EIV
Indo-European
Dheu 3 : to shine ‫درخش دن‬
Av/Old Pers
dav 2, dû: to wipe, clean
Persian
zodûdan: to wipe out
‫زدودن‬
POK:261
Indo-European Avestan uz-dâvayati, uz-dû: wipes off ‫زدودن‬
Ud 1: up, out, away ‫ ب ون‬،‫اﻻ‬ ud, us, uz: up, out
POK:261, BQT:172,1008, FFD:32,58 BQT:1008
POK:1103 POK:1103, HRN:154, BQT:1049
Indo-European
Ghel: to shine, also a bright yellow color ‫ زرد روشن‬،‫درخش دن‬
Avestan
zairita, zareta: golden, yellow
Persian
zar 1: gold ‫ زر ر‬،۱‫زر‬
۱‫زر‬
gold :‫هم‬
POK:429 POK:429, KLN:667, SOD:411 zard: yellow ‫زرد‬
zardak: carrot ‫زردک‬
zarnîx: arsenic ‫زرنیخ‬
HRN:145, BQT

Ghel: to shine, also a bright yellow color daraniya: gold ?
POK:429 KNT:189
Indo-European
Ger 2, Grnom: to become ripe, grow old. Also means grain
Av/Old Pers
zar 2: to grow old
Persian
zar 2: old (‫ )زرمان‬۲‫زر‬
۲‫زر‬
‫ همچن غﻼت‬.‫ پ شدن‬،‫رس دن‬ zarmân: old man zâl: old ‫زال‬ ‫پ‬
POK:390-391, AEN:444 POK:390 HRN:143, POK:390, BQT
Indo-European
Ghlâd: to sound, to ring ‫ زنگ زدن‬، ‫صدا کردن‬
Avestan
zrâda: linked armor
Arabic
zard, sarad: armor
Persian
zarrâd: armor maker ‫ّزراد‬
‫ّزراد‬
POK:451 POK:451 zarrâd: armor maker MON:1729
VDQ:257
Indo-European
Glei: run up to, water flow ‫حرکت ) ا تم ج( آب‬
Avestan
zrayah, zarayah: body of water
Pahlavi
zrê: sea
Persian
zrâh: sea ‫زراه‬
‫زراه‬
‫ در ا‬:‫هم‬
POK:401, KNT:192 POK:401, SYN:37 MON:1730, BQT:1010, POK:401
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
uš-tra, uštra: camel
Persian
Zartošt: "owner of old
‫زر شت‬
camels", Zoroaster
POK:1171,1172, IEC:1582
zara-uštra: (with) old
Indo-European Av/Old Pers camels ‫زر شت‬
Ger 2, Grnom: to become ripe, grow old. Also means grain zar 2: to grow old BQT:138
POK:1172
‫ همچن غﻼت‬.‫ پ شدن‬،‫رس دن‬ POK:390
POK:390-391, AEN:444
NOTE- BQT:1011 links Avestan "zara" to the Indo-European root "Ghel: yellow", thus zara-uštra means (with) yellow camels.
100
‫زرد‬
۱‫ زر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زرد‬
‫ زر شت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زردشت‬
۱‫ زر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زردک‬
Indo-European
Ghel: to shine, also a
Avestan
zairita, zareta:
Persian
zar 1: gold
Persian
zargûn: like gold,
French
jargon
English
zirconium
Persian
‫ز رکون م‬
‫زرگون‬
bright yellow color golden, yellow golden
‫ زر ر‬،۱‫زر‬ AHD:1489
‫ زرد روشن‬،‫درخش دن‬ POK:429, KLN:667,
‫زرگون‬
HRN:145, BQT
POK:429 SOD:411 HRN:145, BQT:1012
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: gaona: hair, hair color, type, like
to bend
SYN:1051, SNS:90
‫خم کردن‬
POK:394-398, POK:588-592
۲‫ زر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زرمان‬

۱‫ زر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زرنیخ‬
۲‫ زر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زروان‬
Indo-European
Ghlâd: to sound, to ring ‫ زنگ زدن‬، ‫صدا کردن‬
Avestan
zrâda: linked armor
Pahlavi
zrih
Persian
zereh: armor ‫زره‬
‫زره‬
POK:451 POK:451 VDQ:257 POK:451, HRN:146, BQT:1019
۱‫ زر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زر ر‬

Indo-European
Gheis: to frighten, to be angry ‫ خشمگ بودن‬،‫ترساندن‬
Avestan
zaêša, zaêšta: terrible, ugly
Persian
zešt: ugly ‫زشت‬
‫زشت‬
POK:427 POK:427, KLN:655 BQT:1021, HRN:147
Indo-Scythian
Gan: to seize ‫گرف‬
Indo-Scythian
Uysgani: vulture
Persian
zağan: a black bird (kite) ‫زغن‬
‫زغن‬
ISS:27 ISS:27 ISS:27, BQT:1023
Greek
Sphallein: cause to fall, slip ‫ افتادن‬،‫ل خوردن‬
Greek
a-sphallein: not slippery, a bonding agent
Persian
zeft: tar ‫زفت‬
‫زفت‬
NOTE- From an unknown Semitic root asphaltos: tar asphalt :‫هم‬
BQT:1024
KLN:114, AHD:78 AHD:78
Indo-European
Geph: mouth ‫دهان‬
Avestan
zaf-: mouth
Persian
dahân: mouth ‫زفر‬
‫زفر‬
jaw :‫هم‬
POK:382 zaf-an: mouth ‫ز ا ش سان درخ س اه‬
zaf-ar: mouth ( ‫زفر از کرده فگنده ه راه )فردو‬
POK:382, KLN:833, SYN:221 BQT:1024, HRN:589,663
Indo-European
Persian
zakîdan: bluster, rage, talk to oneself in rage (‫زک دن )ژ دن‬
‫زک دن‬
‫خود از خشم‬
POK:1110, IEC:351,354 IEC, BQT, MON
‫سخن گف‬
‫ زالو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زلو‬

Indo-European
Ghei 1: winter ‫زمستان‬
Av/Old Pers
zem: cold
Persian
zam: cold ‫زم‬
‫زم‬
POK:425 zyâ 1, zyâo, zimô: winter zemestan: winter ‫زمستان‬
zamharîr: a very cold place ‫زمه ر‬
POK:425
BQT, FVF:320
101
. ‫زمان‬
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Av/Old Pers
jamâna: a step (period) of time
Persian
zamân: time ‫زمان‬
‫زمان‬
‫قدم زدن‬ jam, jantu: to go thamân: time ‫ هن ام‬:‫هم‬
MON:1746
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318 PLA:146, NYB:228
‫ زم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زمستان‬

‫ زم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زمه ر‬
Indo-European
Ghdhem: earth ‫زم‬
Av/Old Pers
zam: earth
Pahlavi
zamîk: earth
Persian
zamîn: earth, land ‫زم‬
‫زم‬
POK:414,SYN:16,AHD:1513 AHD, BQT:1032, KNT:177 ARN:325 BQT, ARN:325
Indo-European
Gwen: woman, female ‫ ماده‬،‫زن‬
Avestan
ğnâ, genâ, žaini, jâni: woman
Persian
zan: woman, wife ‫زن‬
‫زن‬
queen :‫هم‬
POK:473 POK:473, SYN:82 POK:473, BQT:1033
ّ
Indo-European
Yôs: to gird, belt
Greek
zônê: girdle
Persian
zonnâr: belt used to be worn by
‫زنار‬
‫ دور چ ی را پوشاندن‬، ‫مر س‬
non-moslems zone :‫هم‬
zonarion: a girdle worn by non-Moslems to be identified ّ
POK:513
‫زنار‬
AHD
BQT:1033, MON
Indo-European
Ker 1: head, horn
Sanskrit
srnga: horn
Pali
singivera:
Greek
ziggiberis:
Arabic
zanzabîl:
Persian
zanjebil: ginger
‫زنجب ل‬
‫ شاخ‬، sringa-vera: horn-shaped root of ginger
ginger ginger ginger
‫زنجب ل‬ ‫ شنگب ل‬:‫مق‬
POK:574, KLN:261,657 AHD:1522, KLN:657 KLN:657 KLN:657 VDQ:238 MON:1751, VDQ:238
ginger :‫هم‬
Old Persian
Sinkadruš: the red ore of mercury (mercuric sulfide) used as a pigment
Persian
šangarf: red lead, cinnabar, red pigment (‫شنگرف )زنجرف‬
‫زنجرف‬
‫خ رنگ جیوه که در رنگرزی ار م فته‬ ‫سنگ معدن‬ MON:2083, BQT:1302
MON:2083
Indo-European
Avestan
zaêna 1: weapon
Avestan
zaêna 2: chain ?
Persian
zanjîr: chain ‫زنج‬
‫زنج‬
POK:410,424 zayan: equipped, armed HRN:149 HRN:149
POK:424, KLN:666, SYN:1384
‫ چانه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زنخدان‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
zan 2, zânâ: to know
Persian
Zand: interpretation of the Avesta book ‫زند‬
‫زند‬
know :‫هم‬
POK:376 POK:376, BQT:1298 zandîq: familiar with the Zand book ‫زندیق‬
BQT, FFD
Indo-European
Avestan
zaêna 1: weapon
Avestan
zaêna 2: chain ?
Persian
zendân: prison ‫زندان‬
‫زندان‬
zayan: equipped, armed zaêna-dana: house of chains, prison ‫ زنج‬:‫مق‬
POK:410,424 HRN:149
POK:424, KLN:666, SYN:1384
Indo-European Avestan HRN:149
Dhê 2: to do, set ‫ چ دن‬،‫انجام دادن‬ dhana: vessel, holder, pot
AHD:1512, POK:235 POK:238
‫ ز س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زند‬

‫ زند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زندیق‬
Indo-European
Ghengh: to proceed, step ‫پ ش رف‬
Avestan
zanga: ankle
Persian
zang: foot (obsolete) ‫زنگ‬
‫زنگ‬
Ksengio: pace ‫عت‬ zangô: upper part of the foot ‫ا‬
HRN:302
POK:438, IEC:414,571 POK:438, KLN:639, IEC:414 .‫این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد‬
102
‫زنودن‬
ُ
‫ ن دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زنودن‬
ُ
‫ ن دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زن ه‬
Indo-European
Indo-European
Ghaise: spear ‫ن ه‬
Avestan
zaêna 1: weapon
Persian
zenhâr: "hold your
‫زنهار‬
POK:410,424 POK:410,424
weapons" "‫"مسلح اش‬
zaenô-hâra: hold (your)
Indo-European Av/Old Pers weapons, be careful (‫زنهار )زنهار‬
Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold firmly, keep, guard dâr, dr: to hold
POK:424, KLN:666, SYN:1384 HUB:60, HRN:116, BQT:1055
‫ حفظ کردن‬، ‫مح م گرف‬ POK:252
POK:252, EIV:129
‫ ز ا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زوار‬

َ ‫زوت‬
۲‫ زور‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
Indo-European
Yeu 1, Yauj: to join, harness ‫ مهار کردن‬،‫جفت کردن‬
Greek
zugon: yoke, arm of a pair of balances, scale
Arabic
zawj: pair
Persian
zowj: pair ‫زوج‬
‫زوج‬
yoke :‫هم‬
POK:509, EIV:217 POK:509, AHD, VDQ:346 VDQ:239 FVA:180
Indo-European
Avestan
zava: haste
Persian
zûd: fast, soon ‫زود‬
‫زود‬
۱‫ زور‬:‫هم‬
POK:399 POK:399, HUB:16 POK:399, BQT:1043, HRN:149,
Indo-European
Avestan
zavah, zâvar: power, force
Persian
zûr 1: force, power (‫ )ز َاور‬۱‫زور‬
۱‫زور‬
zâv: powerful ‫زاو‬ ‫قدرت‬
POK:399 POK:399, BQT:148
POK:399, BQT, HRN:149
َ
Indo-European
Avestan
zaothra, zaothar, zaothr: holy water
Pahlavi
zôt : holy water
Persian
zawr: holy water (in Zoroastrian religion) ۲‫زور‬
َ ۲‫زور‬
zot: Zoroastrian priest (‫زوت )زوتر‬ ‫آب مقدس‬
POK:447 ARN:329
POK:447, ARN:329
MON:1761, BQT:1043, ARN: 329
gush :‫هم‬

Gheu: to pour âzûtay: melted butter or fat ?
POK:447 zav 2: a kind of alcoholic beverage
POK:447, SOD:184
Indo-European
Ghuel: crooked, bent ‫ خم ده‬،‫ناصاف‬
Av/Old Pers
zûrah: lie, cheat
Pahlavi
zûr: not true
Persian
zûr 2: lie ۳‫زور‬
۳‫زور‬
‫ تزو ر‬:‫هم‬
POK:489 POK:489 HRN:147, ETM:67, POK:489
false :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Ǧaulos: vessel, boat ‫ قایق‬، ‫کش‬
Persian
zowraq: boat ‫زورق‬
‫زورق‬
galleon :‫هم‬
IEC:388 AEC:388, BQT:1044
Avestan
Zauša: raising a noise, being violent or bad tempered
Persian
zôš: talk loudly, be violent, a bad tempered person ‫زوش‬
‫زوش‬
‫انگ کردمت ای ــت سـ ـ م ــن‬ ‫د اخﻼق‬
‫داد زدن و د اخﻼ کردن‬
( ‫زوش خواندم ترا ه هس زوش )رود‬
AHM:220
AHM:220, BQT:1044, MON:1762
Indo-European
Gwhi: thread, string ‫ رشته‬،‫نخ‬
Avestan
žyâ: bow string
Persian
zeh 1: bow string ۱‫زه‬
۱‫زه‬
‫چلۀ مان‬
POK:481,489, AHD POK:481 HRN:150, BQT:1046
103
. ۲‫زه‬
Indo-European
Ôus: mouth, lip ‫ لب‬،‫دهان‬
Avestan
âh: mouth
Persian
zeh 2: to give birth (‫ زه دن‬،‫ )زاه دن‬۲‫زه‬
۲‫زه‬
POK:784 aošta, aoštra: lip
‫زای دن‬
Indo-European MON, IRN
Ud 1: up, out, away ‫ ب ون‬،‫اﻻ‬ uz-ah, zâ 2: push out of opening, give birth
POK:1103 POK:785, SYN:228, KLN:1091, BQT:1049
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
jatara: resin (obtained by striking a tree trunk)
Persian
žad, žeh, zeh: resin ۳‫ زه‬،‫ ژه‬،‫ژد‬
َ ۳‫زه‬
‫صمغ‬
POK:492, EIV:222 NOTE- Derivation of "jatara: resin" is not certain ang-žeh: sweet resin (‫انگژه )انغوزه‬
AHD:1520, AEF:335 MON, BQT
Indo-European
Avestan
ud, us, uz: up, out
Persian
zahâb: river, spring
‫زهاب‬
POK:1103 ‫چشمه‬
Indo-European Avestan uz-ah-âp: where water comes out, spring ‫زهاب‬
Ôus: mouth, lip ‫ لب‬،‫دهان‬ âh: mouth
POK:1103, HRN:154, BQT:1049 MON, IRN
POK:784 POK:785, SYN:228, KLN:1091, BQT:1049
POK:1 KLN:2
Indo-European
Ôus: mouth, lip ‫ لب‬،‫دهان‬
Avestan
âh: mouth
Persian
zehdân: womb
‫زهدان‬
‫رحم‬
ِ ‫ک سه‬
Indo-European POK:784 aošta, aoštra: lip ‫زهدان‬
Ud 1: up, out, away ‫ ب ون‬،‫اﻻ‬ uz-ah, zâ 2: push out of opening, give birth MON, IRN
POK:1103
Dhê 2: to do, set ‫ چ دن‬،‫انجام دادن‬ dhana: vessel, holder, pot zâ-dhana: child holder, womb
AHD:1512, POK:235 POK:238 POK:785, SYN:228, KLN:1091, BQT:1049
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
jathra: poison
Persian
zahr: poison ‫زهر‬
‫زهر‬
POK:492, EIV:222 AHD:1520, AEF:335 BQT:1047
َ
Indo-European
Ghel: to shine, also a bright yellow color ‫ زرد روشن‬،‫درخش دن‬
Av/Old Pers
zahr, zara: bile
Persian
zahreh: bile, courage ‫زهره‬
َ ‫زهره‬
POK:429 POK:429
۲‫ زه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زه دن‬

Indo-European
Gweie: to over power, defeat ‫ شکست دادن‬،‫چ ه شدن‬
Avestan
zinât: to injure
Persian
zîyân: loss, damage ‫ز ان‬
‫زان‬
POK:469 zyâ 2, zyâni: injury BQT:1050
POK:469, SOD:470

Gweie: to over power, defeat žayâi: to defeat ?
POK:469 žya: defeated, diluted
POK:469
‫ ز ا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫زب‬

Indo-Scythian
Zi: to adorn ‫آراس‬
Persian
zîb: beauty (‫ ز ا‬،‫ ز نده‬،‫ز ب )ز دن‬
‫زا‬
ISS:16 zîvar: ornament (‫ز ور )زوار‬
ISS:16, EIV:462
104
‫ز بق‬
Indo-European
Gwei, Jai: to live
Av/Old Pers
jiva, jîta, jva:
Pahlavi
zivastan: to live
Arabic
zîbaq
Persian
zîbaq: mercury ‫زبق‬
‫زبق‬
living
‫اصل این سـ ــم و زر ز زبق خـاســت‬ "‫فلز "زنده‬
‫زند کردن‬ zivandak: "live (metal)", PLA:102
KLN:1288, POK:467,750, mercury (‫زان چو زبق جن د از چپ و راست )اوحدی‬
POK:467, EIV:222 SNS:173, SOD:91
BQT:606,1038 MON:1768
‫ ز ا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ز نده‬

‫ ز ا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ز دن‬
Indo-European
Ndhos, Ndheros: under ‫زر‬
Avestan
adâ, adairi: under, below
Pahlavi
êr, azir: below
Persian
zir: under, below ‫زر‬
‫زر‬
POK:771 POK:771, ARN:333 ARN:333 ARN:333
Indo-European
Avestan
žîra, â-žîra: alert
Persian
zîrak: alert, smart ‫ز رک‬
‫زرک‬
‫ آژر‬:‫هم‬
POK:467, EIV:222 POK:468 FAF:28
‫ زرگون‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ز رکون م‬

Indo-European
Persian
zîreh: caraway seed ‫ز ره‬
‫ز ره‬
grain :‫هم‬
POK:390-391, AEN:444 IEC:406
Indo-European
Gwei, Jai: to live
Av/Old Pers
jiva, jîta, jva: living
Pahlavi
zivastan: to live
Persian
zîstan: to live ‫زس‬
‫زس‬
quick :‫هم‬
‫زند کردن‬ KLN:1288, POK:467,750, zivandak: "live (metal)", mercury zendegî: life ‫زند‬
SNS:173, SOD:91
jîveh: "live metal", mercury ‫جیوه‬
POK:467, EIV:222 BQT:606,1038
MON, EIV
Indo-European
Avestan
zaêna 1: weapon
Persian
zîn: saddle ‫زن‬
‫زن‬
zaya: tools, equipment ‫ ابزار‬:‫هم‬
POK:410,424 BQT, PLA, FVF
POK:424, KLN:666, SYN:1384
‫ زنهار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ز نهار‬

‫ ز ا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ز ور‬
Indo-European
Persian
žâž: worthless speech ‫ژاژ‬
‫ژاژ‬
‫ارزش‬ ‫حرف‬
POK:1110, IEC:351,354 IEC, BQT, MON
Indo-European
Gheled: ice, hail ‫ تگرگ‬،‫یخ‬
Persian
žâleh: hail, dew ‫ژاله‬
‫ژاله‬
POK:435 ARN:335, BQT, MON, FSF:216
NOTE- the Persian word is cognate with the Sanskrit "jada: hail" but it is not clear if it is derived from it.
َ
۳‫ زه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ژد‬
Indo-European
Gwebh: to dip, sink ‫ غرق کردن‬،‫فرو بردن در ما عات‬
Avestan
jafra, jaiwi: deep
Pahlavi
žafr, zufar: deep
Persian
žarf: deep ‫ژرف‬
‫ژرف‬
POK:465 POK:466 FVA:293, ARN:336 ARN:336, BQT:1059, HRN:152
‫ زک دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ژ دن‬

Indo-European
Avestan
anku, aka: hook
Pahlavi
žužag, zuzag,
Persian
žûžeh: porcupine ‫ژوژه‬
‫ژوژه‬
POK:46 duž-aka: with bad sting hooks, porcupine jujag: porcupine
Indo-European jûjeh: chicken ‫جوجه‬
NOTE- BRT: 755 is not quite certain about "duž- SNS:168, BQT:1063
Dus: bad, evil ‫ ش طا‬،‫د‬ aka" etymology. BRT:755, BQT, HRN:152, MON, IEC:1391
POK:227
POK:45, BRT:755
105
. ‫ژه‬
۳‫ زه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ژه‬
Sanskrit
Sakah: teak wood ‫چوب درخت ساج‬
Hindustani
sâgun: teak
Arabic
saj: teak
Persian
sâj: teak tree ‫ساج‬
‫ساج‬
teak :‫هم‬
KLN:1578 HJB:910 HJB:910, KLN:1578 MON:1783
‫ سوخاری‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ساخار ن‬

Indo-European
Kak 1: to have power, help, enable ‫ مک کردن‬،‫قادر بودن‬
Avestan
sak, sač, sâx: to do
Persian
sâxtan: to build (‫ساخ )سازش‬
‫ساخ‬
POK:522, ARN:352 POK:522, HRN:152, FFD:58 HRN, BQT, POK:522

Kak 1: to have power, help, enable čagad: helped ?
POK:522, ARN:352 čageman: gift
čagvah: offered
POK:522
‫ای‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫ـ ـ سار‬

Indo-European
Kâd: sorrow, hatred ‫ تنفر‬،‫غم‬
Avestan
sâdra: pain, grief
Persian
sâr: grief, pain ۲‫سار‬
۲‫سار‬
‫غم‬
POK:517 POK:517 BQT:1069, MON:1790
hate :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Storos: a type of bird (sparrow?) ‫پرنده کوچک‬ ‫نو‬
Pahlavi
sâr: sparrow
Persian
sâr: sparrow ۳‫سار‬
۳‫سار‬
sperling :‫هم‬
Pok:1036 ARN:337 ARN:337
NOTE- see "Sper" for a different suggested root
Indo-European
Sper: sparrow ‫ پرستو‬،‫گنجشک‬
Pahlavi
sâr: sparrow
Persian
sâr: sparrow ۳‫سار‬
۳‫سار‬
sparrow :‫هم‬
POK:991, IEC:613,1056 MON:1789 IEC:613,1056, MON:1789 NOTE- see "Storos" for a different suggested root
‫ ساخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سازش‬

Indo-European
Kiês: bug, tick ‫ کنه‬،‫ح ه‬
Persian
sâs: louse ‫ساس‬
‫ساس‬
IEC:622 IEC:622, MON:1795
Indo-European
Kâs 3: to direct, command
Av/Old Pers
sâs, sâh: command
Pahlavi
sâstâr: ruler, oppressor
Persian
sâstâ: oppressor, demon
‫ساستا‬
‫ فرمان دادن‬،‫هدا ت کردن‬ sâsta, sâstar: ruler, oppressor sâstâreh: bad domination ‫ ساستار‬،‫ساستا‬ ‫ستمگر‬
POK:533, WLD1: 358 POK:533, BRT:1574, SYN:1338, BQT:354 BQT:354,1573, MON:1843 BQT, HRN:160, MON, FSF:99
Indo-European
Korkâ: gravel
Sanskrit
sarkarah: gravel, sugar
Pali
sakkara: sugar
Persian
šekar: sugar
Arabic
sukkar
French
sucre
Persian
‫سا ُارز‬
‫سا ُارز‬
‫سنگ ر زه‬ POK:615 ‫ِشکر‬ PLA:163 AHD:1288 MON:1802
POK:615 BQT:1279
Indo-European
Avestan
sarez, sareda: a warm season, a year
Pahlavi
sâlak, sâl: year
Persian
sâl: year ‫سال‬
‫سال‬
NOTE- This root has two opposing meanings
POK:551, SYN:1012 HRN:153 POK:551, SYN:1012
POK:551, SYN:1078
:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ساﻻر‬

Indo-European
Kei 1: gray or black color, dark ‫ تارک‬،‫رنگ ت ه‬
Avestan
sâma: black
Persian
sâm: "black", a male name ‫سام‬
‫سام‬
"‫"س اه‬
POK:540 POK:541, KLN:288 BQT:1075
106
‫سا ه‬
Indo-European
Avestan
čâyâ, asaya: not bright, shade
Persian
sâyeh: shadow ‫سا ه‬
‫سا ه‬
POK:917
"‫" دون تا ش‬
POK:917, SOD:367 HRN:154
Indo-European Av/Old Pers shine :‫هم‬
َ
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
Indo-European
Ak: sharp, also a
Indo-European
Ke: sharp, to
Avestan
saêni, saêniš, čâna: pointed, sharp or
Persian
sâyîdan: to grind, rub (‫سای دن )سوهان‬
‫سای دن‬
sharp stone sharpen rough objects used for grinding hone :‫هم‬
fesânîdan: to grind, rub (‫فسان دن )افسان دن‬
‫ سنگ ت‬، ‫ت‬ POK:541,542 asânam: whetstone
fesân: grinding stone (‫ ا سان‬،‫فسان )افسان‬
POK:18, KNT:173 abi-čâna, abhi-čâna: grinding stone POK, BQT, SNS
POK:542, SNS:18, IEC:11

Ak: sharp, also a sharp stone Ke: sharp, to sharpen asa, asam: whetstone ?
POK:18, KNT:173 POK:541,542 IEC:11
Akkadian
Šabatu: to cut, stop working
Hebrew
šâbat: to stop work
Arabic
s.b.t: to cut, day of stopping the
Persian
sabt: Saturday ‫َس ۟ ت‬
‫َس ۟ ت‬
‫ دست برداش از ار‬،‫قطع کردن‬
work, Saturday ‫ ش ه‬:‫هم‬
BQT:1300 MON:1815
AKD:67, BQT:1300 BQT:1300
‫ چا ک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
ُ‫س‬
Indo-European
Sphel: to split ‫ش اف‬
Sanskrit
sphal: to open
Persian
spâr: the cutting tip of plow ‫س ار‬
‫س ار‬
‫ای دو رخ سان تازه بهار‬ ‫اوآهن‬
POK:985 POK:985
(‫ار جز ه ب ل و س ار )مسعود سعد سلمان‬ ‫نک‬
BQT:1085
Indo-European
Spher: ankle, move fast, spread ‫ گس دن‬،‫ــع حرکت کردن‬ ،‫مچ ا‬
Avestan
spar: to walk
Persian
sepârdan: walk, trust
‫س اردن‬
POK:992
Indo-European Avestan apa-spar: walk up to, trust (BQT: 1086) (‫س اردن )س دن‬
Apo: off ‫ دور‬،‫جدا‬ ap 2, apa: off, away, to POK:992 BQT:1086, SNS:19
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086
Indo-European
Avestan
spasyeiti: to observe, watch, wait on (serve)
Pahlavi
spâs: to serve, wait on
Persian
sepâs: appreciation
‫س اس‬
‫ برر کردن‬، ‫ن اه کردن‬ spas, spasânô: guard, watcher pâsbân: guard, police (‫ اس ان‬،‫س اس ) اس‬
POK:984 POK:984 HRN:154, SNS:117 BQT:1086, SNS:117, ARN:151
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
spâ 1: dog
Avestan
spâda, spâtha: army
Persian
sepâh: army, corps (‫س اه )سپه د‬
‫س اه‬
POK:632, KLN:746, BQT:1155
spakâ: dog, also "army" spatha-paiti: army protector BQT:118,1087, HRN:155, POK:632
POK:632, KLN:746 POK:632
Indo-European
Sphel: to split ‫ش اف‬
Avestan
spâra: shield
Persian
separ: shield ‫س‬
‫س‬
‫ س ار‬:‫هم‬
POK:985 POK:985 HRN:155
‫ س اردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫س دن‬

Indo-European
Spelgh: spleen ‫طحال‬
Avestan
sperezan: spleen
Persian
seporz: spleen ‫ِس ُ ز‬
‫ِس ُ ز‬
spleen :‫هم‬
POK:987 POK:987, KLN:1492 HRN:155, MON:1827
107
. ‫س ی‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
us-pari, sipari: filled out, complete
Persian
separî:: completed, past ‫س ی‬
‫س ی‬
POK:799, EIV:299
"‫" امﻼ ُپر شده‬
FSF:107, BQT:374, KNT:194, EIV:299 EIV:299
Indo-European
POK:1103 NOTE- see "Spher: move" for another suggested root
Indo-European
Spher: ankle, move fast, spread ‫ گس دن‬،‫ــع حرکت کردن‬ ،‫مچ ا‬
Avestan
spar: to walk
Persian
separî: past, elapsed ‫س ی‬
‫س ی‬
POK:992 us-spar: to walk
"‫ گذشته‬،‫"رفته‬
BQT:1086, SNS:19
Indo-European
away, trust (HRN: 154)
POK:992
POK:1103 NOTE- see "Pel: to fill" for another suggested root
‫ اس ست‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫س ست‬

‫ اسفند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫س نتا‬
Indo-European
Spongo : fluffy, empty
Greek
spongos: sponge
Pahlavi
spynj: sponge, hollow, inn
Persian
sepanj: hollow, worthless, inn ‫س نج‬
‫س نج‬
‫ای ست دن ــای دون‬ ‫س ــپنجـی‬ ‫پچ‬
‫ خا‬، ‫ف‬ WLD2: 621 SOD:64
sponge :‫هم‬
WLD2: 621
( ‫چون تو م فت غمگ برون )فردو‬
BQT:1090
Indo-European
Peuk: to prick ‫سوراخ کردن‬
Avestan
spôz: to pull out,
Pahlavi
spož, spôxtan: to
Persian
sepûxtan: to pierce, throw in (‫ )سپوز دن‬۱ ‫سپوخ‬
۱ ‫سپوخ‬
remove, also hesitate pierce, pull out
‫ول ــی را اه ِنه ــر اه ب ش ــان‬ ‫انداخ‬
POK:828
SNS:175, HUB:73 HRN:156 puncture :‫هم‬
(‫عدو را چاه کن در چاه سپوز )سوزنـی‬
BQT:1091, FSF:221
Indo-European
Peuk: to prick ‫سوراخ کردن‬
Avestan
spôz: to pull out,
Pahlavi
spôzed: hesitate
Persian
sepûxtan: to hesitate, delay (‫ )سپوزار‬۲ ‫سپوخ‬
۲ ‫سپوخ‬
remove, also hesitate
‫نه مــرگ از تــن خ ش ـتــوان سپوخت‬ ‫ه تاخ انداخ‬
POK:828 SNS:175
SNS:175, HUB:73 ( ‫نه چشم جهان کس ه سوزن دوخت )فردو‬
BQT:1091, FSF:221
۲ ‫ سپوخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سپوزار‬

۱ ‫ سپوخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سپوز دن‬
‫ ُ د‬+ ‫ س اه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سپه د‬
Indo-European
Spher: ankle, move fast, spread
Greek
spairen: to walk in a bouncing manner
Pahlavi
spihr: sphere, sky
Persian
sepehr: sky, fate ‫سپهر‬
‫سپهر‬
sphere :‫هم‬
‫ گس دن‬،‫ــع حرکت کردن‬ ،‫مچ ا‬ sphaira: a bouncing object, ball ETM:68 ETM:68, MON: 1827
POK:992 POK:992 NOTE - See "Kuei: shining" for another possible root
Indo-European
Kuei: white, shining ‫ درخشان‬،‫سف د‬
Old Persian
sipithra: white, bright sky
Pahlavi
spihr: sky
Persian
sepehr: sky, fate ‫سپهر‬
‫سپهر‬
POK:629 BQT:1092, ARN:343 BQT:1092, ARN:343 BQT:1092, ARN:343
white :‫هم‬
NOTE- See "Spher: move" for another possible root
Indo-European
Kuei: white, shining ‫ درخشان‬،‫سف د‬
Avestan
spaêta: white
Persian
sepîd: white (‫س د )سف د‬
‫س د‬
spiti-doithra: bright white :‫هم‬
POK:629 HRN:157
POK:629
Indo-European
Stâi: to steal ‫دزد دن‬
Old Persian
stan, sta: to steal
Persian
setâdan : to grab, steal ‫ستادن‬
‫ستادن‬
POK:1010 FFD:59 HRN:157, BQT, FFD:59
108
‫ستاره‬
Indo-European
Ster 2: star ‫ستاره‬
Avestan
star 2
Pahlavi
stârak, stârag, star: star
Persian
setâreh: star ‫ستاره‬
‫ستاره‬
NOTE- IEC: 260 derives "setâreh" and "axtar" from the same root.
star :‫هم‬
POK:1027 POK:1027 ARN:344
AHD
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
setâk: branch ( ‫ِستا )استا‬
‫ِستا‬
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008 BQT, HRN: 20 ‫شاخه‬
NOTE- ARN:345 indicates that this word may be from the Indo European root "Steug, Stugnos: stiff" stand :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
- stân: location of , center of (‫ستان )استان‬
‫ستان‬
stand :‫هم‬
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008 BQT, HRN: 20
‫ ستای دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ستا ش‬

Indo-European
Steu: to praise
Avestan
stav: to praise
Pahlavi
stâyîtan: to praise
Persian
setâyîdan: to praise
‫ستای دن‬
‫ستا ش کردن‬ staoiti: praised âstvân: believer, trusted (‫ ستا ش‬،‫ستای دن )ستودن‬
POK:1035 POK:1035 BQT:747,1098, SNS:31 BQT, HRN:159, NYB:180, SNS:31,
Indo-European
Avestan
stawra: firm
Pahlavi
Persian
setabr: strong, thick ‫ست‬
‫ست‬
POK:1012 POK:1012, BQT:1098, SOD:363 BQT:1098, FVQ:59, MON:261,262 BQT, FVQ, MON
ُ
Indo-European
Avestan
stûra: thick, large, husky
Persian
sotorg: "large and strong"
ُ
‫ُس گ‬
‫ُس گ‬
stand :‫هم‬
َ
Indo-European
Ster 4: barren ‫عق م‬
Persian
satarvan: sterile
َ
‫َس َون‬
‫َس َون‬
‫عق م‬
POK:1031 BQT:1100, MON:1833 Note- cognate with Sanskrit "stari: infertile, barren" sterilized :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Avestan
sta-xma, sta-mba: hardship, cruelty
Persian
setam: "hardship" ‫ستم‬
‫ستم‬
Indo-European
Old Persian
stambaka: strong
Persian
setonbeh: strong, violent, ugly ‫سنه‬
‫سنه‬
‫گرف ش دا ه و گف ش چه بودت ؟‬ ‫زشت و خشن‬
POK:1012 stamb: stand firm, revolt
( ‫س ــت ه دیو دخو چه نمودت ؟ )و س و رام‬
BQT:1100, KNT:210
BQT, FSF:223
َ ۱‫ستوان‬
۲‫ خستو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
Indo-European
Avestan
stawra: firm
Pahlavi
astô-bân: firm
Persian
ostovân: firm, an army rank
۲‫ُستوان‬
"‫"مح م‬
POK:1012 POK:1012, BQT:1098, SOD:363 BQT:1098, FVQ:59, (۲‫ ) ُستوان‬۲‫استوان‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers MON:261,262
Pa: to protect, feed ‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ paiti 1, patiy: protector BQT, FVQ, MON
POK:787,842, SYN:103 POK:842, HRN:41, KLN:144,157, AHD:1532
‫ ستای دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ستودن‬

Indo-European
Stâ: to stand
Indo-European
Steu, Staurus, Taurus: sturdy,
Avestan
staura, staora: strong
Pahlavi
stôr: cattle
Persian
sotûr: cattle ‫ستور‬
‫ستور‬
‫ا ستادن‬
strong, also bull domestic animals steer :‫هم‬
POK:1004-1010, ARN:349 BQT:1102, HRN:152, ARN:349
POK:1008,1009 POK:1004-1010 POK:1004-1010, ARN:349
109
. ‫ستون‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Av/Old Pers
stuna, stûnâ: column, pillar
Persian
sotun: pillar ‫ستون‬
‫ستون‬
stand :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Avestan
tav: power
Persian
sotûh: tired, stressed ‫ستوه‬
‫ستوه‬
POK:1082, 1084-1085 َ ‫خسته‬
Indo-European Avestan us-tavah: out of power, tired nastûh: energetic in fighting ‫ستوه‬
Ud 1: up, out, away ud, us, uz: up, out ni-us-tavah: not tired (of fighting) BQT
‫ ب ون‬،‫اﻻ‬ POK:1103, HRN:154, BQT:1049
POK:1082, HRN:89, NYB:196
POK:1103 Indo-European
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not ‫نه‬
POK:756, KNT:167
Indo-European
Steig, Teig: pointed, sharp ‫ ت‬، ‫نوک دار‬
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
stêğ: sharp, pointed
Persian
setîz: "sharp" (‫ست )س یغ‬
‫ست‬
setîhîdan: to fight ‫س یه دن‬ ‫ ت و ت‬:‫هم‬
POK:1016 POK:1016 ARN:351
BQT, ARN
stick :‫هم‬
‫ ست‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫س یغ‬

‫ ست‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫س یه دن‬
Indo-European Latin Arabic Persian ّ
‫سجل‬
Sekw: to follow ‫دن ال کردن‬ signum: sign, mark sejell: a sealed record sejel: a record ّ
‫سجل‬
sigillatus: a record "‫" ُمهر شده‬
POK:896 AHD:1159 AHD, ARK:221
AHD sign, seal :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Avestan
sačaiti: hard, strong
Pahlavi
saxt: hard
Persian
saxt: difficult ‫سخت‬
‫سخت‬
POK:522, ARN:352 ARN:352 BQT:1106 SNS:173
Indo-European
Ak: sharp, also a sharp stone
Av/Old Pers
athagaina, athangaina: stone
Pahlavi
sang: stone
Persian
saxtan: to weigh (‫سخ )سخت دن‬
‫سخ‬
âthanga, asenga, asan: stone ‫همه گنج ارجاسپ در از کرد‬ ‫وزن کردن‬
‫ سنگ ت‬، ‫ت‬ saxt: weigh
sang, sax: to weigh ( ‫ه ک ّ ان درم سختــن آغاز کرد )فردو‬
POK:18, KNT:173 BQT:1175, SNS:193
SYN:52, BRT:208, KNT:166, FFD:60 BQT:1175, FFD:60, FSF:224
‫ سخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سخت دن‬

Indo-European
Kâs 3: to direct, command
Av/Old Pers
sâs, sâh: command
Pahlavi
soxvan: instructions, speech
Persian
soxan: speech ‫سخن‬
‫ُسخن‬
‫ فرمان دادن‬،‫هدا ت کردن‬ sâxvan, sâsnâ: instructions, teachings BQT:354,1573, MON:1843 BQT, HRN:160, MON, FSF:99
POK:533, WLD1: 358 POK:533, BRT:1574, SYN:1338, BQT:354
NOTE- ARN:354 suggests the Indo-European root "Sekw: to see, speak" (POK:897) for this word.
Hebrew
Qâter: smoke, incense ‫ خور‬،‫دود‬
Greek
Kedrus: a tree (wood) used for burning sacrifices
Latin
cedrus: cedar tree
Persian
sedr: cedar tree ‫ِسدر‬
‫ِسدر‬
cedar :‫هم‬
KLN:255 KLN:255 KLN:255 MON:1846
Arabic
S.d.a`: to split
Arabic
soda`: a head-splitting headache
Latin
sodanum: an alkaline
French Persian
sodiyom: sodium ‫سد م‬
‫سد م‬
‫ش اف‬ used to cure headaches
MON:1847 ‫ صداع‬:‫مق‬
KLN:1468 KLN:1468

Ker 1: head, horn ‫ شاخ‬، sarah, sârah: head sar: head sar: head, chief (‫)ساﻻر‬
migraine :‫هم‬
POK:574, KLN:261,657 AHD, POK:574, KLN:261 BQT:1111 BQT
110
‫اج‬
Pahlavi
Aramaic Arabic
sîrâj: lamp
Persian
serâj: lamp ‫اج‬
‫اج‬
PLA:157 PLA:157 PLA:157, FVQ:166 FVA:188
Indo-European
Ter 1: to cross over, surpass, overcome
Old Persian
srâd, srâda:
Arabic
sorâdeq: tent
Persian
sorâdeq: tent, house
‫ُ ِادق‬
house, shelter ‫ای‬ :‫مق‬
‫ غل ه کردن‬، ‫عبور کردن‬ ‫ُ ِادق‬
NOTE- This word may have been borrowed
from Persian "sarâ-pardeh: tent".
POK:1075, KLN:1639 MON:1850, VDQ:255
VDQ:255, MON:1850 MON:1850
Indo-European
Ter 1: to cross over, surpass, overcome
Avestan
thrâ, thrâya: shelter, cover
Persian
sarây: house, place (‫ کوهسار‬،۱‫ای ) ـ سار‬
‫ای‬
‫ غل ه کردن‬، ‫عبور کردن‬ ‫ادق‬ :‫مق‬
POK:1075, KLN:1639 BQT, HRN:161, MON
POK:1075, KLN:1639 ARN:354 offers another Indo-European root "Kel,Kol (from Rel): cover" (POK:553)
Indo-European
Kleu, Srau: to hear
Avestan
Avestan
srû-ta: speech
Persian
sarâîdan: to sing
‫ای دن‬
sraw: to read listen :‫هم‬
‫ش دن‬ HRN:177 (‫ای دن ) ود‬
srâw: to sing
POK:605, EIV:356 POK:605, KLN:1456, FFD:60 BQT, MON, FRS
Avestan
Sru, Srva : lead (metal) ‫ب‬
Pahlavi
srpîn, srubên: lead, made of lead
Persian
sorb: lead ‫ب‬
‫ب‬
BQT:1116, SYN:617, BRT:1649, SNS:183 HRN:161, BQT:1116, SNS:183 MON:266,1854, BQT:1116, SNS:614
Indo-European
Keuk: to shine, be white ‫درخش دن‬
Avestan
suxra: glowing red
Persian
sorx: red (‫خ )سهراب‬
‫خ‬
POK:597 POK:597, HRN:161,165, IRN:128 BQT, IRN:128, FFD:61
Indo-European
Avestan
sarethâ: cold
Pahlavi
sart: cold (adj.)
Persian
sard: cold (‫د ) ما‬
‫د‬
NOTE- This root has two opposing meanings sarmâk: cold
‫ سال‬:‫هم‬
POK:551, SYN:1078 POK:551, SYN:1078, BQT
POK:551, SYN:1078 HRN:23
Indo-European
Kerd 2: row, herd ‫ له‬،‫گروه‬
Avestan
saredha: way, kind, race, breed
Pahlavi
sartak: breed
Persian
sardeh: race, breed, kind ‫ده‬
‫ده‬
‫نژاد‬
POK:579 POK:579 BQT:1122, SNS:183
herd :‫هم‬
‫ شاردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شار‬

Indo-European
Klis: adhere ‫ ای ند بودن‬،‫چس دن‬
Old Iranian
srîš, sraîš: a plant and its
Avestan
sraêš: mixture, nature
Persian
sereštan: to mix ‫ش‬
‫شت‬
resin used for making glue.
IEC:1637 HRN:162, HUB:75 serešt: nature ‫شت‬
FFD:60 BQT:1124, HRN:162
‫شت‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ش‬

Indo-European
Sresk: to drip ‫چک دن‬
Avestan
srask: tear drop
Pahlavi
srešk: drop
Persian
serešk: tear drop ‫شک‬
‫شک‬
POK:1002 POK:1002 BQT:1124, SNS:183 POK:1002, BQT:1124
Indo-European
Ker 3: loud noise, noisy birds ‫ پرند ان پر صدا‬،‫صدای لند‬
Persian
sorfeh: cough ‫فه‬
‫فه‬
scream :‫هم‬
POK:567 POK:569
‫ گرد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گرد‬

111
. ‫گ‬
Indo-European
Avestan
sairi-gaona: like cut
Persian
sargin, sergin:
‫گ‬
(dropped) from the body, dung animal dung
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155
Indo-European Avestan POK:578,920,947 ‫گ‬
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend ‫خم کردن‬ gaona: hair, hair color, type, like
HRN, BQT,
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 SYN:1051, SNS:90
Indo-European
Latin
serum: liquid from animal tissue
French Persian
serom: liquid from animal tissue ‫ِ ُم‬
‫ِ ُم‬
Srêm: running ‫جاری‬ AHD MON, AHD ‫ رود‬:‫هم‬
POK:909,1003, KNT:205, IEC:1276 stream :‫هم‬
‫د‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ما‬

Indo-European
Nedo: reed, pipe, flute ‫ فلوت‬،‫ لوله‬،‫تره‬
Old Persian
nada: flute
Persian
sornâ: "festivity flute" ‫نا‬
‫نا‬
POK:759, BQT:2221 HRN:237
‫ کرنا‬:‫مق‬
POK:759, BQT, MON
Keu 1: to shine, bright ‫ روشن‬،‫درخش دن‬ sûr, savah: morning sûr: breakfast, festivity
POK:594 POK:594, BRT:221,1631, SYN:995 HRN:166
۱‫َ ون‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُ و‬

Akkadian
Šurmênu: cypress tree ‫و‬ ‫درخت‬
Aramaic
šarwainâ: cypress
Arabic
sarw: cypress tree
Pahlavi
sarv, sarb: cypress
Persian
sarv: cypress ‫َ و‬
‫َ و‬
BQT:1130, AKD:53 AKD:53, BQT:1130 BQT:1130 BQT:1130 BQT:1130
Indo-European
Kleu, Srau: to hear
Avestan
Avestan
sravah: word,
Persian
sarvâ: poem, story (‫وا ) واد‬
‫وا‬
‫ش دن‬
speech
‫چـ ـنـد دهــی وعــدۀ دروغ ه ـم ــی‬
‫ای دن‬ :‫هم‬
HRN:177 POK:605, KLN:1456, listen :‫هم‬
POK:605, EIV:356 (‫وا )اورمزدی‬ ‫تو بر من این‬ ‫چند فرو‬
BQT, MON, FRS
‫وا‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫واد‬

‫ای دن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ود‬
Indo-European
Kleu, Srau: to hear
Avestan
sru, srav, xšnu,
Avestan
sraothra, sraosha: ear,
Pahlavi
srôsh: one who
Persian
sorûsh: one of God's angels
‫ُ وش‬
‫ش دن‬ xšnaw: to hear one who listens and follows obeys (God)
‫ُ وش‬ ‫ ش دن‬:‫هم‬
POK:605, EIV:356 HRN:177 POK:605 BQT:1132 BQT
Indo-European
Ker 1: head, horn ‫ شاخ‬،
Avestan
srû, srvâ: head, horn, nail
Persian
sorû, sarûn: horn ۱‫ َ ون‬،‫ُ و‬
۱‫َ ون‬
‫ز ـ ـ ـش ــان ــی ه ــر ــک از م ـ ــرد و زن‬ ‫شاخ‬
POK:574, KLN:261,657 POK:574, BRT:1650
ُ ‫َ و است‬ horn :‫هم‬
(‫بررسته چون کرگدن )نظا گنجوی‬
BQT:1130, HRN:162
Indo-European
Klou-ni: buttock, rump ‫ کفل‬،‫اسن‬
Avestan
sraoni: buttock
Pahlavi
sarûk: buttock
Persian
sorûn: buttock (‫ ) َ ن‬۲‫ُ ون‬
۲‫ُ ون‬
‫چونزد ک اسب اندر آمد ز راه‬ ‫کفل‬
POK:607 POK:607 HRN:162
( ‫َس ــرو نــی ــزد بر َسـ ـ ن سـ اه )فردو‬
BQT:1134

Klou-ni: buttock, rump slaunis: buttock ?
POK:607 POK:608
Indo-European
Ser 3: to line up, arrange, sort ‫رد ف کردن‬
Latin
serere: to arrange, join
French
se'rie, se'riel
Persian
serî: series, sequence (‫ال‬ )‫ی‬
‫ی‬
‫رد ف‬
POK:911, IEC:1131 AHD:1538 VOP:212 VOP:212
112
‫ِ ش‬
Indo-European
Klis: adhere ‫ ای ند بودن‬،‫چس دن‬
Old Iranian
srîš, sraîš: a plant and its
Avestan
srîš: to join,
Pahlavi
sriš: glue
Persian
serîš: glue (‫شم‬ )‫ِ ش‬
‫ِ ش‬
resin used for making glue. glue
IEC:1637 FFD:60 BQT:1136, FFD:60, MON ،IEC:1637, EIV:385
FFD:60 BQT:1136,
۲‫ُ ون‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َ ن‬

‫دن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ا‬
Indo-European
Avestan
sačaiti: able, qualified
Persian
sezîdan: to qualify (‫دن ) ا‬
‫دن‬
POK:522, ARN:352 POK:522, HRN:152, FFD:58 HRN, BQT, POK:522
Indo-European
Sê: to sift ‫کردن‬ ‫ال‬
Latin
situla: a sift, bucket, pail
Persian / Arabic
satl: bucket, pail ‫سطل‬
‫سطل‬
POK:889, AHD:1537 POK:889, WLD2: 459 ARK:221, TAD:35, FVF:361
NOTE- MON believes it is Arabic but PLA: 160 claims it is borrowed from Persian.
ُ
Avestan
Sukurna, Skarna: porcupine
Pahlavi
sukur: a large porcupine
Persian
sogor: a large porcupine
ُ
(‫ُسگر ) ُسغر‬
‫ُسغر‬
‫چون رسن گر ز س آ د همه رفتار مرا‬ ‫جوجه ت‬
‫جوجه ت‬ MON:1905
(‫سـ ـغ ــر مانم ک ــز از س اندازم ت ــر )بوشکور‬
HRN:164
BQT:1157, HRN:164, MON:1905, FRS:100
Indo-European
Rup, Sup: shoulder ‫شانه‬
Avestan
supti: shoulder
Pahlavi
suft: shoulder
Persian
soft: shoulder ‫ُسفت‬
‫ُسفت‬
‫مند‬ ‫بر آن ُسفت س می ش مشک‬ ‫شانه‬
POK:627 POK:627 ARN:359
( ‫ش گشته چون حلــقۀ ای ـ ـنــد )فردو‬
SYN:236, POK:627, BQT:1143, HRN:163
‫ سوراخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُسف‬

Greek
Sophos: skilled, wise ‫ عاقل‬،‫ا تج ه‬
Greek
sophisma: a skilled but false reasoning, fallacy
Arabic
safsatah: fallacy
Persian
safsateh: fallacy ‫سفسطه‬
‫سفسطه‬
‫مغالطه‬
AHD:1232 AHD:1232 TAD:35,53 MON
َ
Indo-European
Kapho: hoof ‫ُسم‬
Avestan
safa: hoof
Persian
safal: hoof (of a camel)
َ
‫َسفل‬
‫َسفل‬
‫ُسم‬
POK:530 POK:530 MON:1825, SOD:65
Indo-European
Bhilo: friendly, loving
Greek
philos: love
Greek
sûs-philos: friend of swine
Latin French
Syphilis: (see the
Persian
seflîs: syphilis
‫سفل س‬
‫ دوستانه‬،‫خوب‬ POK:154
(a shepherd's name) note below) "‫"دوست خو ان‬
Indo-European
‫سفل س‬
NOTE- SYN: 1110 claims AHD, KLN AHD:1306, KLN:1561
this is an Anatolian word Su 2: wild boar, pig MON
POK:153 ‫ خوک‬،‫گراز‬
POK:1038
NOTE- Syphilis (friend of swine) was the name of a shepherd in a poem by a physician (1530) who became a victim of this disease.
‫ س د‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سف د‬

Indo-European
Latin
signum: sign, mark
Arabic
siqillat: with little images
Persian
saqarlât: a rich red cloth ‫سقرﻻت‬
‫سقرﻻت‬
scarlet :‫هم‬
POK:896 AHD AHD:1159 AHD, ARK:221
Indo-European
Dhegh: to heat, burn
Indo-European
Geulo: coal
Avestan
skarana, skairya: coal
Persian
sekâr: coal (‫س ار )س ارو‬
‫س ار‬
‫ــدار دـن ــا چو ــرف ــروخت آ ش ظلم‬
coal :‫هم‬
‫ سوزاندن‬،‫گرم کردن‬ IEC:379,407, POK:399 HRN:163, BQT:1150, IEC:379,407
ّ
(‫خورد چو ظل م )سوزنـی سمرقندی‬ ‫س ار آن جهنم ه‬
POK:240
BQT:1026,1150, HRN:163, MON
113
. ‫سکنجب‬
۲‫ انگ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سکنجب‬
Indo-European
Greek
skopos: one
Old Persian
skuba: bishop, priest
Persian
sekubâ: a Christian bishop ‫سک ا‬
‫سک ا‬
who watches
‫نوش ند نامه ه هر کشوری‬
spy :‫هم‬
‫کردن‬ ‫ برر‬، ‫ن اه کردن‬ MON:1901, FSF:228
AHD ( ‫سک ا و ط ق و هر مه ی )فردو‬
POK:984
MON:1901, FSF:228
Indo-European
Persian
skûreh: earthen bowl ‫سکوره‬
‫سکوره‬
‫اسه سفا‬
POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540 IEC:594,1193, MON
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
spâ 1: dog
Pahlavi
sak: dog
Persian
sag: dog ‫سگ‬
‫سگ‬
POK:632, KLN:746, BQT:1155 POK:632, KLN:746 HRN:164 BQT:1155
Indo-European
Indo-
Skêl: division,
Old Iranian
kar, kâr: to think
Pahlavi
uskâr, uskârd: to
Persian
segâl: a (bad) thought
‫ِس ال‬
‫ اره کردن‬،‫ب دن‬
part, thought think ‫اف ار ناخوش‬
us-kâr-a: to think ‫ِس ال‬
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 IEC:1155 EIV:237
FFD:61, MON:1903
Indo-European FFD:61

POK:1103 NOTE- see "Kwer: to make" for another possible root
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
us-kar: think
Pahlavi
uskâr,
Persian
segâl: a (bad) thought ‫ِس ال‬
‫ِس ال‬
POK:641, EIV:236
(through) uskârd: to think MON:1903, EIV:237
‫اف ار ناخوش‬
Indo-European
NYB:157, HRN:80,
Ud 1: up, out, away ‫ ب ون‬،‫اﻻ‬ SYN:628, EIV:237 EIV:237
POK:1103 NOTE- see "Ker 2: to cut" for another possible root
ُ
‫ ُسغر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُسگر‬
Indo-European
Kakis: spike, prong ‫ شاخک‬،‫س له‬
Persian
sagak: buckle ‫س‬
‫س‬
IEC:599 IEC:599
Indo-European
Kapho: hoof ‫ُسم‬
Avestan
safa: hoof
Pahlavi
sumb: hoof
Persian
som: hoof (‫ُسم ) ُس ب‬
‫ُسم‬
hoof :‫هم‬
POK:530 POK:530 HRN:164 BQT:1163
Indo-European
Wer 5: to burn ‫سوزاندن‬
Russian
samo-war: a device that had water
Persian
samâvar: a boiler that has "fire included" with its water tank
‫سماور‬
POK:1166
and heat together in the same appliance
‫سماور‬
"‫"خود جوش‬
Indo-European
POK:1166, AHD:1148
MON:1918
POK:902,904
‫ سوراخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُسم ه‬
‫َسمت‬
Indo-European Latin Arabic Persian cave :‫هم‬
Mei 3: to go, move ‫ حرکت کردن‬، ‫رف‬ se-mitita: path samt: direction samt: direction ‫َسمت‬
POK:710,713,715, AHD:1528 KLN:1767 KLN:1767 MON:1919
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Sogdian
kang, kanp:
Pahlavi Persian
Samarqand: the village of "Samar"
‫سمرقند‬
‫کندن‬
out and mound it up, build village
‫سمرقند‬ "‫ده ا شهر "سمر‬
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49 BQT:1165,1703 BQT:1703
114
‫سمور‬
Indo-European
Ker 4, Kers: black, dirty
Indo-European
Kormen: weasel
Pahlavi
samôr, simôr: weasel or an animal like that
Persian
samûr: weasel? ‫سمور‬
‫سمور‬
‫ کث ف‬،‫س اه‬ ‫راسو ا حیوا ش ه آن‬ ARN:361 ARN:361
OEW:182, POK:573 POK:573, 615, ARN:361 NOTE- ARN:361 is not certain about the Indo-European root of this word
Indo-European
Sen: old ‫پ‬
Latin
senior: old, old man
French
seinat: an assembly of old wise men
Persian
senâ: senate (‫سنا )سناتور‬
‫سنا‬
"‫"مجمع پ ان‬
POK:907 POK:907, AHD AHD MON:1925,4125
senior :‫هم‬
‫ ُسم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُس ب‬

‫ سوراخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُس ه‬
Indo-European
Pôl : to touch, feel
Greek
psallein: to touch, play harp
Arabic
santîr: a kind of harp
Persian
santur: a music instrument ‫س تور‬
‫س تور‬
‫ حس کردن‬،‫لمس کردن‬ feel :‫هم‬
AHD KLN:1382 MON:1927
POK:847
‫ صنج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سنج‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
sang: stone
Persian
sanjîdan: to weigh ‫سنج دن‬
‫سنج دن‬
âthanga, asenga, asan: stone ‫ سنگ‬:‫هم‬
POK:18, KNT:173 BQT:1175, SNS:193 BQT:1175, FFD:60, FSF:224
SYN:52, BRT:208, KNT:166, FFD:60
َ
Indo-European
Kand: to shine, to be white
Sanskrit
candrah-râga: "bright red",
Greek
sandarak: a red
Arabic
sendarûs: a
Persian
sandarûs: a resinous tree
‫َسندروس‬
referring to a tree resin resin from trees resinous tree and its red resin sandal :‫هم‬
‫ سف د بودن‬،‫درخش دن‬ َ
AHD:1149 AHD:1149 TAD:37 (‫َسندروس ) َسندره‬
POK:526 MON:1929
Indo-European
Sanskrit
kandrak: shining
Pahlavi
kundurûk:
Persian
sandal: sandalwood, sandal shoe ‫سندل‬
‫سندل‬
sandalwood
‫ سف د بودن‬،‫درخش دن‬ kundruka: sandalwood sandalî: chair (originally made of sandalwood) ‫صند‬
SIN:585
POK:526 POK:526 SIN:552,585, BQT, MON
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
sang: stone
Persian
sang: stone ‫سنگ‬
‫سنگ‬
POK:18, KNT:173 âthanga, asenga, asan: stone BQT:1175, SNS:193 BQT:1175, FFD:60, FSF:224
SYN:52, BRT:208, KNT:166, FFD:60
َ
Indo-European
Sâi, Hai: to bind, tie ‫س‬
Indo-European
Sneu: cord, band, tendon
Avestan
snâvar: band, sinew
Persian
snavar: cord (obsolete)
َ
‫سن َور‬
‫سن َور‬
‫ زرد‬،‫ بند‬،‫رشته‬ ‫زرد‬
POK:891, POK:977, KLN:1448, EIV:135 POK:977, KLN:1448 HRN:291
POK:891, POK:977, KLN:1448, EIV:135 .‫این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد‬ nerve :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Sneigwh: snow, to snow ‫ برف ار دن‬،‫برف‬
Avestan
snaêž, snaêj, snaêža: to snow
Persian
snêhr: snow (obsolete) ‫ِس ِنهر‬
‫ِس ِنهر‬
POK:974 POK:974, KLN:1466 HRN:292
‫برف‬
Indo-European
Pahlavi
sûk, sôk: side, direction
Persian
sû: direction, path (‫سو )سوی‬
‫سو‬
IEC:1371,1676 HRN:165, MON:1942 BQT:1182, MON:1942, IEC:1371,1676
115
. ‫سوار‬
Indo-European
Avestan
aspa: horse
Pahlavi
asbâr: rider
Persian
savâr: rider ‫سوار‬
‫سوار‬
POK:301
‫ ار‬،‫ اسب‬:‫هم‬
aspa-bâra: horse load, rider BQT:119 MON, BQT
Bher 1: to carry ‫حمل کردن‬ bar: to carry POK:301, BQT:1819
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Korkâ: gravel
Sanskrit
sarkarah:
Pali
sakkara:
Greek
sakkaron
Latin
saccharon
French
saccharine:
Persian
sâxârîn: a type of sweet bread
‫سوخاری‬
‫سنگ ر زه‬
gravel, sugar sugar sugar, sweet
(‫ساخارن )سوخاری‬ ‫ سا ارز‬:‫مق‬
KLN:1370 bread
POK:615
POK:615
VOP:208 VOP:208
sugar :‫هم‬
NOTE- MON:1945 derives "soxârî" from Russian "suxâr: sweet bread"
Indo-European
Avestan
saoč, sauk, saux: to light up
Persian
sûxtan: to burn ‫سوخ‬
‫سوخ‬
‫ سوز‬، ‫ سوزا‬،‫ سوزان‬،‫سوزش‬ ،‫ خ‬:‫هم‬
POK:597 POK:597, HRN:161,165, IRN:128
BQT, IRN:128, FFD:61
‫افسوس‬
Indo-European
Keu 2, Su(m)b: to swell, cavity, hole
Avestan
Sav : to swell, increase ‫ ز اد شدن‬،‫ورم کردن‬
Pahlavi
sût: benefit, interest
Persian
sûd: profit ‫سود‬
‫سود‬
‫ سوراخ‬،‫ حفره‬،‫ورم کردن‬ HRN:166, NYB:181, EIV:341 HRN:166 HRN:166
POK:592, IEC:589, EIV:341,368
Indo-European
Avestan
sâ 2, sâna, sya: to sharpen ?
Persian
sûdan: to rub, grind (‫سودن )فرسودن‬
‫سودن‬
‫ اره کردن‬،‫ب دن‬ fra-sanam: destruction BQT:1184, 1462
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 POK:919
Indo-European
Keu 1: to shine, bright ‫ روشن‬،‫درخش دن‬
Avestan
sûr, savah: morning
Pahlavi
sûr: breakfast, festivity
Persian
sûr: festivity, party ‫سور‬
‫سور‬
‫ سورنا‬:‫مق‬
POK:594 POK:594, BRT:221,1631, SYN:995 HRN:166 BQT:1185, HRN:237

Keu 1: to shine, bright caune: a plant with bright colored fruits ?
POK:594 POK:594

Keu 1: to shine, bright sûr, savah: morning sûram: early morning ?
POK:594 POK:594, BRT:221,1631, SYN:995 a-sûr: not morning, dawn
sûirya: breakfast
savahî: the East
POK:594, BRT:221,1631, SYN:995
Indo-European
Keu 2, Su(m)b: to swell, cavity,
Avestan
surâ, suwrâ: hole
Pahlavi
sûrâk: hole
Persian
surâx: hole ‫سوراخ‬
‫سوراخ‬
cave :‫هم‬
‫ُسف‬
hole
sufrâ, sufrâka: to plow, pierce sûlâk: hole softan: to pierce
‫ سوراخ‬،‫ حفره‬،‫ورم کردن‬
POK:592, IEC:589, EIV:341,368 sonbeh, sombeh: ramrod ‫ ُسم ه‬،‫ُس ه‬
POK:593, FFD:61 SNS:192
BQT, HRN, MON, EIV:368
‫نا‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سورنا‬

‫ سوخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سوز‬
‫ سوخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سوزا‬
‫ سوخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سوزان‬
‫ سوخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سوزش‬
Indo-European
Kû 2: spike ‫ میخ‬،‫س له‬
Avestan
sû-ka: needle
Persian
sûzan: needle ‫سوزن‬
‫سوزن‬
cuneiform :‫هم‬
POK:626 POK:626 sûk: needle-like growth at the tip of wheat ۲‫ سوک‬،۲‫سوگ‬
BQT, HRN:167
116
‫سوسن‬
Egyptian
Šôšen: lotus ‫ سوسن‬، ‫ن لوفر آ‬
Arabic
sausan: lily
Pahlavi
sawsan, sûsan: lily
Persian
sûsan: lily ‫سوسن‬
‫سوسن‬
KLN:1548 KLN:1548 MON:1954 MON:1954
‫ ـ جرد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سوسنگرد‬

Indo-European
Pahlavi
sûk, sôk: side, direction
Persian
sû: direction, path (‫سو )سوی‬
Arabic
sôq: path
Persian
sûq: inroads of a bazaar (‫سوق )اسواق‬
‫سوق‬
‫ازار‬
BQT:1182, MON:1955
IEC:1371,1676 HRN:165, MON:1942 BQT:1182, MON:1942, IEC:1371,1676 FVF:380
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
sûk: sorrow, mourning (‫ سوگواری‬،۱‫ )سوگ‬۱‫سوک‬
۱‫سوک‬
POK:597 saoka: flame BQT, IRN:128, FFD:61
POK:597, HRN:161,165, IRN:128
‫ سوزن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫سوک‬

۱‫ سوک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫سوگ‬
‫ سوزن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫سوگ‬
Indo-European
Keuk: to shine, be white
Avestan
Avestan
saokenta: a burning substance, sulfur
Persian
sogand: oath
‫سوگند‬
‫درخش دن‬ saoka: flame saokenta-vant: a drink mixed with sulfur ‫سوگند‬
POK:597 POK:597, HRN:161,165, IRN:128 HRN:167 BQT:1190
NOTE- Originally "sogand" was a sulfur drink given to defendants to determine the truth based on their body reaction to it.
‫ ـ ُ م‬+ ‫ سه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سوم‬

‫ سای دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سوهان‬
‫ سو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سوی‬
Chinese
Chiang-yu: soybean oil ‫روغن س ا‬
Japanese
shôyû: soya beans
Dutch
soja: soya beans
French Persian
soyâ: soya ‫س ا‬
‫س ا‬
soya :‫هم‬
KLN:1479, AHD:1237 KLN:1479 KLN:1479 VOP:224
Indo-European
Trei: three ‫سه‬
Av/Old Pers
thri, thrâyô: three
Persian
seh: three ‫سه‬
‫سه‬
three :‫هم‬
POK:1090 POK:1090, SYN:941, KLN:1611 BQT:1194
‫خ‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫سهراب‬

َ َ ‫ُس‬
‫هرورد‬
‫ ورد‬+ ‫خ‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬
Indo-European
Tres: to tremble ‫لرز دن‬
Old Persian
thrah: fear
Persian
sahm: fear ( ‫سهم )سهمنا‬
‫سهم‬
NOTE- May be related to the root "Trep: to tremble" thrah-man, thras-man: afraid ‫ترس‬
BQT:1197
POK:1095 BQT:1197 terror :‫هم‬

Dekm: ten ‫عدد ده‬ saiti, sat: a suffix meaning multiples of ten sî: thirty
POK:191 vi-saiti: (two) separate tens
Trei: three ‫سه‬ thri, thrâyô: three
POK:1090 POK:1090, SYN:941, KLN:1611
POK:191
Indo-European
Avestan
syâva: black
Persian
Sîyâmak: with "black hair" ‫س امک‬
‫س امک‬
syâ-maka: owner of "black hair" "‫"س اه مو‬
POK:540 HRN:168, BQT, SNS:172
POK:541, BRT:1631
117
. ‫س اوش‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
aršan, varešna: male, man,
Persian
Sîyâvaš: "with black horses"
‫س اوش‬
POK:335
hero "‫" ا اس ان س اه‬
Indo-European Avestan ‫س اوش‬
syâva-aršan: (with) black
Kei 1: gray or black color, dark ‫ تارک‬،‫رنگ ت ه‬ syâva: black male animals BQT
POK:540 POK:541, BRT:1631 POK:336, AHD:1480, SOD:414
Indo-European
Avestan
syâva: black
Persian
sîyâh: black ‫س اه‬
‫س اه‬
‫ سام‬:‫مق‬
POK:540 POK:541, BRT:1631 HRN:168, BQT, SNS:172
Indo-European
Tiegu: to approach shyly
Avestan
ithyajah, ithyejah: abandonment
Pahlavi
sêj: trouble, pain
Persian
sîj: suffering, pain (‫سیج )س جمند‬
‫سیج‬
‫جهان س جمن ــد و پر انا‬ ‫درد و رنج‬
‫ا خجالت نزد ک شدن‬ POK:1086 SNS:314
(‫)ارداو راف نامه‬ ‫که او را پ شه اشد بیوفا‬
POK:1086
SNS:314, BQT:1202
Sanskrit
Ĉîxâ : point, tip, skewer
Persian
sîx: skewer ‫سیخ‬
Turkish
šîš: skewer
Persian
šîšlîk, šîš-kabob: meats roasted on a skewer
‫سیخ‬
NOTE - derivation of the Persian
‫ سیخ‬،‫نوک‬ word from Sanskrit is not clear
TAD:38, BQT:1203,
‫ ش ش ک اب‬،‫ش شل ک‬
MON:2112
HRN:168 BQT:1203, HRN:168, FVF:383 MON:2112
Avestan
Srîra: satisfied ‫را‬
Pahlavi
sêr: satisfied, not hungry
Persian
sîr: not hungry, satisfied, full ‫س‬
‫س‬
NOTE- POK:618 shows the Avestan "srîra" from the Indo-European
root "Krei: to appear, shine" with the meaning of "beautiful". BLY:78 BLY:78
BLY:78
Indo-European
Kiph: thin flexible twig ‫ ترکه‬،‫شاخه نرم‬
Greek
xiphos: branch, rod
Arabic
sayf: sword
Persian
sayf: sword ‫سف‬
‫سف‬
POK:598 POK:598 TAD:39,78 MON:1979
Indo-European
Persian
sîlî: slap, blow ‫س‬
‫س‬
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 IEC:640, MON:1982
Indo-European
Kem 1: stick ‫ ت‬،‫چوب‬
Avestan
simâ: yoke beam
Persian
sîm 1: yoke beam ۱‫س م‬
۱‫س م‬
‫ت یغ‬
POK:556 POK:556, AHM:274 HRN:168, BQT:1205, AHM:274
Greek
Sêma: marked, stamped (coin)
Greek
A-sêma: unmarked,
Pahlavi
asêm, sîm: silver
Persian
sîm 2: silver ۲‫س م‬
۲‫س م‬
(‫ ب شده )سکه شده‬،‫عﻼمت خورده‬
unstamped (silver) ‫"نقره سکه‬
KNT:209 BQT:1212, KNT:209,
KNT:209, MON:1982 "‫شده‬
Indo-European
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not ‫نه‬
POK:756, KNT:167
Greek Old Persian Persian

Sêma: marked, stamped (coin) siyaman: made of silver ?
KNT:209, MON:1982 KNT:209
Indo-European
Greek
sema: things seen, signs
Arabic
sîma: sign, symbol
Persian
sîmâ: sign, face ‫س ما‬
‫س ما‬
POK:243 POK:243, AHD VDQ:275 MON:1983
118
‫س مغ‬
Indo-European
Avestan
saêna: gray, gray bird (falcon)
Persian
šâhîn: falcon ‫شاه‬
‫س مغ‬
POK:540
‫پرنده ت ه رنگ‬
Avestan saêna-mereğa: dark bird sîmorğ: a legendary bird ‫س مغ‬
Mereğa: a large bird ‫پرنده بزرگ‬ ‫نو‬ POK:541 BQT, HRN:169
BQT:190, KLN:959
Indo-European
Kâk: twig, branch ‫ ترکه‬،‫شاخه‬
Sanskrit
šâxa: branch
Persian
šâx: horn, branch (‫شاخ )شاخه‬
‫شاخ‬
POK:523 POK:523 POK:523, BQT:1219, SYN:525
Indo-European
Kweye, Ĉiah: quiet, comfortable ‫ راحت‬،‫آرام‬
Av/Old Pers
šâ 2, šyâ: to rest
Pahlavi
šâd: cheerful
Persian
šâd: happy ‫شاد‬
‫شاد‬
šâiti, šyâtî: happiness, peace quiet :‫هم‬
KLN:1740, POK:638,EIV EIV:38 HRN, BQT. EIV
POK:638, KLN:1740, KNT:210
‫ شاردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شار‬

Indo-European
Gwhder: to flow, run ‫ دو دن‬، ‫ج ان اف‬
Avestan
xšar: to flow
Persian
šârîdan: to flow (‫شار دن ) ِ دن‬
‫شاردن‬
POK:487 POK:487 HRN:172, BQT
Indo-European
Ĉîah: to move, throw, relieve oneself
Avestan
šâ 1: to defecate, urinate
Persian
šâš: urine ‫شاش‬
‫شاش‬
‫ خود را راحت کردن‬، ‫ انداخ‬،‫حرکت کردن‬ EIV:38 EIV:38
EIV:38
Indo-European
Avestan
haša-kerta, aša-gerd: one who follows work
Persian
šâgerd: student, follower ‫شا رد‬
‫شا رد‬
POK:641, EIV:236
or instructions of a teacher "‫"دن ال رو‬
BQT
Indo-European pursue :‫هم‬
BQT:173, HRN:28,232, HUB:39
POK:896
Sanskrit
Šavala: (a fabric) marked with colors ‫ارچه ا عﻼئم رن‬
Persian
šâl 1: scarf ۱‫شال‬
۱‫شال‬
HJB:824 HJB:824, KLN:1432, MON:2000, FRS:171, BQT:1228
shawl :‫هم‬
NOTE- KLN:1432 derives it from "Šaliat" an Indian town famous for its shawls
Sanskrit
Šavala: (a fabric) marked with colors ‫ارچه ا عﻼئم رن‬
Persian
šâl 2, šâlang: a thin, inexpensive rug ‫ شالنگ‬،۲‫شال‬
۲‫شال‬
‫لم‬
HJB:824 HJB:824, KLN:1432, MON:2000, FRS:171, BQT:1228
Sanskrit
Šâli: grains, cereals ‫غﻼت‬
Persian
šâlî: rice, especially in the husk ‫شالـی‬
Persian
šâlîzâr: rice field ‫شال ار‬
‫شا‬
َ
BQT:1229 BQT:1229, MON:2000 šaltûk: rice in the husk (‫شلتوک )چلتوک‬
BQT, MON
‫ شا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شال ار‬

‫ شب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شام‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
dasa: ten or "plus ten"
Persian
šânzdah: sixteen ‫شانزده‬
‫شانزده‬
POK:191 xšvaš-dasa: six plus ten َ ten :‫هم‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers šast: sixty ‫شست‬
-iti,-ti: a suffix meaning "multiple of ten"
Seks: six ‫ِشش‬ xšvaš: six BQT
xšvaš-ti: six times ten
POK:1044 POK:1044
POK:191
119
. ‫شانه‬
Indo-European
Greek
ksniô: to scratch, comb
Pahlavi
šânak: comb
Persian
šâneh: comb ‫شانه‬
‫شانه‬
POK:585, WLD1: 449 POK:587, IEC:572 HRN:170 BQT:1230
NOTE- see "Ksen: to card wool" for another possible root
Indo-European
Ksen: to card wool ‫از هم از کردن شم‬
Pahlavi
šânag: comb
Persian
šâneh: comb ‫شانه‬
‫شانه‬
Fšan: to drag, split ‫ از هم جدا کردن‬،‫کش دن‬ EIV:92 EIV:92
EIV:92 NOTE- see "Kes: to scratch" for another possible root
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
xšây, xši: to rule, to qualify
Pahlavi
šâh: king
Persian
šâh: king ‫شاه‬
‫شاه‬
‫ فرمانروا کردن‬،‫قادر و شا سته بودن‬ xšača: king, ruler BQT:626, HRN:177, HUB:83 čak: a promissory note, check ‫َچک‬
POK:626, KLN:272 POK:626, KNT:181 POK:626, BQT, ZMA:25
‫ اس غم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شاه اس َ َ م‬

‫ س م غ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شاه‬
‫ شا س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شا د‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
xšây, xši: to rule,
Pahlavi
šâyîtan: to be
Persian
šâyestan: to deserve, qualify (‫شا س )شا سته‬
‫شا س‬
to qualify able to, deserve
‫ فرمانروا کردن‬،‫قادر و شا سته بودن‬ šâyad: perhaps ‫شا د‬
POK:626, KNT:181 HRN:171, FFD:62
POK:626, KLN:272 BQT:1237, EIV:451
‫ شا س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شا سته‬

Indo-European
Kwsep: darkness ‫تار‬
Avestan
xšap: night
Persian
šab: night ‫شب‬
‫شب‬
POK:649 xšâfniya: night meal šâm: dinner, night ‫شام‬
POK:649 MON, BQT, HRN:169, SYN:992
‫ چ ان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ش ان‬

‫ د س‬+ ‫ شب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ش دیز‬
Indo-European
Kwsep: darkness ‫تار‬
Avestan
xšap: night
Persian
šabestan: "place for holding the night" ‫ش ستان‬
‫ش ستان‬
POK:649 POK:649 MON, BQT, HRN:169, SYN:992
Stâ: to stand ‫ا ستادن‬ sta: to stand, to set
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008
Avestan
Spiš: an insect, bug, flea ‫ ش ش‬،‫ح ه‬
Pahlavi
spiš: flea
Persian
šepeš: flea ‫شش‬
‫شش‬
BQT:1249 BQT:1249 BQT:1249, MON:2022
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
aiwiš-tap: in
Persian
šetâftan: to hurry
‫شتاب‬
heat, in hurry
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589
(‫شتاف )شتاب‬
Indo-European Avestan BQT:49,453,1252,19
Ambhi: around ‫ پ امون‬،‫اطراف‬ aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: over, above, both 58 BQT, HRN
POK:34 POK:34
‫ شتاب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شتاف‬

‫ اش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ش‬
‫ شطرنج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ش نک‬
120
‫شدن‬
Indo-European
Kei 2, Ĉiau: to set in motion ‫ه حرکت درآوردن‬
Old Persian
šiyav: to set in motion
Pahlavi
šutan: to become
Persian
šodan: to become ‫شدن‬
‫شدن‬
POK:539,EIV šaw: to go HRN:172 BQT:1261, FFD:62,EIV
POK:539, HRN:172

Kei 2, Ĉiau: to set in motion šav, šyav: to go ?
POK:539,EIV šyaothna: conduct
šyaoman: work
fra-šûte: moved
POK:539
ُ ُ
‫ شاردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
Pahlavi
Persian
čerâğ: lamp, light, illumination, guiding light ‫چراغ‬
Arabic
îšrâğ: illumination,
Persian
ešrâq: illumination, intuition ‫ا اق‬
‫ق‬
intuition
PLA:157 BQT:626 šarq: source of light, east ‫ق‬
PLA:157
FVA:211
Indo-European
Kormo: pain, suffering ‫ رنج بردن‬،‫درد‬
Avestan
fšarema: pain
Persian
šarm: shame ‫م‬
‫م‬
harm :‫هم‬
POK:615 POK:615 HRN:172, BQT:1264
‫ شاردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ِ دن‬

َ
‫ شانزده‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شست‬
َ
‫ ده‬:‫مق‬
Indo-European
Kseud: water, to clean by stamping in water ‫ ا کردن در آب‬،‫آب‬
Avestan
xšaod, xšaud: flow
Persian
šostan: to clean, wash (۲‫ شور‬،۲‫شس )شوی‬
‫شس‬
POK:625, WLD1: 502 POK:625, WLD1: 502 HRN, BQT, FFD
ُ
Indo-European
Kwes: to pant, to breathe fast ‫نفس نفس زدن‬
Avestan
suši, suš: the lungs
Pahlavi
suš: lung
Persian
šoš: lung ‫شش‬
ُ ‫شش‬
‫ هوا‬:‫هم‬
POK:631, CEL6: 284, EIV:369 POK:631, SYN:260 SNS:192 HRN:173, BQT:1266, EIV:369
Indo-European
Sanskrit
angam: member, part
Pahlavi
catrang
Persian
Satranj: chess (‫ ک نگ‬،‫شطرنج )ش نگ‬
‫شطرنج‬
POK:46 ‫تا ج ــز از ب ست و چهارش نـ ـ ــود خانۀ نرد‬ "‫"چهار مهره‬
Indo-European catur-anga: the four major parts (castle,
Knight, Bishop and Pawn in the game of chess)
four :‫هم‬
Kwetwer : four ‫چهار‬ (‫ودو خانه است اساس ش نگ )نجار‬ ‫همچودر‬
POK:642 POK:46, BQT:1254 BQT:1254, FVF:404
Sanskrit
Srgâla: howler ‫زوزه کش‬
Pahlavi
šağâl: coyote
Persian
šağâl, šoğâl: coyote ‫شغال‬
Turkish English
jackal
‫شغال‬
KLN:823, MON:2050 MON:2050 KLN:823 KLN:823
NOTE- BQT:1270 indicates that "Srgâla" may be from Babylonia
َ
Indo-European
Kiph: thin flexible twig
Sanskrit
šiphâ, čiphâ: twig, hair
Persian
šafš: twig, wire ‫شفش‬
َ ‫شفش‬
‫ س ف‬:‫هم‬
‫ ترکه‬،‫شاخه نرم‬ POK:598, WLD1: 452 šafšâhang: a tool for extruding thin silver and gold wires ‫ شفتاهنج‬،‫شفشاهنگ‬
POK:598 BQT, MON
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
šekâr: hunt ‫ش ار‬
‫ش ار‬
POK:641, EIV:236
Indo-European Avestan aiwiš-kar: chase (animals) away, hunt MON, FFD
Ambhi: around ‫ پ امون‬،‫اطراف‬ aiwi, abi, aiwiš, ubê: NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628, EIV:237
over, above, both
POK:34
POK:34
121
. ‫ش اف‬
Indo-European
Avestan
scapti: to split
Persian
šekâftan: to split ‫ اف‬، ‫ش اف‬
‫ش اف‬
science :‫هم‬
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 POK:919,930, SOD:61, EIV:342 ‫ ش اف‬،‫ شکوفه‬،‫شگفت‬
BQT, HRN:175
Indo-European
Korkâ: gravel
Sanskrit
sarkarah: gravel, sugar
Pali
sakkara: sugar
Persian
šekar: sugar
Arabic
sukkar
French
sucre
English
sugar
‫ِشکر‬
‫سنگ ر زه‬ POK:615 ‫ِشکر‬ PLA:163 AHD:1288 KLN:1539
POK:615 BQT:1279
Indo-European
Skarf: to stumble ‫لغ دن‬
Pahlavi
skarw: to stumble
Persian
šekarfîdan: to stumble ‫شکرف دن‬
‫شکرف دن‬
‫تلو تلو خوردن‬
POK:929, EIV:347 EIV:347 EIV:347, MON
Indo-European
Skand 2: to break ‫شکس‬
Avestan
sčand: to break
Persian
šekastan: to break ‫شکس‬
‫شکس‬
POK:920, EIV:342 POK:919,930, SOD:61, EIV:342 BQT, HRN:175
Indo-European
Kâk: twig, branch ‫ ترکه‬،‫شاخه‬
Sanskrit
šakala: part, piece
Persian
šeklah: slice, piece, a torn piece of garment ‫ش له‬
‫ش له‬
POK:523 POK:523 BQT:1280
‫ اش م‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شم‬

‫ ش اف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شکوفه‬
ُ
Indo-European
Keu 3, Skeu: to watch, see, hear ‫ ش دن‬،‫د دن‬
Pahlavi
škôh: grace
Persian
šokûh: glory ‫شکوه‬
ُ ‫شکوه‬
show :‫هم‬
POK:587 ARN:382 POK:588

Keu 3, Skeu: to watch, see, hear au-šaudîhtwei: to trust ?
POK:587 POK:588

Keu 3, Skeu: to watch, see, hear čevîšî: attend, hope ?
POK:587 WLD:1369, POK:587
Old Iranian
Skaip: to wait ‫منتظر بودن‬
Pahlavi
škêb: patient
Persian
šakîbîdan: to be patient (‫شکی دن )شکی ا‬
‫شکی ا‬
FFD:63 FFD:63 FFD:64, MON
‫ شکی ا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شکی دن‬

‫ ش اف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شگفت‬
َ
Indo-European
Skel: bent, curved ‫خم ده‬
Persian
šal 1: leg, thigh ‫شل‬
َ ‫شل‬
POK:928 šelang: step ‫شلنگ‬
HRN:175, BQT, EIV:207
َ
Indo-European
Persian
šalpûy: sound from foot steps ‫شلپوی‬
َ ‫شلپوی‬
‫توان ــگر بن ــزد ک زن خف ــته ــود‬ ‫صدای ا‬
POK:928
( ‫زن از خواب شلپوی مردی شنود )شه د بوشکور ل‬
َ
‫ شا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شلتوک‬
َ ‫شلنگ‬
‫ شل‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
122
‫شلوار‬
Indo-European
Persian
šal 1: leg, thigh ‫شل‬
َ ‫شلوار‬
POK:928
Indo-European Avestan šalvâr: "like legs" or "leg covers", pants ‫شلوار‬
Wel 3: to turn, roll ‫ تا اندن‬،‫چرخاندن‬ var 4: similar to, like, also cover
POK:1139-1140 POK:1140
Indo-European
Yu: you ‫شما‬
Avestan
yûš, yûšmat: you
Persian
šomâ: you ‫شما‬
‫شما‬
you :‫هم‬
POK:513 POK:513 HRN:176, BQT:1291
Indo-European
Mer 1, Smer, Hmar: to remember
Avestan
Persian
šemordan: to count
‫شماره‬
memory :‫هم‬
‫ب اد آوردن‬ mar-aiti, hiš-mar-aiti: counted for (‫شمردن )شماره‬
‫ شماره‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شمردن‬

Pahlavi
Šfšyr, Šypšyr, Šamšêr: sword ‫شمش‬
Persian
šamšîr: sword ‫شمش‬
English
scimitar
‫شمش‬
MPP:88, BQT:1294, NYB:186 BQT:1294 KLN:1397, SKT:468, HJB:804
NOTE- BQT rejects derivation of "šamšîr" from "šam-šîr: lion's paw" suggested by SKT:468.
َ
Indo-European
Klem: tired, loose, dull
Sanskrit
saman: one who is only interested
Pahlavi
šaman: idol worshipper
Persian
šaman: idol worshiper ‫ش َمن‬
َ ‫ش َمن‬
in worshipping, a monk.
‫ذوق‬ ،‫خسته‬ TZF:77 ‫ا ـ ــر ت ـ ــاج ا ـ ـران سـ ـ ــارد ه مـ ــن‬
POK:602 ( ‫پرس ش کنم چون بتان را شمن )فردو‬
POK:602
BQT:1296, ETM:37, TZF:77
َ
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
šan, šyangh: house, household
Pahlavi
šân: house, shelter
Persian
šan: house (‫شن ) لشن‬
َ ‫شن‬
NOTE- Cognate with "kan 1: to dig out"
EIV:232, POK:534 BQT:46, ZMA:49-51 ZMA:49-50, BQT
ZMA:49-51
Indo-European
Snâ: to flow, swim ‫ شنا کردن‬، ‫ا ج ان رف‬
Avestan
snâ: wash, swim
Pahlavi
snâz: swim
Persian
šenâ: swim ‫شنا‬
‫شنا‬
POK:971 POK:971, KLN:1030, HUB:15 ARN:384 BQT, HRN:176, AEF:118
Indo-European
Old Persian
xšnâ: to know
Persian
šenâxtan: to know, recognize (‫شناخ )آشنا‬
‫شناخ‬
know :‫هم‬
POK:376 POK:376, BQT:1298 NOTE- Avestan form is "zânati"
Akkadian
Šabatu: to cut, stop working ‫از ار‬ ‫ دست برداش‬،‫قطع کردن‬
Hebrew
šâbat: to stop work
Persian
šanbeh: Saturday, day of rest ‫ش ه‬
‫ش ه‬
Sabbath :‫هم‬
AKD:67, BQT:1300 BQT:1300 MON:2081, BQT:1300
َ ‫شندف‬
‫ دف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
Indo-European
Sanskrit
srnga: horn
Pahlavi
šanga-vîr, singiber
Persian
šangabîl: ginger ‫شنگب ل‬
‫شنگب ل‬
sringa-vera: horn-shaped root of ginger ‫ زنجب ل‬:‫مق‬
POK:574, KLN:261,657 VDQ:42 MON:1751, VDQ:42
AHD:1522, KLN:657
ginger :‫هم‬
‫ زنجرف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شنگرف‬

Indo-European
Skêu: to sneeze ‫عطسه کردن‬
Pahlavi
šanôšag: to sneeze
Persian
šonûšeh: sneeze (‫شنوشه )اشنوسه‬
‫شنوشه‬
‫م ـ ـرا ام ــروز ت ـ ـ ــه س ـ ــود دارد‬
sneeze :‫هم‬
POK:838,953 ARN:91
( ‫چنان چون دردمندان را شنوشه )رود‬
POK:953, BQT:1102,1304
123
. ‫ش دن‬
Indo-European
Kleu, Srau: to hear ‫ش دن‬
Avestan
Pahlavi
ašnûdan: to hear
Persian
šenîdan: to hear ‫ش دن‬
‫ش دن‬
listen :‫هم‬
POK:605, EIV:356 HRN:177 FFD:64 BQT:1304
Indo-European
Skaivos: sinister, odd, strange ‫ عج ب و غ ب‬،‫شوم‬
Persian
šûx: vulgar, rude, a joker ‫شخ‬
‫شخ‬
WLD2: 537, IEC:1146 IEC:1146, MON:2085
Indo-European
Persian
šûr: with sharp taste, salty ‫شور‬
۱‫شور‬
‫ شور ا‬:‫مق‬
POK:585, WLD1: 449 POK:585, BQT:1307
‫ شس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫شور‬

Indo-European
Persian
šûr: with sharp taste, salty
‫شور ا‬
POK:585, WLD1: 449
‫شور‬
Pekw: to cook pax, pač, pačaiti: to cook puxtag: cooked bâ, vâ: suffixes for shûr-bâ: a salty soup
cook or cooking
‫خ‬ -pâka: a suffix referring to the cook. paz: cook ‫شور ا‬
(‫ شور ا‬،‫ ـ وا )نانوا‬،‫ـ ا‬
POK:798 POK:798, BQT:370, SYN:336, FFD:40 SNS:137, FFD:40
BQT:370, AEF:195, IEC:920 POK:585, BQT:1307
Chinese
Chou-shu: millet ‫ارزن‬
Mongolian Persian
šošo, šûšû: millet ‫شوشو‬
‫شوشو‬
SIN:565
‫ارزن‬
SIN:565 MON:2089, BQT:1309
Sanskrit
Šûlaka: wild horse ‫اسب وح‬
Persian
šûlak: wild or fast horse ‫شول‬
‫شول‬
‫اسفند ار‬ ‫شست از بر شول‬ ‫اسب تند رو‬
BQT:1310
( ‫برفت از س ــش لش ـ ــگر نامــدار )فردو‬

MON:2092, BQT:1310, FSF:242
Indo-European
Kseud: water, to clean by stamping in water ‫ ا کردن در آب‬،‫آب‬
Avestan
xšudra: water, liquid, semen
Persian
šûy: husband (‫ )شوهر‬۱‫شوی‬
۱‫شوی‬
POK:625, WLD1: 502 xšâudra: male, husband HRN, BQT, FFD
POK:625, WLD1: 502
‫ شس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫شوی‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
šatr: kingdom,
Persian
šahr: town, city
‫شهر‬
town
‫ فرمانروا کردن‬،‫قادر و شا سته بودن‬ xša-thra, xšathra: "having a king", kingdom ‫شهر‬
NOTE- -thra, -tra are Avestan suffixes meaning "owner of". BQT:626, HRN:177,
HUB:83 POK:626, BQT, ZMA:25
POK:626, KLN:272 POK:626, KNT:181
‫ رام‬+ ‫ شاه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شهرام‬

Indo-European
Avestan
var 2, ver 1,
Pahlavi
šatri-var:
Persian
Šahrîvar: "desired city"
‫شه ور‬
POK:1137 varena: to wish name of a ‫"شهر ا کشور‬
month
xšatra-vairya: desired ‫شه ور‬ "‫مطلوب‬
BQT:1316,1303
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule xša-thra, xšathra: city, heavenly country
"having a king", kingdom BQT, HRN, MON
‫ فرمانروا کردن‬،‫قادر و شا سته بودن‬ POK:1137
POK:626, KNT:181
POK:626, KLN:272
Indo-European
Ksîp: strike, weapon, spike ‫ وس له نوک ت‬،‫ اسلحه‬،‫ه‬
Av/Old Pers
xšvaepâ: back, behind, slope
Pahlavi
šîp: slope
Persian
šîb: slope ۱‫ش ب‬
۱‫ش ب‬
IEC:573 HRN:178, FFD: 65 HRN:178 BQT:1318, MON:2101
124
۲‫ش ب‬
‫ ش ف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫ش ب‬
Indo-European
Ksîp: strike, weapon, spike ‫ وس له نوک ت‬،‫ اسلحه‬،‫ه‬
Av/Old Pers
xšip, xšwaip, xšwaif: movement,
Pahlavi
šêb: whip
Persian
šîb: whip ۳‫ش ب‬
۳‫ش ب‬
strike ‫شﻼق‬
IEC:573 FFD:65 MON:2101
HRN:178, FFD: 65
Indo-European
Swei: to bend, twist ‫خم کردن‬
Avestan
xšvira,
Pahlavi
šêpâk: fast, easy to
Persian
šîbâ: a large snake ‫ش ا‬
‫ش ا‬
xšvaewa: swift understand swift :‫هم‬
Sweib: move swiftly like a snake ‫ــع حرکت کردن‬ ‫چون مار‬ šîvâ: easy to understand, clear ‫شیوا‬
POK:1041 BQT:1319,1329
POK:1041 BQT:1319,1329, HRN:178,179, MON:2115
‫ ش ف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ش ب دن‬

Syriac / Aramaic
Šypwr: trumpet ‫ش پور‬
Pahlavi
šayfur
Persian
šaypûr: trumpet ‫ش پور‬
‫ش پور‬
TZF:77 TZF:77 TZF:77, MON:2101, BQT:1319
Indo-European
Ksei 2: bright ‫روشن‬
Avestan
xšae-ta, xšôithmi: bright
Persian
šîd: bright (‫ش د )ش ده‬
‫شد‬
WLD1: 501, BRT:541 WLD1: 501, BQT:788,1320 BQT, MON
Akkadian
Šedû: devil, mad person ‫ دیوانه‬،‫ش طان‬
Aramaic
šêdâ, šâtân: demon
Persian
šeydâ: crazy, frenzied (with love) ‫ش دا‬
‫ش دا‬
AKD:69 BQT:1320 BQT:1320
‫ ش د‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ش ده‬

Indo-European
Ksîro: milk ‫ش‬
Avestan
xšîra, xšvipata: milk
Persian
šîr 1: milk (‫ )ش ن‬۱ ‫ش‬
۱ ‫ش‬
WLD1: 503 apa-xšîra: milk SYN:385, BQT:1322, HRN:178, MON:2108,5187,
AHD:1175, HRN:178, SOD:29
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
šâh: king
Persian
šîr: lion ۲ ‫ش‬
۲ ‫ش‬
‫ فرمانروا کردن‬،‫قادر و شا سته بودن‬ POK:626, KNT:181 šêr: lion POK:626, BQT, ZMA:25
BQT:626, HRN:177, HUB:83
POK:626, KLN:272
‫ اوژندن‬+ ۲ ‫ ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ش اوژن‬

۱ ‫ ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ش ن‬
‫ سیخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ش ش ک اب‬
‫ سیخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ش شل ک‬
Akkadian
Šedû: devil, mad person ‫ دیوانه‬،‫ش طان‬
Aramaic
šêdâ, šâtân: demon
Arabic
šaytân: devil
Persian
šeytân: devil ‫ش طان‬
‫ش طان‬
satan :‫هم‬
AKD:69 BQT:1320 BQT:1320 MON
Indo-European
Ksîp: strike, weapon, spike
Av/Old Pers
xšip, xšwaip, xšwaif:
Pahlavi
šîb: to be disturbed
Persian
šîftan: to be agitated ‫شف‬
‫شف‬
movement, strike
‫ وس له نوک ت‬،‫ اسلحه‬،‫ه‬ FFD:65 šîbîdan: to be disturbed (۲‫ش ب دن )ش ب‬
HRN:178, FFD: 65 ‫شک ب آور از درد و بر من مش ب‬
IEC:573
( ‫که از م ــهر سـ ـ ــار ـه ـتــر شـ ـک ـ ــب )اسدی طو‬
FFD:65, MON
Indo-European
Gheu: to pour
Greek
xymeia: infusion by pouring
Arabic
al-kimya:
Latin
alchymia
French
chimie:
Persian
šîmî: chemistry ‫ش‬
‫ش‬
‫رخ‬
(mixing) liquids chemistry chemistry ‫"اختﻼط و‬
AHD MON:2115
POK:447
OEW:124
OEW:124 "‫ام اج‬
NOTE- KLN, OEW & AHD derive the Arabic "al-kimyâ" from the Egyptian "khem: black". See root "Ker 4: black".
125
. ‫ش‬
Indo-
Ker 4, Kers:
Egyptian
khem: black
Greek
xêma: black land, the former
Arabic
al-kîmîya:
Latin
alchymia
French
chimie:
Persian
šîmî: chemistry
‫ش‬
black, dirty name of Egypt where the art of chemistry "‫ی‬ ‫"صنعت م‬
AHD:30, OEW:182 transmutation was practiced. transmutation ‫ش‬
‫ کث ف‬،‫س اه‬ AHD AHD
AHD:30, KLN:45 MON:2115
OEW:182, POK:573 NOTE- OEW & FSD believe the Arabic "al-kimyâ" may be from Greek "xymeia: infusion". KLN does not agree.
‫ ش ا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شیوا‬

Indo-European
Xšai: weep, lament ‫ نال دن‬، ‫گ س‬
Av/Old Pers
Xšî: grief, poverty ‫ فقر‬،‫غم‬
Pahlavi
šêvan: crying
Persian
šîvan: crying ‫شیون‬
‫شیون‬
EIV:452 Xšaivan: grief, crying ‫ گ ه‬،‫غم‬ BQT:1329, EIV:5045
BQT:1329
Indo-European
Seip: to pour out, drip ‫ چکه کردن‬، ‫ب ون ر خ‬
Latin
sâpô: soap
Greek
sapôn: soap
Arabic
saboun: soap
Persian
sâbûn: soap ‫صابون‬
‫صابون‬
soap :‫هم‬
POK:894 POK:894, AHD BQT:1330 TAD:43 MON:2118
Indo-European
Indo-European
Dkm-tom: hundred
Avestan
sata, satam: hundred
Persian
sad: hundred ‫صد‬
‫صد‬
hundred :‫هم‬
POK:191 AHD POK:191, 192 BQT
Indo-European
Ster 1: to spread, throw
Latin
strata: paved path
Greek Aramaic
isrâta: paved path
Arabic
sirât: path, way
Persian
serât: road ‫اط‬
‫اط‬
street :‫هم‬
‫ پرت کردن‬،‫خش کردن‬ KLN:1522
KLN
KLN:56 POK:56, FVQ:195, TAD:34 MON
POK:1029, EIV:263
Indo-European
Keu 2, Su(m)b: to swell, cavity, hole
Sanskrit
sunyâ, sunyâh: empty
Arabic
sifr: empty, zero
Persian
sefr: zero ‫صفر‬
‫صفر‬
zero :‫هم‬
‫ سوراخ‬،‫ حفره‬،‫ورم کردن‬ POK:592 KLN:290 MON
POK:592, IEC:589, EIV:341,368
Aramaic
Salîbâ: cross ‫ صل ب‬،‫خاج‬
Arabic
salîb: cross
Persian
salîb: cross ‫صل ب‬
‫صل ب‬
BQT:656, MON:1310 MON:1310,2161 MON:2161
Indo-European
Latin
cuppa: curved-in pot
Arabic
sanj: cymbal
Persian
sanj: cymbal (‫صنج )سنج‬
‫صنج‬
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 cymbalon: curved-in plate ARK:223, TAD:44 MON, TAD:44
AHD
NOTE- See root "Keg: hook" for another possible derivation.
Indo-European
Keg, Keng: hook
Avestan
cang: hook
Persian
čang: hook, paw, harp (‫چنگ )چن ال‬
Arabic
sanj: harp, cymbal
Persian
sanj, senj: cymbal (‫صنج )سنج‬
‫صنج‬
‫قﻼب‬ POK:537 POK:537, BQT:665, ARN:227 PLA:188 MON:2165
POK:537, IEC:458 NOTE- See root "Gêu 1: to bend" for another derivation.
‫ سندل‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫صند‬

ّ
‫ضحا‬
‫ اژدها‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
‫ ت شه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫طاس‬
Tamil
Tôkei: peacock
Sanskrit Arabic
tawoos: peacock
Persian
tâvûs: peacock
Latin
pâuo, pâvô:
Old English
pea: peacock
English
peacock
‫طاووس‬
peacock
KLN:1143, SKT:378
BQT:1346
BQT:1346 ‫طاووس‬ AHD SKT:378
NOTE- Tanil is a Dravidian language spoken in south India BQT:1346, SKT:378
126
‫طل‬
Pahlavi
Tabûrâk: a drum ‫طل‬
Persian
tabûrâk: a kind of drum ( ‫تبورا )تب‬
Arabic
tabûl: drum
Persian
tabl: drum ‫طل‬
‫طل‬
MON:1025 ‫ــس تـ ـ ـ ـ ــری د ـ ــد نـ ــزد ـ ــک درخ ــت‬ MON:2211
( ‫تند و سخت )رود‬ ‫جس ـ‬ ‫هرگـ ـه ــی ان ـ‬
MON:1025
Indo-European
Greek
ku-klos: wheel
Arabic
tilism: talisman
Persian
telesm: mystery, spell ‫طلسم‬
‫طلسم‬
telos: end of a cycle, far away ‫ چ خ‬:‫هم‬
‫ چرخ دن‬، ‫حرکت کردن‬ MON:2232
telesma: mystery
POK:640
AHD
Persian
Talk: a mineral, talc, talcum powder ‫ پودر تال‬،‫طلق‬
Arabic
talq: talc
Persian
talq: mica ‫طلق‬
‫طلق‬
‫ تال‬:‫مق‬
MON:1133, BQT:509 MON:1133, MON:2232, BQT:1358
‫ ط ل‬،‫ ت بور‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫طنبور‬

Indo-European
Dheu 2: smoke, mist, dizziness
Greek
tuphos: smoke
Arabic
tûfan: hurricane, typhoon
Persian
tûfân: storm, strong winds
‫طوفان‬
typhoon :‫هم‬
‫ گ جه‬، ‫ ِمه‬، ‫دود‬ tuphun: typhoon KLN:1670, SKT:581 ‫طوفان‬
POK:262 AHD, KLN:1670 MON:2240
‫ تهماسب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫طهماسپ‬

‫ ت تو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ط طو‬
Arabic
Àwar: he damaged ‫خراب کرد‬
Arabic
àwar: damaged goods
Persian
âr 2: damage, shame ‫عار‬
‫عار‬
average :‫هم‬
AHD:91, KLN:133 avâr: defect, damaged goods ‫عوار‬
‫گنگ اد آن کس که اندر طعن تو گ د سخن‬
( ‫کـور اد آن کس که انـدر عـرض تو ج د عوار )فر‬
MON
‫ لشکر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫عسگر‬

‫ عار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫عوار‬
Sanskrit
Agaruh: aloe wood ‫چوب آلوئه‬
Arabic
al-oud: the wood, also a stringed
Persian
ûd: any fragrant wood, also a musical instrument (lute) ‫عود‬
‫عود‬
musical instrument
KLN:55 BQT:1385
KLN:55
Indo-European
Ghans: goose ‫غاز‬
Persian
ğâz: goose ‫غاز‬
‫غاز‬
goose :‫هم‬
POK:412, IEC:314 IEC:314, MON:2375 NOTE- ARN:394 mentions the Avestan cognate "zâô"
Indo-European
Gras: to eat ‫خوردن‬
Greek
gangraina: decay of tissue (in a limb)
Arabic Persian
ğânqrâyâ: gangrene ‫ غانقرا ا‬،‫غانغرا ا‬
‫غانغرا ا‬
gangrene :‫هم‬
POK:404 POK:404 BQT:1339 MON:2383
Indo-European
Gwhen 1: to fill ‫پر کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
Persian
ğâneh: house (‫غانه )دامغان‬
‫غانه‬
NOTE- compare with Ken 2: to dig
out and mound it up, build
HRN:194, BQT:1707, SNS:8,155
‫ خانه‬:‫مق‬
HRN:194, BQT, ZMA:51, MON
POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583,
POK:491
Akkadian
Erêbu: to enter, to go down (sunset) ‫ غروب خورش د‬، ‫فرو رف‬
Arabic
ğ.r.b: to set (sun)
Persian
ğarb: west ‫غرب‬
‫غرب‬
Europe :‫هم‬
AKD:64, KLN:550 AKD:640,854 MON
127
. ‫غ ال‬
Indo-European
Latin
crî-bellâre: to sieve, separate
Arabic
ğarbala: a sieve
Persian
ğarbâl: a sieve ‫غ ال‬
‫غ ال‬
‫ اره کردن‬،‫ب دن‬ AHD AHD:543 MON:2397
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155
ُ
‫ غرن دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫غرش‬
Indo-European
Indo-European
Gargelos, Gulgul: gargle
Persian
ğerğereh: gargle ‫غرغره‬
‫غرغره‬
POK:474 IEC:265,305 xerxereh: throat ‫خرخره‬
ُ ُ
ğolğol: boil, gargle ‫ قلقل‬،‫غلغل‬
IEC:265,305, MON
ُ َ
‫ غرن دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫غرم دن‬
ُ
Indo-European
Ghrem, Gram: to roar, be angry
Avestan
gram: to anger
Persian
ğurunbîdan: to thunder, roar (‫غرن دن )غرش‬
‫غرن دن‬
َ َ grim :‫هم‬
‫ خشمنا بودن‬،‫غرش کردن‬ EIV:122 ğarmîdan:to be angry (‫غرم دن )غرمان‬
POK:458, EIV:122 MON, EIV:122
Indo-European
Ger 4: to cry hoarsely, growl ‫ غر زدن‬، ‫گ ه كردن‬
Persian
ğorridan: to growl ‫غ ّ دن‬
‫غ ّ دن‬
crow :‫هم‬
POK:383, IEC:308 MON:2411, IEC:308
َ
Arabic
Ǧazal: a new born deer, a wild goat ‫ بز وح‬،‫چه آهو‬
Persian
ğazâl: antelope
َ
‫غزال‬
‫غزال‬
gazelle :‫هم‬
FVA:209 FVA:297
ُ ُ
‫ غژم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫غزم‬
‫ کژا ند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫غژ‬
‫ کژا ند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫غژغاو‬
ُ
Indo-European
Ghrem, Gram: to roar, be angry
Avestan
gram: anger
Persian
gozm, gožm: anger
ُ ُ
‫ غژم‬،‫غزم‬
‫غژم‬
‫ش غژم آورد و جست از جای خ ش‬
ُ ‫خشم‬
‫ خشمنا بودن‬،‫غرش کردن‬ POK:458
grim :‫هم‬
POK:458, EIV:122
( ‫وآم ـ ــد آن خ ـ ــرگـ ــوش را َآرغـ ــده ـ ـ ــش )رود‬
POK:458, MON:2413, FRS:187
‫ غرغره‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫غلغل‬

Indo-European
Gnauh: to sleep, Slumber ‫خواب دن‬
Persian
ğonûdan: to sleep ‫غنودن‬
‫غنودن‬
EIV:119 EIV:119
Indo-European
Persian
ğûz: a lump on the back bone (‫ قوزک‬،‫ غوزک‬،‫ کوژ‬،‫غوز )قوز‬
‫غوز‬
cove,
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:395, POK:589
NOTE- Compare with root "Kam 2: to bend" hump :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Ghûk: hoot, whoop ‫پرند ان‬ ‫صدای ع‬
Persian
ğûk: frog ‫غوک‬
‫غوک‬
IEC:347 IEC:347, MON:2454
۱‫ارس‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فارس‬

Indo-European
Ghêi 3: to yawn ‫خم ازه کش دن‬
Persian
fâž: yawn (‫فاژ )فاژ دن‬
‫فاژ‬
‫خم ازه‬
POK:419, IEC:418 IEC:418, MON:2470, FRS:120
yawn :‫هم‬
‫ فاژ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فاژ دن‬

128
‫فاش سم‬
Indo-European
Bhendh: to bind, fasten ‫س‬
Latin
fascis: bundle
Italian
fascismo: bundle,
French
fascism
Persian
fâšizm: dictatorship of political "groups"
‫فاش سم‬
(a political) group
‫فاش سم‬ band :‫هم‬
POK:127 KLN:152,576
KLN:576 MON:2471
‫الوده‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فالوده‬

Indo-European
Avestan
bama, bâ, bâmya: bright
Sogdian
b`m: color, brilliance
Persian
fâm: a suffix meaning color ۱‫فام‬
۱‫ـ فام‬
photo :‫هم‬
POK:104 POK:104, SOD:97 BQT:1437, SOD:97 SOD:97, SLW:100
‫ وام‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫فام‬

Indo-European
Greek
phôs: light
Persian
fânûs: lantern ‫فانوس‬
‫فانوس‬
phânôs: torch phosphor :‫هم‬
POK:104 BQT:1437
AHD, KLN:1170
َ
Indo-European
Avestan
hvarenah, xvarenah, farnah: brilliance, elegance
Persian
far: elegance (‫ فرناز‬،‫ فرش د‬،‫ فرشاد‬،‫فر )فرزاد‬
َ ‫فر‬
ُ ‫ز ا و شکوه‬
POK:881 farnavant: with bright fate, blessed farrox: blessed ِ ‫ف ّ خ )فرخ‬
(‫نده‬
POK:881, BQT:1451 BQT, FSF
sun :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Avestan
fra 2, frank: forward
Persian
farâ: forward, more ‫ فراز‬،‫فرا‬
‫فرا‬
‫پش‬
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82 BQT
forward :‫هم‬
ُ
Indo-European
Avestan
peretu: bridge
Avestan
hu-parathwa: good to cross
Persian
forât: Euphrates river
ُ
‫فرات‬
‫فرات‬
over, the Euphrates river
POK:817 POK:817, KLN:1220
Indo-European Avestan POK:817, AHD:452
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
Indo-European
Paita: to spread, make flat ‫پهن کردن‬
Indo-European
Plat: to spread
Avestan
frathah: wide
Persian
farâx: wide, large ‫فراخ‬
‫فراخ‬
flat :‫هم‬
POK:805, IEC:918, CEL2: 3 POK:833 POK:833, KLN:1192 BQT:1444, HRN:180
Old Persian
Ardha: swept, moved, pushed ‫ جا جا کرد‬، ‫جارو کرد‬
Old Persian
fra-ardha, frârdha,
Pahlavi
frârôn: honest,
Persian
frârûn: correct, honest
‫فرارون‬
BQT:1445 frârdha-van : pushed forward, upright ‫ا دامن‬
Indo-European Avestan forward, correct, right (‫ ف ون‬،‫فرارون )ف رون‬
BQT:1445,2246,
Per 1: around, forward. fra 2, frank: forward NYB:23,76, BQT:1445 NYB:23,76 MON:2499
‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
POK:810
‫ فرا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فراز‬

Indo-European
Avestan
â-marz: wipe out sins
Persian
farâmarz: "forgiver of all sins"
‫فرامرز‬
POK:722, EIV:180, 269
‫ آمرزدن‬:‫هم‬
Indo-European fra-â-marz: one who forgives ‫فرامرز‬
all sins
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ MON
POK:810 POK:722, BQT:1448, HRN:12
Indo-European
Mer 2: to rub away, harm, die
Indo-European
Mers, Marš: to forget
Av/Old Pers
muš, fra-â-muš: to
Pahlavi
frâmûštan:
Persian
farâmûšîdan: to forget
‫فراموش دن‬
forget to forget
‫ مردن‬،‫فرسوده شدن‬ ‫فراموش کردن‬ ‫فراموش دن‬
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 POK:737, EIV:268 FFD:65 FFD:65 FFD:65, MON:2506
129
. ‫فراوان‬
Indo-European
Indo-European
Pelu: a quantity of, a group of ‫تعداد ا گروه‬
Avestan
pouru, paourus: much, many
Persian
farâvân: plenty ‫فراوان‬
‫فراوان‬
POK:799, EIV:299 POK:799, EIV:299 KNT:196, POK:800, IEC:974 IEC:956,974, MON:2508
full :‫هم‬
NOTE-Old Persian form is "Paru"
Indo-European
Avestan
pitu, pithwa: food, fat
Pahlavi
pîh: fat (noun)
Persian
farbeh: fat (overweight)
‫ف ه‬
fra-pithwa: fat (adjective) ‫ پ ه‬:‫مق‬
POK:793 fra-pîh: fat (adjective) ‫ف ه‬
HRN:81,181
fat :‫هم‬
Indo-European Avestan BQT:1450 BQT, MON
POK:810 POK:244,810
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
fra-jâma: gone forward
Persian
farjâm: end ‫فرجام‬
‫فرجام‬
(to a destination)
‫قدم زدن‬ jam, jantu: to go ETM, FFD
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318 BQT:166,1451
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ fra 2, frank: forward
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
َ
‫ فر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ف ّخ‬
َ ُ
‫ فر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نده‬
ِ ‫فرخ‬
‫ پرد س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فردوس‬
‫ فروردین‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فردین‬
َ
‫ فر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرزاد‬
Indo-European
Sanskrit
pra-jan: one who knows in advance, one who
Pahlavi
farzânak: wise
Persian
Farzâneh
‫فرزانه‬
POK:376
has perception, wise "‫"از پ ش م داند‬
Indo-European BQT:1459, HRN:181 (‫فرزانه )فرزن‬
POK:377 knowledge :‫هم‬
POK:810
Indo-European
Avestan
fra-zaintiš: offspring, child
Persian
farzand: child ‫فرزند‬
‫فرزند‬
POK:373
Indo-European Avestan POK:373, SOD:462 POK:373, BQT, HRN:181,231

POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
‫ فرزانه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرز ن‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Avestan
fra-sta: "stand forward", send
Persian
ferestâdan: send
‫فرستادن‬
POK:1008,1009 BQT:123, HRN:20, POK:1008 KLN:1222, POK:1008, SYN:1376, SOD:439 (‫فرستادن )فرشته‬
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ fra 2, frank: forward BQT, HRN
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
‫ َپرسنگ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرسخ‬

‫ َپرسنگ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرسنگ‬
‫ سودن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرسودن‬
َ
‫ فر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرشاد‬
‫ فرستادن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرشته‬
َ
‫ فر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرش د‬
‫ فرغاردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرغار‬
130
‫فرغار دن‬
Indo-European
Sanskrit
ğar: milk, also anything wet
Persian
farğârîdan: to soak ‫ فرغردن‬،‫فرغاردن‬
‫فرغاردن‬
â-gar: to soak, also to swallow farğâr: soaked ‫فرغار‬ ‫خ ساندن‬
POK:446
POK:446, AEF:40 BQT, FRS, MON
Indo-European
Sanskrit
Persian
farğar: little puddles of water in a dried river ‫فرغر‬
‫فرغر‬
â-gar: to soak, also to swallow farğan: new river ‫فرغن‬ ‫حوضچه‬
POK:446
POK:446, AEF:40 ‫گوش آمد‬ ‫ازآب در ا گف ه‬
( ‫که شه ارا در ا تو و من فرغر )فر‬
BQT, FRS, MON
‫ فرغاردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرغردن‬

‫ فرغر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرغن‬
Indo-European
Sanskrit
Persian
farğandeh: rotten ‫فرغنده‬
‫فرغنده‬
â-gar: to soak, also to swallow ‫متعفن‬
POK:446 BQT, FRS, MON
POK:446, AEF:40
َ َ
Indo-European
Indo-European
Per-per-os: flighty, giddy
Persian
farfar: in hurry
َ َ
‫فرفر‬
‫فرفر‬
َ َ ‫ا عجله‬
POK:810 POK:810,811, IEC:927 ‫و اغذ و فرفر نوشت‬ ‫برداشت ل‬
(‫الفور این قص ــدۀ مط ـ ـ ع آ دار )انوری‬
IEC:927, MON:2521
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
mâ 1: to measure
Old Persian
fra-ma-na: to measure
Persian
farmân: command ‫فرمان‬
‫فرمان‬
POK:703, 731 POK:703,731, SYN:54,877,1010
beforehand, decide, order measure :‫هم‬
BQT:1470, FFD:66
Indo-European Avestan KNT:201
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82 NOTE- see "Wer 1: to talk" for an alternative root suggested ARN:391
Indo-European
Wer 1: to speak ‫صح ت کردن‬
Avestan
ver 2: to decide, command
Persian
farmân: command ‫فرمان‬
‫فرمان‬
POK:1162 urvata: determination, command ARN:391
POK:1162, KLN:1751, SYN:1254 NOTE- see "Ma: to measure" for an alternative root
َ
‫ فر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرناز‬
َ
Indo-European
Nek: to destroy ‫خراب کردن‬
Sanskrit
nâša: to disappear
Persian
farnâs: dumb, crazy
َ
‫فرناس‬
‫فرناس‬
ّ nuisance :‫هم‬
POK:762 pra-nač: absent, absent minded ‫گفت نقاش چونکه شناسم‬
(‫ی‬ ‫که ن ــه د ــوان ــه و ن ــه ف ـرناسم )عن‬
POK:762, BQT:1471, HRN:285
HRN:182, BQT:1471
Indo-European
Old Persian
fra: forward
Pahlavi
frôt: downward
Persian
forû: down ‫فرو‬
‫فرو‬
POK:810 frava, fravata: forward, downward KNT:198 KNT:198, BQT:1473, HRN:183
POK:813, KNT:198,200
َ
‫ پروار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فروار‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Av/Old Pers
â-vač: voice, song
Persian
forûxtan: to sell ‫فروخ‬
‫فروخ‬
POK:1135 POK:1135
‫"فراخواندن‬
fra-vaxš: call out, sell BQT, HRN
Indo-European Avestan "‫مش ی‬
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ fra 2, frank: forward POK:1135, KLN:1719, SYN:26
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
131
. ‫فروردین‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
var 1, vara, vâra 2:
Av/Old Pers
fra-var, fra-vahr,
Pahlavi
farvartin:
Persian
Farvardîn: the
‫فروردین‬
cover, wall fravaši: a protecting angel the month of first month of year "‫"ماه فروهر‬
"Farvahar"
POK:1116, IEC:1599 POK:1116, AEF:212, KNT:207 fra-var-tinam: descent (‫فروردین )فردین‬
Indo-European Avestan of holy spirits BQT
BQT:1476-1478
BQT:1476,1478
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
‫ روز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فروزان‬

‫ روز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فروغ‬
َ َ َ
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
var 1, vara, vâra 2:
Av/Old Pers
fra-var, fra-vahr,
Pahlavi
farvahr: a
Persian
Farvahar: a
‫روهر‬ ‫ف‬
cover, wall fravaši: a protecting angel guarding angel protecting angel "‫"فرشته نگه ان‬
َ َ َ cover :‫هم‬
POK:1116, IEC:1599 POK:1116, AEF:212, KNT:207 fra-var-tinam: descent of BQT ‫روهر‬ ‫ف‬
Indo-European Avestan holy spirits
BQT:1476-1478
BQT:1476,1478
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
‫فروه خ‬
‫ آه خ‬:‫مق‬
POK:1064,1067 BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7 forûâhîxtan: to pull down
Indo-European Old Persian Pahlavi tension :‫هم‬
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ frava, fravata: forward, downward frôt: downward ‫فروه خ‬
POK:810 POK:813, KNT:198,200 KNT:198 BQT, HRN, SNS
Indo-European
Isto: most or last
Av/Old Pers
išta: a superlative suffix
Avestan
frâ 1, fra 1:
Pahlavi
frây, frêh: plenty
Persian
fereh, fareh: plenty, good ‫ِفره‬
‫ِفره‬
‫سوند صفت عا‬
plenty
َ َ ‫فراوان‬
KNT:191,202 frêh-est: most, plenty farh-ast: too much, magic ‫فرهست‬
KLN:35 Indo-European fra-êšta: most full :‫هم‬
BQT:1479, MON:2537,2538
POK:800 SNS:126, BQT:1479,
POK:799, EIV:299
َ َ
‫ ِفره‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرهست‬
‫ فره خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فرهنگ‬
Indo-European
Avestan
thang, â-thax, hanč: to pull,
Persian
farhîxtan: to educate
‫فره خ‬
POK:1064,1067
also a path ‫تعل م دادن‬
Indo-European Avestan (‫فره خ )فرهنگ‬
far-thang: pull forward, educate
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ fra 2, frank: forward BQT, MON, HRN, SNS, FFD
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7
Indo-European
Avestan
fra-dâta: promotion, call for help
Persian
faryâd: call, yell ‫ف اد‬
‫ف اد‬
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82 BQT
Indo-European
Leip, Raip: to smear with oil, cover ‫ پوشاندن‬،‫روغن ما کردن‬
Persian
rîv: deceit ‫رو‬
‫ف ب‬
POK:670, EIV:308 farîb: deceit, trick ( ‫ف ب )ف ف‬
‫که زنهار از این مکر و دستان و رو‬
( ‫ج ــای سل مان ش ــس چو د ــو )سعدی‬
POK:670, HRN:142,184, MON:1707, EIV:308
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
Farîborz: "with elegant height", a male name
‫ز‬ ‫ف‬
POK:140 POK:140, KLN:188, KNT:200, VDQ:36 "‫"خوش قد و اﻻ‬
Indo-European Avestan ‫ز‬ ‫ف‬
burg :‫هم‬
Sâwel: sun ‫خورش د‬ hvarenah, xvarenah, farnah: brilliance, elegance KLN, BQT, FSF, VDQ
POK:881 POK:881, BQT:1451
132
‫ف رون‬
‫ فرارون‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ف رون‬
‫ ف ب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ف ف‬
‫ افزودن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فزون‬
Avestan
Bazda: bad, sin ‫ گناه‬،‫د‬
Persian
faž: dirt, dirty ‫فژ‬
‫فژ‬
fažâk: dirty, impure (‫فژا )فژا ن‬ ‫آلوده‬
SOD:18
BQT:1485
‫ فژ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فژا‬

‫ سای دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فسان‬
‫ سای دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فسان دن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
asa 1: food
Avestan
aspa-asa:
Pahlavi
aspast, aspasti:
Syriac
pespesta
Arabic
al-fesfeseh:
Persian
fesfeseh: alfalfa
‫فسفسه‬
POK:287 POK:287, BQT:44,1624
horse food alfalfa alfalfa ‫ اس ست‬:‫مق‬
‫ فصفصه‬،‫فسفسه‬
Indo-European Avestan BQT:119 BQT:119,1624 BQT:119 alfalfa :‫هم‬
BQT:1624
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819
َ
‫َش‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فش‬
‫ افشاردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فشار‬
‫ فسفسه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فصفصه‬
‫ بغ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فغ‬
‫ افغان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فغان‬
‫غستان‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فغستان‬
‫ ب دخت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فغفور‬
Indo-European
Avestan
dağa, dâğah: hot
Avestan
daxš 2, rax, rak: to hurt (burn)
Persian
falâxon: sling
‫فﻼخن‬
POK:240 POK:240, BQT:815, 827
fra-daxšanâ: a device to hurt or strike ‫فﻼخن‬
Indo-European Avestan from a distance, sling
Per 1: around, forward. ‫ پ ش‬،‫پ امون‬ fra 2, frank: forward AHM:192, MON:2564
AHM:181,192
POK:810 HRN:184, BQT:1442-82
َ
Indo-European
Gwel 2: to pierce
Greek
obolos: nail, nail-shaped Greek coins
Arabic
fals: money, also fish scales
Persian
fals: money, fish scales ‫فلس‬
َ ‫فلس‬
‫سوراخ کردن‬ mofless: poor ‫ُمفلس‬ ‫ پول‬:‫مق‬
POK:470, KLN:1068 ARK:232, TAD:52
POK:470 FVA:319, BQT:428, ARK:232
Indo-European
Bhilo: friendly, loving ‫ دوستانه‬،‫خوب‬
Greek
philos: love
Greek
philo-sophos:
Arabic
falsafah
Persian
falsafeh: philosophy ‫فلسفه‬
‫فلسفه‬
POK:153 POK:154
fond of wisdom ‫ سفسطه‬:‫مق‬
Greek TAD:53 MON:2567
AHD, KLN
Sophos: skilled, wise ‫ عاقل‬،‫ا تج ه‬
AHD:1232 NOTE- SYN:1110 claims "Bhilo" is an Anatolian word
Sanskrit
Pippalî: pepper ‫فلفل‬
Persian
pelpel: pepper
Arabic
filfil: pepper
Persian
felfel: pepper ‫فلفل‬
‫فلفل‬
AHD:1535, KLN:1154, SYN:382 ‫لل‬ FVF:503 BQT:1499
BQT:1499, FVF:503
Sanskrit
Agaruh: aloe wood ‫چوب آلوئه‬
Arabic
al-oud: the wood, also a stringed
French
luth: lute
Persian
folût: flute ‫فلوت‬
‫فلوت‬
musical instrument
flute: this is probably from another root ‫ عود‬:‫مق‬
KLN:55 MON:2573
KLN:55 KLN:605,914
133
. ‫فنجان‬
Indo-European
Pin: wood, tree stump ‫ کنده درخت‬،‫چوب‬
Greek
pinakx: board, platter
Persian
pangân: cup ‫َپن ان‬
Arabic Persian
fenjân: cup ‫فنجان‬
‫فنجان‬
POK:830 POK:830, SYN:345 BQT:1502 MON
َ
Indo-European
Sphê: long flat piece of wood ‫تکه چوب پهن و لند‬
Persian
fah, fih: oar, paddle
َ
‫ ف ه‬،‫فه‬
‫فه‬
‫ارو‬
POK:980 ARN:394
spoon :‫هم‬
‫ فرارون‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ف ون‬

‫ پ ل‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فل‬
Indo-European
Gwhi: thread, string ‫ رشته‬،‫نخ‬
Latin
filum: thread
French
fil: thread (used to tie papers)
Persian
fîleh: filet ‫ف له‬
‫ف له‬
POK:481,489, AHD POK:489, AHD filet: a strip of boneless meat MON:2599
AHD
َ
‫ فه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫فه‬
۳ ِ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫قابوس‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Sogdian
xr: donkey
Persian
qâter: mule ‫قاطر‬
‫قاطر‬
xara-tara: related to a donkey, mule "‫"از سل خر‬
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 SOD:166 MON:2615
SOD:166 hard :‫هم‬
‫الب‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫قالب‬

Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to
Av/Old Pers
kan 1, xan, gan: to
Arabic
qanah: reed, cane
Greek
kanon: measuring
Arabic
qânun: law
Persian
qânun: rule, law
‫قانون‬
dig dig dirt out and mound it stick, rule
up, build qanat: underground BQT:1516 (۲‫قانون ) انون‬
‫کندن‬ water way KLN:232
KLN:232, FVF:539,545 BQT:1516, MON:2875
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194,
BRT:583, ZMA:49 NOTE- These words also reached the Greek and Latin languages through Semitic languages
َ ‫ ک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ َ
‫ق ار س‬
ُ
Iranian
Gabbah: dome, vault, blister
Arabic
qabbah: arched, bent
Persian
qobbeh: dome, vault
ُ
‫ق ّه‬
‫ق ّه‬
‫ تاول‬، ‫ طاق‬، ‫گن د‬ NOTE- KLN:46 claims this is from the Semitic root "Q.b.b: to be bent" ‫ ک ّ ه‬:‫مق‬
MON:2637, FVA:323
AFM:123 FVF:520, AFM:120
Indo-European
Kam 2, Kamp: to bend, also a cavity, vault
Latin
campus: bent land, valley
Persian
capân: a weighing scale
‫ق ان‬
camp :‫هم‬
‫ حفره‬،‫خم کردن‬ Campania: an area in Italy famous for its scales (‫ک ان )ق ان‬
POK:524,525, EIV:229 POK:525, AHD:193 MON:2896, ARK:222, PLA:216
Greek
Ĉartês: leaf of papyrus ‫برگ اپ وس‬
Arabic
qertâs: paper
Persian
qertâs: paper ‫قرطاس‬
‫قرطاس‬
NOTE- Probably from an Egyptian origin carton :‫هم‬
TAD:55, VDQ:342 MON:2659
AHD:203, KLN:239, PRT:79
Indo-European
Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend ‫ خم شدن‬،‫چرخ دن‬
Sanskrit
krmi: worm
Persian
qermez: red ‫قرمز‬
‫قرمز‬
POK:1142-1157, POK:649
"‫رنگ "کرم زاد‬
Indo-European krmi-ja: made from worms (a red dye) MON:2663
worm :‫هم‬
Gene: to give birth to ‫زای دن‬ POK:649
POK:373
134
َ
‫قرن‬
َ
Indo-European
Gher: to grasp, enclose
Greek
ğr-on-os, chronos, xronos: that which encloses
Arabic
qarn: a century
Persian
qarn: century
َ
‫قرن‬
‫قرن‬
all things, time
‫ محصورکردن‬، ‫گرف‬ TAD:56 MON:2665
POK:442, 444 KLN:284
َ
‫ کژا ند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫قز‬
‫ کژا ند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫قزاغند‬
Indo-European
Yeu 1, Yauj: to join, harness
Greek
zugon: yoke, arm of a
Arabic
qist: balance, scale, justice
Persian
qest: justice, loan payment ‫قسط‬
‫قسط‬
pair of balances, scale
qestâs: balance, scale ‫قسطاس‬ "‫"عدل و م ان‬
‫ مهار کردن‬،‫جفت کردن‬ VDQ:346
POK:509, AHD, VDQ:346 yoke :‫هم‬
‫سنجــم راز مـ ـ ــد‬ ‫ــقس ــطا‬
POK:509, EIV:217
( ‫که جو سنگش بود قسطای لوقا )خاقا‬
MON:2674
‫ قسط‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫قسطاس‬

Sogdian
`Xšnk: nice ‫زا‬
Sogdian
gašnaka: nice
Persian
qašang: beautiful ‫قشنگ‬
‫قشنگ‬
SOD:28 SOD:28 SOD:28, MON
Indo-European
Kas: to cut ‫ قطع کردن‬،‫ب دن‬
Latin
castellum: an "isolated" place, castle
Arabic
al-qasr: castle
Persian
qasr: castle ‫ق‬
‫ق‬
"‫"محل م وی‬
POK:586 AHD KLN:45 MON:2682
castle :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Kap, Ĉap 2: grasp ‫ نگه داش‬، ‫گرف‬
Greek
kapsa: box, cage
Arabic
qafas
Persian
qafas: cage ‫قفس‬
‫قفس‬
capsule :‫هم‬
POK:527,EIV MON:2700 BQT:1534
Indo-European
Kû 1: to burn (also firewood) (‫سوزاندن )ه م‬
Greek
kau: burning, shining
Latin
caucasus:
Arabic Persian
qafqâz: Caucasia
‫قفقاز‬
POK:595
mountains between ‫" ا خهای‬
Indo-European kau-casos: (mountains) Caspian and Black sea. ‫قفقاز‬
shining with ice
"‫درخشان‬
Kreu: icy or solid ‫ منجمد‬،‫د‬ MON5: 1474
POK:621, KLN:252 KLN:252
‫ ک ز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫قف‬

ُ ُ
‫ غرغره‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫قلقل‬
Indo-European
Kolemos: grass, reed, cane ،‫ تره‬،‫علف‬
Greek
kalamos: a reed (used as a pen)
Arabic
qalam: pen
Persian
qalam: pen ‫قلم‬
‫قلم‬
POK:612 POK:612 TAD:57 MON:2715
Indo-European
Kem 2: to cover ‫پوشاندن‬
Greek
kamision: shirt
Latin
camisia: shirt
Arabic
qamîs: cotton shirt
Persian
qamîs: cotton shirt ‫قم ص‬ ُ
‫قم ص‬
‫ شم‬:‫هم‬
POK:556, CEL6: 122 VDQ:352 POK:556 VDQ:352 MON:2729
Indo-European
Gwhen 1: to fill
Av/Old Pers
Arabic
qanah: reed, cane
Persian
qanât: underground water way
‫قنات‬
‫پر کردن‬
and mound it up, build
‫قنات‬ canal :‫هم‬
qanat: underground water way
NOTE- compare with Ken 2: to dig POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, ZMA:49 MON, FVA:341, KLN:231, SNS:8
KLN:232, FVF:539,545
POK:491 NOTE- These words also reached the Greek and Latin languages through Semitic languages
Indo-European
Kwon: dog
Latin
canis: dog
Spanish
canario: from the
French
canari:
Persian
qanârî: canary
‫قناری‬
‫سگ‬ insula canaria: dog island, named after its dogs
Canary Islands. A canary bird
‫قناری‬ ‫ سگ‬:‫هم‬
yellow bird.
POK:632, KLN:746, BQT:1155 MON:2730
KLN:746 KLN:230
135
. ‫قند‬
Indo-European
Gwhen 1: to fill ‫پر کردن‬
Sanskrit
ğanâ: ditch
Persian
qand: sugar
Arabic
qandat: sugar candy
French English
candy
‫قند‬
cane :‫هم‬
NOTE- compare with Ken 2: to dig xanda: a broken lump of sugar ‫قند‬ KLN:231 AHD:196
POK:491 PRT:75 BQT:1544
Indo-European
Kand: to shine, to be white ‫ سف د بودن‬،‫درخش دن‬
Greek
kandhêla: light, lamp, candle
Arabic
qandîl: light, lamp
Persian
qandîl: lamp ‫قند ل‬
‫قند ل‬
candle :‫هم‬
POK:526 AHD TAD:59, BQT:1545 MON:2734, ARK:235
‫ غوز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫قوز‬

‫ غوز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫قوزک‬
‫ قولون‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫قولنج‬
Indo-European
Greek
kôlon: limb, part, member, large intestine
Arabic Persian
qûlûn: colon (‫قولون )قولنج‬
‫قولون‬
colon :‫هم‬
POK:928 AHD TAD:59 MON:2749, BQT:1548, ETM:45
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
qahr-e-mân: "wise at work", hero
‫قهرمان‬
POK:641, EIV:236 kara-manah: wise at work, manager
"‫"ماهر در ارش‬
Indo-European Avestan (‫قهرمان )کهرمان‬
mind :‫هم‬
Men 1: to think ‫فکر کردن‬ manah: mind, manners BQT
NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628, EIV:237
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT
Ethiopian
Kaffa: the plant or drink coming from Kaffa, a district in southwestern Ethiopia
Arabic
qahwah: a drink from
Persian
qahveh: coffee ‫قهوه‬
‫قهوه‬
Ethiopian "Kaffa"
MON:2756 ‫ افه‬:‫مق‬
‫گ اه ا دانه قهوه که از اتیو آمده‬
KLN:309
Akkadian
Kîru: wax ‫موم‬
Greek
kêros: wax
Aramaic
qîra: wax, tar
Arabic
qîr: tar
Persian
qîr: tar ‫ق‬
‫ق‬
‫ گ س‬:‫هم‬
AKD:60 AHD:718 AKD:60 MON:2765,
kerosene :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Greek
keras, keration: little horn, referring to the horn-
Arabic
qirât: a unit
Persian
qîrât: a small unit if weight ‫ق اط‬
‫ق اط‬
shaped fruit of the carob tree used as a unit of weight. of weight. :‫هم‬
POK:574, KLN:261,657
KLN:237 KLN:237, TAD:60 carat :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Skhai: to cut, strike
Latin
caedere: to cut
Greek
kaisar: Caesar, born by
Arabic
qaysar: Caesar
Persian
qaysar: Caesar ‫ق‬
‫ق‬
"cesarean" section
‫ ه زدن‬،‫ب دن‬ POK:917, AHD:186,217, ISS:84 BQT:1551 BQT:217
POK:917 AHD, KLN:839
Indo-European
Ghebh-el: head, top ‫ اﻻ‬،
Greek
kephalê: head
Arabic
qîfaleh: head
Persian
qîfâl: head ‫ق فال‬
‫ق فال‬
NOTE- KLN: 259 claims this is of an unknown origin cephalic :‫هم‬
POK:423 POK:423, KLN:259 MON:2769
MON:2769, KLN:259
Indo-European
Kak 3, Kas 2: to become thin, diminish ‫م شدن‬
Av/Old Pers
kasu: small
Persian
-ak: suffix indicating smallness (‫ـ ک )مرغک‬
‫ـک‬
POK:521, EIV:247 POK:521, FFD:67 HUB:86, BQT, HRN:185, FFD:67
NOTE- See "Akos: diminish" for another possible root
Indo-European
Akos: suffix indicating small size ‫سوند تحق‬
Pahlavi
-ak
Persian
-ak: a suffix indicating small size (‫ دخ ک‬،‫ک )مرغک‬
‫ـک‬
IEC:9 MON:2775 IEC:9, MON:2775
NOTE- See "Kak: small size" for another possible root
136
‫اتوره‬
Sanskrit
Kâtara: shy, disoriented, wandering ‫ گردان‬، ‫ مراه‬، ‫خجال‬
Persian
kâtûreh: wandering, dizziness ‫اتوره‬
‫اتوره‬
‫ن ین ــم در س ـ ــرود و رود ت ــو‬ ‫ه ــچ راحت‬
‫گ جه‬
BQT:1555
( ‫جزکه ازف اد و زخمه ات خلق را اتوره خاست )رود‬

NOTE- Persian words may be cognates with rather than derivatives from Sanskrit. BQT:1555
Sanskrit
Xac: shine through ‫درخشش از ﻻ ﻼی مانع‬
Sanskrit
kâca: glass, pearl
Persian
kâč: glass, pearl ‫اچ‬
‫اچ‬
SYN:620 SYN:620, BQT:1556 kâčî: a thin glazed tile ( ‫)ا‬ ‫ا‬
MON:2834 BQT: 1556,1568
‫اچ‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ا‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
kârîdan: to do (۱‫ ار‬،‫اردن )کردن‬
۱‫ار‬
POK:641, EIV:236 NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628, EIV:237 BQT
Indo-European
Koro: war, army, a large crowd ‫ س اه‬،‫ ار ش‬،‫جنگ‬
Old Persian
kâr, kâra: war, army, people
Persian
kâr-: a prefix meaning war, army ۲‫ار‬
۲‫ار‬
‫جنگ‬
POK:615, IEC:536 POK:615, KNT:175 BQT, HRN, MON
harsh :‫هم‬
Greek
Ĉartês: leaf of papyrus ‫برگ اپ وس‬
Latin
carta: papyrus leaf
French
carte
Persian
cârt: card ‫ارت‬
‫ارت‬
NOTE- Probably from an Egyptian origin cârton: cardboard box ‫ارتون‬ ‫ قرطاس‬:‫مق‬
AHD, KLN:239 KLN:239
AHD:203, KLN:239, PRT:79 MON:2801
card :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Avestan
kereta: knife, a cut trench
Persian
kârd: knife ‫ارد‬
‫ارد‬
section :‫هم‬
‫ اره کردن‬،‫ب دن‬ POK:941, KLN:1432, HRN:188, SYN:321 kart: a trench cut for irrigation ‫کرت‬
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 BQT, HRN, MON, SYN
Indo-European
Old Persian
Persian
kârzâr: battle field ‫ارزار‬
‫ارزار‬
POK:615, IEC:536 POK:615, KNT:175
"‫"م دان جنگ‬
BQT, HRN, MON
Kwel: to move around,turn ‫ چرخ دن‬، ‫حرکت کردن‬ car, čâr: to move around, also an open field
POK:640 BQT:635, FFD:73
Indo-European
Koro: war, army, a large crowd
Old Persian
Persian
kâr-vân: army,
French
caravane
English
caravan, van
‫اروان‬
caravan
‫ س اه‬،‫ ار ش‬،‫جنگ‬ POK:615, KNT:175
‫اروان‬ KLN:238
POK:615, IEC:536 BQT, HRN, MON
۱‫ار‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ار دن‬

‫ازه‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫از‬
Indo-European
Indo-European
Persian
kâz: hut, cover (‫از ) ازه‬
‫ازه‬
‫ام د وصل تو ن ست در وهم من که آخر‬ ‫له‬
POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540 POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540
hut :‫هم‬
(‫در ازۀ گدا ان س ــلطان چگ ــونه گنج ــد )مولوی‬
BQT:1562, MON:2821, SOD:187
‫اسه‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اس‬

137
. ‫است‬
Indo-European
Kak 3, Kas 2: to become thin, diminish
Av/Old Pers
kasu: small
Avestan
kas-išta: least
Persian
kâst: deficiency ‫است‬
‫است‬
‫م شدن‬ kâs: to reduce KNT:202, TZF:26, BQT:2133 ‫است ادی و راست‬ ‫چو خورش د‬
POK:521, EIV:247 POK:521, FFD:67
Indo-European Av/Old Pers (‫داند ش چون ماه گرفته است )اسدی‬
Isto: most or last ‫سوند صفت عا‬ išta: a superlative suffix
HUB:86, BQT, HRN:185, FFD:67
KLN:35 KNT:191,202
Indo-European
Kak 3, Kas 2: to become thin, diminish ‫م شدن‬
Av/Old Pers
kasu: small
Persian
kâstan: to reduce (۲‫ اه‬،‫ اه دن‬،‫اس ) اهش‬
‫اس‬
POK:521, EIV:247 kâs: to reduce HUB:86, BQT, HRN:185, FFD:67
POK:521, FFD:67
Indo-European
Kel 5: cup, bowl ‫ اسه‬،‫فنجان‬
Greek
kalix: cup
Syriac Persian
kâseh: bowl (‫اسه ) اس‬
‫اسه‬
POK:550 POK:550
AFM:131 kûzeh: pitcher, jug ‫کوزه‬
AFM:131, MON
Indo-European
Avestan
kar 1: to plow
Pahlavi
kištan: to plow, sow, plant
Persian
kâštan: to plant, farm (‫اش )کشاورز‬
‫اش‬
‫ چرخ دن‬، ‫حرکت کردن‬ karaya: to sow SNS:220 BQT:1567, HRN:185, EIV:239
kaeša: furrow
POK:640
POK:639, SOD:203 NOTE- EIV:240 suggests the root "Kwer: to scatter seed".
‫اچ‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ا‬

Turkish
Kagaz: tree bark ‫پوست درخت‬
Pahlavi
kâgad: paper
Persian
kâğaz: paper ‫اغذ‬
‫اغذ‬
SIN:559 SIN:559, PLA:225 BQT:1569
NOTE- Chinese paper was imported in Iran (Samarghand) as early as 650 AD but the word "kâğaz" was not borrowed from the Chinese word "Ku-Ĉih".
‫ ش اف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اف‬

Ethiopian
Kaffa: the plant or drink coming from
Arabic
qahwah: a drink from
Turkish
qhve': coffee
Italian French
cafe'
Persian
kâfeh: coffee house
‫افه‬
Kaffa, a district in southwestern Ethiopia Ethiopian "Kaffa"
‫افه‬ ‫ قهوه‬:‫مق‬
AHD:258
‫گ اه ا دانه قهوه که از اتیو آمده‬
MON:2851
KLN:309
Sanskrit
Karpurah: camphor tree ‫درخت افور‬
Pahlavi
kâpûr: camphor
Persian
kâfûr: camphor ‫افور‬
‫افور‬
KLN:229 VDQ:356, BQT:1571 BQT:1571
Indo-European
Kak 2: a round object (loaf), cake (‫ قرص )نان‬،‫گرد‬
Persian
kâk: dry hard bread, a dry cookie ‫ا‬
Arabic
ka`k: a dry
Persian
ka`k: dry bread ‫کعک‬
‫ا‬
NOTE- This word is apparently of Egyptian origin bread cake :‫هم‬
BQT:1572 BQT:1572
POK:349, BQT:1572, AHD:1520 PLA:233
Indo-European
Kard: keep down, subside ‫ فروکش کردن‬، ‫نگه داش‬ ‫ای‬
Persian
kal:ditch, ravine, canal ‫ال‬
‫ال‬
،‫ش افته‬ ‫زم‬
EIV:239 EIV:239 .‫این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد‬
‫انال‬
Indo-European
Pod: foot ‫ا‬
Greek
kalo-podion:
Pahlavi
kal-pâd: mold, shape, body
Persian
kâlâ: manufactured
‫اﻻ‬
wooden foot used as a (molded) goods
POK:790, ARN:148 NOTE- IEC: derives it from Avestan
Indo-European shoe mold, shape
"kehrp: flesh", from Indo-European
Kû 1: to burn (also firewood) (‫سوزاندن )ه م‬ "Kwrp, Kwerp: shape, body". ‫اﻻ‬
AHD:1365, KLN, POK:790
POK:595 BQT:1075 MON:2858, IEC:1047
138
‫الب‬
Indo-European
Kû 1: to burn (also firewood)
Greek
Kalo: to burn,
Pahlavi
kal-pâd: fabrication mold,
Persian
kâleb: mold, body
Arabic
qâlib
Persian
qâleb: mold
‫الب‬
(‫سوزاندن )ه م‬
firewood, wood shape, body
‫الب‬ caliber :‫هم‬
NOTE- IEC derives this from KLN:223, ‫قالب‬
PLA:215
POK:595 kalo-podein: Avestan "kehrp: flesh", from kâlbod: body ‫ال د‬
Indo-European wooden foot, mold Indo-European "Kwrp, Kwerp: MON:2621,
BQT, MON
Pod: foot ‫ا‬ shape, body".
POK:595, WLD1: 376,
BQT:1095
POK:790, ARN:148 KLN:223
‫الب‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ال د‬

Indo-European
Russian
kaljaska: carriage
Persian
kâleskeh: carriage, stroller ‫السکه‬
‫السکه‬
wheel :‫هم‬
POK:640 SYN:724, AHD MON:2861
‫لنجار‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫النجار‬

Indo-European
Pod: foot ‫ا‬
Greek
kalo-podion:
Pahlavi
kal-pâd:
Persian
kâlbod:
Italian
calibro:
French Persian
kâlîbr:
‫الی‬
POK:790, ARN:148
wooden foot used mold, body mold, size caliber ‫ قالب‬:‫هم‬
as a shoe mold, shape, body NOTE- through
Indo-European Greek
shape ‫ال د‬ Arabic
‫الی‬
Kû 1: to burn Kalo: to burn, BQT:1075 BQT, MON MON:2868
(also firewood) firewood, wood KLN:223
AHD:1365, KLN,
(‫سوزاندن )ه م‬ POK:790
POK:595, WLD1:
POK:595 376, KLN:223
Indo-European
Kâ: to wish, desire ‫آرزو کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
kâ 2, kâm 2, kâma : desire
Pahlavi
kâm: desire
Persian
kâm 1: desire ۱‫ام‬
۱‫ام‬
‫آرزو‬
POK:515 POK:515 BQT:1578, SNS:209 BQT:1578
cherish :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Kwen 2: sip, swallow ‫ قورت دادن‬، ‫جرعه‬
Old Iranian
čam: to sip, drink
Persian
kâm 2: palate ۲‫ام‬
۲‫ام‬
‫ آشام دن‬:‫هم‬
POK:640 AHM:184 POK:640
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Arabic
qanah: reed, cane
Latin
canalis:
French Persian
kânâl: canal, channel
‫انال‬
‫کندن‬
out and mound it up, build
qanat: underground
water pipe
‫انال‬ ‫ قنات‬:‫هم‬
EIV:232, POK:534 POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, water way KLN MON
KLN:232, FVF:539,545
NOTE- These words also reached the Greek and Latin languages through Semitic languages
Akkadian
Kânûnu: fireplace ‫آ شدان‬
Syriac Arabic Persian
kânûn: fireplace ۱‫انون‬
۱‫انون‬
MON:2875 MON:2875 ‫چوگ د آ ش خشم تو اﻻ‬ ‫ آ ش اه‬،‫خاری‬
MON:2875, BQT:1580
(‫ن ا د از دو عالم ن م انون )انوری‬
BQT:1580, MON:2875
‫ قانون‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫انون‬

‫او دن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُاوش‬
۳ ِ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اووس‬
Indo-European
Avestan
kaf, kâf: to break
Persian
kâvîdan: to break open, split (‫ ُاوش‬، ‫او دن )کف‬
‫او دن‬
‫ اف‬:‫مق‬
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155 POK:919,930, SOD:61, EIV:342 BQT, HRN:175
section :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Kuâtos: straw ‫اه‬
Sanskrit
Kâča: straw
Pahlavi
kah: straw
Persian
kâh: straw ۱‫اه‬
۱‫اه‬
IEC:1021 HRN:186 HRN:186 BQT:1583, IEC:1021
‫اس‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫اه‬

‫اس‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اهش‬
139
. ‫اه دن‬
‫ اس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اه دن‬
َ ‫ ک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ک ار‬
Greek Persian
َ
َ‫ک‬
Kapparis: a shrub ‫درختچه‬ kabar: a shrub (‫ ق ار س‬،‫ک َ )ک ار‬
‫نو گ اه‬
AHD:199, KLN:234 KLN:234, SKT:75, BQT:1587, AFM:131
caper :‫هم‬
Akkadian
Kupriti: sulfur ‫سولفور‬
Aramaic
kubrîtâ: sulfur
Arabic
kibrit: sulfur, match
Persian
kebrît: sulfur, match ‫ک ت‬
‫ک ت‬
"‫"گوگرد‬
AKD:60 AKD:60 AKD:60, BQT:1588 BQT:1588, MON:2887
Av/Old Pers
Kapastay : poison, a bitter plant ‫تلخ مزه‬ ‫ گ ا‬،‫سم‬
Pahlavi
kapast: poison
Persian
kabast: poison ‫ک ست‬
‫ک ست‬
‫چ ـ ـرا ک ـش ــت ا د درختـ ــی دس ــت‬ ‫َسم‬
BRT:436 HRN:187
( ‫که ارش بود زهر و ب خش ک ست )فردو‬

BQT:1588
Indo-European
Kau 2: to howl, a raucous bird ‫پرنده ا صدای خشن‬ ‫ نو‬،‫زوزه کش دن‬
Persian
kabk: partridge ‫کک‬
‫کک‬
IEC:483, POK:434, 535 IEC:1521, MON:2888
Indo-Scythian
Kavûta: gray, dark blue ‫ آ ت ه‬،‫خا س ی‬
Old Persian
kapautaka: gray, dove
Pahlavi
kapôt, kapôtar
Persian
kabûd: gray, dark blue, purple ‫کبود‬
‫کبوتر‬
ISS:43 ISS:43 HRN:187, KNT:178 kabûtar: dove ( ‫کبوتر )کف‬
NOTE- CEL6:46 derives Persian "kabûtar" from Indo-European "Kepro: a kind of bird" BQT:1589, MON:2890
‫ کبوتر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کبود‬

Iranian
Gabbah: dome, vault, blister ‫ تاول‬، ‫ طاق‬، ‫گن د‬
Persian
kobbeh: pile, heap (‫ک ّ ه )ک ّ ه‬
‫ک ّه‬
ُ
‫ ق ّ ه‬:‫مق‬
AFM:123 kapîdan: to pile up ‫کپ دن‬
MON
‫ شطرنج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ک نگ‬

Indo-European
Persian
kop: mouth, also a large glass jar with narrow opening ‫کپ‬ ُ
‫کپ‬
‫ خم‬:‫هم‬
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 ARN:399, BQT
cup :‫هم‬
‫ ق ان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ک ان‬

‫ ک ّ ه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ک ّه‬
Indo-European
Kûp: to smoke, cook, also move violently, be
Sanskrit
kapî: brownish animal, monkey
Pahlavi
kapik: monkey
Persian
kapî: monkey ّ ‫ک‬، ‫ک‬ ‫ک‬
agitated
‫ُبرز کوه‬ ‫بر هر دو ب شه‬ ‫م مون‬
POK:596, SYN:188 HRN:87, SIN:581
‫ ا خشونت عمل کردن‬، ‫ خ‬،‫دود دادن‬
( ‫برآن کوه کـ ـ ــی فراوان گروه )فردو‬
POK:596
BQT:1593, FSF:268, HUB:87

Kûp: to smoke, cook, also move violently, be agitated kupsins: mists ?
POK:596 POK:597
‫ ک ّ ه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کپ دن‬

Akkadian
Kitu: cotton clothing ‫ل اس کتان‬
Arabic
qutun: cotton
Persian
katân: cotton fabric ‫کتان‬
‫کتان‬
cotton :‫هم‬
BQT:1594 BQT:1594 BQT:1594, MON:3543
140
‫کج‬
Indo-European
Keg, Keng: hook ‫قﻼب‬
Persian
kaj: bent (‫کج )کژ‬
‫کج‬
hook :‫هم‬
POK:537, IEC:458 IEC:458, MON:2910
۲‫ کـی‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کجا‬

Indo-European
Kelewo: lacking, bald ‫ کچل‬،‫فاقد‬
Avestan
kaurva: bald
Persian
kal: bald ‫ کچل‬،‫ل‬
‫کچل‬
۲ ‫ کروه‬:‫مق‬
POK:554, KLN:226 POK:554, KLN:226 BQT:1665, POK:554
Indo-European
Ket: living room
Avestan
kata: house
Pahlavi
katak: house
Persian
kad-: of the house (‫ کدخدا‬،‫کد ـ )کد انو‬
‫کد ـ‬
‫اطاق ش من‬ bûiti-kata: idol house bôt-katak: temple -kadeh: a suffix meaning house of. (‫کده )بتکده‬
POK:586 POK:586 BQT:1604 POK:586, BQT:1604
NOTE- BQT:234 claims Avestan "kata: house" is derived from Avestan "kan: to dig", cognate with Persian "xâneh: house". See root "Ken 2: to dig".
۲‫ کـی‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کدام‬

‫ کد ـ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کده‬
Indo-European
Avestan
karena_oša: cut from
Persian
kar: deaf (with cut hearing) ‫کر‬
‫کر‬
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155
hearing, deaf ear :‫هم‬
BQT, HRN, MON, SYN
Indo-European Avestan POK:941, KLN:1432, HRN:188,
Aus 1: ear ‫گوش‬ ûši: two ears, intelligence, mortal life SYN:321
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:785
Indo-European
Sker 1: to turn, bend ‫ خم کردن‬،‫چرخ دن‬
Indo-European
Kor-ôna: bent
Av/Old Pers
Karana: end, edge
Pahlavi
kanâr: edge
Persian
karân: edge (‫کران )کنار‬
‫کران‬
curb :‫هم‬
POK:935 POK:935, IEC:535 SYN:857, BRT:46,451 BQT:1611,1699, HRN:189 BRT:451, SYN:857, IEC:535

Sker 1: to turn, bend Kur-wo: bent, curly Kûru: curly hair ?
POK:935 POK:935 FAF:513, KNT:180
Indo-European
Indo-European
Koros: fighting, bullying, arrogance
Indo-European
koruos: bitter, harsh
Persian
karb: sorrow ‫کرب‬
‫کرب‬
POK:615, IEC:536 POK:615, IEC:536 IEC:538 IEC:538 ۲‫ ار‬:‫مق‬
NOTE- MON:2932 states that Persian "karb" is derived from Arabic
Sanskrit
Karpâsah: cotton ‫پ ه‬
Persian
karpâs: cotton cloth ‫ک اس‬
Arabic
karbas
Persian
karbâs: cotton cloth ‫ک اس‬
‫ک اس‬
carbasus :‫هم‬
KLN:238, SYN:402 KLN:238, MON:2932 MON:2932, KLN:238 MON:2932
Avestan
Kahrpu, Kharpuna: lizard ‫مارمول‬
Pahlavi
karpu, krpwk: lizard
Persian
karbâsû: lizard (‫ک اسو )چل اسه‬
‫ک اسو‬
BQT:1612, SOD:193 BQT:1612, SOD:193 ‫م کشد هم نهنگ را راسو‬
( ‫مرگ عقرب بود ز ک اســو )آذری طو‬
MON:2933
‫ارد‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کرت‬

۱‫ار‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کردن‬
Indo-European
Old Persian
kirsman: black
Persian
kars: dirt (۱‫کرس ) ِکرسنه‬
‫کرس‬
‫ چرده‬:‫مق‬
OEW:182, POK:573 POK:583 BQT:1619
‫ کرس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫ِکرسنه‬

141
. ۲‫کرسنه‬
Indo-European
Sanskrit
kršna: black
Persian
karsneh: a black grain ۲‫کرسنه‬
۲‫کرسنه‬
‫اودانه‬
OEW:182, POK:573 POK:583 BQT:1619, MON:942
Indo-European
Avestan
kahrkatât: some noisy birds
Persian
kark, karak: poultry (‫کرک )ورتک‬
‫کرک‬
‫تان اشد همچو عنق ــا خاصه در عزلت غراب‬ ‫ما ان‬
‫ پرند ان پر صدا‬،‫صدای لند‬ POK:568, EIV:167
scream :‫هم‬
(‫تان اشد همچو شاه خاصه درقدرت کرک )انوری‬
POK:567
BQT:1624,2268, MON:5001
Indo-European
Ker 3: loud noise, noisy birds ‫ پرند ان پر صدا‬،‫صدای لند‬
Avestan
kahrkâ-asa: eating bird (vulture)
Persian
karkas: vulture ‫کرکس‬
‫کرکس‬
POK:567 NOTE- EIV does not agree with the derivation of this word BQT:1624,2268, MON:5001
from the root Ed: to eat.
Ed: to eat ‫خوردن‬ asa 1: food
POK:287 POK:287, BQT:44,1624 POK:568, EIV:167
‫ کرگدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کرگ‬

Akkadian
Kurkizannu: rhinoceros ‫کرگدن‬
Syriac
karkedânâ
Arabic
karkadan
Persian
karg, kargadan: rhinoceros ‫ کرگدن‬،‫کرگ‬
‫کرگدن‬
AKD:51 AKD:51 AKD:51 BQT:1622, FSF:270
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
kermi, kerma, karem: worm
Persian
kerm: worm ‫ِکرم‬
‫ِکرم‬
worm :‫هم‬
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 POK:649 BQT:1625
Indo-European
Old Persian
nada: flute
Persian
kornâ: "war horn" ‫کرنا‬
‫کرنا‬
POK:759, BQT:2221 HRN:237 ‫نا‬ :‫مق‬
POK:759, BQT, MON
Indo-European Old Persian
Koro: war, army, a large crowd ‫ س اه‬،‫ ار ش‬،‫جنگ‬ kâr, kâra: war, army, people
POK:615, IEC:536 POK:615, KNT:175
Indo-European
Kwal: a big fish, whale ‫ وال‬،‫بزرگ‬ ‫ما‬
Avestan
kara 2: whale
Persian
karv: a kind of fish ‫کرو‬
‫کرو‬
whale :‫هم‬
POK:958 POK:958, SOD:194 SOD:194
Indo-European
Sanskrit
krosa: a loud sound, also the distance
Persian
korûh: a distance of about two miles ‫کروه‬
‫کروه‬
reached by such a loud voice
‫ پرند ان پر صدا‬،‫صدای لند‬ BQT:1630, MON:2960
POK:567 POK
Indo-European
Kelewo: lacking, bald ‫ کچل‬،‫فاقد‬
Sogdian
krw`: empty, lacking
Persian
karveh: tooth cavity ‫کروه‬
‫کروه‬
‫از چون بر گرفت دست زروی‬ ‫پوس د دندان‬
POK:554, KLN:226 NOTE- the link is not quite certain
( ‫کروه دندان و شت چو ان است )رود‬
SLW:96
BQT:1631
Indo-European
Pahlavi
karic: dirt
Persian
kareh: dirt ‫کره‬
‫کره‬
‫چون دست و ای ا ن ینمت جان و دل‬ ‫آلود‬
OEW:182, POK:573 POK:573
(‫ـ ـنــم و آن هــردو ــا کره )نا خ و‬ ‫ا ــن هــردو ــا‬
POK:573, BQT, MON
142
‫ک ّره‬
Indo-European
Gel 1: to form into a ball, stick
Indo-European
Gelt: young of human or animal
Pahlavi
kurrag: young of some animals
Persian
korreh: young of some animals
‫ک ّره‬
together like horses and donkies like horses and donkies colt :‫هم‬
‫گوله کردن‬ ‫چه آدم ا حیوان‬ ‫ک ّره‬
ARN:403
POK:357-364, SYN: 908, IEC:303 Pok:358 ARN:403
‫ کژا ند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کز‬

‫ کج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫کژ‬
‫ کژا ند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫کژ‬
Old Persian
Kaž, Kaz: inexpensive silk ‫اب شم ارزان‬
Pahlavi
kac, kač: an inexpensive silk
Persian
kaz: inexpensive silk
Arabic
qaz: a
Persian
qaz: a kind of
‫کژا ند‬
BQT:1637, PLA:218 (‫ غژغاو‬،‫ غژ‬، ‫کز )کژ‬
type of cloth ‫جامه جنگ که‬
Indo-European Avestan cloth
َ ‫جای پ ه از‬
Gwhen 1: to fill ‫پر کردن‬ â-kand, â-gand: to fill kazâkand: silk-filled PLA:218 ‫ قزاغند‬،‫قز‬
NOTE- compare with Ken 2: to dig (‫کزا ند )کژا ند‬ MON
POK:491, HRN:194
POK:491 MON
Indo-European
Kwo: stem of interrogative and relative pronouns
Avestan
kas, kas-čit: a
Pahlavi
kas: someone
Persian
kas: someone, anyone ‫کس‬
‫کس‬
person, someone
‫ر شه ضمایر سئوا و س‬ ARN:404 BQT:1641, SNS:86
POK:644, ARN:404
POK:644,646, AHD
NOTE- Old Persian form is "kaš-čiy: someone"
Indo-European
Kost: bone, rib, side of anything ‫ کنار هر چ ی‬،‫ دنده‬،‫استخوان‬
Pahlavi
kost: side
Persian
kostî: side, also a belt ‫کس‬
‫کس‬
POK:616, AHD:1524 BQT:1643, AEF:261 BQT ‫ کش‬:‫مق‬
NOTE- AHD claims that this may be related to the root "Ost: bone".
‫ خ و‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ک ٰی‬

َ
‫ کشک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ک َسک‬
Indo-European
Greek
ek-leipein: to leave out
Arabic
kosûf, xosûf: eclipse
Persian
kosûf: solar eclipse ‫کسوف‬
‫کسوف‬
ek-leipsis: cessation of light xosûf: lunar eclipse ‫خسوف‬ eclipse :‫هم‬
POK:669, EIV:307 TAD:63
AHD:413 MON:2975
Indo-European
Karš: to drag, pull ‫کش دن‬
Av/Old Pers
kaša: arm pit
Persian
kešâleh: crutch ‫کشاله‬
‫کشاله‬
karš: to pull ‫ کش دن‬:‫هم‬
EIV:243 HRN:191, BQT
KLN:735, BRT:456 NOTE- See "Koksâ: hip, foot" for an alternative root
Indo-European
Koksâ: a part of body like foot, hip, etc.
Avestan
kašâ: crotch
Pahlavi
kaš: crotch
Persian
kašâleh: crotch, armpit ‫کشاله‬
‫کشاله‬
‫قسم از دن مانند ا و اسن‬ POK:611, ARN:405 ARN:405 ARN:405
POK:611 NOTE- See "Karš: to pull" for an alternative root
‫اش‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کشاورز‬

Indo-European
Kâu 1: to strike, beat ‫زدن‬
Avestan
kôš: strike
Persian
koštan: to kill ‫کش‬
‫کش‬
POK:535, WLD:331 SYN:290, WLD:331, SNS:150 BQT
NOTE- ARN:405 suggests the root "Gwhen 2: to strike, hurt" for this word
Indo-European
Kost: bone, rib, side of anything
Pahlavi
kost: side
Persian
košti: belt, wrestling (by grabbing the opponent's belt) ‫کش‬
‫کش‬
‫درخرا ات ن ی که ز مس همه سال‬
‫م ند‬
‫ کنار هر چ ی‬،‫ دنده‬،‫استخوان‬ BQT:1643, AEF:261
ّ
POK:616, AHD:1524
(‫راهب د ــر ت ـرا کشتـی و زنــار دهــد )سنائـی‬
NOTE- AHD claims that this may be related to the root "Ost: bone". BQT
143
َ
. ‫کشف‬
َ
Avestan
Kasyapa: tortoise ‫شت‬ ‫ﻻ‬
Persian
kašaf: tortoise
َ
‫کشف‬
‫کشف‬
NOTE- Cognate with Sanskrit "kačyâpa"
MON:2987, BQT:1651,
MON:2987, SOD:204, BQT:1651
ُ
Indo-European
Kseubh: to shake, rock, disturb ‫ت ان دادن‬
Avestan
xšaub: to shake
Pahlavi
âšûptak
Persian
kašoftan: to disturb
ُ
‫کشف‬
‫کشف‬
‫را خانۀ شادی کش ــفته‬ ‫پ شان کردن‬
POK:625 POK:625, FFD:26 ISS:11
( ‫را اغ پ وزی شـ ـک ـفـتــه )و س و رام‬

POK:625, BQT, MON, FFD:26
َ
Indo-European
Pet 1: to fly, to fall ‫ افتادن‬،‫پرواز کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
karši-ptan: swift flying (bird)
Pahlavi
karšift: a fast bird
Persian
kašak: a bird, magpie
‫کشک‬
َ "‫ــع‬ ‫"پرنده‬
POK:825, EIV:299
Indo-European
POK:825, BRT:458 HRN:191 (‫ کشکرک‬،‫کشک )ک َسک‬
Ôku: swift ‫ــع‬ BQT:1659, HRN:191
POK:775
َ َ
‫ کشک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کشکرک‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
karš: to pull
Persian
kaškûl: Dervish's cup that is "carried by the shoulder" ‫کشکول‬
‫کشکول‬
"‫"کش ده ه کول‬
EIV:243 KLN:735, BRT:456 HRN:191, BQT
Av/Old Pers
Karšvar: a "circle" of land, country ‫ کشور‬، ‫حلقه ای )محدوده ای( از زم‬
Pahlavi
kîšvar: country
Persian
kešvar: country ‫کشور‬
‫کشور‬
BRT:459, HRN:191 BRT:459 BQT:1656, BRT:459
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
karš: to pull
Persian
kešîdan: to pull ‫کش دن‬
‫کش دن‬
POK:640 KLN:735, BRT:456 HRN:191, BQT
NOTE- EIV:243 suggests the root "Karš: to pull" for this word
‫ا‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کعک‬

Avestan
Kafa: foam ‫کف‬
Pahlavi
kaf: froth, foam
Persian
kaf: foam, froth, lather (‫کف )کفچ‬
‫کف‬
NOTE- This is cognate with Sanskrit "kapha" MON:2997 kafč-lîz: a ladle for removing scum or foam from liquids ‫کفچل‬
‫تو در این جوشش چو معمار م‬
HRN:192
(‫)مولوی‬ ‫کفچل م زن که س خوش م‬
NOTE- IEC:481 derives Persian "kofč: ladle" from Indo-European root "Kauks: bowl" BQT, MON
‫ کبوتر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کف‬

‫او دن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کف‬
‫ کف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کفچ‬
‫ کف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کفچل‬
Indo-European
Kakka: to defecate ‫ر دن‬
Persian
kekeh, kaka: excrement ‫که‬
‫که‬
‫مدف ع‬
POK:521 ARN:409, BQT NOTE- Sanskrit cognates are "cack" and "kaknas"
Indo-European
Greek
skhelos, kellos: crooked
Persian
kol: crooked ‫ل‬
‫ل‬
َ
‫دانگه که گ د جهان گرد و میغ‬ ‫خم‬
POK:928 WLD:597, OEW:363
(‫ِل شت چو انت گردد س یغ )بوشکور‬
WLD:597, HRN:192, MON:3012
‫ کچل‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ل‬

144
‫ﻼغ‬
‫ ورغنه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ﻼغ‬
Indo-European
Kel 2: to cover ‫پوشاندن‬
Pahlavi
kulâf: cover, hat
Persian
kolâh: hat ‫ﻼه‬
‫ﻼه‬
helmet :‫هم‬
POK:553 HRN:192,193, HUB:88 BQT, PLA:233
Indo-European
Kel 2: to cover ‫پوشاندن‬
Pahlavi
kurpak: shelter, hut
Persian
kolbeh: hut ‫له‬
‫له‬
hole :‫هم‬
POK:553 HRN:192,193, HUB:88 BQT, PLA:233
Indo-European
Old Persian
Persian
kalanjâr: fight, quarrel (‫لنجار ) النجار‬
‫لنجار‬
harsh :‫هم‬
POK:615, IEC:536 POK:615, KNT:175 BQT, HRN, MON
‫لنگ‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫لند‬

Indo-European
Kel 3: to strike, cut, stab ‫ ب دن‬،‫خنجر زدن‬
Persian
kaland, kolang: spade ‫ لنگ‬،‫لند‬
‫لنگ‬
calamity :‫هم‬
POK:545 MON:3037, IEC:464
Indo-European
Kreu: icy or solid ‫ منجمد‬،‫د‬
Persian
kolûx: clump ‫لخ‬
‫لخ‬
crude :‫هم‬
POK:621, KLN:252 IEC:562, MON:3040

Kreu: icy or solid xrû, xrûm: bloody flesh ?
POK:621, KLN:252
xrûra: bloody, cruel
xrûma, xrûta, xrus: dreadful
xrûždra: heart
POK:621, KLN:377
Indo-European
Kaput, Kapolo: head, cup ‫ اسه‬،
Persian
kalleh: head ‫له‬
‫له‬
POK:529-530 ARN:411 POK:529-530 suggests Phalavi "kapârak: cup" as a cognate
Indo-European
Klêu: hook, peg used to lock doors ‫ قفل‬،‫قﻼب‬
Greek
kleidos: key
Persian
kelîd: key ‫لد‬
‫لد‬
close :‫هم‬
POK:604 AHD BQT:1687, FVQ:268, ARK:236
Indo-European
Kamma: little, small ‫ کوچک‬، ‫ناچ‬
Av/Old Pers
kamna, kamnô: little
Persian
kam: little ( ‫م) م‬
‫م‬
WLD:601, IEC:1044 WLD:601, KNT:179, IEC:1044 BQT:1689
Indo-European
Kam 2, Kamp: to bend, also a cavity, vault
Avestan
kamarâ: waist, belt, also a vault
Persian
kamar: waist, belt ‫مر‬
‫مر‬
chamber :‫هم‬
‫ حفره‬،‫خم کردن‬ POK:524 kamrâ: a room with high ceiling, also a stable ‫مرا‬
POK:524,525, EIV:229 BQT, MON
‫مر‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مرا‬

Indo-European
Kam 1: to restrain ‫محدود کردن‬
Persian
kamand: halter ‫مند‬
‫مند‬
IEC:466 IEC:466, MON:3076
‫م‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫م‬

‫ کران‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کنار‬
Indo-European
Kung: corner ‫گوشه‬
Persian
konj: corner, hunchback ‫کنج‬
‫کنج‬
IEC:588,1635 IEC:588,1635
145
. ۱‫کند‬
Indo-European
Kund: blunt, stocky, rough ‫ خشن‬، ‫ تنومند‬، ‫رک‬
Persian
kond 1: dull ۱‫کند‬
۱‫کند‬
IEC:588,589 IEC:588
Indo-European
Kund: blunt, stocky, rough
Sanskrit
kunthah: strong
Persian
kond 2: a strong fighter, hero (‫ )کنداور‬۲‫کند‬
۲‫کند‬
kondî: courage ‫کندی‬ ‫دﻻور‬
‫ خشن‬، ‫ تنومند‬، ‫رک‬ IEC:588,589
ٔ
‫ب ر اندرش زنگه شاوران‬
IEC:588,589
( ‫دل ان و گردان و کنداوران )فردو‬
MON:3088
۲‫ کند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کنداور‬

Indo-European
Sanskrit
kandrak: shining
Pahlavi
kundurûk: sandalwood
Persian
kondor: incense (‫ ُچندن‬،‫کندر ) ُچندل‬
‫کندر‬
‫ سف د بودن‬،‫درخش دن‬ kundruka: sandalwood SIN:585 SIN:552,585, BQT, MON
POK:526 POK:526
َ
‫ کندن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کندک‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
Persian
kandan: to dig ‫کندن‬
‫کندن‬
out and mound it up, build َ canal :‫هم‬
‫کندن‬ kandak: a dug-in house kandak: places dug out in a house ‫کندک‬
POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583,
kandû: bee hive ‫کندو‬
EIV:232, POK:534 HRN:194, BQT:1707, SNS:8,155
BQT, HRN:186, FVF:593
‫ کندن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کندو‬

۲‫ کند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کندی‬
Parthian
Pahlavi
ganj: treasure
Arabic
kanz: treasure
Persian
kanz: treasure ‫ک‬
‫ک‬
NOTE- FVQ claims it is possibly borrowed from a Median root ‫ گنج‬:‫هم‬
SOD:182 FVQ:251 MON:3096
BQT:1841, FVQ:122
Indo-European
Sanskrit
kankarta: fortified, armor
Persian
kongereh: battlement on a castle wall ۱‫کنگره‬
۱‫کنگره‬
‫دندانه اﻻی‬
POK:531, IEC:1056,1632 POK:531, IEC:1632 IEC:1632, MON:3102
‫دیوار‬
Indo-European
Gredh: to walk, go ‫ رف‬،‫قدم زدن‬
Latin
gradi: to walk
French
grade, congres
Persian
kongereh 2: congress ۲‫کنگره‬
۲‫کنگره‬
gradus: step ‫هما ش‬
POK:456 AHD MON:3102,3212
POK:456
َ
Indo-European
Ken 2, Gwhen 3:
Av/Old Pers
Pahlavi
kantan,
Persian
kandan: to dig
Persian
kanand: a tool for tilling earth
َ
‫کنند‬
‫کنند‬
to dig out and mound it up, build xandan: to dig
‫کندن‬ ‫برگ کنند و ت ــر و ت شه و ناوه‬
‫کندن‬ POK:491, HRN:194, BRT:583, HRN:194, BQT:1707, (‫ خار ز گرد ب ا ان )خجسته‬، ‫تا ناوه ک‬
SNS:8,155 BQT, HRN:186, FVF:593
EIV:232, POK:534 MON:3102
‫ نو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کنون‬

Indo-European
Ken 1: young, fresh
Avestan
kan 2, kaine, kainîn, kaimyâ: young girl
Pahlavi
kanik, kaničak: young girl
Persian
kanîz: maid ‫کن‬
‫کن‬
‫ تازه‬،‫جوان‬ kan-yâ, kain-ika: small woman FSF:275, HRN:194 BQT:1715, HRN:174
POK:563 POK:563, SOD:190
146
‫کو‬
Indo-European
Kwo: stem of interrogative and relative
Avestan
kô, ka 1, kû, kû-thra, ka-hya: who, which, where?
Persian
۲‫ کـی‬،۱‫ ِکـی‬،‫ کدام‬،‫ کجا‬،‫کو‬
‫کو‬
pronouns
kâ 3: how? BQT:672
‫ر شه ضمایر سئوا و س‬ kam 1, kam-čit, katama: which?
POK:644,646, AHD kat: whether
ka-da, ka-tha: when?
katâra: which of the two? either
POK:644,648, BQT:1748, HRN:196
Indo-European
Pahlavi
kôftan: to pound, crush
Persian
kûbidan: to crush, pound, smash ( ‫ک دن )کوف‬
‫ک دن‬
hew :‫هم‬
POK:535, WLD:331 ARN:416 ARN:416
Indo-European
Indo-European
Wropal: club, mace
Persian
kûpâl: mace, club (‫ک ال )گ ال‬
‫ک ال‬
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 IEC:1596 IEC:1596, MON:3109
Indo-European
Kut: small, short ‫ کوتاه‬،‫کوچک‬
Avestan
ku, kva, kutaka: small
Persian
kûtâh: short ‫کوتاه‬
‫کوتاه‬
IEC:594 kvataka, kautaka: child kûdak: child ‫کودک‬
kûčak: small ‫کوچک‬
HUB:89, HRN:194, IEC:594
BQT, IEC:594
Indo-European
Indo-European
Persian
kûč: household, family, tribe ‫کچ‬
‫کچ‬
‫ خانواده‬،‫قب له‬
POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540 POK:952,953, IEC:1193, AHD:1540 IEC:594,1193, MON
hut :‫هم‬
‫ کوتاه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کوچک‬

Indo-European
Indo-European
Gwôu: dung
Avestan
gutha: dung
Persian
goh: dung ‫گوه‬
‫کود‬
KLN:364, POK:483 AHD:1520, POK:483 POK:484, HRN:211 cûd: fertilizer ‫کود‬
BQT, HRN:211
‫ کوتاه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کودک‬

Indo-European
Kûr: dark, blind ‫ س اه‬،‫تارک‬
Avestan
kaurvô: black
Pahlavi
kôr: blind
Persian
kûr: blind ‫کور‬
‫کور‬
IEC:591,1046 IEC:1046 MON:3118 MON:3118, IEC:1046
NOTE- see "Kai-Ko: one-eyed" for another possible root
Indo-European
Kai: alone ‫تنها‬
Indo-European
Kai-Ko: one-eyed, dark, blind ‫ تارک‬،‫ ناب نا‬،‫ک چشم‬
Pahlavi
kôr: blind
Persian
kûr: blind ‫کور‬
‫کور‬
POK:519 POK:519-520 ARN:415 ARN:415
NOTE- see "kûr: blind, dark" for another possible root
Indo-European
Ker 5, Kur: heat, fire ‫ آ ش‬،‫حرارت‬
Persian
kûreh: fireplace, oven, kiln ‫کوره‬
‫کوره‬
carbon :‫هم‬
POK:571, IEC:590 IEC:590, MON:3121
‫اسه‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کوزه‬

‫ غوز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کوژ‬
Indo-European
Kaus: to pound, beat ‫ کوف‬،‫ک دن‬
Pahlavi
kôs- to beat, pound
Persian
kôs: drum (‫کوس )کوس دن‬
‫کوس‬
EIV:228, POK:535 EIV:228 EIV:228
‫ کوش دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کوشش‬

‫ گوشه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کوشک‬
147
. ‫کوش دن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
kau-kušati: tries, fights
Persian
kûšîdan: to try, to fight (‫کوش دن )کوشش‬
‫کوش دن‬
POK:535, WLD:331 SYN:290, WLD:331, SNS:150 BQT
‫ ک دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کوف‬

Indo-European
Ghebh-el: head, top ‫ اﻻ‬،
Greek
kephalê: head
Italian
cuffia: headband, scarf
Arabic
kûfiyyah: scarf
Persian
kûfîyyeh: scarf ‫کوف ّ ه‬
‫کوف ّ ه‬
"‫پوش‬ "
POK:423 POK:423, KLN:259 TAD:65 TAD:65 MON:3127
Indo-European
Kau 2: to howl, a raucous bird ‫پرنده ا صدای خشن‬ ‫ نو‬،‫زوزه کش دن‬
Persian
kûkû: cuckoo, owl ‫کوکو‬
‫کوکو‬
‫فاخته‬
IEC:483, POK:434, 535 ARN:417
Indo-European
Avestan
kaofa: mountain
Pahlavi
kôf: mountain
Persian
kûh: mountain ‫کوه‬
‫کوه‬
kohân: camel's hump (‫کوهان )کوهه‬ hump :‫هم‬
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:591,592, KLN:391 HRN:195
BQT, WLD1
NOTE- Compare with root "Kam 2: to bend"

Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend kava: humped ?
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:395,588

Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend kaufa: mountain ?
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 KNT:178
‫ کوه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کوهان‬

‫ای‬ + ‫ کوه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کوهسار‬
Indo-European
Kap, Ĉap 2: grasp ‫چنگ زدن‬
Old Persian
kapithe: a box for measuring grain
Pahlavi
kapîč
Persian
kavîz: a measure of capacity for grain ( ‫ک ز )قف‬
‫ک ز‬
‫ قفس‬:‫هم‬
POK:527,EIV POK:527, HUB:89 MON:3010 MON:3010
Indo-European
So: this, that ‫ آن‬،‫این‬
Av/Old Pers
hâ 2, hô, hâu 2, hauv, hya: it, that, the
Pahlavi
kê: that
Persian
keh: that ‫که‬
‫که‬
that :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Leup, Raup 2: to break, peel off ‫ پوست کندن‬، ‫شکس‬
Av/Old Pers
rup,rupâ: to rob
Pahlavi
kah-rupâti: attracting
Persian
kahrobâ: amber
‫که ا‬
straw, amber
Indo-European
POK:690. EIV:195
Sanskrit Pahlavi
FFD:55
‫که ُ ا‬
HRN:135
Kuâtos: straw ‫اه‬ Kâča: straw kah: straw BQT:938, EIV:195
IEC:1021 HRN:186 HRN:186
‫ قهرمان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کهرمان‬

‫ کو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫ کـی‬،۱‫ِکـی‬
Indo-European
Keu 3, Skeu: to watch, see, hear ‫ ش دن‬،‫د دن‬
Avestan
kavi: sovereign
Pahlavi
kay: king
Persian
kay 1: king (‫ ک ان‬،‫ )ک ا‬۳ ِ
۳ ِ
kâvâ-usân: rich king kayos: rich king Kâvûs: "rich king" (‫اووس )قابوس‬ ‫شاه‬
POK:587
HRN:196, FAF:504 HRN:196 BQT, MON, FAF:491,504
۳ ِ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کا‬

۳ ِ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ک ان‬
‫خ و‬+۳ ِ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کخ و‬
Indo-European
Kweis, Kaiš: to assign, teach ‫ م لف کردن‬،‫درس دادن‬
Avestan
tkaeša: agreement, teaching
Pahlavi
kêš: religious
Persian
kîš 3: religion ‫کش‬
۱‫ک ش‬
belief, religion ‫آی‬
EIV:30 BQT:1755, HRN:196 HRN:196, BQT:1755,
MON:3153
148
۲‫ک ش‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
karš: to pull
Persian
tîr-kaš: bag for carrying arrows, quiver (‫ت کش )ترکش‬
۲‫ک ش‬
‫ترکش‬
EIV:243 KLN:735, BRT:456 kîš: distorted form of "tîr-kaš", quiver ۲‫ک ش‬
Steig, Teig: pointed, sharp ‫ ت‬، ‫نوک دار‬ tiğra: sharp, pointed kîš: a quiver-looking island in the Persian Gulf ۳‫ک ش‬
POK:1016 POK:1016 AHD:326
۲‫ ک ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۳‫ک ش‬

Indo-European
Greek
xymeia: infusion by pouring (mixing) liquids
Arabic
al-kimya: chemistry
Persian
kîmîyâ: elixir (‫ک م ا )ک موس‬
‫کما‬
POK:447 OEW:124 OEW:124 BQT:1759
‫"اختﻼط و‬
NOTE- KLN, OEW & AHD derive the Arabic "al-kimyâ" from the Egyptian "khem: black". See root "Ker 4: black". "‫ام اج‬
Indo-European
Ker 4, Kers: black, dirty
Egyptian
khem: black
Greek
xêma: black land, the former name of
Arabic
al-kîmîya: the art of
Persian
kîmîyâ: chemistry, any
‫کما‬
‫ کث ف‬،‫س اه‬
Egypt where transmutation was practiced. transmutation rare substance "‫ی‬ ‫"صنعت م‬
AHD:30, OEW:182
AHD:30, KLN:45 AHD
‫کما‬
OEW:182, POK:573
BQT:1759
Indo-European
Kwei 1: to pay back, revenge, punish
Avestan
kây: be punished
Pahlavi
cy, kyn: hate, hatred
Persian
kîn: hostility (‫)کینه‬ ‫ک‬
‫ک‬
‫ مجازات‬، ‫ انتقام‬، ‫از رداخت‬ kaênâ: punishment EIV:28 POK:637, KLN:1759,EIV
POK:637 POK:637, SYN:826,1447
‫ گوشه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کیوسک‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
jiva, jîta, jva: living
Avestan
gayô-maretan:
Persian
Kîûmars:
‫کیومرث‬
POK:467, EIV:222 KLN:1288, POK:467,750, SNS:173, SOD:91
perishable life (man) "mortal man" " ‫"ا سان فا‬
Indo-European Avestan BQT:1872 ‫کیومرث‬
Mer 2: to rub away, harm, die ‫ مردن‬،‫فرسوده شدن‬ mahrka, marathyu: death
BQT:1872, ZMA:21
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 POK:735, BQT:1872,1934,1982-6, KLN:1005
‫ گی‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫کیهان‬

Indo-European
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬
Av/Old Pers
wi, vî,vi: apart,
Persian
g-: a prefix meaning apart, against, analyze, etc. ‫گـ‬
‫گـ‬
against
POK:1175,1176 ‫ گشادن‬,‫ گس ل‬, ‫ گس خ‬, ‫ گسس‬,‫ گس دن‬,‫ گ دن‬, ‫ گ خ‬, ‫ گذش‬, ‫ گداخ‬:‫مثال‬
POK:1175, KNT:204 BQT

Wi: part, apart visa, vispa: all ?
POK:1175,1176 KNT:208

Wi: part, apart viš 3, vît: apart, away, opposite vîtarem: sideways ?
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175
vîtara: further, later, tomorrow, morning
vithra: separate
ôithara: lonely
POK:1176, KNT:208, SOD:73
۱‫اه‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ات‬

Old Persian
Kaž, Kaz: inexpensive
Pahlavi
kac, kač: an
Persian
kaz: inexpensive silk
Arabic
qaz: a type of
French
gaze: a loosely
Persian
gâz: a surgical dressing
۱‫از‬
silk inexpensive silk
(‫ غژغاو‬،‫ غژ‬، ‫کز )کژ‬
cloth woven cotton
‫از‬ ‫ارچه زخم بندی‬
‫اب شم ارزان‬ fabric
BQT:1637, PLA:218 MON PLA:218 MON:3166
gauze :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Gaz: to bite, string ‫ ن ش زدن‬،‫از زدن‬
Pahlavi
gaz-: to string
Persian
gâz: bite ‫از‬
۲‫از‬
EIV:117 EIV:117 EIV:118
149
. ‫ام‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
gâman: step
Persian
gâm: step ‫ام‬
‫ام‬
come :‫هم‬
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318 POK:463 HRN:11, BQT
Indo-European
Avestan
gâuš, gave, gâvô, gao: cow, domestic animal
Persian
gâv: cow (‫ گوشت‬،‫ گوساله‬،‫او )گ ان‬
‫او‬
cow :‫هم‬
KLN:364, POK:483 KLN:364 SYN:202, BQT:1856, HRN:210, MON
Indo-European
Gêi: to sing, song ‫ آواز‬،‫آواز خواندن‬
Avestan
gâ 1: to sing
Persian
gât: Zoroastrian religious songs ‫ات‬
۱‫اه‬
gâtâ: song, religious hymn gâh: music, tune (‫ )سه اه‬۱‫اه‬
"‫"آواز‬
POK:355
POK:355, KLN:169 MON6: 1648, MON:3190, KLN:169
Indo-European
Gwa: to walk, step
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Av/Old Pers
gât, gâthu, gâv, gâtuš: place,
Persian
gâh 2: place, position, rank ۲‫اه‬
۲‫اه‬
‫قدم زدن‬ jam, jantu: to go
seat, throne
gahvâreh: carriage ‫گهواره‬ ‫م ان‬
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318 gâtu-bar: (baby) carriage BQT:1771,1773
POK:463, KNT:183
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Gweie: to over power, defeat ‫ شکست دادن‬،‫چ ه شدن‬
Avestan
gâ 2: to rape
Pahlavi
gâtan: to rape
Persian
gâdan: to rape (‫ادن ) ای دن‬
‫ای دن‬
POK:469 POK:470, HRN:197, FFD:70 HRN:197 HRN:197, FFD:70
Aramaic
J.b.r: to reunite, join together, force ‫ ن و‬،‫ وصل کردن‬،‫بهم آوردن‬
Persian
gabr: man, referred to Zoroastrians ‫گ‬
‫گ‬
Jabra: powerful, man ‫ مرد‬،‫ن ومند‬ MON:3193
KLN:633 NOTE- BQT: 1774 does not agree with this derivation.
‫ گف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گپ‬

Akkadian
Gassu: mortar ‫ مﻼت‬، ‫ِ ل بنا‬
Avestan
vîčiča: mortar, gypsum
Old Persian
gač: chalk
Persian
gač: chalk ‫گچ‬
‫گچ‬
HRN:199 HRN:199 HRN:199 SNS:310
gypsum :‫هم‬
NOTE- MON and HUB:90 derive the Old Persian "gač" from Arabic "jass" which is, itself, derived from the same Akkadian root.
Indo-European
Gwhedh: to ask, wish, want
Av/Old Pers
ža 3, gad: to wish, beg
Persian
gedâ: beggar
Arabic
kada
Persian
takaddî: begging
ّ َ
‫ت دی‬
‫گدا‬
‫ خواس‬،‫پرس دن‬ POK:488, WLD:673, SYN:1471, ‫گدا‬ FVF:565 FVF:565, FVA:349
POK:488 BQT, HRN:470
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
vi-taxti: to melt
Persian
godâxtan: to smelt ‫گداخ‬
‫گداخ‬
POK:1059, EIV:374 POK:1059, BQT:503
(run apart)
NOTE- Compare with derivations from ‫ تاخ‬:‫هم‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers root "Dhogh: to heat"
POK:1059
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî,vi: apart, against NYB:217, BQT:1777
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 NOTE- Teku may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive"
‫ گذش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گدار‬

Indo-European
Avestan
dažaiti: to burn
Persian
godâzîdan: to melt ‫گداز دن‬
‫گدازدن‬
POK:240 ‫ داغ‬:‫هم‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers vi-dâz: to melt NOTE- Compare with derivations from root
"Teku 1: to flow, run"
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî,vi: apart, against NYB:217, KLN:404
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 MON:3199, BQT:1777
‫ گذش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گذار‬

150
‫گذر‬
‫ گذش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گذر‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
wi, vî: apart, away, opposite
Avestan
vi-tar: to go further, cross
Persian
gozaštan: to pass, cross
‫گذش‬
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
through :‫هم‬
Indo-European Avestan POK:1176, HRN:199,203 (‫ گدار‬،‫ گذار‬،‫گذش )گذر‬
Ter 1: to cross over, surpass, overcome taro, tarya, tar: surpass BQT
‫ غل ه کردن‬، ‫عبور کردن‬ POK:1075, KLN:1639
POK:1075, KLN:1639
Indo-European
Gwer 4: mountain ‫کوه‬
Avestan
gairi: mountain
Pahlavi
gar 1: mountain
Persian
gar 1: mountain ۱‫گر‬
۱‫گر‬
garšâh: "king of mountains" (‫ لشاه‬،‫گرشاه )گرشا‬ ‫کوه‬
POK:477 POK:477, KLN:374, SYN:25 SNS:318
MON, SNS:318
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
gar 2: a suffix meaning worker or doer (‫ )آهنگر‬۲‫گر‬
۲‫گر‬
‫ار‬
POK:641, EIV:236 NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628, EIV:237 BQT
Avestan
Garenu: scab on animal skin ‫پوسته روی پوست حیوانات‬
Pahlavi
gar 2: scab
Persian
gar 3: scab on skin (causing baldness) ۳‫گر‬
۳‫گر‬
gargen: one who has scab, bald ‫گ ِرگن‬ ‫کچل‬
BQT:1779 MON:3211
HRN:200, BQT:1779, MON:3211
Avestan
Varâza: boar (animal) ‫گراز‬
Pahlavi
varâz: boar
Persian
vorâz: boar, also a bold and strong person (‫ُوراز )گراز‬
‫گراز‬
NOTE- Cognate with Sanskrit "varâha"
MON:3212 MON, HRN:200, BQT:1780,2263
BQT:1779
Indo-European
Wreg: to push, drive ‫ راندن‬، ‫هل دادن‬
Sanskrit
vrâj: to walk, go
Persian
gorâzîdan: to walk proudly, stride ‫گراز دن‬
‫گرازدن‬
POK:1181 POK:1181 ‫نوازنده ل ل ه اغ اندرون‬
( ‫گرازنده آهو ه راغ اندرون )فردو‬
HRN:200, BQT:1781
Indo-European
Gwer 2: to praise, welcome, sing
Avestan
gar 2, gard: to
Pahlavi
gar-âmîk: revered, respected
Persian
gerâmî: dear, respected ‫گرا‬
‫گرا‬
‫ آواز خواندن‬، ‫خوش آمد گف‬
call, cry, pray grace :‫هم‬
MON:3214 MON:3214, IEC:376
POK:478 POK:478
Indo-European
Gwer 1: heavy ‫سنگ‬
Avestan
gouru: heavy
Pahlavi
garân: heavy, expensive
Persian
gerân: heavy, expensive ‫گران‬
‫گران‬
gravity :‫هم‬
POK:476 POK:476 ARN:426 BQT:1781, MON:3214
Indo-European
Gredh: to walk, go ‫ رف‬،‫قدم زدن‬
Av/Old Pers
grâ: to lean toward
Pahlavi
grây: to lean toward
Persian
grâyîdan: to be inclined ‫گرای دن‬
‫گرای دن‬
grade :‫هم‬
POK:456 POK:456: FFD: 71 FFD:71 FFD:71, BQT:1783
Indo-European
Gurdos 1: brave, proud ‫ مغرور‬،‫شجاع‬
Old Persian
Vtra, Vurt: hero
Pahlavi
gort, gurt: hero, strong
Persian
gord: strong, hero (‫ گرد‬،‫گرد )گردان‬
۱‫گرد‬
IEC:307 BQT:1786, HUB:91 BQT:1786 HRN:200, BQT:1786, IEC:307
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
varet, wars, vart: to turn
Persian
gerd: round ۲‫ِگرد‬
۲‫ِگرد‬
‫ گرد دن‬:‫هم‬
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 KLN:1703, ISS:223, KNT:207 HRN:198, 201, BQT
151
. ۳‫گرد‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
gard: dust ۳‫گرد‬
۳‫گرد‬
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 KLN:1703, ISS:223, KNT:207 HRN:198, 201, BQT
‫ ـ جرد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۴‫ـ ِگرد‬

۱‫ گرد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گردان‬
‫ گرد دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گردن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
verdeka, veredka: kidney
Pahlavi
gurtak: kidney
Persian
gordeh: kidney ‫گرده‬
‫گرده‬
۲‫ ِگرد‬:‫هم‬
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 POK:1157 MON:3255 MON:3255
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
gardîdan: to turn ( ‫گرد دن )گش‬
‫گرد دن‬
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 KLN:1703, ISS:223, KNT:207 gardan: neck ‫گردن‬
HRN:198,201, BQT:1820,1787, BLY:75

Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend urvisyeiti: turns ?
POK:1142-1157, POK:649
varep: to mark
a-vareta: a valuable object
KLN:1752,1755, POK
Indo-European
Weg 2: to be lively, strong ‫زنده و قوی بودن‬
Iranian
vâz, wâz: power,
Avestan
vazra: a club
Pahlavi
vazr: a club
Persian
gorz: a club ‫گرز‬
‫گرز‬
largeness or rising. ‫ بزرگ‬:‫هم‬
POK:1117 POK:1117 HRN:202 BQT:1793
AEF:201, IEC:1499
Indo-European
Gwer 2: to praise, welcome, sing ‫ آواز خواندن‬، ‫خوش آمد گف‬
Avestan
Persian
garzmân: sky ‫گرزمان‬
‫گرزمان‬
POK:478
"‫"محل دعا‬
Indo-European Avestan garô-demâna: house of prayer, sky BQT:1793
grace :‫هم‬
Dem: house ‫خانه‬ demâna, nmâna, mân: house POK:478
POK:198 POK:199, KNT:302
Indo-European
Garz 1: to bite, sting ‫ ن ش زدن‬، ‫از گرف‬
Persian
garzeh: mouse, also a type of snake ‫گرزه‬
‫گرزه‬
‫آهو از دام اندرون آواز داد‬ ‫موش‬
EIV:106
( ‫اسخ گرزه دا ش ازداد )رود‬
EIV:106
Indo-European
Gwel 1: to throw, reach ‫ رس دن‬،‫پرتاب کردن‬
Avestan
gar 4: to throw
Persian
gar-zin: weapon to be thrown, arrow ‫گرزن‬
‫گرز ن‬
POK:472 POK:472, KLN:143 ‫پ ان‬
MON, EIV:108
Ghei 2: to propel ‫جلو بردن‬ zaêna 1: weapon
POK:410,424 POK:424, KLN:666, SYN:1384
‫ گرسنه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫گرس‬

Indo-European
Wel 2, War: to tear, wound,
Indo-European
Welâ: plucked off
Avestan
varesa: hair
Pahlavi
vars: curly hair
Persian
vares: a string used in Zoroastrian
۲‫گرس‬
plunder (wool) ceremonies ‫موی فرفری‬
POK:1139 HRN:202
(‫َورس )ور س‬ wool :‫هم‬
‫ غارت کردن‬،‫کردن‬ ‫ زخ‬،‫اره کردن‬ POK:1139
gors: curly hair, braided hair ۲‫گرس‬
POK:1144, EIV:208 MON, SNS:285, BQT, KLN:856
152
‫گرسنه‬
Indo-European
Warš: to be hungry ‫گرسنه بودن‬
Old Persian
Vrsa: hunger ‫گرسن‬
Pahlavi
gursak: hungry
Persian
gors 1: hunger ۱‫گرس‬
‫گرسنه‬
EIV:423 BQT:1794 gursakîh: hunger goresneh: hungry ‫گرسنه‬
BQT:1794 gošneh: hungry ‫گشنه‬
BQT:1794, HUB:92, EIV:423
Indo-European
Kerk: thin, slender ‫ ﻻغر‬،‫نازک‬
Avestan
keresa: thin, little
Persian
Garsîvaz: "with little resistance" ‫گرسیوز‬
‫گرسیوز‬
keresa-vazda: with "little power" "‫" ا استقامت م‬
POK:581 BQT:1795
POK:581, BQT:1795, KLN:672
Indo-European
Kerk: thin, slender ‫ ﻻغر‬،‫نازک‬
Avestan
keresa: thin, little
Persian
Garšâsp: "with lean horses" ‫گرشاسپ‬
‫گرشاسپ‬
POK:581 "‫" ا اس ان ﻻغر‬
Indo-European Avestan keresa-aspa: with "lean horses" BQT:1795
Ekwos: horse ‫اسب‬ aspa: horse POK:581, BQT:1795, KLN:672

POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819
۱‫ گر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گرشاه‬

Indo-European
Ghrebh 1: seize ‫گرف‬
Av/Old Pers
grab: to grab
Persian
gereftan: to grab, take (‫گرف )گرو‬
‫گرف‬
POK:455 POK:455, SOD:237 BQT, EIV:121
grab :‫هم‬
NOTE- SNS:322 claims that Persian "gero: collateral" is derived from "garîveh: neck" meaning to accept responsibility.
Indo-European
Wel 2, War: to tear, wound, plunder
Indo-European
Wlkwo: tearing animals, wolf
Avestan
vherka, vehrka: wolf
Pahlavi
gurg
Persian
gorg: wolf ‫گرگ‬
‫گرگ‬
‫ غارت کردن‬،‫ زخ کردن‬،‫اره کردن‬ wolf :‫هم‬
KLN:1750 KLN:1750, SOD:423 HRN:202 BQT:1797
POK:1144, EIV:208
Indo-European
Wel 2, War: to tear, wound, plunder
Indo-European
Wlkwo: tearing
Old
varkana:
Pahlavi
vurkân, gorgân: wolves,
Persian
gorgân: a city in
‫گران‬
‫ غارت کردن‬،‫ زخ کردن‬،‫اره کردن‬
animals, wolf wolf land name of a city in north east Iran north east Iran wolf :‫هم‬
KLN:1750 KNT:206 ‫گران‬
POK:1144, EIV:208 KNT:206, BQT:1798
KNT:206
۳‫ گر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گرِگن‬

Indo-European
Gwher: warm ‫گرم‬
Avestan
garema: warm
Pahlavi
garm: warm
Persian
garm: warm ‫گرم‬
‫گرم‬
thermos :‫هم‬
POK:493 POK:493, KNT:183 ARN:432 HRN:203, BQT:1800
‫ گرف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گرو‬

Indo-European
Avestan
var 2, ver 1, varena: to wish
Pahlavi
varavistan: to believe
Persian
geravîdan: to believe ‫گرو دن‬
‫گرو دن‬
good :‫هم‬
POK:1137 POK:1137 BQT:1316,1303 BQT, HRN, MON
‫ گ س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گروگر‬

Indo-European
Ger 1: crooked, curved, round object ‫ گرد‬،‫ خم ده‬،‫ناصاف‬
Sanskrit
granth: knot
Old Persian
gratha: knot, tie
Pahlavi
groh: group
Persian
gorûh: group
‫گروه‬
gravatha: assembly,
‫ گره‬:‫مق‬
Grath: to tie (a knot) ‫گره زدن‬ POK:386,EIV:122 ‫گروه‬
group group :‫هم‬
POK:385, EIV:122 MON
BQT:1803
Indo-European
Ger 1: crooked, curved, round object ‫ گرد‬،‫ خم ده‬،‫ناصاف‬
Old Persian
gratha: knot, tie
Pahlavi
grih: knot
Persian
gereh: knot ‫گره‬
‫گره‬
Grath: to tie (a knot) ‫گره زدن‬ group :‫هم‬
BQT:1803 EIV:122 BQT:1803, MON:3280
POK:385, EIV:122
153
. ‫گ ان‬
Indo-European
Avestan
grîvâ: neck, also a hump
Persian
garîveh: neck, also a hilly land ‫گ وه‬
‫گ ان‬
‫ لو‬:‫هم‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers POK:474
grîvâ-pân: protector of neck, collar garîbân: collar ‫گ ان‬
Pa: to protect, feed pa: to guard SYN:233, BQT
POK:475, BQT:1807
‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ HRN:41,72, KLN:114,
POK:787,842, SYN:103 AHD:1532
Indo-European
Avestan
vi-raeč: leave
Pahlavi
v-rextan: run away
Persian
gorîxtan : to flee
‫گ خ‬
POK:669, EIV:307
away, run away ‫ رخ‬:‫مق‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT, HRN:141,203, FVQ:46, (‫)گ ز‬ ‫گ خ‬
POK:669, FFD:72, SNS:115
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite SOD:11 POK:669, BQT, AEF:373
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
‫ گ خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گ ز‬
Akkadian
Kîru: wax ‫موم‬
Latin
crassus: fat, oil
Old French English
grease
Persian
grîs: grease ‫گ س‬
‫گ س‬
‫ ق‬:‫هم‬
AKD:60 KLN KLN, AHD
Indo-European
Gal, Garz 2: to shout, complain, cry
Avestan
garez: to complain
Pahlavi
griy: to weep
Persian
gerîstan: to cry (‫گ س )گ ه‬
‫گ س‬
‫ نال دن‬،‫ ش ا ت کردن‬،‫ف اد زدن‬ ‫ ِ له‬:‫هم‬
POK:351, EIV:111 EIV:111 EIV:111
POK:351, EIV:111 NOTE- see "Gwer2: to praise" for a different suggested root
Indo-European
Gwer 2: to praise, welcome, sing
Avestan
Persian
gerîstan: to cry (‫گ س )گ ه‬
‫گ س‬
‫ آواز خواندن‬، ‫خوش آمد گف‬ garo-gar: fulfiller of prayers, God garogar: God ‫گروگر‬
POK:478 POK:478 HRN, BQT, EIV
NOTE- see "Gal: to cry" for a different suggested root
Indo-European
Avestan
grîvâ: neck, also a hump
Persian
garîveh: neck, also a hilly land ‫گ وه‬
‫گ وه‬
‫ لو‬:‫هم‬
POK:474 POK:475, BQT:1807 SYN:233, BQT
‫ گ س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گ ه‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Pahlavi
wîzârdan: to do,
Persian
gozârdan: to do,
‫گزاردن‬
also an open field translate translate
POK:640
wi-čâr: to do (‫گزاردن )گزارش‬
MON, BQT, FFD:73
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 BQT:635, FFD:73
‫ گزاردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گزارش‬

Indo-European
Gogel: knob, tapering object ‫ جسم مخرو‬، ‫دستگ ه‬
Persian
gazar: carrot ‫گ َزر‬
‫گ َزر‬
‫ه ــج‬
IEC:287 IEC:287, MON:3306
‫ گ دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گزند‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
wi, vî: apart, away, opposite
Avestan
vi-čay, vi-kay:
Persian
gozîdan: "choose apart"
‫گ دن‬
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
choose apart ‫انتخاب کردن‬
Indo-European Avestan (‫گ دن )گ ش‬
NYB:217, FFD:75
Kwei 2, Ĉai: to pile up kay 2, kaeš, čay, čî 1: to prepare BQT, FFD:75
‫روی هم ر خ ا چ دن‬ POK:637,638
POK:637,EIV NOTE- see "Kwer: to make" for another possible root
154
‫گ دن‬
Indo-European
Avestan
čâra: to mediate
Persian
gozîdan: to choose
‫گ دن‬
POK:641, EIV:236 vi-čir: to find a choice, judge (‫ نا ر‬،‫گ دن )گ ر‬
‫انتخاب کردن‬
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite vi-kay: to set apart, choose BQT:1813, HRN
NOTE- cognate with Sanskrit "vi-cay: to choose"
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
POK:641, BQT:1813
NOTE- see "Kwei 2: to pile up" for another possible root
Indo-European
Avestan
žata, jan., jaiti: to hit, harm,
Persian
gazîdan: to sting
‫گ دن‬
POK:492, EIV:222
bite ‫ن ش زدن‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers (‫گ دن )گزند‬
vî-jainti: to sting, harm
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite HRN, BQT, FSF, EIV
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 POK:492, HRN:204, BQT:324,
‫ چاره‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گ ر‬
‫ گ دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گ ش‬
Indo-European
Gwedh: to injure, destroy
Old Persian
gasta: offensive, evil
Pahlavi
gasta: ugly
Persian
gast: bad, ugly ‫گست‬
‫گست‬
‫ چه مست‬،‫چه عاشق اشد اندر عشق‬ ‫د و زشت‬
‫ خراب کردن‬،‫زخم زدن‬ SYN:1024, KNT:183 MON:3314
( ‫ک ـجـا ــر چشــم او نـ ـ ـک ــی ــود گسـ ــت )و س و رام‬
POK:466
MON:3314, SYN:1024
Indo-European
Avestan
vi-stâ-ka: standing against, harsh
Persian
gostâx: "hard mannered" ‫گستاخ‬
‫گستاخ‬
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
Indo-European
Avestan
Pahlavi
vi-startan: to spread out
Persian
gostardan: to spread
‫گس دن‬
POK:1029, EIV:263
wi-star: to spread apart BQT:278,1816, HRN:205 ‫گس دن‬
Indo-European
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ KLN:1522, FFD:73 BQT, SNS, FFD
POK:1175,1176
‫ گس خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گسس‬

Indo-European
Avestan
sâri, sari, said, sid: fragment
Persian
gosîxtan: cut apart ‫گس خ‬
‫گس خ‬
AHD, POK:920,926,930,931,941, IEC:640,1155
section :‫هم‬
wi-sis, vi-saêd: cut apart, send away ‫ گس ل‬، ‫گسس‬
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite HRN, BQT, POK:578,947
POK:578,920,947
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
‫ گس خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گس ل‬

Indo-European
Ghers, Gharš: to be delighted ‫شاد‬
Avestan
zarš: happy
Old Persian
gaš: happy ‫گش‬
‫گش‬
‫اد خوش‬ ‫همانا برآمد‬ ‫خوشحال‬
POK:445, EIV:471 EIV:471
( ‫ب د ابر و روی هوا کرد گش )فردو‬
EIV:471
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
sâ 1, hâ 1, hây: to tie
Pahlavi
višâtan: to open
Persian
gošâdan: to open
‫گشادن‬
POK:891, POK:977, KLN:1448, EIV:135
wi-sâ, vi-hây: untie BQT:1818 ‫گشادن‬
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite POK:891,892, BRT:1800, BRT:1801, HRN:205,
FFD:74, EIV:136 FFD:74, EIV:136
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
155
. ‫گشتاسپ‬
Indo-European
Avestan
aspa: horse
Avestan
višta-aspa: (with) gray or old horses
Persian
goštâsp: with gray (old) horses ‫گشتاسپ‬
‫گشتاسپ‬
‫" ا اس ان‬
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819 BQT, POK:1082, KNT, HRN:206, AEF:324
"‫خا س ی‬
‫ گرد دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گش‬
Indo-European
Ersen: ejector of semen, male
Av/Old Pers
aršan, varešna:
Pahlavi
vušn,
Persian
gošn, gošan: male, strong, husband, big, wide ‫گشن‬
‫گشن‬
‫ نر‬، ‫دفع کننده م‬
male, man, hero gushn: male gošnî: insemination ‫گش‬ ‫ مرد‬،‫ قوی‬،‫پزرگ‬
POK:336, AHD:1480, MON:3329 َ
POK:335 ‫درخ گشن سا ه بر پ ش آب‬
SOD:414
( ‫نـ ـه ــان گشته زو چشمۀ آفتاب )فردو‬
BQT, HRN:206, FSF:297
‫ گش سپ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گشناسب‬

Indo-European
Ersen: ejector of semen, male
Av/Old Pers
aršan, varešna:
Pahlavi
vušn, gushn: male
Persian
Gošnasp: "with strong horses"
‫گش سپ‬
‫ نر‬، ‫دفع کننده م‬
male, man, hero "‫" ا اس ان قوی‬
gušn-asp: (with) male horses (‫گش سپ )گشناسب‬
POK:335 POK:336, AHD:1480,
Indo-European Avestan SOD:414 MON:3329 BQT, HRN:206, FSF:297

POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819
‫ گرسنه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گشنه‬

‫ گشن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گش‬
Indo-European
Ghu 1: to call for help, appeal
Indo-European
Gheu-bh: to speak
Old Persian
gaub, gub: to speak
Pahlavi
guftan: to tell
Persian
goftan: to say ‫گف‬
‫گف‬
‫مک خواس‬ KNT:182 BQT:1821, FFD:75, KNT:182 FFD:75, MON:3333 gap: gossip ‫گپ‬
POK:413 FFD, HRN, BQT, MON
‫لو‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ل‬

Indo-European
Word: thorn, flower
Av /Old Iranian
wrda, varedha:
Pahlavi
vardâ, vard,
Persian
val, vel, vol: flower, rose ‫ ُول‬،‫ ول‬،‫َول‬
Persian
gol: flower ‫ل‬
‫ل‬
‫ ل‬، ‫خار‬
rose vart rose :‫هم‬
valğûneh: (red cheeks), facial powder ‫ولغونه‬ SKT:454,
KLN:1357, SYN:527 KLN:1357, BQT:1822 AHD:129,1550
BQT:2290, IRN:129
NOTE- This pronunciation change took place in early Aškânî era.
۱‫ ُبن‬+ ‫ل‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ل‬

۱‫ گر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫لشاه‬
َ ‫لشن‬
‫ شن‬+ ‫ ل‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
Indo-European
Avestan
gar 3: to swallow, devour
Pahlavi
garûk: throat
Persian
galû: throat ‫ ل‬، ‫لو‬
‫لو‬
POK:474 garah: throat HRN:207 POK:474, BQT:1832,
POK:474, KNT:199 NOTE- Compare with "gal: mountain" from root "Gwer 4".

Gwer 3: to swallow gar: to devour ?
POK:474 KNT:199
Indo-European
Gel 1: to form into a ball, stick together ‫گوله کردن‬
Persian
gulleh: ball ‫گوله‬
‫لوله‬
globule :‫هم‬
POK:357-364, SYN: 908, IEC:303 goluleh: bullet ‫لوله‬
NOTE- Sanskrit form is "gula: ball". POK:361, MON:3382, BQT:1861
Indo-European
Gal, Garz 2: to shout, complain, cry
Avestan
garez: to complain
Pahlavi
gilak: complaint
Persian
geleh: complaint ‫ِ له‬
‫ِ له‬
‫ نال دن‬،‫ ش ا ت کردن‬،‫ف اد زدن‬ ‫ گ س‬:‫هم‬
POK:351, EIV:111 BQT:1832 BQT:1832, EIV:111
POK:351, EIV:111 call :‫هم‬
156
‫م‬
Indo-European
Mai 2, Mei 6: to harm, reduce ‫ز ان زدن‬
Avestan
mîto: damaged, lost
Persian
gom: lost, missing ‫م‬
‫م‬
EIV:258, POK:711 EIV:257 EIV:258
Indo-European
Mer 1, Smer, Hmar: to remember ‫ب اد آوردن‬
Avestan
vi-mar: designate (off)
Persian
gomârdan: designate ( ‫ماردن ) ماش‬
‫ماردن‬
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
‫ماردن‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ماش‬

Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
vi-manah: to think apart, guess
Persian
gomân: thought ‫مان‬
‫مان‬
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT POK:726, BQT BQT:1949, 2316, HRN
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
Indo-European
Merk: to take, grasp
Latin
merx, comerx:
Italian
commerci:
Portuguese
comercio:
Turkish
gumrook:
Persian
gomrok: customs duties
‫مرک‬
merchandise commerce commerce customs fees commerce :‫هم‬
‫گرف‬ ‫مرک‬
POK:739 POK:739 MON:3392 MON:3392 MON MON:3392, HJB:384
Indo-European
Meigh 1: to sprinkle, urinate ‫ ادرار کردن‬،‫اش دن‬
Avestan
a-minašti: to mix, mixed
Persian
gomîxtan: to mix up, urinate ‫مخ‬
‫مخ‬
POK:712-714, AHD
‫ م خ‬:‫مق‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers vi-maik, vi-minašti: bad gomîz: urine ‫م‬
mix, urine
mix :‫هم‬
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite HRN, BQT
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 POK:714, BQT:1835
‫مخ‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫م‬

Indo-European
Old Persian
nath: perish
Pahlavi
vinâs, vinâh, gunâh:
Persian
gonâh: sin ‫گناه‬
‫گناه‬
POK:762
destruction, sin ‫ جناح‬:‫مق‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers vi-nath: injure, harm BQT:1836
BQT:1836, SNS:282
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî,vi: apart, against KNT:192,193
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
Indo-European
Pahlavi
gumbat: dome
Persian
gonbad: dome ‫گن د‬
‫گن د‬
‫ کوه‬:‫هم‬
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:396 MON:3396, BQT:1836
Parthian
Pahlavi
ganj: treasure
Persian
ganj: treasure ‫گنج‬
‫گنج‬
NOTE- FVQ claims it is possibly borrowed from a Median root ‫ ک‬:‫مق‬
SOD:182 BQT:1838,1841
BQT:1841, FVQ:122
Indo-European
Wiač: to contain ‫محتوی بودن‬
Pahlavi
winj: to be contained
Persian
gonj: volume (‫ گنج دن‬،‫گنج )گنجا ش‬
‫گنج‬
‫حجم‬
POK1130, EIV:434 EIV:434 EIV:434
‫ گنج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گنجا ش‬

‫ گنج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گنج دن‬
Indo-European
Gong, Geng: lump ‫ غده‬،‫توده‬
Pahlavi
gund: tumor, testicle
Persian
gond: testicle, tumor ‫گند‬
‫گند‬
‫ خا ه‬،‫غده‬
POK:379-380 ARN:443 ARN:443
157
. ‫گند‬
Indo-European
Gwedh: to injure, destroy ‫ خراب کردن‬،‫زخم زدن‬
Avestan
gantay, ganti, gainti: bad smell
Pahlavi
gandag: stinking
Persian
gand: stink ‫گند‬
‫گند‬
gandîdan: to rot ‫گند دن‬ ‫ گست‬:‫مق‬
POK:466 POK:466, SYN:1024 EIV:137
BQT:1841, HRN:208, SYN:1179
Indo-European
Ger 2, Grnom: to become ripe, grow old. Also means grain
Avestan
Gantuma: wheat ‫گندم‬
Pahlavi
gantum: wheat
Persian
gandom: wheat
‫گندم‬
NOTE- Cognate with Sanskrit corn :‫هم‬
‫ همچن غﻼت‬.‫ پ شدن‬،‫رس دن‬ "gôdhûma".
HRN:209, ARN:444 ‫گندم‬
POK:390-391, AEN:444 HUB:95, SYN:516, ARN:444 BQT:1842, MON:3411
Indo-European
Avestan
gunda: ball of dough
Persian
gondeh: large, huge ‫گنده‬
‫گنده‬
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:394 HRN:209, BQT:1843
‫ گند‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گند دن‬

Indo-European
Gang: to mock, hum ‫ زمزمه کردن‬، ‫مسخره کردن‬
Sanskrit
gunj: to hum
Pahlavi
gung: dumb
Persian
gong: deaf, dumb ‫گنگ‬
‫گنگ‬
POK:352 POK:352 MON:3418, HRN:209, BQT:1844
‫ گواردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گوارا‬

Indo-European
Avestan
jaraiti: swallow
Pahlavi
gugâridan: to digest
Persian
govârdan: to digest (‫ گوارا‬،‫گواردن )گوارش‬
‫گواردن‬
POK:474 POK:474-475, ARN:445 ARN:445 ARN:445 ‫ لو‬:‫هم‬
NOTE- see "Kwer1: to make + Wi: apart" for an alternative root formation voracious :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
wi-kâr: to digest
Persian
govârdan: digest (‫گواردن )گوارش‬
‫گواردن‬
POK:641, EIV:236 NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628, EIV:237 MON, FFD
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî,vi: apart, against
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 NOTE- see "Ger 3: to swallow" as an alternative root
‫ گواردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گوارش‬

‫ ُجوازه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گوازه‬
‫ گواژدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گواژه‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
wi, vî,vi: apart, against
Avestan
vi-vačah: to speak
Persian
govâžîdan: "to speak against" (‫گواژ دن )گواژه‬
‫گواژدن‬
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
against " ‫" د گو‬
‫گ ــواژه که خـنــدان ـمـ ـنــدت ک ـنــد‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers NYB:217, FFD:75
Wekw: voice vak, vačah, vaxš: word, (‫انجام ادوست جنگ افکند )ابوشکور‬
voice, sound
‫صدا‬ BQT, FFD:75
POK:1135 POK:1135
Indo-European
Werdh: to grow, high ‫رشد کردن‬
Avestan / Sanskrit
vi-vard: to grow out
Persian
govâlîdan: to grow ‫گوال دن‬
‫گوال دن‬
POK:339,1167, KLN:1097 ‫بزران گنج و س م و زرگوالند‬ ‫ز اد کردن‬
POK:1167
Indo-European Av/Old Pers َ
(‫ت ـ ــو از آزادگــی م ــردم گــوالــی )ط ان‬
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite BQT, HRN:210, MON
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 NOTE- FFD derives the Persian word from the Old Persian "wi-ward"
Indo-European
Avestan
vi-kâs, vi-kaya, vi-či: see apart, distinguish
Persian
govâh: witness
‫گواه‬
POK:638, EIV:245
Indo-European Av/Old Pers POK:638, KLN:42, SYN:1436 ‫گواه‬
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite BQT, HRN
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
158
‫گ ال‬
Indo-European
Indo-European
Wropal: club, mace
Persian
kûpâl: mace, club (‫ک ال )گ ال‬
‫گ ال‬
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 IEC:1596 ‫وزو ـ ــاد بر س ـ ــام نـ ـ ـ ــرم درود‬
( ‫خداوند شمش و ک ال و خود )فردو‬
IEC:1596, MON:3109
‫او‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گ ان‬

Indo-European
Ghrebh 2: to dig, bury
Persian
gûr: grave ‫گور‬
‫گور‬
grave :‫هم‬
POK:455-456 ARN:446 NOTE- see "Ghou-ro-s: terrifying" as an alternative root
Indo-European
Ghou-ro-s: terrifying, grief
Persian
gûr: grave ‫گور‬
‫گور‬
‫ غم‬، ‫وحش نا‬ gûrâb: the dome built over a grave ‫گوراب‬
‫ف ت م از جور و ستم ن ست‬
POK:453-454
(‫که چاه گور از گورا ه م ن ست )رش دی‬
HRN:210 NOTE- see "Ghrebh 2: to dig, bury" as an alternative root.
‫ گور‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گوراب‬

Indo-Scythian
Gûysna: deer, stag ‫ گوزن‬،‫آهو‬
Avestan
gavasna: deer
Pahlavi
gw'zn, gavâzan
Persian
gavazn: deer ‫گوزن‬
‫گوزن‬
ISS:74 ISS:74 ISS:74, BQT:1754 BQT:1754
‫او‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گوساله‬

Indo-European
Avestan
gâuš, gave, gâvô, gao: cow, domestic animal
Avestan
gao-spenta: holy
Persian
gûspand, gôsfand:
‫گوسفند‬
farm animal, sheep sheep
KLN:364, POK:483 KLN:364
Indo-European Avestan BQT:1855, POK:237 ‫ گوسفند‬،‫گوس ند‬
Kwen 1: holy ‫مقدس‬ spenta: holy, also an herb
HRN:210
POK:630 KLN:746, SYN:1476, HRN:210, BQT:121,210
Indo-European
Indo-European
Ghosh: ear
Avestan
gaoša: ear
Persian
gûš: ear ‫گوش‬
‫گوش‬
audio :‫هم‬
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:457, EIV:115 POK:457, BQT:1858 EIV:116
‫او‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گوشت‬

Indo-European
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend
Avestan
gaošaka:
Persian
gûšeh: corner ‫گوشه‬
Turkish
kiošk: pavilion
French
kiosque
English
kiosk
‫گوشه‬
corner
‫خم کردن‬ kûšk: castle corner room ‫کوشک‬ KLN:847 KLN:847
POK:398
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 BQT:1731 ،1859
۴‫ وار‬+ ‫ گوش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گوشواره‬

Indo-European
Gurdos 2: sluggish, stupid ‫ م هوش‬،‫کند‬
Persian
gûl: stupid ‫گول‬
‫گول‬
IEC:373 IEC:373, MON:3470
‫لوله‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گوله‬

Indo-European
Avestan
gaona: hair, hair color, type, like
Pahlavi
gôn: color
Persian
gûn: color (‫ چون‬،‫گون )چگونه‬
‫گون‬
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 SYN:1051, SNS:90 cigôn: how BQT, MON
BQT:671
Indo-European
Genu 1: angle, knee ‫ زانو‬،‫زاو ه‬
Greek
gônia: angle, corner
Persian
gûnîâ: set-square, right angle ‫گون ا‬
‫گون ا‬
POK:381 POK:381 MON
159
. ‫گوه‬
‫ کود‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گوه‬
‫مدف ع‬
Indo-European
Wedh 2: to slay, strike ‫ زدن‬، ‫کش‬
Avestan
vâdâya: push, push back
Persian
goveh: wedge ‫گوه‬
‫گوه‬
vada: wedge ‫تکه چوب ش ب‬
POK:1115, EIV:404 POK:1115, EIV:404
vadar: weapon for striking ‫دار‬
vadhğan: ax
POK:1115, EIV:404
Sanskrit
Gôtra: race, origin, substance ‫ جوهره‬،‫ اصل‬،‫نژاد‬
Pahlavi
gôhar: substance, material
Persian
gohar: substance, anything of value, gem ‫ جوهر‬،‫گوهر‬
‫گوهر‬
HRN:211 HRN:211 BQT:1862, PLA:101, ARK:249, FSF:302
َ
Indo-European
Selh: to earn, posses ‫ داش‬،‫کسب کردن‬
Indo-European
Harh: to barter, exchange
Pahlavi
harg: tribute, duty
Persian
gauharîdan: barter, exchange
‫گوه دن‬
EIV:131 EIV:131 َ ‫معامله ا ا ای‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers wi-hîrîh: exchange (‫گوه دن )گهول دن‬
‫کردن‬
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite EIV:131 BQT, EIV:131
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
Indo-European
Gel 1: to form into a ball, stick together ‫گوله کردن‬
Persian
gûy: ball ‫گوی‬
‫گوی‬
POK:357-364, SYN: 908, IEC:303 IEC:303 NOTE- see "Gêu 1: to bend" as an alternative root.
Indo-European
Indo-European
Geuga, Geulos: ball ‫ کره‬،‫توپ‬
Pahlavi
gôy: ball, sphere
Persian
gûy: ball, sphere ‫گوی‬
‫گوی‬
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 POK:393-398, ARN:444 ARN:444 ARN:444
NOTE- see "Gel 1: to form into a ball" as an alternative root
‫ بردن‬+ ۲‫ اه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫گهواره‬

َ ‫گهول دن‬
‫ گوه دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
Indo-European
Ten 1, Temp: to
Avestan
tathra: string
Persian
târ: string
Greek
kithara: sitar
Spanish French
guitare
Persian
gîtâr: guitar
‫گیتار‬
stretch, pull
‫کش دن‬ thri-thatra: sitar (‫تار )سه تار‬ KLN:687 KLN:687 ‫گیتار‬
POK:1064,1067 POK:1065 MON:3502
Indo-European
Gwei, Jai: to live
Av/Old Pers
jiva, jîta, jva:
Av/Old Pers
gaêtha: to exist
Pahlavi
gêtîk, gêtê: world
Persian
gîtî: world ‫گی‬
‫گی‬
living
‫زند کردن‬ gaêtha-nâm: existing things gêhân: world keyhân: world (‫کیهان )جهان‬
POK:467, EIV:222 KLN:1288,
POK:467,750, SNS:173, POK:467 HRN:212 BQT:1868
Indo-European
Persian
gîj: dizzy, dumb ‫گیج‬
‫گیج‬
cover :‫هم‬
POK:1116, IEC:1599 IEC:1599, MON:3505, EIV:97
Indo-European
Ghait: wavy hair ‫موی م ج دار‬
Av/Old Pers
gaêsa, gaêsu: hair
Persian
gîs: hair ‫گس‬
‫گس‬
POK:410 ges, gesuk: hair POK:410, BQT:1870
POK:410, KLN:264
Indo-European
Geibh, Gaip: to spin thread ‫ر س دن نخ‬
Persian
gêveh: shoe made of cotton ‫گیوه‬
‫گیوه‬
POK, EIV:96 EIV:96
160
‫ﻻه‬
Indo-European
Lep, Lap-aro: soft, friendly ‫ دوستانه‬،‫نرم‬
Pahlavi
lâbag: flattery
Persian
lâf: using soft and friendly words, bragging ‫ﻻف‬
‫ﻻه‬
lâbeh: flattery ‫ﻻه‬ ‫چا لو‬
IEC:680, POK:677-678, AHD:1526 ARN:449
‫در آن نامه سوگند های گران‬
(‫ف نــده چــون ﻻ ۀ م ــادران )نظا گنجوی‬
IEC:680, MON, POK:677-678
Turkish
Lâjîn: name of a Turkish tribe ‫نام ک قب له ترک که ﻻجورد م فروختند‬
Persian
Lâj-vard: village of the
‫ﻻجورد‬
MON6: 1773
Lâjîn tribe "‫"شهر قب له ﻻج‬
Indo-European Old Persian Persian ‫ﻻجورد‬
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form krta: creation, city -vard, -gerd, - jerd: town MON6: 1773, KLN:137
‫ شک ل دادن‬، ‫ساخ‬ HRN:201 (‫ سوسنگرد‬،‫ بروجرد‬،‫سوند مع شهر )ابیورد‬

POK:641, EIV:236 BQT
Indo-European
Lêsos: place, space, area ‫ منطقه‬،‫محل‬
Persian
lâx: a suffix meaning place of (‫ﻻخ )سن ﻼخ‬
‫ﻻخ‬
IEC:680 IEC:680, MON:3522
Akkadian
Ladunu: resin of a certain tree
Arabic Persian
lâdan: lotus, its good smell ‫ﻻدن‬
Greek
lâdon, lôtos
Latin
lôtus
English
lotus
‫ﻻدن‬
‫صمغ نو درخت‬ KLN:855, MON:3523 BQT:1876, SKT:1286 AHD
AHD:730
Indo-European
Legwh: light in weight, quick in movement ‫ چا ک‬،‫س ک‬
Persian
‫ﻻغر‬
‫ﻻغر‬
carnival :‫هم‬
POK:660 IEC:700, MON: 3530

Legwh: light in weight, quick in movement ragu, ravi: quick ?
POK:660 POK:660
‫ ﻻ ه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ﻻف‬

Indo-European
Reg 2: to dye, color
Sanskrit
râkšâ, lâkša:
Persian
lâk: red resin, lacquer ‫ﻻ‬
Portuguese French English
lacquer,
‫ﻻ‬
‫ رنگ زدن‬، ‫رنگ‬
(red) color
‫گفت و پ چ د بر خشک خا‬ ‫ه‬ shellac ‫ رنگ‬:‫هم‬
POK:854 OEW:333, AHD:1536 (‫ی‬ ‫)عن‬ ‫زخـ ــون دل ــش خ ــا هـ ـم ــرنگ ﻻ‬ SKT:281
KLN:856, BQT:1878 NOTE- See "Alek: to ward off" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Alek: to ward off,
Sanskrit
lâkšâ, rakšâ: 100,000 soldiers, also a
Persian
lâk: red resin, lacquer
Portuguese French English
lacquer,
‫ﻻ‬
protect large group of insects, insects shellac
‫ﻻ‬
‫دفاع کردن‬ lâk, râk: tree resin leaking after being SKT:281
attacked by a swarm of insects KLN:856, BQT:1878
POK:32
POK:32, KLN:47,856 NOTE- AHD and OEW:333 derive these words from the root "Reg 2: to dye".
Indo-European
Lâ, lal 1, Lalla: roots of sound words including animal crys, baby babbling and even silence.
Persian
lâl: dumb ‫ﻻل‬
‫ﻻل‬
lull :‫هم‬
‫ صحبتهای نامفهوم کود ان و ح سکوت‬،‫مبنای صو لغا نظ صدای حیوانات‬ ARN:449
POK:650-651
‫ ﻻﻻ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ﻻﻻ‬

Indo-European
Lâ, lal 1, Lalla: roots of sound words including animal crys, baby babbling and even silence.
Persian
lâlâê: lullaby ‫ﻻﻻ‬
‫ﻻﻻ‬
lallaby :‫هم‬
‫ صحبتهای نامفهوم کود ان و ح سکوت‬،‫مبنای صو لغا نظ صدای حیوانات‬ lâlâ: sleep ‫ﻻﻻ‬
POK:650-651 ARN:450
161
. ‫ﻻلس‬
Persian
Lâl 2: red color ‫قرمز‬
Persian
lâlas: a red silk fabric ‫ﻻلس‬
‫ﻻلس‬
‫گه در قدم اغ کشد فضل تو دی ا‬ ‫ ﻻله‬:‫هم‬
BQT:1879, KLN:904
( ‫کهسار نهد ح م تو ﻻلس ) در جاجر‬ ‫گه بر‬
BQT
Persian
Persian
lâlak: red leather and shoes made from it ‫ﻻل‬
‫ﻻل‬
‫در ـ ــغ از آن ش ــرف و خ ـ ــی و فضــا ل او‬ ‫ ﻻله‬:‫هم‬
BQT:1879, KLN:904
(‫دوز )سوزنـی‬ ‫که عاشق است برآن ﻻله روی ﻻل‬
BQT, MON
Persian
Persian
lâleh: a red flower (tulip) ‫ﻻله‬
‫ﻻله‬
BQT:1879, KLN:904 âlâleh: a red flower ‫آﻻله‬
BQT, MON
Persian
Persian
lâleh-sâr: a red-headed bird ‫ﻻله سار‬
‫ﻻله سار‬
BQT:1879, KLN:904 BQT
Ker 1: head, horn ‫ شاخ‬، sarah, sârah: head sar: head
POK:574, KLN:261,657 AHD, POK:574, KLN:261 BQT:1111
Indo-European
Lêi: slime, sticky ‫ چس نا‬، ‫لجن‬
Persian
lây: mud, sediment ( ‫ﻻی )ﻻیرو‬
‫ﻻی‬
POK:662, IEC:706
slime :‫هم‬
Indo-Scythian Pahlavi IEC:706
Raup 1: to sweep away ‫جارو کردن‬ rôpet, rôp 2: sweep

ISS:251 ISS:252
‫ ل مو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ﻻم‬

Indo-European
Lâiô: roar, bark, bellow ‫ ارس کردن‬،‫غرش کردن‬
Persian
lâyîdan: to express sorrow ‫ﻻی دن‬
‫ﻻی دن‬
‫مـ ــﻼم ـ ـت ـ ــم مـ ـک ـ ـن ـ ـ ـ ــد ار دراز م ـ ــﻼ ـ ــم‬ ‫نال دن‬
IEC:659, POK:651
lament :‫هم‬
(‫بود که کشف شود حال بنده پ ش شما )مولوی‬
IEC:659, MON:3549
Indo-
Lêb: lip ‫لب‬
Iranian
lap: lip
Pahlavi
lab: lip
Persian
lab: lip, also side or edge of anything ‫لب‬
‫لب‬
lip :‫هم‬
POK:655 BQT:1885 MON:3551 HRN:212, MON:3551
Indo-European
Letro: skim, strip, piece ‫ قطعه‬، ‫نوار‬
Persian
latreh: fragment, piece (of cloth) (‫ )ل ه‬۱‫لت‬
۱‫لت‬
‫مرا ا ر چه ه س لت کتان انداخت‬ ‫تکه ارچه‬
POK:681, IEC:681
leather :‫هم‬
(‫زروی صوف نظر بر نمیتـوان انـداخت )نظام قاری‬
IEC:681, MON:3563 NOTE- See "Lak: to tear" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Lak: to tear ‫اره کردن‬
Persian
laxt: scrap, piece, rag (‫ )لخت‬۲ ‫لت‬
۲‫لت‬
‫همان تخت پ وزه ده لخت بود‬ ‫تکه ارچه‬
Lakt: rag, scrap ‫تکه ارچه‬
َ
( ‫جهان روشن از ف ّر آن تخت بود )فردو‬
POK:674, IEC:660,661
IEC:661, MON:3563,3573 NOTE- See "Letro: piece" for another possible root.
۱‫ لت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ل ه‬
162
‫ل ّجه‬
Indo-European
Alek: to ward off, protect
Sanskrit
lâkšâ, rakšâ: 100,000 soldiers, also a
Arabic
lajj: a large group of people, also
Persian
lojjeh: the deepest point of sea
‫ل ّجه‬
‫ل ّجه‬
large group of insects, insects the deepest point of sea.
‫دفاع کردن‬
POK:32 POK:32, KLN:47,856 AFM:141, FVF:613 MON:3569
۲‫ لت‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫لخت‬

Indo-European
Lrğ: to tremble ‫لرز دن‬
Old Iranian
Rarz: to shake, shiver
Pahlavi
rrz, larz: shiver
Persian
larzîdan: to shiver ‫لرز دن‬
‫لرزدن‬
IEC:1640 FFD:75 FFD:75, BQT:1894 BQT:1894, FFD:75
‫ ل س دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ِلش‬

Indo-European
Lakš, Raxš: to protect, defend ‫ دفاع کردن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬
Avestan
ra(x)ša-kara
Persian
lašgar: army
‫لشگر‬
EIV:196
Indo-European Av/Old Pers ‫ موظف ه دفاع‬،‫دفاع گر‬ (‫لشگر )عسگر‬
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form ‫ شک ل دادن‬، ‫ساخ‬ kar 2, kara 1: to work EIV:196 BQT:1895, EIV:196
POK:641, EIV:236 NYB:157, HRN:80, SYN:628, EIV:237
Persian
Arabic
la`l: red, a red stone, red ruby
Persian
la`l: red ruby, also used to describe lips ‫لعل‬
‫لعل‬
‫ ﻻله‬:‫هم‬
BQT:1879, KLN:904 AFM:142, PLA:241, TAD:66 BQT:1879
‫ ل ل‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫لقلق‬

‫ ل ل‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫لقلقه‬
Indo-European
Alek: to ward off, protect ‫دفاع کردن‬
Sanskrit
lâkšâ, rakšâ: 100,000 soldiers, also a large
Persian
lak: hundred thousand (soldiers) ‫ل‬
‫ل‬
group of insects, insects
‫درآن نه س ــایر ماند و نه طایر از بر خ ــا‬ ‫صد هزار‬
POK:32
POK:32, KLN:47,856 (‫ی‬ ‫ز لش ــکر او شد ه زر خ ــا نهان )عن‬ ‫دو ل‬
KLN:856, BQT:1900
Akkadian
Laqalaqa: flamingo, stork
Arabic
laqlaq: stork
Persian
laklak, laqlaq: stork (‫ لغلغ‬،‫)لقلق‬ ‫لل‬
‫لل‬
‫ل‬ ‫ ل‬، ‫فﻼمینگو‬ laqlaqeh: stork's cry laqlaqeh: slang speech (‫لقلقه )لغلغه‬
AKD:52 MON:3616, AKD:52 BQT:1902
Indo-European
Lek 2: to leap, fly, kick ‫ ل د زدن‬،‫پ دن‬
Old Iranian
lakata, rakata: kick
Persian
lagad: kick ‫ل د‬
‫ل د‬
leg :‫هم‬
POK:673, OEW:217 AHM:182 AHM:182, MON:3620
Akkadian
Liginnu: a pot for measuring wheat ‫پ مانه گندم‬
Aramaic
lakan, lagînâ: tub
Arabic
laqan: tub, basin
Persian
lagan: tub ‫ل ن‬
‫ل ن‬
AKD:21, BQT:1904 AKD:21, BQT:1904 BQT:1904 MON:3621
Indo-European
Rêu, Raud 1: to cry, roar ‫ زار زدن‬، ‫گ ه کردن‬
Avestan
raod 2: to weep
Persian
londîdan: to growl, boast ‫لند دن‬
‫لند دن‬
‫غرغر کردن‬
POK:867, EIV:194 POK:867, EIV:194 BQT, MON, EIV:194
roar :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Longos, Leng: limp, lame, bent, also a low land ‫ست‬ ‫ زم‬،‫ خم ده‬،‫لنگ‬
Persian
lang: lame ‫لنگ‬
‫لنگ‬
IEC:678,709 IEC:678,709
Indo-European
Lek 1, Lehk: joint, member, bend ‫ خم شدن‬،‫ عضو‬،‫مفصل‬
Persian
leng: leg ‫ِلنگ‬
‫ِلنگ‬
leg :‫هم‬
POK:673 ARN:454
163
. ‫لنگر‬
Indo-European
Greek
ankura: anchor
Persian
langar: anchor ‫لنگر‬
‫لنگر‬
anchor :‫هم‬
POK:46 AHD BQT:1908
‫ آله‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ِله‬

Indo-European
Avestan
aspa: horse
Av/Old Pers
aurva, aurvant: swift, fast
Persian
Lohrâsp: "with fast horses"
‫لهراسپ‬
POK:301 POK:301, BQT:1819 "‫" ا اس ان تند رو‬
Indo-European aurvat-aspa: (with) fast horses ‫لهراسپ‬
run :‫هم‬
POK:331, IRN:112, KNT:170 BQT, IRN
POK:327, EIV:165
Indo-European
Leigh 1: to lick ‫ل س زدن‬
Avestan
leiš, raêz, rêh: to lick
Persian
lîsîdan: to lick ( ‫ل س دن ) ِلش‬
‫ل س دن‬
lick :‫هم‬
POK:668 POK:668, KLN:886, SYN:267 BQT:1895, HRN:212, FFD:76
Indo-European
Nei 1: to shine, to be excited
Sanskrit
nili, nilah: dark blue
Persian
nîl: indigo ‫ ن لوفر‬،‫ن ل‬
Arabic
laylak
Spanish French English
lilac
‫لل‬
‫ تح ک شدن‬،‫درخش دن‬ nîlotpala: blue lotus lîlak: lilac ‫لل‬ AHD:757
POK:760 POK:760 BQT:2231
Sanskrit
Limû: lemon, lime ‫ل مو‬
Persian
lîmû: lemon, lime ‫ل مو‬
Arabic
lîmah
Spanish
lima
French English
lime
Persian
lâym: a drink ‫ﻻم‬
‫ل مو‬
lemon :‫هم‬
SKT:295, HJB:514 BQT:1922, MON:3671 KLN:890, AHD:758 VOP:314
Sanskrit
Limû: lemon, lime ‫ل مو‬
Persian
lîmû: lemon, lime ‫ل مو‬
Turkish
limon
French
limon, limonâd
Persian
lîmonâd: lemonade ‫ل موناد‬
‫ل موناد‬
SKT:295, HJB:514 BQT:1922, MON:3671 VOP:319 VOP:319
Indo-European
Mê 3: no, not ‫ عﻼمت ن‬، ‫خ‬
Av/Old Pers
mâ 2: no, not
Persian
ma-: a prefix for negating verbs (‫ م اد‬،‫ مگو‬،‫َم ـ )مرو‬
‫َم ـ‬
POK:703, KNT:210 mâ-tya: that not, lest MON:3677
POK:703, KNT:201
Indo-European
Ěmos: a suffix meaning most or last
Avestan
-emô: most or extreme
Persian
-om: a suffix indicating the order of a number ُ
(‫چهارم‬ ّ ) ‫ـُ م‬
،‫دوم‬
‫ـُ م‬
‫سوند صفت عا‬ maximum :‫هم‬
IEC:257 IEC:257
IEC:257
Indo-European
Ne 2: our, us ‫ متعلق ه ما‬،‫ما‬
Avestan
na 2: us
Pahlavi
amâg, amâh: we, us
Persian
mâ: we, us ‫ما‬
‫ما‬
ahma, ahmâka : we us, our :‫هم‬
POK:758 BQT:1931, SNS:232 BQT:1931
POK:758, KLN:1683
Indo-European
Maič, Mač: to suck ‫مک دن‬
Avestan
maêkant: oozing
Pahlavi
mêz, myc: to suck, taste
Persian
mâč: kiss ‫ماچ‬
‫ماچ‬
EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360
Indo-European
Mâ: breast ‫ستان‬
Indo-European
Mâ-ter: feeder (of
Avestan
mâtar:
Pahlavi
mâtar: mother
Persian
mâdar: mother ‫مادر‬
‫مادر‬
POK:694, PRT:386,863, SYN:103
the family), mother mother
matak: female mâdeh: female (‫ ما ان‬،‫ماده )ماد ان‬ ‫ ممه‬:‫هم‬
Indo-European
‫ مادر‬،‫مسئول غذا‬ POK:694, mammal :‫هم‬
mâdiyânag, mâyag: mâyeh: essence, value ‫ما ه‬
Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term SKT:336
essence
POK:694, PRT:386,863, BQT:1933,1946,1964, HRN:213, MON:3716,
‫سوند گروه ا فام ل‬ SYN:103 BQT:1933, SNS:237 SNS:237
PRT:863, AHD:1500 NOTE- "Mâ: breast" has probably started as a nursery word and became a usual term in the Indo-European languages.
۲‫ اندر‬+ ‫ مادر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مادراندر‬

164
‫ماده‬
‫ مادر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ماده‬
‫ مادر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ماد ان‬
Indo-European
Mel 2: small, harmful ‫ م‬،‫کوچک‬
Avestan
mairya: harmful, evil
Persian
mâr: snake ‫مار‬
‫مار‬
small :‫هم‬
POK:719,724 POK:719, SYN:1177, PRT:374, HRN:283 HRN:283, BQT:1934 NOTE- see "Mer 2: to die" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Avestan
mar.2: to die
Persian
mâr: snake ‫مار‬
‫مار‬
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 POK:735, BQT:1872,1934,1982-6, HRN:283, BQT:1934
small :‫هم‬
KLN:1005 NOTE- see "Mel 2: harmful" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Maz: to break ‫شکس‬
Persian
mâz: wrinkle ‫ماز‬
‫ماز‬
‫چروک‬
EIV:272 EIV:272, MON
‫ َمسکه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ماست‬

‫ َمسکه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ماس دن‬
Indo-European
Mad: wet, also coagulated ‫ ماس ده‬،‫خ س‬
Avestan
mad: a water bird, mina
Persian
mâğ: a black water bird, mina ‫ماغ‬
‫ماغ‬
mina :‫هم‬
POK:694, EIV:253 POK:694, SYN:184 BQT, FRS
‫ مادر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ما ان‬

Indo-European
Ghel: to shine, also a bright yellow color
Greek
xolê: bile
Latin
melancholia
Persian
mâlîxûlîâ:
Arabic
xîyal:
Persian
xîyâl:
‫مال خول ا‬
‫ زرد روشن‬،‫درخش دن‬ melan-xolia: black
melancholy imagination imagination "‫"صفرای س اه‬
POK:429 bile, a disease ‫مال خول ا‬ AFM:59,
‫خ ال‬
Indo-European
AHD:817 BQT:795,1947 FVF:223 MON:1466
Mel 1: black, dirty ‫ کث ف‬،‫س اه‬
POK:720
Indo-European
Mêlg, Marz?: to wipe off, rub, milk
Avestan
marz, marez, mrz, mard: to wipe, rub
Persian
mâlîdan: to rub ‫مال دن‬
‫مال دن‬
‫ دوش دن‬،‫ ا کردن‬،‫لمس کردن‬ emulsion :‫هم‬
POK:722, FFD:77, EIV:180 BQT, HRN, SYN, MON, SNS, FFD
POK:722, EIV:180, 269
Indo-European
Mâ: breast ‫ستان‬
Latin
mamma: breast
French Persian
mâmân: mother (‫مامان )ممه‬
‫مامان‬
mâter: mother mammal :‫هم‬
POK:694, PRT:386,863, SYN:103 MON:3679,3716
AHD, KLN:948
‫ ما س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫مان‬

‫ مانند‬،‫ش ه‬
Indo-European
Dem: house ‫خانه‬
Avestan
demâna, nmâna, mân: house
Pahlavi
mân: house
Persian
mân: house (‫ )دودمان‬۲‫مان‬
۲‫مان‬
garô-demâna: prayer house, sky ‫خانواده‬
POK:198 BQT:894,1949 SNS:239
POK:199, KNT:302 domestic :‫هم‬

Dem: house mâna: house ?
POK:198 mânya: domestic, house servant
KNT:202
Indo-European
Men 1: to think
Avestan
manah: mind,
Persian
- mân, -man: suffixes indicating thought, spirit, manner and wisdom. ۳‫ ـ من‬،۳‫ـ مان‬
۳‫ـ مان‬
manners
‫فکر کردن‬ ‫ هومن‬،‫ ن مان‬،‫ م ش‬،‫ قهرمان‬،‫ دشمن‬،‫ ش مان‬،‫ پژمان‬،‫ بهمن‬،‫ ایرمان‬،‫ اه من‬:‫مثال‬
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT
BQT, HRN, ZMA
165
. ‫ماندن‬
Indo-European
Men 2: to remain ‫ماندن‬
Av/Old Pers
man 2: await
Pahlavi
mân-stan: to stay
Persian
‫ماندن‬
‫ماندن‬
remain :‫هم‬
POK:729 KLN:934, HRN:215, KNT:202, SNS:74 HRN:215 BQT:1950
Indo-European
Indo-European
Mân: to resemble ‫ش ه بودن‬
Avestan
man 1: to resemble
Persian
mânastan: to resemble (۱‫ مان‬،‫ما س )مانند‬
‫ما س‬
‫ همان‬،‫ آسمان‬،‫ درزمان‬،‫شادمان‬ ‫ش اهت داش‬
POK:703, 731 EIV:272 POK:726,727, BQT
BQT
‫ ما س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مانند‬

Indo-European
Me 1: to measure
Indo-European
Mênôt: moon used to measure time
Av/Old Pers
mâ 1: to measure
Persian
mâh: moon, month ‫ماه‬
‫ماه‬
moon :‫هم‬
‫اندازه گرف‬ ‫ماه که در اندازه گ ی زمان ار م فت‬ mâh, mâhya: moon, month POK:731, BQT:1956,1958, SNS:37,113
POK:703, 731 POK:703, 731 POK:703,731, SYN:54,877,1010
Indo-European
Avestan
masya: fish
Pahlavi
mâhik, mâhîg: fish
Persian
mâhî: fish ‫ما‬
‫ما‬
‫ ماغ‬:‫هم‬
POK:694, EIV:253 POK:694, SYN:184 ARN:465 BQT, FRS
‫ موش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ماه چه‬

Indo-European
Mei 1: soft, mild ‫ مﻼ م‬،‫نرم‬
Avestan
mayazda: a special meal of
Pahlavi
mayazd, mâz: feast
Arabic
mâ`da: meal
Persian
mâedeh: food ‫ما ده‬
‫ما ده‬
Zoroastrians, guests ‫ م ان‬:‫هم‬
POK:711 BQT:2076, VDQ:370 AFM:148, VDQ:370 MON:3674
POK:712, MON:4494
‫ مادر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ما ه‬

Indo-European
Magh: might, power
Av/Old Pers
magus, maeg, megan,moghu: Zoroastrian priest
Arabic
majûs: Zoroastrian
Persian
majûs: Zoroastrian
‫مجوس‬
magic :‫هم‬
‫ قدرت‬،‫توان‬ maguš: magician VDQ:374 ‫مجوس‬
POK:695 POK:695, AHD, KLN:923 MON:3884
‫ خزانه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مخزن‬

Indo-European
Mer 1, Smer, Hmar: to
Avestan
Persian
mar: account, count, number ‫َمر‬
‫َمر‬
remember
‫لشگر است‬ ‫ا ر چند ا ما‬ ‫ شمردن‬:‫هم‬
‫ب اد آوردن‬ MON, KLN:961, FFD:64 memory :‫هم‬
( ‫ازن ز او رنـج ما ـی مراست )اسدی طو‬
POK:969, EIV:137
HUB, HRN, BQT, EIV
‫ مروارد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مرجان‬

Indo-European
Indo-European
Mor-to: mortal man
Avestan
mareta, maša: mortal man
Persian
mard: mortal man (‫مرد )مردم‬
‫مرد‬
‫ مردن‬،‫فرسوده شدن‬ ‫ا سان فا‬ mardta: everyone ‫ مردن‬:‫هم‬
BQT, HRN, ZMA
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 POK:735,970, AHD:1529 POK:735, BQT:1872,1934,1982-6, KLN:1005
‫ امرداد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مرداد‬

‫ مرد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مردم‬
Indo-European
Avestan
mar.2: to die
Persian
mordan: to die (‫مردن )مرگ‬
‫مردن‬
mahrka, marathyu: death ‫ مرد‬:‫هم‬
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 BQT, HRN, ZMA
POK:735, BQT:1872,1934,1982-6, KLN:1005

Mer 2: to rub away, harm, die morandat, marenčaiti : destroys ?
POK:735,970, AHD:1529
maraxš: spoil
mared: destroy
POK:737, KNT:203
166
۱‫مرز‬
Indo-European
Merg: mark, border ‫ مرز‬،‫عﻼمت‬
Avestan
mereza: boundary
Persian
marz: border ۱‫مرز‬
۱‫مرز‬
mark :‫هم‬
POK:738 POK:738, KLN:940 BQT:1986
Indo-European
Avestan
marz, marez, mrz, mard: to wipe, rub
Persian
morz: intercourse, bottom ۲‫ُمرز‬
۲‫ُمرز‬
‫چند ک د زخمهای گرزشان‬ ‫شست اه‬
‫ دوش دن‬،‫ ا کردن‬،‫لمس کردن‬ POK:722, FFD:77, EIV:180
(‫برســر هر ژاژخــا و ُم ــرزشــان )مولوی‬
POK:722, EIV:180, 269
BQT, HRN, SYN, MON, SNS, FFD
Avestan
Mereğa: a large bird ‫پرنده بزرگ‬ ‫نو‬
Pahlavi
murğ, merv: bird
Persian
morğ: bird ۱‫ُم غ‬
۱‫ُم غ‬
BQT:190, KLN:959 BQT BQT, SYN:183
Avestan
Mareğâ: grass ‫علف‬
Persian
marğ: grass, a kind of fast growing weed ۲‫َم غ‬
۲‫َم غ‬
BQT:1990 BQT:1990, MON:4019
۳‫ زار‬+ ۲‫ َم غ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مرغزار‬

‫ مردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مرگ‬
Indo-European Greek Persian َ ‫َم‬
‫رمر‬
Mer 2: to rub away, harm, die ‫ مردن‬،‫فرسوده شدن‬ maraino: rub off marmar: marble stone َ ‫َم‬
‫رمر‬
marmaros: polished stone, rock marble :‫هم‬
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 MON:4045, BQT:1996
POK:736
Pahlavi
Murvârît: small pearl ‫مروار د کوچک‬
Persian
morvârîd: pearl ‫مروار د‬
‫مروارد‬
PLA:247, FVQ:261 BQT:1997, FVQ:261 ‫ مرجان‬:‫هم‬
NOTE- AHD, KGW:111 and FVQ:261 claim that Greek borrowed "margharitês: pearl" from Pahlavi but BQT:1997 says Pahlavi borrowed it from Greek.
Indo-European
Miždho: reward ‫اداش‬
Avestan
mîžda: reward
Persian
moždeh: reward, worthy news ‫مژده‬
‫ُمزد‬
meed :‫هم‬
POK:746 POK:746, KLN:957 mozd: wage, pay, salary ‫ُمزد‬
BQT:2000, HRN:219
Indo-European
Indo-European
Men-dh: to learn
Avestan
madz-dha: done learning, wise
Persian
Mazdâ: "wise" ‫مزدا‬
‫مزدا‬
POK:726 POK:730 "‫ عاقل‬،‫"آموخته‬
AHD, KLN:1095 BQT
Indo-European mind :‫هم‬
AHD:1512, POK:235
Indo-European
Miždho: reward ‫اداش‬
Avestan
mîžda: reward
Persian
mozdûr: worker, mercenary ‫مزدور‬
‫مزدور‬
POK:746
meed :‫هم‬
mîžda-vare: wage earner BQT:2000, HRN:219
Bher 1: to carry ‫حمل کردن‬ bar: to carry POK:746, KLN:957
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Indo-European
Men-dh: to learn
Avestan
madz-dha: done learning, wise
Persian
mazdîsnâ: God worshipper
‫مزد سنا‬
POK:726 POK:730 "‫"یزدان پرست‬
mazda-yasna: God worshipper ‫مزد سنا‬
Indo-European mind :‫هم‬
Dhê 2: to do, set ‫ چ دن‬،‫انجام دادن‬ AHD, KLN:1095 BQT
AHD:1512, POK:235
Yag: to worship ‫ستا ش کردن‬ yaz: to worship
POK:501 yazatanam: God
POK:501, HRN:95,252, KLN:1759
167
. ‫مغ‬
Indo-European
Mozgo: marrow ‫مغز‬
Avestan
mazga: marrow
Pahlavi
mazg: brain
Persian
mağz: brain ‫مغز‬
‫مغ‬
mazğ: brain ‫مغ‬ ‫مغز‬
POK:750, KLN:941 POK, KLN, SYN:367 BQT:2021
BQT:2021, SYN:215,
marrow :‫هم‬
Aramaic
Masgdâ: place of worship ‫پرس ش اه‬
Persian
mazget: mosque ‫ مزکت‬،‫مزگت‬
‫مزکت‬
‫را بهش کند‬ ‫سخن دوز‬ ‫ مسجد‬:‫هم‬
KLN:1007, VDQ:379
mosque :‫هم‬
( ‫سخن مزگ را ک ش کند )اسدی طو‬
BQT:2001, FVF:638, MON:4063
Indo-European
Meg: great ‫بزرگ‬
Av/Old Pers
mazah, mazan: size, greatness
Pahlavi
meh: great
Persian
meznâ: balance, scale
‫ِمزنا‬
NOTE- This root may be related to "Mâk: long, slender"
POK:708, KLN:958, SYN:878 ‫ِمزنا‬ ‫ترازو‬
POK:708, KLN:958 HRN, BQT
mega :‫هم‬
‫ م دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مزه‬

Indo-European
Avestan
maêkant: oozing
Pahlavi
Persian
mazîdan: to taste (‫م دن )مزه‬
‫م دن‬
EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360
‫ ُمزد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مژده‬

‫ مژه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مژان‬
Indo-European
Meigh 2: to blink, cover, darken ‫ تار ک شدن‬، ‫ پوشاندن‬، ‫چشمک زدن‬
Pahlavi
mij(gan): eyelid, eyelash
Persian
možeh: eyelash (‫مژه )مژان‬
‫مژه‬
POK:712-714, AHD, EIV:259 EIV:259 POK:712, HRN:219, BQT:2006
Indo-European
Avestan
mada: with much liquid, drunk
Persian
mast: drunk ۱‫مست‬
۱‫مست‬
POK:694, EIV:253 POK:694, SYN:184 BQT, FRS
‫ م ه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫ُمست‬

‫ م ه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُمستمند‬
Aramaic
Masgdâ: place of worship ‫پرس ش اه‬
Arabic
masjid: mosque
Persian
masjed: mosque ‫مسجد‬
‫مسجد‬
NOTE- FVF: 638 claims that Arabic "masjed" is from Persian "mazget" ‫ مزگت‬:‫مق‬
KLN:1007, VDQ:379 FVA:185
KLN:1007 mosque :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Sanskrit / Armenian
mâstu, maccum: yogurt, sour cream
Persian
maskeh:butter, milk fat (‫ ماس دن‬،‫َمسکه )ماست‬
‫َمسکه‬
‫چر گرفته شده‬
POK:694, EIV:253 POK:694 HRN:215, POK:694, BQT:1941, EIV:254
‫از ش و ماست‬
Indo-European
Meuk 1: scratch, rub ‫ مالش‬، ‫خراش‬
Avestan
mušti: fist
Persian
mošt: fist ۱‫مشت‬
۱‫مشت‬
POK:745 POK:745 BQT:2010, HRN:220
‫ ُمش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫ُمشت‬

Indo-European
Avestan
marz, marez, mrz, mard: to
Persian
moštan: to rub, massage
‫ُمش‬
wipe, rub
‫ دوش دن‬،‫ ا کردن‬،‫لمس کردن‬ POK:722, FFD:77, EIV:180 (۲‫ُمش ) ُمشت‬
POK:722, EIV:180, 269 BQT, HRN, SYN, MON, SNS, FFD
168
۱‫ُمشک‬
Indo-European
Mu: a mouse, muscle
Sanskrit
mus: mouse
Persian
mošk: musk ۱‫ُمشک‬
Greek Latin
muskus
French English
musk
۱‫ُمشک‬
mešk: musk (‫ )ب دمشک‬۲‫ِمشک‬ ‫ موش‬:‫هم‬
‫ ماه چه‬،‫موش‬ muska: testicle, AHD:865
scrotum meškî: musk color, black ‫ِمش‬ muscle :‫هم‬
POK:752
POK, BQT, MON
NOTE- Greek may have borrowed it from Pahlavi rather than Persian
۱‫ ُمشک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫ِمشک‬

Indo-European
Moisos, Maiša: sheepskin
Sanskrit
mêšâ, mašakah: animal skin
Pahlavi
mašk: leather
Persian
mašk: animal skin for carrying water (۱‫ ) َمشکو‬۳‫َمشک‬
۳‫َمشک‬
used for carrying water
‫ پوست گوسفند‬،‫گوسفند‬ BQT:2014 maškû: (royal) tent ۲‫َمشکو‬
KLN:1018 ‫فغستان چو آمد ه َمشکوی شاه‬
POK:747, ARN:473, EIV:261
( ‫ـک ــی ت ـ ــاج بر س ـ ــر زمش ــک س ـ ـ اه )فردو‬
MON, BQT
۳‫ َمشک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫َمشکو‬

۳‫ َمشک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫َمشکو‬
۱‫ ُمشک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ِمش‬
Indo-European
Avestan
mareta, maša: mortal
Pahlavi
murdyânag, mašyânag: mortal man
Persian
mašyâ: Adam ‫مش ا‬
‫مش ا‬
man
maša: Adam mašyâneh: Eve ‫مش انه‬ ‫آدم‬
‫ مردن‬،‫فرسوده شدن‬
POK:735, mašyôi: Eve SOD:218, BQT:2017
mortal :‫هم‬
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 BQT:1872,1934,1982-6,
SOD:219, BQT:2017
‫ مش ا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مش انه‬

Indo-European
Menth 1: mouth, to chew ‫ ج دن‬،‫دهان‬
Greek
mustax: upper lip
Arabic
mastakî
Persian
mastakî: a resinous plant and its chewable resin
‫مصط‬
mustache :‫هم‬
POK:732 mastixê: chewing gum TAD:69 ‫مصط‬
POK:732, AHD:1529 MON:4173
Aramaic
Temar: he concealed ‫پنهان کرد‬
Arabic
timara: he concealed
Persian
matmûreh: an underground storage place ‫مطموره‬
‫مطموره‬
matmûrah: a hiding place, storage ‫نهانخانه‬
KLN:948 FVA:251, MON
KLN:948
Indo-European
Magh: might, power
Av/Old Pers
magus, maeg, megan,moghu:
Pahlavi
magu: Zoroastrian priest
Persian
moğ: Zoroastrian priest
‫ُمغ‬
Zoroastrian priest might :‫هم‬
‫ قدرت‬،‫توان‬ (۱‫ُمغ ) َمغ‬
POK:695 POK:695, AHD, KLN:923 MON:4248,4421 MON
‫ ُمغ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫َمغ‬

Avestan
Mağa: hole, recess ‫ فرورفت‬،‫سوراخ‬
Persian
mağ: hole, a place dug in ground ‫ ُمغا‬، ‫ َمغا‬،۲‫َمغ‬
۲‫َمغ‬
HRN:221, MPP:85 ‫ا له و فرزانه را فرجام خا‬
( ‫)رود‬ ‫جا اه هر دو اندر ک مغا‬
BQT:2021, MPP:85, FRS:145
Parthian
Gzn: treasure
Pahlavi
ganj: treasure
Arabic
kanz: treasure
Arabic
maxzan:
Italian
mazazzino:
Turkish
maghazeh: store
Persian
mağâzeh: store
‫مغازه‬
storage storage magazine :‫هم‬
‫گنج‬ BQT:1841, FVQ:122
FVQ:251
NOTE- through French ‫مغازه‬
SOD:182 PLA:108, FVQ:122 ETM:70 ETM:70
NOTE- FVQ claims The Pahlavi word is possibly borrowed from a Median root
۲‫ َمغ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مغا‬

‫ م غ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مغز‬
169
. ‫مفت‬
Indo-European
Meug: wet, slippery, also to give up, describe ‫ توضیح دادن‬،‫ رها کردن‬، ‫ لغزنده‬، ‫مرطوب‬
Sanskrit
mûkti: thrown away (worthless)
Persian
moft: free ‫مفت‬
‫مفت‬
moist :‫هم‬
POK:744 POK:744 BQT:2024, HRN:221

Meug: wet, slippery, also to give up, describe a-mutha, a-muntha: fled ?
POK:744 POK:744
َ
‫ فلس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُمفلس‬
Indo-European
Avestan
maêkant: oozing
Pahlavi
Persian
makîdan: to suck ‫مک دن‬
‫مک دن‬
EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360 EIV:357-360
‫ ا ر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مگر‬

Indo-European
Mako: house fly ‫مگس‬
Avestan
maxši: house fly
Pahlavi
maxš: house fly
Persian
magas: house fly ‫مگس‬
‫مگس‬
POK:699 POK:699, SYN:193 makas, magas: fly BQT:2029, HRN:221
HRN:221, SNS:238, ISS:278 NOTE- see "Mû: a kind of fly" for an alternative root.
Indo-European
Mû, Mus: fly ‫مگس‬
Avestan
maxši: house fly
Pahlavi
maxš: house fly
Persian
magas: house fly ‫مگس‬
‫مگس‬
POK:752, ARN:476 SYN:193, ARN:476 makas, magas: fly BQT:2029, HRN:221
HRN:221, SNS:238, ISS:278 NOTE- see "Mako: fly" for an alternative root.
Indo-European
Mehdhu: honey, intoxicating drink (POK:707) ‫ نوشا ه مس آور‬،‫عسل‬
Avestan
madhu: honey
Persian
mol: wine ‫ُمل‬
‫ُمل‬
POK:707, 723-724 madha: wine BQT:2071, HRN:225, SYN:389
NOTE- For another possible root see" Mer 2: rub away". POK:707, ARN:479
Indo-European
Old Persian
mard: crush
Persian
mol: wine ‫ُمل‬
‫ُمل‬
POK:735,970, AHD:1529 mard-una: crusher of grapes, wine maker KNT:203
KNT:203
NOTE- For another possible root see "Mehdhu: honey, intoxicating drink".
Av/Old Pers
Madhaxa, Mazaxa: grasshopper ‫ملخ‬
Pahlavi
madhax, mazax, matax: grasshopper
Persian
malax: grasshopper ‫ملخ‬
‫ملخ‬
NOTE-BQT introduction (page 18) indicates that these words
are from a Sogdian root and cognate with Armenian "marax". maig: a kind of grasshopper, also shrimp mayg: shrimp (‫م گ )م گو‬
HRN:227, HUB:100 HRN:222,227, BQT:2031 HRN:222,227, BQT:2031, MON:4503
Indo-European
Mel 3: soft, soft material ‫ اجناس نرم‬،‫نرم‬
Greek
malagma: soft material
Arabic
al-malagma: the "soft" material
Persian
malğam: paste ‫ملغم‬
‫ملغم‬
melt :‫هم‬
POK:716 POK:719 KLN:58 MON:4345
‫ مامان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ممه‬

Indo-European
Me 2, Meh: me, I ‫من‬
Av/Old Pers
manâ: me, mine
Persian
man: me, I ۱‫من‬
۱‫من‬
me, my :‫هم‬
POK:702 KLN:763, POK:291, ARN:478 BQT:2036, SNS:221, ARN:478
Sumerian
Mana: an ancient unit of weight ‫وزن‬ ‫واحد قد‬
Akkadian
mânu: unit of weight
Sanskrit
manâ
Persian
man 2: a unit of weight equal to 3 kilograms ۲‫من‬
۲‫من‬
‫سه ک لوگرم‬
AKD:20,21, KLN:982 AKD:20,21 KLN:949 BQT:2035
۳‫ ـ مان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۳‫ـ من‬

170
‫َمنج‬
Indo-European
Mehdhu: honey, intoxicating drink (POK:707)
Indo-European
Mehlit: honey (POK:723) ‫عسل‬
Avestan
madhu: honey
Persian
manj: honeybee, honey ‫َمنج‬
‫َمنج‬
‫ نوشا ه مس آور‬،‫عسل‬ ‫زنبور عسل‬
POK:707, 723-724 POK:707, ARN:479 ARN:479
POK:707, 723-724 mildew :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Magh: might, power ‫ قدرت‬،‫توان‬
Greek
maxanikon: a war machine
Persian
manjanîk: catapult ‫ منجنیق‬،‫منجن ک‬
‫منجنیق‬
mechanics :‫هم‬
POK:695 KLN:919, AHD:780 BQT:2039, FSF:311, AFM:164, MON:4384
‫ منجنیق‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫منجن ک‬

Indo-European
Menth 2: to turn, stir
Avestan
mant, vant: to stir, be in
Pahlavi
mand, omand: owner,
Persian
-mand: (suffix) owner of, with
‫ـ مند‬
control, own with, like
‫ چرخاندن‬،‫هم زدن‬ (‫مند )ه مند‬
POK:732 POK:732, BQT:2040, FSF:311 BQT:2040 BQT:2040, FSF:311
Latin
Mantil: cloak ‫خرقه‬
Arabic
mandil: turban, napkin
Persian
mandîl: napkin, turban ‫مند ل‬
‫مند ل‬
‫دستار‬
SYN:417, KLN:932 KLN:932 MON:4389
manteau :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Pahlavi
mênîšm: manners
Persian
maneš: mind and manners ‫مش‬
‫مش‬
mind :‫هم‬
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT SNS:240,254 BQT
Indo-European
Avestan
čitra: clarity, face, also race and origin
Persian
Manûčehr: "with manly face" ‫منوچهر‬
‫منوچهر‬
POK:917
"‫" ا چهره مردانه‬
Indo-European Indo-European manuš-čitra: with a manly face BQT, MON
Men 1: to think ‫فکر کردن‬ Manu: thinker, man POK:700,916, BQT:2047,674, KNT:184
POK:726 KLN:930, POK:700
‫ ُ د‬+ ‫ ُمغ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫م د‬

Indo-European
Morwi: ant ‫مورچه‬
Avestan
maoirî: ant
Pahlavi
môr, môrčag: ant
Persian
mûr: ant (‫مور )مورچه‬
‫مور‬
POK:749 POK:749 BQT:2049, SNS:248 BQT:2049
‫ مور‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مورچه‬

Indo-European
Meuk 2: stocking, boot
Avestan
maoč, muxtâ: shoe, boot
Pahlavi
môzag, mûčak:
Persian
mûzeh: boot, shoe ۲‫موزه‬
‫موزه‬
paitiš-mauc: to shoe, to wear
shoe, boot
paymôzidn: to dress, to wear ‫؟‬ ‫ پ موخ‬،‫پ موز دن‬ ‫چ مه‬
‫ چ مه‬، ‫جوراب ساق لند‬ paymōz-: to wear
fra-muxti: to take out (shoes) ‫هم شه ه ک ساق موزه درون‬
IEC:1643, EIV:138
HRN:223, EIV:138, SNS:247 BQT:2051, EIV:138 ( ‫ـکــی خـن ـج ــری داش ـت ــی آ ـگ ــون )فردو‬
MON, EIV:138
Indo-European
Mu: a mouse, muscle ‫ ماه چه‬،‫موش‬
Persian
muš: mouse ‫موش‬
‫موش‬
muscle :‫هم‬
POK:752 mâhîčeh: muscle ‫ماه چه‬
POK:752, BQT:2053 ARN:465
Indo-European
Meuk 2: stocking, boot
Avestan
maoč, muxtâ: shoe, boot
Pahlavi
môzag, mûčak: shoe, boot
Arabic Persian
môq: large boot ‫موق‬
‫موق‬
‫ چ مه‬، ‫جوراب ساق لند‬ HRN:223, EIV:138, SNS:247 BQT:2051, EIV:138 EIV:138 EIV:138
‫چ مه‬
IEC:1643, EIV:138 .‫این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد‬
Indo-European
Mûk: pile, peak, spike ‫ نوک‬،‫ قله‬،‫ت ه‬
Persian
mûk: sting ‫موک‬
‫موک‬
‫نش‬
POK:752, IEC:814 IEC:814, MON:4445
171
. ‫م ه‬
Indo-European
Moudh, Maud: to mourn
Avestan
môy: groaning
Pahlavi
môy, môyak: groaning
Persian
mûy-îdan: to cry (‫م دن )م ه‬
‫م ه‬
‫عزا داری کردن‬ a-mayavâ: grief must: groaning, complaint most: groaning, complaint, sorrow (‫ ) ُمستمند‬۲‫ُمست‬
NOTE- HRN links these to ‫من این ُم ـس ــت گران را ا که گ م‬
IEC:802, EIV:270 HRN:224
Avestan "amâ-yavâ: grief".
( ‫من این ب داد را داد از که خواهم )و س و رام‬
HRN:224, FFD:77, MON HRN, FFD, MON, IEC
‫ م ه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫م دن‬

Indo-European
Meigh 2: to blink, cover, darken
Avestan
maeğa: cloud
Pahlavi
mîğ: cloud
Persian
mîğ: cloud ‫میغ‬
۱‫ِمه‬
‫ تار ک شدن‬، ‫ پوشاندن‬، ‫چشمک زدن‬ POK:712, BQT:2079 ISS:285 meh 1: fog ۱‫ِمه‬
POK:712-714, AHD, EIV:259 HRN:226, ISS:285
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
maz, mazant: great
Pahlavi
meh: great
Persian
meh: great ۲‫ِمه‬
۲‫ِمه‬
NOTE- This root may be related to "Mâk: long, slender" mega :‫هم‬
POK:708, KLN:958, SYN:878 HRN, BQT
POK:708, KLN:958
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
mâh-tab:
Persian
mahtâb:
‫مهتاب‬
POK:1069 POK:1069, KLN:1589
moonshine moonshine moon :‫هم‬
Indo-European Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:49,453,1252, ‫مهتاب‬
Me 1: to measure Mênôt: moon used to measure time mâ 1: to measure 1958
‫اندازه گرف‬ ‫ماه که در اندازه گ ی زمان ار م فت‬ mâh, mâhya: moon, month BQT, HRN
POK:703, 731 POK:703, 731 POK:703,731, SYN:54,877,1010
Indo-European
Mei 4: to bind, tie
Av/Old Pers
mithra: bond, friendship, kindness,
Persian
mehr: angel of light, sun, a month in the Persian calendar ‫ِمهر‬
‫ِمهر‬
angel of light guarding the truth.
‫ ا جاد هم ست‬، ‫س‬ ‫ می ا‬،‫مهران‬
POK:710, KNT:203
POK:710 BQT:2060, MON5: 2056, KNT:203
Indo-Scythian
Mûrâ: seal, coin, jewel ‫ جواهر‬،‫ سکه‬،‫ُمهر‬
Pahlavi
mutrâk, mudrâk: ring
Persian
mohr: seal ‫ُمهر‬
‫ُمهر‬
ISS:283 mudar, muhr: seal HRN:224, BQT:2062,2068, ISS:284
KLN:993, ISS:284
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
maz, mazant: great
Persian
mehast: greatest
‫ِم َهست‬
NOTE- This root may be related to "Mâk: long, slender" mega :‫هم‬
maz-išta: greatest ‫ِمهست‬
POK:708, KLN:958
Indo-European Av/Old Pers POK:708, KLN:958, SYN:878 HRN, BQT
Isto: most or last ‫سوند صفت عا‬ išta: a superlative suffix
KLN:35 KNT:191,202
‫ ش د‬+ ‫ ماه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مهش د‬

Indo-European
Mehdhu: honey, intoxicating drink (POK:707) ‫ نوشا ه مس آور‬،‫عسل‬
Avestan
madhu: honey
Persian
may: wine ‫ِمـی‬
‫ِمـی‬
POK:707, 723-724 madha: wine BQT:2071, HRN:225, SYN:389
POK:707, ARN:479
Indo-European
Medhyo: middle ‫م ان‬
Avestan
maidyâna: middle
Pahlavi
miyân, mayân: middle
Persian
miyân: middle ‫م ان‬
‫م ان‬
middle :‫هم‬
POK:706-707 KLN:954, HRN:225, ARN:486 ARN:486 ARN:486
‫ ِمهر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫می ا‬
172
‫میخ‬
Indo-European
Mei 2: to fix, build, fence ‫ نرده کش دن‬، ‫ ساخ‬،‫تعم کردن‬
Old Persian
maixa: nail
Persian
mîx: nail ‫میخ‬
‫میخ‬
ammunition
POK:709 mayûxa: door knob mîxak: carnation ‫م خک‬
:‫هم‬
BQT:2073, KNT:202 POK:709
Indo-European
Meigh 1: to sprinkle, urinate ‫ ادرار کردن‬،‫اش دن‬
Avestan
maêz: urine
Persian
mîz: urine ‫م‬
‫مخ‬
mîxtan: to urinate ‫مخ‬ ‫ادرار کردن‬
POK:712-714, AHD POK:713, BQT:62, SYN:273
BQT:1835,2073, MON:4493
mist :‫هم‬
‫ میخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫م خک‬

Indo-European
Avestan
zâta: born
Persian
mîrzâ: Nobel born ‫م زا‬
‫م زا‬
Arabic Persian
A'.m.r: to command ‫امرکردن‬ amîr: ruler, noble person ‫ام‬
KLN:26, FVA:33 FVA:33, MON
‫ م خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫م‬

‫ ای دن‬+ ‫ َم َ د‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫م ان‬
Indo-European
Mei 1: soft, mild
Avestan
mayazda: a special meal of
Pahlavi
mayazd, mâz: feast
Persian
mayazd: feast, guests ‫َم َ د‬
‫َم َ د‬
Zoroastrians, guests
mîzbân: host ‫م ان‬ ‫میهمان‬
‫ مﻼ م‬،‫نرم‬ BQT:2076, VDQ:370
POK:712, MON:4494 ‫ای ه َم َ د اندرون هزار ف دون‬
POK:711
( ‫)فر‬ ‫ای ه ن د اندرون هزار تهم‬
BQT, MON
Indo-European
Moisos, Maiša: sheepskin ‫ پوست گوسفند‬،‫گوسفند‬
Avestan
mâêša: ram
Pahlavi
mêš: ewe
Persian
mîš: ram ‫مش‬
‫مش‬
POK:747, ARN:473, EIV:261 mâêšî: sheep BQT:2078 BQT:2078, HRN:226, EIV:261
POK:747, SYN:158, BQT:2078
۱‫ ِمه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫میغ‬

‫ ملخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫مگ‬
‫ ملخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫م گو‬
Indo-European
Avestan
mainyu: spirit, heaven
Persian
mînû: world ‫مینو‬
‫مینو‬
POK:726 POK:726, AHD:26, KLN BQT:2083, HRN:227
۱‫ میهن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫میهمان‬

Indo-European
Meit 1, Mait 1: to stay, dwell
Avestan
maêt: to stay
Pahlavi
mêhan: a place to
Persian
mêhan: homeland ‫میهن‬
۱‫میهن‬
maêthman: guest, one who stays stay, homeland ‫وطن‬
‫ اقامت کردن‬،‫ماندن‬ mehmân: guest ‫میهمان‬
maêthanam: staying place, homeland BQT:2084
POK:715, EIV:259 POK:715, EIV:259 BQT:2069,2084, EIV:259
Indo-European
Meit 2, Mait 2: to throw, discard
Avestan
mit, mith: to discard
Persian
mîhan: butter, sheep's milk ۲‫میهن‬
۲‫میهن‬
NOTE- EIV:261 states that this word may be ‫کره ا ش‬
‫ پرت کردن‬، ‫دور ر خ‬ EIV:260
influenced with the root Maiša: sheep. ‫گوسفند‬
POK:968, EIV:260
EIV:260, BQT
Indo-European
Ne 1, An 3: no, not
َ
‫نه‬
Av/Old Pers
na 1, ni 2, naiy: no, not
Persian
na: no
َ
(‫نه )نا ـ‬
‫نا ـ‬
no :‫هم‬
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:756 BQT:2210
173
. ‫ناب‬
Indo-European
Avestan
âp: water
Pahlavi
na-âp: with no added water, pure
Persian
nâb: pure ‫ناب‬
‫ناب‬
POK:1 KLN:2 FVQ:46, ISS:3 ISS:3
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not ‫نه‬ na 1, ni 2, naiy: no, not
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:756
‫ بیوس دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نابیوسان‬

‫ خدا‬+ ‫ ناو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ناخدا‬
Indo-European
Nogh: nail ‫ناخن‬
Sanskrit
nakhâ, naxâ: nail
Pahlavi
nâxun: nail
Persian
nâxon: nail ‫ناخن‬
‫ناخن‬
nail :‫هم‬
POK:780 POK:780, SNS:258 SNS:258, HRN:228 POK:780, BQT:2089, SYN:245, KLN:1028
Indo-European
Nedo: reed, pipe, flute
Sanskrit
nadah: reed
Persian
nard 2: spikenard
Arabic Greek
nardos
Latin English
nard, spikenard
‫نارد‬
‫ فلوت‬،‫ لوله‬،‫تره‬ POK:759, HRN:237 ‫ نارد‬،۲‫نرد‬ AHD KLN:1028, PLA:257
POK:759, BQT:2221 SKT:344, HRN:237, BQT:2093
Sanskrit
Nârikelah: coconut ‫نارگ ل‬
Pahlavi
anârgîl
Persian
nârgîl: coconut ‫نارگ ل‬
‫نارگ ل‬
KLN:1028 PLA:256 nârgîleh: a water pipe made with coconut shell ‫نارگ له‬
AHD:873, BQT:2095
Sanskrit
Naranga: orange tree ‫درخت پرتقال‬
Persian
nâreng: a citrus fruit ( ‫نارنگ )نارن‬
Arabic Persian
nârenj: a citrus fruit ‫نارنج‬
‫نارنج‬
orange :‫هم‬
HJB:642 HJB:642, BQT MON
‫ نارنج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نارنگ‬

َ
۱‫ ُبن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نارون‬
Indo-European
Nôğ: whim, triviality, fancy ‫ ناچ‬،‫هوس‬
Old Iranian
nâz: happiness, pride
Pahlavi
nâz: to be happy, mince
Persian
nâz: affected manners, pride ‫ناز‬
‫ناز‬
IEC:848, 1236 FFD:77 nâčuk: delicate nâzok: thin, delicate ‫نازک‬
FFD:77 FFD:77, HRN:228
‫ ناز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نازک‬

Indo-European
Avestan
adâiti: to eat
Persian
nâštâ: not eaten ‫ناشتا‬
‫ناشتا‬
asa 1: food eat :‫هم‬
POK:287 BQT:2099
POK:287, BQT:44,1624
َ
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:756
Indo-European
Nobh: nave, hub ‫ مرکز‬،‫ناف‬
Avestan
nâf, nâfah, nafa, nâfô: nave
Persian
nâf: nave ‫ناف‬
‫ناف‬
nave :‫هم‬
POK:314 POK:314 nâfeh: musk bag ‫نافه‬
KLN:1032, HRN:228, BQT:2100
‫ ناف‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نافه‬

Indo-European
Neu: to cry ‫ نال دن‬،‫گ ه کردن‬
Av/Old Pers
nard: to cry
Persian
nâlîdan: to moan ‫نال دن‬
‫نال دن‬
NOTE- HUB: 103 derives "nâlîdan" from Sanskrit "nard: to cry".
POK:767 FFD:77
FFD:77
174
‫نام‬
Indo-European
Nomn: name ‫نام‬
Av/Old Pers
nâma, nâman: name
Persian
nâm: name ‫نام‬
‫نام‬
name :‫هم‬
POK:321 POK:321, KNT:193 BQT, HRN:229
Indo-European
Nem 1: to assign, take ‫ گرف‬، ‫اختصاص دادن‬
Greek
nomos: law
Arabic
namûs: law, rules
Persian
nâmûs: rules, dignity, family ‫ناموس‬
‫ناموس‬
POK:763 AHD BQT:2106, MON:4629
Old Persian
Nagan, Nağan: bread ‫نان‬
Pahlavi
nân: bread
Persian
nân: bread, food, sustenance ‫نان‬
‫نان‬
BQT:2107 BQT:2107, SNS:223 BQT:2107, HRN:229, HUB:101
Old Persian
Nagan, Nağan: bread ‫نان‬
Pahlavi
nân: bread
Persian
nân-vâ: baker ‫نانوا‬
‫نانوا‬
BQT:2107 BQT:2107, SNS:223 BQT:2107, HRN:229, HUB:101
Pekw: to cook ‫خ‬ -pâka: a suffix paz: cook bâ, vâ: suffixes for cook or cooking
referring to the cook.
POK:798 SNS:137, FFD:40 (‫ شور ا‬،‫ ـ وا )نانوا‬،‫ـ ا‬
POK:798, BQT:370,
SYN:336, FFD:40 BQT:370, AEF:195, IEC:920
Indo-European
Nau: boat ‫ کش‬،‫قایق‬
Av/Old Pers
nâu, nâviya: ship. Also any groove used as a
Persian
nâv: ship, water path, pipe, river (‫ ناو ان‬،‫ناو )ناخدا‬
‫ناو‬
guide for carrying water, grain or arrow navy :‫هم‬
POK:755 BQT:2110, MON:4644
PRT:429, HRN:229, IRN:123
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
nâu, nâviya: ship. Also any groove used
Persian
nâv: ship, water path, pipe, river
‫ناودان‬
POK:755
as a guide for carrying water, grain or arrow
(‫ ناو ان‬،‫ناو )ناخدا‬ ‫ ناوک‬:‫هم‬
navy :‫هم‬
Dhê 2: to do, set dhana: vessel, holder, pot nâv-dân: water way, gutter ‫ناودان‬
nâv-dân: water path, gutter
‫ چ دن‬،‫انجام دادن‬ POK:238
BQT:2110, MON:4644
PRT:429, HRN:229, IRN:123
AHD:1512, POK:235
َ
‫ناو‬
‫ ناوه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
‫ ناو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ناو ان‬
Indo-European
Nau: boat
Av/Old Pers
nâu, nâviya: ship. Also any
Persian
nâveh: a guide for feeding grains, the guide used for shooting small arrows ‫ناوه‬
‫ناوه‬
‫ کش‬،‫قایق‬
groove used as a guide for carrying
nâvak: a small arrow (shot through a guide) َ
‫ناو‬
water, grain or arrow
POK:755 PRT:429, HRN:229, IRN:123 MON, BQT, FSF:321
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
nâu, nâviya: ship. Also any groove used as a
Persian
nâvânîdan: to bend something (shape like a boat) ‫ناوان دن‬
‫ناو دن‬
guide for carrying water, grain or arrow navy :‫هم‬
POK:755 nâvîdan: to walk while moving to the sides (like a ship) ‫ناو دن‬
PRT:429, HRN:229, IRN:123 ُ
‫چ ــو مس ــت هر ط ــرفـی مـی فت ــی و مـی نـ ــاوی‬
ُ َ
(‫ مخسب )مولوی‬،‫که شب گذشت کنون ن ت دعاست‬
MON
‫ آناهیتا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ناه د‬

Indo-European
Old Persian
nada: flute
Persian
nâi, nay, nâl: flute, windpipe ،‫نای‬
‫نای‬
‫نا‬ ،‫ کرنا‬:‫مق‬
POK:759, BQT:2221 HRN:237 POK:759, BQT, MON
Indo-European
Perg, Part: to fight ‫جنگ دن‬
Avestan
peret: fight against
Persian
nabard: battle ‫ن د‬
‫ن د‬
POK;818, EIV:298 ‫ آورد‬:‫مق‬
ni-part: fight down BQT:2115, HRN:230
Nî: down, below ‫ ز ر‬، ‫ای‬ ni 1: down POK:818, EIV:298
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
175
َ
. ‫ن َس‬
َ
‫ نوه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ن َس‬
ُ
‫ نوش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نـ ـی‬
َ
Indo-European
Pô, Pe: to drink ‫نوش دن‬
Av/Old Pers
pitu, pîta, ni-pîta: juice
Persian
Nabîd: wine
َ َ
‫ ن ذ‬،‫ن د‬
‫ن د‬
‫اب‬
POK:839, EIV:289 EIV:289, BQT:2117 EIV:289, BQT:2117, MON
َ َ
‫ ن د‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ن ذ‬
Indo-European
Nask: twist, twine ‫ تا اندن‬،‫پیچ دادن‬
Avestan
naska: thread
Pahlavi
nax: thread
Persian
nax: thread, string ‫نخ‬
‫نخ‬
IEC:825 IEC:825 MON:4683 IEC:825, MON:4683
‫ نزد ک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نخست‬

sit :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Ner 1: vital energy, man ‫ مرد‬، ‫انرژی ح ا‬
Avestan
nar, nairya: man, male
Persian
nar: male ‫نر‬
‫نر‬
Indo-European Avestan POK:765 naire-manâw: manly mannered Narîmân: "like a man" ‫ن مان‬
Men 1: to think ‫فکر کردن‬ manah: mind, manners nairyava: manliness, strength nîrû: strength ‫ن و‬
POK:726
man 1: to resemble
POK:765, SYN:81, HRN:238 BQT
POK:726,727, BQT

Ner 1: vital energy, man nâirî: woman nâyrig: (pious) woman ?
POK:765 POK:765 SNS:264
َ
‫ نیو اردش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫نرد‬
‫ نارد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫نرد‬
Indo-European
Ner 2: to turn, twist
Greek
narkê: cramp, numbness
Pahlavi
narkis: narcissus
Persian
narges: narcissus ‫نرگس‬
‫نرگس‬
narcissus :‫هم‬
‫ پ چاندان‬،‫تا اندن‬ narkissos: a beautiful flower plant known for the BQT:2129 nargeseh: star, sky ‫نرگسه‬
seductive properties of its flowers
nargesî: a food ‫نرگ‬
POK:975, KLN:1028
POK:975, KLN:1028, SKT:344, PRT:427 BQT
Avestan / Sanskrit
Namra: soft ‫نرم‬
Pahlavi
namr, narm: soft
Persian
narm: soft ‫نرم‬
‫نرم‬
HRN:230 HRN:230 BQT:2130
‫ نر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ن مان‬

Indo-European
Avestan
nazdyô: sat very close, near
Persian
nazd: near, with ‫نزد‬
‫نزد‬
sit :‫هم‬
POK:884,887, KLN:1075, EIV:125 POK:886-887 BQT, HRN:230
Indo-European
Avestan
nazdyô: sat very close, near
Persian
nazdik: near, close ‫نزد ک‬
‫نزد ک‬
POK:884,887, KLN:1075, EIV:125
‫ نزد‬:‫هم‬
nazd-îštâ, nazdištâ: closest, naxost: closest, first ‫نخست‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers first
Isto: most or last ‫سوند صفت عا‬ išta: a superlative suffix BQT, HRN:230
POK:886-887
KLN:35 KNT:191,202
Indo-European
Avestan
ni-zâti: race, generation
Persian
nežâd: race ‫نژاد‬
‫نژاد‬
nation :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Old Persian
jan.: to strike
Old Persian
ni-jan: to strike down, to put
Persian
nažand: put down, feeling sad ‫نژند‬
‫نژند‬
(somebody) down ‫اندوهگ‬
POK:492, EIV:222 KNT:184,185 ‫داد اسخ که چ خ لند‬ ‫چن‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers HRN:231
Nî: down, below ‫ ز ر‬، ‫ای‬ ni 1: down ( ‫دلــم کــرد ـر درد و جـانم نـژند )فردو‬
KLN:1042 KLN:1042 BQT:2134, HRN:231, MON:4713
176
ُ
‫س‬
ُ
Indo-European
Nas, Nâs: nose ‫بی‬
Avestan
nâh,vaenâ, vaênâ: nose
Persian
nos: snout ‫س‬
ُ ‫س‬
‫پوزه‬
POK:755, AEN:145 AEF:323, Pok:755 ARN:497
َ
Indo-European
Avestan
nasayeti, nashta: disappear
Pahlavi
nasâ, nasây: corpse
Persian
nasâ: corpse, corruption ‫سا‬
َ ‫سا‬
َ ‫ فساد‬،‫جسد‬
POK:762 nasu, nas 1: corpse, decayed body SNS:272 ‫س ــا و ل دی دانجا برند‬
(‫که مردم بران راه برنگذرند )زر شت نامه‬
POK:762, KLN:1059, SYN:290, KNT:192
BQT:2136, MON:4714
َ
‫ ستوه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ستوه‬
ُ
Indo-European
Ned: to bind, tie
Avestan
naska: bound sheets of paper, book
Pahlavi
nask: book
Arabic
nasx: written text
Persian
nosxeh: copy, prescription ‫سخه‬
ُ ‫سخه‬
‫س‬ POK:759 MON VDQ:400 FVA:399
connect :‫هم‬
POK:758
َ
Indo-European
Ned: to bind, tie ‫س‬
Avestan
naska: bound sheets of paper, book
Pahlavi
nask: book
Persian
nask: Zoroastrian book or any section of it ‫سک‬
َ ‫سک‬
‫ سخه‬:‫هم‬
POK:758 POK:759 MON BQT:2140, MON:4727
Indo-European
Yaš, Iaš: to show appear ‫ ظاهر شدن‬،‫شان دادن‬
Pahlavi
ni-aš, niš: to look into, mark
Persian
nešân: a mark, sign, medal ‫شان‬
‫شان‬
EIV:213
EIV:213 êš, âyšeh: observer, spy ‫ ا شه‬،‫آ شه‬
Nî: down, below ‫ ز ر‬، ‫ای‬ ni 1: down BQT, EIV
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
Indo-European
Avestan
had, hd, zd, šas: to sit
Persian
nešastan: to sit down ‫شس‬
‫شس‬
sit :‫هم‬
POK:884,887, KLN:1075, EIV:125 šâdayeiti: sits našim: place where birds sit down, nest
Indo-European Av/Old Pers َ
Nî: down, below ‫ ز ر‬، ‫ای‬ ni 1: down ni-šâdaiti: sits down ‫شم‬
POK:884-887, FFD:78 BQT:2145-7, HRN:231, EIV:125
KLN:1042 KLN:1042

Sed, Had: to sit, also to place a step, to go hastra: assembly, meeting ?
POK:884,887, KLN:1075, EIV:125
hadiš: residence, palace
POK:885-887

Sed, Had: to sit, also to place a step, to go had: to sit ?
POK:884,887, KLN:1075, EIV:125
had-iš: seat, palace
ni-had: set down, established
KNT:212,213

Sed, Had: to sit, also to place a step, to go syazd: to step back ?
POK:884,887, KLN:1075, EIV:125
sîždyamna: recess
sîždyô: to give up
sîždra: shy
POK:885-887
Indo-European
Ksîp: strike, weapon, spike
Av/Old Pers
xšip, xšwaip, xšwaif: movement, strike
Avestan
ni-xšvaepâ:
Persian
našîb: down slope, low land
‫شب‬
‫ وس له نوک ت‬،‫ اسلحه‬،‫ه‬ xšvaepâ: back, behind, slope
down slope ۱‫ ش ب‬:‫مق‬
‫شب‬
IEC:573 HRN:178, FFD: 65 BQT:2147,
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:2147
Nî: down, below ‫ ز ر‬، ‫ای‬ ni 1: down

KLN:1042 KLN:1042
َ
‫شس‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫شم‬
177
. ‫نطرون‬
Akkadian
Nitiru: natron ‫نطرون‬
Hebrew
nither
Greek
natron
Arabic
natrûn
Persian
natrûn: sodium ‫نطرون‬
‫نطرون‬
nitrogen :‫هم‬
AKD:61 AKD:61, KLN:1031 KLN:1049 KLN:1031 MON:4745
َ
Indo-European
Nogw: naked ‫ع ان‬
Indo-European
Gumnos, Gunos: beautiful, naked
Persian
na-ğâm: not beautiful, ugly
َ
‫نغام‬
‫نغام‬
POK:769 IEC:364 ‫چون صورت و ار دیو را د دی‬ ‫زشت‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers nude :‫هم‬
َ (‫گ ــذار طـ ـ ق ــت ن ـغ ــام ــش را )نا خ و‬
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:756 IEC:364, MON:4760
Indo-European
Indo-European
Ghosh: ear
Avestan
gaoša: ear
Avestan
ni-gaoša:
Pahlavi
ni-ğôšâg: follower of the
Persian
naghûšâ: the
‫نغوشا‬
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:457, EIV:115 POK:457, BQT:1858
to listen Mânî religion, also a "non- followers of Mânî ‫ نیوش دن‬:‫مق‬
Moslem"
Indo-European Av/Old Pers POK:454 ‫نغوشا‬ ear :‫هم‬
Nî: down, below ‫ ز ر‬، ‫ای‬ ni 1: down ETM:71 ETM:71, MON:4746
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
‫ نیوش دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نغوش دن‬

Akkadian
Nabatu: to shine ‫درخش دن‬
Aramaic
naftâ
Arabic
naft
Persian
naft: oil, kerosene ‫نفت‬
‫نفت‬
Nabtu, Naptu: light, lamp oil ‫ روغن چراغ‬،‫نور‬ ‫ نفتال‬:‫هم‬
KLN:1027 KLN:1027 KLN:1027, BQT:2155, AKD:60,
AKD:60 NOTE- See "Nebh: moisture" for another possible root.
Indo-European
Avestan
nab, napta: humidity, moisture
Persian
naft: oil, kerosene ‫نفت‬
‫نفت‬
POK:315 POK:316 SNS:282, HRN:232, BQT:2155, POK:316
‫ نم‬:‫هم‬
NOTE- See Akkadian "Nabatu: to shine" for another possible root.
Akkadian
Nabatu: to shine ‫درخش دن‬
Aramaic
naftâ
Greek
naphta: oil
French Persian
naftâlîn: naphthalene ‫نفتال‬
‫نفتال‬
Nabtu, Naptu: light, lamp oil ‫ روغن چراغ‬،‫نور‬ NOTE- SKT: 344 derives this ‫ نفت‬:‫هم‬
KLN:1027 from Persian "naft". MON
AKD:60
KLN:1027
َ
‫ آف ن‬+ ‫ نه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نف ن‬
Indo-European
Sogdian
krty`: work, manner
Persian
noqreh: silver ‫نقره‬
‫نقره‬
POK:641, EIV:236
Indo-European
n`-krtk: not done, uncoined silver BQT:2157
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not ‫نه‬ SOD:32
POK:756, KNT:167 NOTE- Compare with the etymology of the Persian word "sîm: silver"
‫ نکوه دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نکوهش‬

Indo-European
Keued: to yell ‫ف اد زدن‬
Persian
nekûhîdan: to blame (‫نکوه دن )نکوهش‬
‫نکوه دن‬
shout :‫هم‬
POK:595 POK:595, WLD1: 378, HUB:102
‫ ان اردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ن اردن‬

Indo-European
Avestan
kas, čas, čaš: to behold, see, taste
Persian
negâh: look, glance ‫ن اه‬
‫ن اه‬
POK:638, EIV:245 ‫ آ اه‬،‫ گواه‬:‫هم‬
ni-kasa: look BQT, HRN
Nî: down, below ‫ ز ر‬، ‫ای‬ ni 1: down POK:638, KLN:42, SYN:1436
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
178
‫نگون‬
Indo-European
Nî: down, below ‫ ز ر‬، ‫ای‬
Av/Old Pers
ni 1: down
Av/Old Pers
nî-gaona: downward
Persian
negûn: downward ‫نگون‬
‫نگون‬
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
‫ ش ب‬:‫مق‬
BQT:2171, HRN:233 MON
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend ‫خم کردن‬ gaona: hair, hair color, type, like
POK:394-398, POK:588-592 SYN:1051, SNS:90
Indo-European
Avestan
Pahlavi
namb: moisture
Persian
nam: moisture ‫نم‬
‫نم‬
‫ نفت‬:‫مق‬
POK:315 POK:316 HRN:232, SNS:282 POK:316, BQT:2167, HRN:232
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
mâ 1: to measure
Avestan
ni-mâ: measure down, display
Persian
nomâ, nemâ: showing, appearance
‫نما‬
measure :‫هم‬
POK:703, 731 POK:703,731, SYN:54,877,1010 HRN:80,233, ARN:60, BQT:37, FFD:25 (‫ نماینده‬،‫ نما ش‬،‫نما )نمودن‬
BQT
KLN:1042 KLN:1042 NOTE- see "Nei 2: to guide" for an alternative root
Indo-European
Nei 2: to lead, guide
Avestan
nayeiti: leads
Pahlavi
nîtan: guide
Persian
nomâ, nemâ: showing
‫نما‬
‫ شان دادن‬،‫راهنما کردن‬ Pok:760, ARN:502 ânîtan: to bring (‫ نماینده‬،‫ نما ش‬،‫نما )نمودن‬
Pok:760 Pok:760, ARN:502, HRN:265 ARN:502
NOTE- see "Me 1: to measure" for an alternative root

Nei 2: to lead, guide nî, nay: to guide ?
Pok:760 fra-nay: leads forward
KLN:1026, HRN:265, SYN:712, POK:760, KNT:193
Indo-European
Nem 1: to assign, take
Avestan
nemah 1: loan, what is given
Pahlavi
namač: prayer
Persian
namâz: prayer ‫نماز‬
‫نماز‬
‫ گرف‬، ‫اختصاص دادن‬
back, a prayer "‫" شکر‬
BRT:1070 BQT:1070
POK:763 POK:763, KLN:1048
NOTE- BQT:2167, POK: 764 and SYN: 544 derive this word from Old Persian nam: to bow in respect. See "Nem 2"
Indo-European
Nem 2: to bend, bow in respect, also brush
Av/Old Pers
nam: to bend, bow
Pahlavi
namâč: bowing,
Persian
namâz: prayer ‫نماز‬
‫نماز‬
wood and twigs
nemah 2: bowing in respect
prayer
‫چو نزد ک رستم فراز آمدند‬ "‫"تعظ م‬
‫ شاخه های ر ز و نرم‬،‫ تعظ م‬،‫خم شدن‬ namaiti: bends BQT:2167 ( ‫پ ــاده ه رس ــم نـ ـم ــاز آمدند )فردو‬
POK:764 POK:764, WLD2: 234, SYN:544 BQT:2167, FSF:328
NOTE- BRT:1070 derives the Pahlavi "namâč: bowing" from Avestan "nemah: what one owes." See root "Nem 1".
‫ نما‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نما ش‬

‫ نما‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نماینده‬
Avestan
Nemata: straw, grass ‫ علف‬،‫اه‬
Pahlavi
namat: felt rug or cloth
Persian
namad: a thick felt cloth ‫نمد‬
‫نمد‬
NYB:135 NYB:135, HRN:233 BQT:2169, KLN:1026
Avestan / Sanskrit Pahlavi Arabic Persian

َ ‫َن‬
َ ‫َن‬
‫مرق‬
Namra: soft ‫نرم‬ namr, narm: soft namraq: pillow namraq: pillow ‫مرق‬
namrak, narmak: soft thing, pillow ‫ نرم‬:‫هم‬
HRN:230 VDQ:403 MON:4815
HRN:230
Indo-European
Nem 1: to assign, take ‫ گرف‬، ‫اختصاص دادن‬
Latin
numerus: a portion, a number
Italian
numero
Arabic
nomreh
Persian
nomreh: number
‫نمره‬
‫نمره‬ number :‫هم‬
POK:763 AHD MON:4815
MON:4815
179
. ‫نمک‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
nemadhka: salt
Persian
namak: salt ‫نمک‬
‫نمک‬
‫ نم‬:‫هم‬
POK:315 POK:316 BQT:2170, MON:4818 BQT:2170, MON:4818
‫ نما‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نمودن‬

Indo-European
Nana: a child word for mother, a nurse ‫ننه‬
Sanskrit
nana: mother
Persian
naneh: a word for mother or nurse ‫ننه‬
‫ننه‬
nanny :‫هم‬
POK:754 POK:754, KLN:1062 KLN:1062, POK:754, HRN:234
Indo-European
Newo: new ‫ جد د‬،‫تازه‬
Avestan
nava 2: new
Persian
now: new ‫نو‬
‫نو‬
Nu: new time, now ‫حاﻻ‬ nû, nûrem: now aknûn, knûn: now ‫ کنون‬،‫ا نون‬ new, now :‫هم‬
POK:769,770, AHD:1531 POK:769,770, KLN:1059, KNT:194, IEC:854 BQT, HRN:236

Newo: new nûram: now ?
Nu: new time, now POK:770, KNT:194
POK:769,770, AHD:1531
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Avestan
ni-vak: sound, music
Persian
navâ: sound, melody ( ‫نوا )نواخ‬
‫نوا‬
POK:1135 POK:1135 BQT:2174 BQT:2174,2178
‫ نوا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نواخ‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
vardaneh: rolling pin
َ
‫َوردنه‬
‫نورد دن‬
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 ‫ گرد دن‬:‫هم‬
ni-vart: roll down navardîdan: to roll, travel ‫نورد دن‬
Nî: down, below ‫ ز ر‬، ‫ای‬ ni 1: down KLN:1703, ISS:223, KNT:207 HRN:235, BQT:2186
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
Indo-European
Avestan
Avestan
an-aoša: without
Pahlavi
anôšak:
Persian
nûš: drink (for eternal life) ‫نوش‬
‫نوش‬
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:785
a mortal life eternal life "‫"آب ح ات‬
nûšîn: sweet drink ‫نوش‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT:178, FSF:51 BQT:178
َ
Ne 1, An 3: no, not ‫نه‬ a-, â-, an-: no, not HRN:30
POK:756, KNT:167 POK:757, KNT:167
Indo-European
Peig: to mark
Avestan
paes, paeš: to
Av/Old Pers
ni-pais: mark
Pahlavi
nipištan: to write
Persian
neveštan: to write ‫نوش‬
‫نوش‬
‫عﻼمت گذاری کردن‬
decorate, mark down, write ُ paint :‫هم‬
nibištan: to write nobî: book, the holy Koran ‫نـ ـی‬
POK:794 POK:794, SYN:1284, SNS:143 POK:794, SYN:1284
Indo-European Av/Old Pers nipêk, nibêg: book, written MON

material
KLN:1042 KLN:1042 BQT:2201

Peig: to mark paith: to mark ?
POK:794 ni-paith: write
SNS:164, KNT:194
‫ نوش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نوش‬

Indo-European
Nabja: beak ‫ نوک‬،‫منقار‬
Persian
nok, nûk: tip, beak ‫نوک‬
‫نوک‬
nipple :‫هم‬
AHD nûl: beak ‫نول‬
ISS:143, MON:4857
‫ نوک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نول‬

180
‫نوه‬
Indo-European
Nepôt: grandson ‫نوه‬
Av/Old Pers
napât, napâ: grandson
Pahlavi
nab: grandchild
Persian
naveh: grandchild ‫نوه‬
‫نوه‬
َ nephew :‫هم‬
Neptis: grand daughter ‫نوه دخ‬ naptis: grand daughter PHD:57 nabas: daughter's child ‫ن َس‬
POK:764, IEC:836 KLN:1039, POK:764, KNT:193,

‫صفت ذات او هم نه س است‬
(‫که رسول خدای را ن س است )ام خ و‬
BQT:2117,2208, HRN:234, IEC:836, MON
َ
Indo-European
Newo: new ‫ جد د‬،‫تازه‬
Avestan
nava 2: new
Pahlavi
nîvêd: good news
Persian
novîd: good news ‫ن د‬
‫ن د‬
new :‫هم‬
Nu: new time, now ‫حاﻻ‬ nû, nûrem: now MON:4859 IEC:842, MON:4859
POK:769,770, AHD:1531 POK:769,770, KLN:1059, KNT:194, IEC:854
ُ
Indo-European
Neu: to cry ‫ نال دن‬،‫گ ه کردن‬
Sanskrit
nav, navatê: to cry
Persian
novîdan: to cry
ُ
(‫ ن ه‬،‫ن دن )ن دن‬
‫ن دن‬
zenûdan: to cry, moan (‫زنودن )زن ه‬
‫ نال دن‬:‫هم‬
POK:767 POK:767
ُ
‫زدرد دل آن شب دان سان ن د‬
(‫ ه چکس ن ـغـنـ د )ل ـ ـ ـ ــی‬، ‫که از ناله اش‬
HRN, BQT, MON
ُ
‫ ن دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ن ه‬
ُ
‫ ن دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ن دن‬
َ
‫ نا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نه‬
ُ
Indo-European
Newn: nine
ُ
‫نه‬
Avestan
nava 1, nauma: nine
Pahlavi
naum
Persian
noh: nine
ُ
‫نه‬
‫نه‬
nine :‫هم‬
POK:318 POK:318 BQT:2210 BQT:2195

Newn: nine navama: ninth ?
POK:318 BQT:2210
Indo-European
Avestan
dâta, dâ 2: to put, set
Persian
nahâdan: to do ‫نهادن‬
‫نهادن‬
AHD:1512, POK:235
ni-dâ: to put down, lay down, also to hide nahân: covered, hidden (‫نهان )پنهان‬
Nî: down, below ‫ ز ر‬، ‫ای‬ ni 1: down POK:235, HRN:236, KNT:168, FFD:52 BQT:2211, 2214
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
‫ نهادن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫نهان‬

Indo-European
Gwou: cow, ox, bull
Sanskrit
gâuh: cow
Avestan / Sanskrit
gôp, gôh: to protect,
Avestan
ni-gôp: to hide,
Pahlavi
nihuftan: to
Persian
nehoftan: to hide
‫نهف‬
preserve protect hide
‫او‬ gô-pâ-h, gôpâ: NOTE- See HRN notes for
KLN:364, POK:483 shepherd, protector discussion HRN:237 SNS:262 ‫نهف‬
Indo-European
POK:482 HRN:237 MON:4870, HRN:236
Pa: to protect, feed Indo-European
‫ غذا دادن‬،‫حفاظت کردن‬ Nî: down, below ‫ ز ر‬، ‫ای‬
POK:787,842, SYN:103 KLN:1042
NOTE- FFD:80 derives the Pahlavi word from Old Persian "ni-thuf-ta: hide".
ُ
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
no-hûr: sun light, sight, eye
ُ
‫نهور‬
‫نهور‬
‫از آن ــا ـ ــزران نـ ـ ــارم ن ـش ـس ـتــن‬ ‫ رو ت‬،‫چشم‬
POK:881 POK:881
( ‫که ا شان چو حورند و من د نهورم )سنا‬
BQT:2220, IEC:1334
‫ نای‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬
181
. ‫نا‬
Av/Old Pers
Nyâka: grand parent ‫ مادر بزرگ‬،‫در بزرگ‬
Pahlavi
niyâk, niyâkân: grandparents
Persian
nîyâ: grandfather (‫ن ا )ن ا ان‬
‫نا‬
‫درزرگ‬
SYN:110, KNT:194 BQT:2221, HRN:238
Indo-European
Avestan
azaehê: compressed,
Pahlavi
niyâz: need
Persian
niâz: need ‫ن از‬
‫ن از‬
Az: to drive, lead (‫راندن )ف دن‬
in need anxious :‫هم‬
nîâzî: need, dear friend, sweetheart ‫ن ازی‬
POK:42, EIV:171 ni-az: that which MON:4877, ‫دلم خستۀ ناز توست ای ن ازی‬
EIV:172
Indo-European Av/Old Pers pushes you down, need
(‫که روزی نـ ـ اسا ـ ــی از ن ــاز ــازی )عثمان مختاری‬
Nî: down, below ‫ ز ر‬، ‫ای‬ ni 1: down POK:42, EIV:172
KLN:1042 KLN:1042 BQT:2222, MON:4877
‫ ن ا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ن ا ان‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
gam: to come, step
Avestan
ni-gama: come down (in sheath)
Persian
nîyâm: sheath ‫ن ام‬
‫ن ام‬
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318
‫ ام‬:‫مق‬
POK:463 HRN:11, BQT
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
Indo-European
Gêi: to sing, song ‫ آواز‬،‫آواز خواندن‬
Old Persian
niğây: praise
Pahlavi
niğâyišn: praise
Persian
nîyâyeš: praise ‫ناش‬
‫ناش‬
POK:355 MON:4878 MON:4878 BQT:2224
‫ ات‬:‫هم شه‬
KLN:1042 KLN:1042 NOTE- see "Yad: to ask" for another possible root
Indo-European
Yad, Gwed: ask, demand ‫ طلب کردن‬،‫پرس دن‬
Old Persian
yad: to pray
Pahlavi
ni-âyišn: worship
Persian
nîyâyeš: worship ‫ناش‬
‫ناش‬
EIV:221, POK:488 KNT:184, EIV:221 EIV:221 BQT, EIV:221
KLN:1042 KLN:1042 NOTE- see "Gêi: to sing" for another possible root
‫ نر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ن و‬
Indo-European
Nis: off, away ‫ دور‬،‫جدا‬
Sanskrit
nir-vanah: blowing out, extinction
Persian
nîrvânâ: extinction of soul by absorption into the
‫ن وانا‬
KLN:1049
Supreme Being ‫"فنا در خالق‬
AHD:889, KLN:1049
Indo-European ‫ن وانا‬ " ‫هس‬
Wê: to blow ‫دم دن‬ MON:4882
POK:81
Avestan
Naêza: sharp point ‫نوک ت‬
Pahlavi
nêzak: spear
Persian
nayzeh: spear, also a flag post (‫ن ه )ن ه‬
‫ن ه‬
BQT:2226 MON:4884 BQT:2226, PLA:265, FSF:336
Sanskrit
Nêkš: to pierce ‫سوراخ کردن‬
Pahlavi
nêš: sting
Persian
nîš: sting ‫نش‬
‫نش‬
HRN:238
nêš-tar: a sharp, nîštar: a sharp tool, tooth
pointed tool (‫ن ش )ن شدر‬
Der 1: to split, to tear ‫ اره کردن‬،‫تقس م کردن‬ dar, dareta: to split
BQT:2228, SYN:565
Drauh: to mow, cut ‫ب دن‬ POK:206, SYN:565 BQT:2228, HUB:104
POK:206, IEC:165,EIV
‫ ن ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ن شدر‬

Indo-European
Old Persian
ni 3, naiba:
Pahlavi
nêv-ak:
Persian
nîk: good, pure
Arabic
raonaq:
Persian
ronaq: prosperity
‫نک‬
beautiful, brave, good good
(‫ن ک )رون ک‬
splendor
‫رونق‬ lilac :‫هم‬
‫ تح ک شدن‬،‫درخش دن‬
POK:760 POK:760, KNT:192 SNS:291, KLN:1033, BQT:2127, TZF:20 AFM:74, FVF:297 MON:1694
BQT:2237
182
‫نل‬
Indo-European
Sanskrit
nili, nilah: dark blue
Persian
nîl: indigo ‫ ن لوفر‬،‫ن ل‬
‫نل‬
‫ تح ک شدن‬،‫درخش دن‬ nîlotpala: blue lotus lîlak: lilac ‫لل‬
POK:760 POK:760 BQT:2231
‫ ن ل‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ن لوفر‬

Indo-European
Sêmi: half ‫ نصف‬،‫ن م‬
Av/Old Pers
Naêma: half ‫نم‬
Pahlavi
nêm: half
Persian
nîm: half ‫نم‬
‫نم‬
NOTE- ARN:511 is not certain about this root NOTE- This word is cognate with Sanskrit word "nêma: half"
BQT:2233, SNS:290 BQT:2233, BRT:1036
POK:905-906, ARN:511 HRN:239, SYN:936, BRT:1036
Indo-European
Old Persian
ni 3, naiba: beautiful, brave, good
Pahlavi
nêv: brave
Persian
Nîv: brave ‫نیو‬
‫نیو‬
‫ تح ک شدن‬،‫درخش دن‬ POK:760, KNT:192 SNS:291, BQT:2237 KLN:1033, BQT:2127, TZF:20
POK:760
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
arta 2, areta: just,
Persian
Ardešîr: "just king"
Persian
nîv Ardešîr: brave Ardeshir
‫نیو اردش‬
POK:55
holy (distorted as "Narde-šir") "‫"شاه عادل‬
arta-xšathra: a ‫اردش‬ ‫نیو اردش‬
Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, rule xšača: king, just king.
ruler
‫ فرمانروا کردن‬،‫قادر و شا سته بودن‬ nard 1: backgammon, the favorite
POK:56, IRN:28 game of "Narde-šir"
POK:626, KNT:181
POK:626, KLN:272
َ
Indo-European Old Persian Pahlavi ۱‫نرد‬
Nei 1: to shine, to be excited ni 3, naiba: beautiful, brave, good nêv: brave BQT:98-101, IRN:28
‫ تح ک شدن‬،‫درخش دن‬ POK:760, KNT:192 SNS:291, BQT:2237
POK:760
NOTE- Backgammon was apparently named after "Narde-šir" who was very interested in this game.
Indo-European
Indo-European
Ghosh: ear
Avestan
gaoša: ear
Avestan
ni-gaoša: to listen
Persian
nîûšîdan: to listen ‫نیوش دن‬
‫نیوش دن‬
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494 POK:457, EIV:115 POK:457, BQT:1858 nağûšîdan: to listen ‫نغوش دن‬ ‫ گوش‬:‫مق‬
POK:454
Indo-European Av/Old Pers ‫فرس ــتاده را گـفت ن ـکـو ن ــوش‬ ear :‫هم‬
( ‫گو آنچه ش ده ای ت هوش )فردو‬
KLN:1042 KLN:1042
BQT, MON, EIV
Indo-European
Indo-European
Au 1: one, this one
Av/Old Pers
uta, utâ, uiti: and
Pahlavi
ud: and
Persian
o, va: and ‫ َو‬،‫ُو‬
‫ُو‬
‫ر شه س اری از ضم ها‬ Uê: or POK:74 SNS:256
NOTE- The Arabic "wa" pronunciation has
influenced the Persian pronunciation
POK:281, KNT:203 POK:73,75,281,286
BQT:2242, SNS:256, TZF:20, MON:4921
‫خ‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫وا‬

Indo-European
Wok, Wač: to let go, release, empty ‫ خا کردن‬،‫رها کردن‬
Persian
vâxîdan: to separate and clean cotton or wool ‫واخ دن‬
‫واخ دن‬
EIV:200 EIV:200, MON, BQT
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
vâr 1: wall ۱‫وار‬
۱‫وار‬
vardana, paru-zana: walled-in area, city barzan: suburb, street ‫َبرزن‬ ‫ دیوار‬:‫هم‬
POK:1116, IEC:1599
POK:1116, AEF:212, KNT:207 BQT
Indo-European
Wel 3: to turn, roll
Avestan
var 4: similar to, like, also cover
Pahlavi
varišn: conduct, way of living
Persian
vâr 2: like (‫ )دیوانه وار‬۲‫وار‬
۲‫وار‬
‫ تا اندن‬،‫چرخاندن‬ POK:1140 HRN:241, BQT:2373
ham-vâr: like each other, even ‫هموار‬
POK:1139-1140
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬ ham 1: with, also, too BQT:1137
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
183
. ۳‫وار‬
Indo-European
Wel 3: to turn, roll ‫ تا اندن‬،‫چرخاندن‬
Avestan
var 5: ceremony
Pahlavi
varišn: conduct, way of living
Persian
vâr 3: a custom or ceremony ۳‫وار‬
۳‫وار‬
‫وار آذر گذشت و شعلۀ آن‬ ‫جشن‬
POK:1139-1140 POK:1140 HRN:241, BQT:2373
( ‫شـ ــعلۀ ﻻله را زم ـ ـ ــان آم ـ ـ ــد )رود‬
BQT:1137
Indo-European
Bher 1: to carry
Av/Old Pers
bar: to carry
Avestan
aspa-bâra: horse load, horse rider
Persian
vâr: a suffix meaning carried by or over something
۴‫ـ وار‬
xar-bâra: donkey load, unit of weight ‫سوند ه مع‬
‫حمل کردن‬ POK:128 ‫ـ وار‬
gâtu-bâra: bed carrier ‫ار‬
POK:128,163, PRT:234,
‫ دشوار‬،‫ گوشواره‬،‫ گهواره‬،‫ خروار‬،‫ سوار‬:‫مثال‬
SYN:107 gaoša-vare: carried by ear
BQT:821, 1773, 1858, 2245, HRN:68,240, FFD:42
‫ ره دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫وارس‬

Old Persian
Ardha: swept, moved, pushed ‫ جا جا کرد‬، ‫جارو کرد‬
Old Persian
apa-ardha:
Pahlavi
apârôn:
Persian
vârûn: upside down, wrong, evil ‫ وارونه‬،‫وارون‬
‫وارون‬
pushed back, wrong, ‫ فرارون‬:‫مق‬
BQT:1445
backward, wrong backward, upside ‫س ا ل س وارونه آن ژرف چاه‬
down
Apo: off ‫ دور‬،‫جدا‬ ap 2, apa: off, away, to NYB:23,76, ( ‫ه خاشا پوش ــد و س د راه )فردو‬
BQT:1445,2246,
POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086 BQT:1445
NYB:23,76 MON:4941
‫ وا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫واژ‬

‫ وا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫واژه‬
Indo-European
Wes 4: eat, feed ‫ خوراندن‬،‫خوردن‬
Avestan
vastra, vâstra: food, fodder
Persian
vâs, vâš: fodder ‫ واش‬،‫واس‬
‫واس‬
NOTE- Compare with "Ed: to eat".
POK:1171, WLD1: 307, ARN:514 ARN:514
POK:1171, WLD1: 307
Indo-European
Wes 4: eat, feed ‫ خوراندن‬،‫خوردن‬
Avestan
vastra, vâstra: food, fodder
Pahlavi
vâstr: farm, meadow
Persian
vâstar: meadow, farm ‫واس‬
‫واس‬
NOTE- Compare with "Ed: to eat".
POK:1171, WLD1: 307, ARN:514 vastriuš: farmer vâstriyûš: farmer ‫واس وش‬
POK:1171, WLD1: 307 SNS:260 SNS:260, MON:4946
‫ واس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫واش‬

۲‫از‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫واشه‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
Persian
vâk: sound ‫وا‬
‫وا‬
voice :‫هم‬
POK:1135 POK:1135 vâžeh: word ‫واژه‬
vâž: quietly said prayers ۲‫ اج‬،‫واژ‬
BQT, FSF:64, ZMA:28
Indo-European
Weg 1: to weave ‫اف‬
Russian Persian
vâks: wax ‫وا س‬
‫وا س‬
Wokso: woven (by the bees), wax ‫موم‬ MON:4958
POK:1117, 1180
Indo-European
Werdh: to grow, high ‫رشد کردن‬
Avestan
eredva: high
Persian
vâlâ: great, high ‫واﻻ‬
‫واﻻ‬
POK:339,1167, KLN:1097 vared, vard, ward: up, high bâlîdan: to boast ‫ال دن‬
POK:339,1167 HRN:39,210, BQT:227,1848, FFD:35

Werdh: to grow, high ward: to grow ?
POK:339,1167, KLN:1097 wi-ward: to grow out
FFD:75
184
‫واﻻنه‬
Indo-European
Wel 2, War: to tear, wound, plunder ‫ غارت کردن‬،‫کردن‬ ‫ زخ‬،‫اره کردن‬
Persian
vâlâneh: wound (‫واﻻنه )وﻻنه‬
‫واﻻنه‬
vulnerable :‫هم‬
POK:1144, EIV:208 MON:4966, POK:1145, ARN:515
NOTE- Sanskrit "vrana: wound" is from this root too.
Indo-European
Ap: to take, receive, reach
Av/Old Pers
ap 1, af, ab: to receive
Pahlavi
apâm, avâm: something
Persian
vâm: loan (۲‫وام )فام‬
‫وام‬
received.
‫ دست آوردن‬، ‫گرف‬ POK:50, SNS:14, FFD:82 avâm: loan ‫اوام‬
NOTE- HRN: 31 does not
Indo-European
POK:50
Avestan agree with this derivation ‫شه ار‬ ‫درم خواست فام از‬
Mai 1, Mei 5: to change ‫عوض کردن‬ maii: to change BQT:2254, SNS:14, EIV:177 ( ‫برو انجـ ـم ــن شد سـی ما ــه دار )فردو‬
SNS:14, BQT, AEF:173, EIV:177
EIV:177 EIV:177
Indo-European
Wem, Wema: spit, vomit
ُ
‫ استفراق‬،‫تف‬
Avestan
vam: vomit
Pahlavi
vâmîtan: to vomit
Persian
vâmidan: to vomit
‫وام دن‬
vâtâk: saliva (‫وام دن )وم دن‬ ‫استفراق کردن‬
POK:1146-1147 ARN:523
POK:1146, HRN:296 ARN:523
vomit :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Wai: alas ‫افسوس‬
Avestan
vayôi, âvôya: alas
Persian
vây: alas, woe ‫وای‬
۱‫وای‬
‫شان ح ت‬
POK:1110 POK:1110 BQT:2255
woe :‫هم‬
‫ و ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫وای‬

Indo-European
Wel 3: to turn, roll ‫ تا اندن‬،‫چرخاندن‬
Indo-European
Wel 4: curly hair, wool ‫ شم‬،‫موی فرفری‬
Avestan
varenâ: wool
Pahlavi
warr: wool
Persian
vabar: wool ‫َو َ ر‬
‫َو َ ر‬
‫شم‬
POK:1139-1140 POK:1139-1140 POK:1139-1140, ARN:517 ARN:517
wool :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Webh: to weave
Indo-European
Wopsâ: insects with web nests
Iranian
vawža: wasp
Avestan
vawža: wasp
Pahlavi
vassz: wasp
Persian
vabz: wasp ‫َو ز‬
‫َو ز‬
‫اف‬ AHD:1550, POK:1179, KLN:1731, POK:1179 vawžaka: scorpion POK:1179, AHD:951 ‫زنبور‬
POK:1114 POK:1179, ARN:518 wasp :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Avestan
čâra: to mediate
Pahlavi
vičir: judge
Persian
vačar: judgment ‫وچر‬
‫وچر‬
POK:641, EIV:236 vi-čir: to find a choice, judge vicîtan: to vačargar: judge ‫وچرگر‬
‫ چاره‬:‫هم‬
choose
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite vi-kay: to set apart, choose BQT:1809,2258, MON:4988
FFD:73,
POK:641, BQT:1813
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 NOTE- cognate with Sanskrit "vi-cay: to choose"
‫ وخش دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َوخش‬

Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
vak, vačah, vaxš: word,
Avestan
vaxš-ô-bara:
Pahlavi
vaxš-war:
Persian
vaxšûr: prophet, Zoroaster ‫َوخشور‬
‫َوخشور‬
POK:1135
voice, sound word carrier messenger
‫ه گفتار َوخشور خود راه جوی‬ ‫پ ام‬
POK:1135 voice :‫هم‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers HRN:241 MON:4992 ( ‫دل از تـ ــرگیهـا ـد ـن آب شـوی )فردو‬
Bher 1: to carry ‫حمل کردن‬ bar: to carry MON:4992, BQT:2260, HRN:241
POK:128,163, PRT:234, SYN:107 POK:128
Indo-European
Aweg, Wog, Aug: to magnify, increase
Avestan
vaxšaiti: allows to grow
Pahlavi
waxšidan: to grow
Persian
vaxšidan: to grow, increase
‫وخش دن‬
‫ رشد دادن‬،‫ز اد کردن‬ POK:85 POK:85, ARN:519 (‫وخش دن )وخش‬
POK:85 ARN:519
‫َد‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َود‬

‫ وردیج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ودخ‬
Indo-European
Wer 1: to speak ‫صح ت کردن‬
Avestan
ver 2: to decide, command
Persian
var: tests like passing through fire to prove one's innocence ‫َور‬
‫َور‬
upa-var: in belief ‫آزمون ب گنا‬
POK:1162 MON, BQT
urvata: determination, command
POK:1162, KLN:1751, SYN:1254
185
. ‫ُوراز‬
‫ گراز‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ُوراز‬
‫ کرک‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ورتک‬
‫ ارج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ورج‬
‫ ـ جرد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۱‫ـ َورد‬
Indo-European
Word: thorn, flower ‫ ل‬، ‫خار‬
Av /Old Iranian
wrda, varedha: rose
Pahlavi
vardâ, vard,
Persian
vard: rose ‫َورد‬
۲‫َورد‬
KLN:1357, SYN:527 vart َ ‫ُس‬
Indo-European Avestan suxra-vard: red rose sohrvard: red rose ‫هرورد‬
Keuk: to shine, be white suxra: glowing red KLN:1357, BQT:1822 MON:5000, AHD:1550, SYN:527
‫درخش دن‬ POK:597, HRN:161,165, IRN:128
POK:597
َ
‫ نورد دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َوردنه‬
Indo-European
Wortoko: quail ‫لدرچ‬
Pahlavi
vartak 2: a water bird
Persian
vardîj: quail ( ‫وردیج )ودخ‬
‫وردیج‬
‫لدرچ‬
POK:1180 HRN:242 MON:5001, BQT:2262 NOTE- see "Wer 4: water, wet" for another possible root
water :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Wer 4, Ud 2: water, wet ‫ رط ت‬،‫آب‬
Avestan
udra: water animal, otter
Pahlavi
vartak 2: a water bird
Persian
vardîj: quail ( ‫وردیج )ودخ‬
‫وردیج‬
POK:78, AHD:1547,1549, KLN:1732, EIV:406 POK:78 HRN:242 MON:5001, BQT:2262 ‫لدرچ‬
NOTE- see "Wortoko: quail" for another possible root water :‫هم‬
‫ ورزدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ورز‬

Indo-European
Wâka, Wakâ: cow ‫او‬
Pahlavi
varzâ, warzâg: cow
Persian
varzâ: bull ‫ ورزاو‬،‫ورزا‬
‫ورزا‬
‫او نر‬
POK:1111, ARN:521 ARN:521 ARN:521
‫ ورزدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ورزش‬

Indo-European
Werg 1: to work ‫ار کردن‬
Avestan
vareza: work
Persian
varzîdan: to work (‫ورز دن )ورزش‬
‫ورزدن‬
POK:1168 POK:1168, KLN:1751, SYN:537 barz, varz: work ‫ ورز‬،‫َبرز‬
BQT, MON

Werg 1: to work vard: work ?
POK:1168 KNT:207
۲‫ گرس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َورس‬

Indo-European
Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend
Sanskrit
varj: to turn around
Persian
varğ: a dam made to turn water around ‫ورغ‬
‫ورغ‬
‫ خم شدن‬،‫چرخ دن‬ ‫دل ــرد و مـرا نـ ــز ـ ـم ــردم نـش ـم ــرد‬ ‫بند آب‬
POK:1154
divert :‫هم‬
POK:1142-1157, POK:649 ( ‫گفتارچه سوداست که ورغ آب ب د )فر‬
BQT:258,2273, HRN:242
Indo-European
Weren: lamb ‫بره‬
Av/Old Pers
varnak: lamb
Pahlavi
varrak: lamb
Persian
varğeneh: falcon ‫ورغنه‬
‫ورغنه‬
POK:1170 POK:1170
‫"قاتل‬: ‫شاه‬
vâra-ğna, vâren-žar, varâğ: lamb killer kalâğ: crow ‫ﻼغ‬
Indo-European Old Persian (referred to falcon or crow)
"‫ّبره‬
Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt ‫ آزردن‬،‫زدن‬ jan.: to strike BQT, POK:1170, HRN:192,
POK:1170, BQT:268
POK:492, EIV:222 KNT:184,185
Indo-European Persian َ ‫َو‬

‫روره‬
Wer 6: squirrel ‫سنجاب‬ varvareh: squirrel َ ‫َو‬
‫روره‬
ً ‫سنجاب‬
POK:1166 POK:1166521:‫ آة‬،
۲‫ برنج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ور زه‬

۲‫ گرس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َور س‬
186
َ
‫َوزغ‬
َ
Indo-European
Wêğo: lizard? ‫مارمول ؟‬
Avestan
vazaghâ: lizard, frog
Persian
vazağ: frog
َ
‫َوزغ‬
‫َوزغ‬
IEC:1499 IEC:1499 vazağeh: a small lizard ‫وزغه‬
IEC:1499, BQT:2278, HRN:242,
َ
‫ َوزغ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫وزغه‬
Indo-European
Avestan
vaza 2, vâzišta: travel
Persian
vazîdan: to blow (wind) ‫وز دن‬
‫وزدن‬
weigh :‫هم‬
POK:1119 POK:1119 BQT, MON
Indo-European
Avestan
čâra: to mediate
Pahlavi
vičir: judge
Arabic
wazîr
Persian
vazîr: minister
‫وزر‬
POK:641, EIV:236 vi-čir: to find a choice, ‫وز ر‬
‫ وچرگر‬:‫مق‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers FFD:73, BQT:1813 KLN:1718
judge
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite POK:641, BQT:1813
BQT:2279
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204 NOTE- cognate with Sanskrit "vi-cay: to choose"
Akkadian
Âsû : to rise, come out (said of the sun) (‫اﻻ آمدن )خورش د‬
Arabic
wazu: to become beautiful
Persian
vozû: the washing before prayer ‫وضو‬
‫وضو‬
Asia :‫هم‬
KLN:113, AHD:77 wodu: the washing before prayer FVA:432, MON:5037
KLN:113
‫ل‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ ُول‬،‫ ول‬،‫َول‬

‫ واﻻنه‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫وﻻنه‬
‫ل‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ولغونه‬
‫ وام دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫وم دن‬
۱‫ ُبن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫َون‬
Indo-European
Wâ, We: to be empty ‫خا بودن‬
Avestan
unâ, ûna, uyamna: empty, needing
Persian
vang 1: empty, poor ۱‫َونگ‬
۱‫َونگ‬
‫ما از شمار آدم ان م سنگ دل‬
‫ناچ‬
POK:345 POK:345, KLN:1687
void :‫هم‬
( ‫از معص ت توانگر و از طاعت م ونگ )سوز‬
NOTE- HUB:105 has doubts about this etymology. POK:345, HRN:243, BQT:2293
‫انگ‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫َونگ‬

Indo-European
Avestan
varethra: defender, also name of a demon
Pahlavi
varhrâm: victorious
Persian
vahrâm: victorious
‫وهرام‬
‫ محصورکردن‬،‫پوشاندن‬ ‫وهرام‬ ‫پ وز‬
POK:1116 BQT:324
POK:1116, IEC:1599 BQT
cover :‫هم‬
‫ آو خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫وخ‬

Indo-European
Avestan
vaeda, vîdada: I know
Persian
vîdâ: apparent ‫و دا‬
‫و دا‬
vidya: knowledge ‫ ه دا‬:‫هم‬
POK:1125 MON, BQT
POK:1125, 1126 wisdom :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Wei 2: vital force
Indo-European
Wiros: man
Avestan
vîra: man, (his mind)
Pahlavi
vîr: awareness
Persian
vîr: memory, intelligence (‫و ر ) ـ ـر‬
‫ور‬
‫ن وی ح ا‬ ‫مرد‬ bar 1: memory ۱‫َبر‬ ‫حافظه‬
POK:1177, KLN:1714 BQT:334
POK:1123,1177, KLN:1714 POK:1123,1177, KLN:1714 ‫ب س د نامش ز ف ّ خ هج ــر‬
( ‫دوگفت نامش ندانم ه و ر )فردو‬
MON:489, BQT:2298, BQT:262

Wei 2: vital force vôi, vây, vîvâiti, vayeiti 2: to chase ?
POK:1123,1177, KLN:1714 vyâna: followed
POK:1123
187
. ‫و راس‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
vîrâstan: to edit (‫و راس )و را ش‬
‫و راس‬
POK:55
‫ آراس‬:‫هم‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers vi-râiti, vi-radh: set apart BQT, AEF, FFD
order :‫هم‬
WLD:74, POK:56
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
‫ و راس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫و را ش‬
Indo-European
Avestan
vîš 2: bird
Pahlavi
vôi, vây, vâyandak:
Persian
vây: bird ‫وای‬
‫وش‬
bird ostrich :‫هم‬
POK:86 vayu: air vîš: bird ‫وش‬
POK:86, HRN:296, SYN:183 POK:86, NYB:207 HRN:995, FRS:56 .‫این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
wi-sâ, vi-hây: untie
Persian
vištâsp: with ready horses
‫و شتاسپ‬
POK:891, POK:977, KLN:1448, EIV:135
"‫" ا اس ان آماده‬
Višta-aspa, vištaspa: with unbound (ready) ‫و شتاسپ‬
Indo-European Av/Old Pers horses
Wi: part, apart ‫جدا‬ wi, vî: apart, away, opposite AHD:1273, EIV:136
POK:891,892, BRT:1800, FFD:74, EIV:136
POK:1175,1176 POK:1175, KNT:204
Indo-European
POK:301
Indo-European
Win: wine ‫اب‬
Persian
vîn: black grape, color, vineyard (world ?) ‫ون‬
‫ون‬
‫ا ـ ــر زن ـ ــد ا بود د ــر ــاز‬ (‫تا ستان )دن ا؟‬
NOTE- This is probably a Mediterranean word.
ّ ‫براین و ن‬ wine :‫هم‬
( ‫خرم مانم دراز )فردو‬
AHD:1547
FVF:695, AFM:159, BQT:2302, FSF:341
Indo-European
Ser 3: to line up, arrange, sort
Sanskrit
sarat: thread
Persian
hâr: string of beads, necklace, neck ‫هار‬
‫هار‬
‫گ ده سواران برون از شمار‬ ‫ گردن ند‬،‫گردن‬
‫رد ف کردن‬ hâra: string of beads
series :‫هم‬
( ‫ـ ـران اد ــا ــان آهـ ـخــته هار )فردو‬
POK:911, IEC:1131 IEC:1131, MON:5081
IEC:1131, MON:5081

Ser 3: to line up, arrange, sort hara: mountain range ?
POK:911, IEC:1131 IEC
Indo-European
Sâen: to be late, a period of time
Avestan
hâthra: a time period
Pahlavi
hâsr, hâsar: a unit of time,
Persian
hâsr: a unit of time ‫ها‬
‫ها‬
‫ مد از زمان‬، ‫تاخ داش‬
about two hours. ‫واحد قد زمان‬
POK:890 HRN:280
POK:889
SNS:3 ‫ا فاصله‬
NOTE- On page 67 of "Pajhoheshi dar Asatir Iran", Mehrdad Bahar defines "hâser" as a unit of length about 700 meters
Indo-European
Greek
helios: sun
Persian
hâleh: halo, hue ‫هاله‬
‫هاله‬
helium :‫هم‬
POK:881 AHD MON:5091, TAD:75
Indo-European
Avestan
hama 1: same, equal, flat level
Persian
hâmûn: land with same (flat) elevation ‫هامون‬
‫هامون‬
same :‫هم‬
POK:902,904 POK:902-904 BQT, HRN
Indo-European
Sam: summer ‫تا ستان‬
Avestan
ham 2, hama 2: summer
Persian
hâmin, hamin: summer ‫ هم‬، ‫هام‬
‫هام‬
POK:905 POK:905, KLN:1541 HRN:280 ‫تا ستان‬
.‫این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد‬ summer :‫هم‬
188
‫هان‬
Indo-European
Sen: old ‫پ‬
Avestan
hana, hanâ: old
Persian
hân: old (obsolete) ‫هان‬
‫هان‬
‫پ‬
POK:907 POK:907 HRN:280 .‫این لغت ا م وک شده و ا استفاده از آن س ار محدود می اشد‬ senior :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Seu 4, Hau 1: to extract, squeeze out ‫عصاره گرف‬
Avestan
hau-: to press ‫ف دن‬
Pahlavi
hâvan: mortar
Persian
hâvan: mortar ‫هاون‬
‫هاون‬
EIV:134 Hâvana: mortar ‫هاون‬ MON:5095 BQT:2312, HRN:244, EIV:134
MON:5095, EIV:134
َ
Indo-European
Skeng: crooked, bent ‫ خم ده‬،‫ناصاف‬
Avestan
haxti: that which bends, leg, shank
Pahlavi
haxt: thigh
Persian
hax: foot sole (obsolete)
َ
‫هخ‬
‫هخ‬
POK:930 POK:930 SNS:2 HRN:279 ‫کف ا‬
Indo-European
Avestan
haxay, haši: follower, companion,
Persian
Haxâmaneš: "with friendly thoughts
‫هخام ش‬
POK:896
friend and manners" ‫" ا پندار و رفتار‬
haxa-maniš: friendly mannered ‫هخام ش‬ "‫دوستانه‬
Men 1: to think manah: mind, manners
POK:896 MON, BQT
‫فکر کردن‬ man 1: to resemble
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT
Indo-European
Sol: whole ‫ امل‬،‫تمام‬
Avestan
haurva 1: whole, all, each
Persian
har: each ‫هر‬
‫هر‬
haurvatât: completeness hologram :‫هم‬
POK:979 BQT:729,2318
POK:979
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
hareva, haraiva: a river in Afghanistan
Persian
harât: "the flowing" ‫هرات‬
‫هرات‬
Srêm: running ‫جاری‬ "‫"ج ان‬
POK:909
POK:909,1003, KNT:205, IEC:1276
Indo-European
Ser 2: protect ‫حفاظت کردن‬
Greek
heros: protector
French Persian
herkûl: "protector" ‫هرکول‬
‫هرکول‬
Heracles: a legendary strong man "‫"نگه ان‬
POK:910 MON5: 2269
KLN:724
hero :‫هم‬

Ser 2: protect haraiti, haurvaiti: protects ?
POK:910 haurva 2: protecting
POK:910, KLN:338
‫ ا ر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هرگز‬

‫ اهورامزدا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هرمز‬
Indo-European
Gheslo: thousand ‫هزار‬
Avestan
hazanrem, hazangra: thousand
Pahlavi
hazâr: thousand
Persian
hezâr: thousand ‫هزار‬
‫هزار‬
kilo :‫هم‬
POK:446 POK:446 POK:446, ARN:527 POK:446, BQT:2331
‫ زان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هزوان‬

ُ
Indo-European
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-čitra: nice faced
Persian
hožîr: "well faced"
‫ه ر‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
ُ
‫هژ یر‬
"‫"ز ا روی‬
POK:780,1037, HRN:111, HUB:57
BQT
Skai: shining, bright ‫ روشن‬،‫درخشان‬ čitra: clarity, face, also race and origin
POK:917 POK:700,916, BQT:2047,674, KNT:184
‫ اس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هست‬

‫ اس‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هس‬
189
. ‫هسته‬
‫ استخوان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هسته‬
Indo-European
Okto: eight ‫هشت‬
Av/Old Pers
ašta: eight
Persian
hašt: eight ‫هشت‬
‫هشت‬
eight :‫هم‬
POK:775 POK:775, KLN:504 BQT:2238
Indo-European
Selg, Harz: to let go, release ‫رها کردن‬
Avestan
harz, herezaiti: to allow, release
Persian
haštan, heštan: to let go ‫هش‬
‫هش‬
halîdan: to let go ‫هل دن‬ ‫رها کردن‬
POK:900, EIV:133 POK:900, HRN:245
BQT:2361, 2339, EIV:133
Indo-European
Septm: seven ‫هفت‬
Av/Old Pers
hapta: seven
Persian
haft: seven ‫هفت‬
‫هفت‬
seven :‫هم‬
POK:909 POK:909, KLN:1426 BQT:2341
Indo-European
Indo-European
Dkm-tom: hundred
Greek
hektaton: hundred
French
hectare: a unit of area
Persian
hectâr: 10,000 square meters
‫هکتار‬
POK:191 AHD
‫ آر‬:‫مق‬
AHD ‫هکتار‬
Indo-European Latin area :‫هم‬
As: to burn ‫سوزاندن‬ arêre: to become dry (land) MON:39, 5159
POK:68
ara: an area (of dry land)
KLN:102
‫ هش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هل دن‬

Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
ham: too, together (‫هم )همه‬
‫هم‬
same :‫هم‬
POK:902,904 POK:902-904 ,‫ اندام‬,‫ اندازه‬, ‫ انداخ‬,‫ انج دن‬,‫ انجمن‬,‫ انجام‬,‫ ان اغ‬, ‫ ان اش‬,‫ ان از‬,‫ ان ار‬:"‫مثال فرم "ان ـ‬
‫ انگ ه‬, ‫ انگ خ‬, ‫ ان اش‬,‫ ان اردن‬,‫ اند ش دن‬,‫ اندوه‬,‫ اندوز دن‬,‫ اندودن‬, ‫ اندوخ‬،‫اندرز‬
KLN:58

Sem: same ha: one, with ?
POK:902,904
ha-dâ: with
ham: together
KNT:211,212
Indo-European
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-mâyâ: well, blessed
Persian
homâ: blessed (‫هما )همایون‬
‫هما‬
‫ هومن‬:‫هم‬
َ
‫ آمار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫همار‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Pahlavi
ham-êmâl, hamahl: equal, similar
Persian
hamâl: like ‫همال‬
‫همال‬
farrox-hamâl: prosperous ‫ف ّ خ همال‬ ‫مانند‬
POK:902,904 POK:902-904 MON:5176
IEC, MON
same :‫هم‬
۱‫ مان‬+ ‫ هم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫همان‬

‫ هما‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫همایون‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
ham-tak: road companion ‫ هم تگ‬،‫هم تک‬
‫هم تک‬
‫هم سفر‬
POK:1059, EIV:374 POK:1059, BQT:503 ‫ما و مجنون ه ره اد ه هم تگ بود م‬
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬ ham 1: with, also, too (‫ف‬ ) ‫ق ــدمــی چ ـن ــد زه ـم ـراهــی ما دور اف ـتــاد‬
POK:902,904 POK:902-904 BQT, MON, IEC:1372
NOTE- Teku may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive"
‫ ا اتان‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫همدان‬

۲‫ وار‬+ ‫ هم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هموار‬
190
‫همه‬
‫ هم‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫همه‬
same :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
yâsta, yânhaeiti: belted
Persian
hamyân: belt, long money bag wrapped around
‫هم ان‬
POK:513
the waist ‫م ند‬
Indo-European Avestan ham-yân: belt ‫هم ان‬
POK:513, KLN:1770, SYN:434, EIV:210 BQT:2373, EIV:210
POK:902,904 POK:902-904
َ َ
Indo-European
Smeit: to throw, send
Avestan
maêth: to send, throw
Pahlavi
hamêstâr: enemy
Persian
hamîstar: enemy
َ
‫هم س‬
‫هم س‬
forward
hamista: thrown down, put down hamîstakân: a place between ‫دشمن‬
‫ ه جلو فرستادن‬،‫پرتاب کردن‬ hamêstagân: hell and heaven
hamaêstar: one who throws down, enemy awkward situation
‫هم ست ان‬
POK:968 POK:968, KLN:988 SNS:53
HRN:279, MON:5185
َ َ َ َ
‫ هم س‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هم ست ان‬
‫ هام‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هم‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
hanjâr: path ‫هنجار‬
‫هنجار‬
‫ز ه ـن ـجــار د ـگــر درآمــد ـه روم‬ ‫راه‬
POK:1064,1067 BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7
(‫فروماند گنج اندرون مرز و بوم )نظا گنجوی‬ tone :‫هم‬
BQT, MON, HRN, SNS, FFD
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
hanjîdan: to pull or dig out (‫هنج دن )آهنج دن‬
‫هنج دن‬
tension :‫هم‬
BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7
POK:1064,1067 BQT, MON, HRN, SNS, FFD
Indo-European
Teku: to run, flow
Avestan
Avestan
ham-tač,
Pahlavi
handâčak: throw
Arabic Persian
hendeseh: the
‫هندسه‬
POK:1059, BQT:503 ham-tak: to together (like laying a science of "‫"اندازه گ ی‬
‫ ج ان اف‬،‫دو دن‬ throw together yardstick next to something "measurements"
Indo-European for measurement), measure
‫هندسه‬
POK:1059, EIV:374
Sem: same ‫ همان‬،‫هم‬ BQT:128, HRN:27 BQT:2379, HRN:27
BQT
POK:902,904
NOTE- the root "Teku: to flow" may be related to "Tek, Tač: to reach, receive"
Indo-European
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-nara: good virtue, art
Persian
honar: "nice work" ‫ه‬
‫ه‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037 "‫" ار ز ا‬
POK:780,1037, HRN:111, HUB:57 BQT
Indo-European
Ner 1: vital energy, man ‫ مرد‬، ‫انرژی ح ا‬
POK:765
Indo-European
Avestan
han-gama: at the same time, during
Persian
hengâm: time ‫هن ام‬
‫هن ام‬
POK:902,904 ‫ زمان‬:‫هم‬
BQT:172 BQT, MON,EIV
Indo-European Av/Old Pers come :‫هم‬
Gwa: to walk, step ‫قدم زدن‬ gam: to come, step
POK:463,EIV:98 POK:463, KLN:318
Indo-European
Kwes: to pant, to breathe fast ‫نفس نفس زدن‬
Persian
havâ: air ‫هوا‬ ُ
‫هوا‬
‫ شش‬:‫هم‬
POK:631, CEL6: 284, EIV:369 CEL6: 284
Indo-European
Av/Old Pers
ux: word
Persian
hûxt: good words, prayer, prayer house ‫هوخت‬
‫هوخت‬
POK:1135 hu-ux-tay: good words
‫دعا‬
ETM:72, BQT:2388
Indo-European Avestan voice :‫هم‬
ETM:72
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
191
. ‫هوخش‬
Indo-European
Old Persian
hu, u, uv: good
Old Persian
u-vaxštra: well grown,
Persian
Hovaxšatar: a former
‫هوخش‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 KNT:175
former king of Media king of Media ‫"خوب رشد‬
Indo-European Indo-European Old Persian KNT:175,176,177 ‫هوخش‬ "‫کرده‬
Yeu 1, Yauj: to join, harness Aueg : to grow, strengthen vaxš: grow KNT:177
‫ مهار کردن‬،‫جفت کردن‬ ‫ قوی شدن‬،‫رشد کردن‬ KNT:177
POK:509, EIV:217 POK:84-85 ،510, EIV:217
‫ خور‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هور‬

‫ ِح ا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هور ان‬
‫ اهورامزدا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫هورمزد‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
hûš: intelligence ۲‫هوش‬
۱‫هوش‬
POK:78,785, KLN:126,494
ear :‫هم‬
ûši-dâta: intelligent hûš-yâr: intelligent ‫هوش ار‬
Dô: to give, create ‫ خلق کردن‬،‫دادن‬ dâ 1: to give POK:785 POK:785
POK:223 BQT:121, POK:223,225
Indo-European
Aus 2: to shine ‫درخش دن‬
Avestan
usaiti: to light up
Pahlavi
huš: morning
Persian
hûš 2: morning ۲‫هوش‬
۲‫هوش‬
ušâ: east, dawn ‫صبح‬
Ausus: dawn ‫س ده دم‬ SNS:67 HRN:281, SNS:67
ušas-tara: east east :‫هم‬
POK:86, KLN:495
POK:86, SYN:871
Indo-European
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hav-sivanga, hao-šyangh:
Persian
Hûšang: "good builder",
‫هوشنگ‬
good builder, with good household with good household
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
Indo-European Av/Old Pers BQT, FAF:708, ZMA:48
‫هوشنگ‬
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig ‫کندن‬ šan, šyangh: house, household BQT, FAF:708, ZMA:48
NOTE- Cognate with "kan 1: to dig out"
EIV:232, POK:534
ZMA:49-51
Indo-European
Seu 2: juice, to take liquid, squeeze
Avestan
hau 1: to press, squeeze
Persian
howm: a juicy plant which was considered very holy
‫هوم‬
by the ancient Aryan people soak :‫هم‬
‫ ف دن‬،‫عصاره‬ haoma: ephedra plant, mahuang shrub
‫هوم‬
POK:912 POK:912, KNT:211
HRN:249, BQT:2398
Indo-European
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-mana: well mannered
Persian
Hûman: "well mannered" ‫هومن‬
‫هومن‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037
"‫"ن ک رفتار‬
BQT, FAF:708, ZMA:48 BQT, FAF:708, ZMA:48
Indo-European Avestan mind :‫هم‬
Men 1: to think ‫فکر کردن‬ manah: mind, manners
POK:726 POK:726,727, BQT
Indo-European
Avestan
hu 1: good
Avestan
hu-vaeda: well known
Persian
hovaydâ: "well apparent"
‫ه دا‬
POK:1037, KLN:548 POK:1037 POK:780,1037, HRN:111, HUB:57 ‫هو دا‬
BQT
Weid: to see, to know ‫ دا س‬،‫د دن‬ vaeda, vîdada: I know
POK:1125 POK:1125, 1126
Indo-European
I 2 : pronominal stem ‫ر شه س اری از ضم ها‬
Indo-European
Au 1: one, this one
Av/Old Pers
aiva-čiy: nothing
Pahlavi
hêč: nothing
Persian
hîč: nothing
‫هیچ‬
Indo-European POK:281, KNT:203 POK:73,75,281,286 POK:73,75,286, BQT, SNS:91 ‫هیچ‬
BQT:2417, KNT:164
Kwo: stem of interrogative and relative pronouns ‫ر شه ضمایر سئوا و س‬ BQT, SNS:86,91
POK:644,646, AHD
192
‫هخ‬
Indo-European
Avestan
Persian
‫هخ‬
‫ هنج دن‬:‫مق‬
POK:1064,1067 BQT:1481,2376,2381, SNS:7 BQT, HRN, SNS
tension :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Avestan
âtarš, âthra: fire
Pahlavi
hêr-bed: fire guard,
Persian
hêrbod: fire guard, teacher
‫ه د‬
POK:69 POK:69, KLN:123
leader, teacher
‫ه د‬ ،"‫"نگه ان آ ش‬
Indo-European Avestan Pahlavi ‫پ شوا‬
BQT:13 BQT
Per 3: oppose, hit paiti 2: paitiš, pat, pêš: in
counter, back front of, before, leader
POK:815-818 POK:815 BQT:440
Indo-European
Indo-European
Yero: year
Avestan
yâr, yâra: year
Pahlavi
yâirka: one year old.
Persian
hîrak: a baby animal ‫هک‬
‫هک‬
year :‫هم‬
POK:293,501, KLN:825 POK:296, KLN:1761 POK:296, KLN:1796 HRN:249 BQT:2406
Indo-European
Aidh: to burn ‫سوزاندن‬
Av/Old Pers
aesmo: heat
Persian
hîzom: firewood ‫ه م‬
‫ه م‬
hêzum: fire wood hîmeh: firewood ‫ه مه‬ anneal :‫هم‬
PRT, KLN, AHD
POK:11 BQT:2407, HRN:249
‫ ه م‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ه مه‬

Indo-European
Indo-European
Uê: or
Av/Old Pers
va, vâ: or
Pahlavi
ayâb, ayâ, ayâo: or
Persian
yâ: or ‫ا‬
‫ا‬
‫ر شه س اری از ضم ها‬ POK:73,75,281,286 POK:73,75,286, BQT:2417, KNT:164 BQT, SNS:91 BQT, SNS:86,91
POK:281, KNT:203
Indo-European
Avestan
yata, yâta, ya: remember
Pahlavi
yât, âyât
Persian
yâd: memory ‫اد‬
‫اد‬
POK:505 POK:505 HRN:250 BQT:2412, SNS:85, TZF:22
Indo-European
Yat, Yet: to go, reach, take position ‫ جا گرف‬،‫ رس دن‬، ‫رف‬
Avestan
yat: to take one's position
Persian
yâzîdan: to stretch, desire, intend ‫از دن‬
‫ازدن‬
‫ قصد‬،‫ال دن‬
EIV:214 EIV:214 MON, BQT,EIV:215
‫کردن‬
‫ جادو‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اسه‬

Indo-European
Ap: to take, receive, reach ‫ دست آوردن‬، ‫گرف‬
Av/Old Pers
ap 1, af, ab: to receive
Pahlavi
ayâf, ayâb: to find
Persian
yâftan: to find ‫اف‬
‫اف‬
abi-âp, abi-âf: to detain ‫ وام‬:‫هم‬
POK:50 FFD:82 BQT:2419, FFD:82
POK:50, SNS:14, FFD:82 couple :‫هم‬
‫ا ند‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اقوت‬

Greek
Hyakinthos: a bulbous plant with fragrant flowers.
Pahlavi
yâkand: ruby
Persian
yâkand: ruby (‫ا ند ) اقوت‬
‫ا ند‬
.‫ک گ اه پ ازدار ا لهای س ار معطر‬ hyacinth :‫هم‬
SNS:299 BQT:2420, MON:5247, SNS:299, FAF:712
AHD:644, KLN:752 NOTE- "Hyakinthos" is apparently a pre-Hellenic word of the Mediterranean origin.
Avestan
Yâvarenâ: a stone or tool for beating and crushing grains ‫سنگ برای خرد کردن گندم‬
Persian
yâvar: stone or other objects used for crushing grains ‫اور‬ ُ
‫اور‬
‫ابزار خرد کردن‬
HRN:252 BQT:2422
‫غﻼت‬
193
. ‫یخ‬
Indo-European
Eis 2: ice ‫یخ‬
Avestan
isav: frosty
Persian
yax: ice ‫یخ‬
‫یخ‬
aêxa: ice ice :‫هم‬
POK:301 BQT:2427
HRN:252, POK:301

Eis 2: ice viyaxna: ice ?
POK:301 SOD:452
‫ ایزد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫یزد‬

‫ ایزد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫یزدان‬
Indo-European
Avestan
yazatanam: God
Persian
Yazdgerd: "God's creation" ‫یزدگرد‬
‫یزدگرد‬
POK:501
‫ ار‬+ ‫ایزد‬
Indo-European Old Persian yazato-kerata: God's creation BQT, ETM
Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form krta: creation, city

POK:501, HRN:95,252, KLN:1759
‫ شک ل دادن‬، ‫ساخ‬ HRN:201
POK:641, EIV:236
Indo-European
Avestan
yesnya: worship
Pahlavi
yasn, yašt: worship
Persian
yasnâ: worship ceremony ‫سنا‬
‫سنا‬
‫ مزد سنا‬:‫مق‬
POK:501 POK:501, HRN:95,252, KLN:1759 ARN:540 BQT, ETM
Indo-European
Indo-European
Au 1: one, this one
Av/Old Pers
ava 2, aiva, aêva, aeva,
Pahlavi
êvak, yak: one
Persian
yak, yek: one ‫ک‬
‫ک‬
‫ر شه س اری از ضم ها‬ aivaka: one
POK:73,75,281,286 BQT, SNS:91 BQT, SNS:86,91
POK:281, KNT:203 POK:73,75,286, BQT:2417,
‫ یوزدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫یوز‬

‫ ارد‬+ ‫ یوزدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫یوز لنگ‬
Indo-European
Yeu 3: to mix, blend
Indo-European
yeu-dh: shaken, active, fight
Avestan
yaoz, yaozaiti:
Persian
yûzîdan: to be active, to search ‫یوز دن‬
‫یوزدن‬
‫مخلوط کردن‬ yeug: ready to fight
search, fight
‫ز ـه ــر طﻼ ه ک ــی کینه توز‬ ‫ جوش دن‬:‫هم‬
POK:506 KLN:833, POK:512 KLN:833, POK:512, ( ‫فرس ـتـاد الشــکری رزم ـوز )فردو‬
IEC:446
BQT, MON
Indo-European
Yeu 1, Yauj: to join, harness ‫ مهار کردن‬،‫جفت کردن‬
Avestan
yaoj, yuj: I harnessed
Persian
yûğ: yoke ‫یغ‬
‫یغ‬
POK:509, EIV:217 yuxta: harnessed, joined joft: pair (union) ‫جفت‬
BQT:577,1228,2458, POK:509
Semitic
H.n.n: to have grace and
Hebrew
hânan: was
Greek
Iwannos:
Greek
Ion: Hellenic people who settled
Old Persian
yauna: Greece
Persian
yûnân: Greece ‫یونان‬
‫یونان‬
ّ
kindness gracious gracious in the Mediterranean islands in ‫ حنان‬:‫هم‬
1100 BC. KLN:813, KNT:204 BQT:2549
‫شکوه و مح ت داش‬ KLN:701 KLN KLN:813, OEW:xi
KLN:701
194
‫؟‬
‫نمودارهای ناتمام‬
Indo-European
Ai, Hei, Heiwâ: to give ‫دادن‬
Avestan
aêta: share
Persian
?
‫؟‬
diet :‫هم‬
POK:10-11 POK:10
Indo-European
Aik: to possess, own ‫بودن‬ ‫مال‬
Avestan
îs, îše, îšti, âêšâ 1: wealth, power
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:298, KLN:1106 îsvan, išvan: wealthy own :‫هم‬
POK:298, KLN:1106, SYN:771,772
Indo-European
An 3: on, upon, above, to ‫ اﻻی‬،‫روی‬
Av/Old Pers
ana: on, upon
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:39 anu, anuv: to, after, along on, uopn :‫هم‬
anu-i: going along
POK:39, KLN:67, KNT:164
Indo-European
Andho: blind, dark ‫ تارک‬،‫کور‬
Avestan
anda, ando: blind
Persian
?
‫؟‬
umbrella :‫هم‬
POK:41 POK:41, SYN:323
Indo-European
Bhad: good ‫خوب‬
Avestan
badra: good fortune, luck
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:106 hu-badra: (with) good luck, lucky best :‫هم‬
POK:106, KLN:167
Indo-European
Bhen: to strike ‫ه زدن‬
Avestan
ban: to be sick
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:126 banta: sick
banay: to make sick
KLN:145, SYN:304
Indo-European
De: demonstrative stem ‫ا ر شه اشاره‬ ‫ضم‬
Avestan
dim: him, her, he, she
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:181 dit: it to :‫هم‬
-da 5: toward, to
POK:183, KLN:1622
Indo-European
Eti: above, beyond ‫ ورا‬،‫اﻻ‬
Avestan
aiti 1: over, beyond
Persian
?
‫؟‬
et cetera :‫هم‬
POK:344, KLN:545 KLN:545, KNT:166
195
. ‫؟‬
Indo-European
Eti: above, beyond ‫ ورا‬،‫اﻻ‬
Old Persian
ati: beyond
Persian
?
‫؟‬
et cetera :‫هم‬
POK:344, KLN:545 KNT:166
Indo-European
Ghê: to go, also to go without (lack) ‫ فاقد بودن‬،‫ رها کردن‬، ‫رف‬
Avestan
zâ 1: to go
Persian
?
‫؟‬
Ghi-ghe-me: I reach, meet with ‫ مﻼقات م کنم‬،‫م سم‬ zazâmi: I dismiss go :‫هم‬
POK:418, KLN:666 POK:418, KLN:666
Indo-European
Ghen: to bite, chew ‫ ج دن‬،‫از زدن‬
Avestan
gnixta: chewed
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:436 aiwi-gnixta: eaten up, eroded gnat :‫هم‬
POK:436,
Indo-European
Gher 2: to wish, desire, want ‫ آرزو کردن‬، ‫خواس‬
Avestan
zara 2: desire, aim, target
Persian
?
‫؟‬
greed :‫هم‬
POK:440 POK:440
Indo-European
Ghers: to be horrified, to stare ‫وحش ده بودن‬
Avestan
zrš, zarš: to be horrified
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:445 zaršayamna: ruffling one's feathers horror :‫هم‬
POK:445, KLN:744
Indo-European
Gwebh 2: slime, sliminess, toad ‫ وزغ‬، ‫لج‬، ‫لجن‬
Old Persian
gabawo: toad
Persian
?
‫؟‬
quiver :‫هم‬
POK:466 POK:466
Indo-European
Gwelbh: womb ‫رحم‬
ِ
Avestan
garewa: womb
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:473 garebuš: young animal
POK:473, KLN:483
Indo-European
Ki: this ‫این‬
Avestan
zî: for, because, indeed
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:417,609, KLN:710 nôit-zî: he, his,
KLN:735, POK:417 her :‫هم‬
Indo-European
Krei: shine, glow, beauty ‫ ز ا‬،‫درخش دن‬
Avestan
srî, srayan: beauty
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:618 srîra: beautiful
POK:618, KLN:371
Indo-European
Ksei 3: to settle ‫ تصف ه کردن‬،‫مق م شدن‬
Avestan
šaêiti, shiti: living place
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:626 šôithra: land
POK:626
Indo-European
Kwe: and "‫حرف وصل "و‬
Avestan
ca, ča: and
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:635 čiš-ca 1: any, whatever
POK:635, KLN:1425
Indo-European
Kwe: and "‫حرف وصل "و‬
Old Persian
câ, čâ: and
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:635 POK:635
196
‫؟‬
Indo-European
Lakti: stick, club ‫ گرز‬،‫چوب‬
Avestan
yaxšti, yaxštay: branch, twig
Persian
?
‫؟‬
WLD2: 443 thri-yaxštay: with three branches
WLD2: 443, SYN:525, BRT:1236
Indo-European
Maghos: young ‫جوان‬
Avestan
mağava: unmarried
Persian
?
‫؟‬
Maghu: boy, unmarried ‫ مجرد‬، POK:696, KLN:924
POK:696
Indo-European
Meih: to exchange ‫ معامله کردن‬،‫عوض کردن‬
Avestan
mithô: exchanged, incorrect, false
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:710,715 mithwara, mithwara: paired, coupled
POK:710,715, KLN:953
Indo-European
Men 3: to stand out, project ‫برجسته و متمایز بودن‬
Avestan
mati, mnti: sticking out
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:726 fra-manyente: they get ahead mountain :‫هم‬
POK:726, KLN:1009
Indo-European
Men 3: to stand out, project ‫برجسته و متمایز بودن‬
Indo-European
Mon: neck, throat
Avestan
minu: throat
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:726 POK:726,747, KLN:932 manaothri, moneutro: neck, throat mountain :‫هم‬
POK:747
Indo-European
Meu: damp, dirty ‫ آلوده‬، ‫نمنا‬
Avestan
mûthra: dirty liquid, urine
Persian
?
‫؟‬
mud :‫هم‬
POK:741 POK:741, HRN:285, KLN:1008
Indo-European
Mew: to push away, move ‫ حرکت دادن‬، ‫دور کردن‬
Avestan
mivâmahi: (we) eliminate
Pahlavi
mûtak: move
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:743 a-muyamnô: not movable parmûtan: to move move :‫هم‬
POK:743, ISS:331 ISS:331
Indo-European
Mreğu: short ‫کوتاه‬
Avestan
merezu, marazu: short
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:750 merezu-jîti: short lived, fast brief :‫هم‬
berez 2: in short time, fast
berez-čaxra: with fast wheels
POK:750, KLN:188
Indo-European
Nes: to join, reunite, return, be safe ‫ ازگشت‬،‫وصل کردن‬
Avestan
asta 2: home
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:766 POK:766
Indo-European
Noktis: night ‫شب‬
Old Persian
naktin: night
Persian
?
‫؟‬
night :‫هم‬
POK:762, AHD:1530, IEC:850, SYN:992 IEC:850
Indo-European
Pak: to fasten, repair ‫ تعم کردن‬، ‫س‬
Avestan
pas: to tie, fetter
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:787 POK:787, KLN:1110
Indo-European
Reua: to dig up, tear out, snatch ‫ بر گرف‬، ‫ ش اف‬، ‫کندن زم‬
Avestan
raoidya: to cultivate land, to be fit for cultivation
Persian
?
‫؟‬
Reudh 2: to clear land ‫تم کردن زم‬ KLN:1347, POK:869
rid :‫هم‬
POK:869
197
. ‫؟‬
Indo-European
Rewe: to open, open space ‫ گشا ش‬،‫از کردن‬
Avestan
ravah: space
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:874 ravas-čarât: moves in free space (freely) room :‫هم‬
POK:874, SYN:465, KLN:1356
Indo-European
Segh: to hold, overrule ‫ رد کردن‬، ‫نگه داش‬
Avestan
haz: to gain
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:888 hazah: violence sketch :‫هم‬
POK:888
Indo-European
Seni: apart, separated, without ‫ فاقد‬،‫جدا شده‬
Avestan
hanare: without
Persian
?
‫؟‬
sincere :‫هم‬
POK:907 POK:907
Indo-European
Sew: to boil ‫جوشاندن‬
Avestan
hâvayan: they boil, roast
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:914 hâvayeiti: roasts seethe :‫هم‬
POK:914, KLN:1411
Indo-European
Sneudh, Neudh: mist, cloud ‫ ابر‬،‫نم‬
Avestan
snaoda: cloud
Persian
?
‫؟‬
nuance :‫هم‬
POK:978 POK:978
Indo-European
Stâi 2: stone ‫سنگ‬
Avestan
stâ 2, stây: heap
Persian
?
‫؟‬
stone :‫هم‬
POK:1010 POK:1010, KLN:1518
Indo-European
Twerk: to cut ‫ قطع کردن‬،‫ب دن‬
Avestan
thwares: to cut
Persian
?
‫؟‬
sarcasm :‫هم‬
POK:1102 POK:1102
Indo-European
Udero: abdomen, stomach, womb ‫ رحم‬،‫ معده‬،‫ش م‬
Avestan
udara: abdomen
Persian
?
‫؟‬
uterus :‫هم‬
POK:1104 POK:1104
Indo-European
Uks: wet ‫خس‬
Avestan
uxšan: ox, bull, inseminating animal
Persian
?
‫؟‬
Uksen: to make wet, inseminate ‫ تلقیح کردن‬، ‫مرطوب کردن‬ POK:1118, KLN:1106, SYN:153
ox :‫هم‬
POK:1118
Indo-European
Weik 2: clan, a social club above the household ‫ اش اه‬، ‫قب له‬
Avestan
vîs: family
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:1131 vîs-paiti, vîs-pati: clan protector, chief economy :‫هم‬
POK:1131, KLN:1708
Indo-European
Weik 2: clan, a social club above the household ‫ اش اه‬، ‫قب له‬
Old Persian
vith: royal house
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:1131 vitha: royal economy :‫هم‬
KNT:208
Indo-European
Weip, Weib: to go back and forth ‫س و پ ش رف‬
Avestan
vip: to send, dispatch
Persian
?
‫؟‬
wipe :‫هم‬
POK:1131 POK:1131
Indo-European
Yeu 3: to mix, blend ‫مخلوط کردن‬
Avestan
yaêš: to boil
Persian
?
‫؟‬
POK:506 SOD
198
A38
A20 - A36
A2 - A19
A37
Word Index
ranga /96 krw` /142
rašanâ /94 n`-krtk /178
Sakah /106 pd /51
šakala /122 Pwt /31
Šâli /119 Tien /62
saman /123 xara-tara /134
sarat /188 xr /134
sarkarah /106, xšae-wan /20
116, 122
Šavala /119
šâxa /119 Spanish
šiphâ /121 real /97
sphal /107 canario /135
Srgâla /121 lima /164
sringa-vera
/102, 123
srnga /102, 123
stupa /61 Sumerian
Šûlaka /124 Dub /12, 82, 87
sunyâ /126 Mana /170
sunyâh /126
tanuka /60
tittibha /62 Syriac
tulâ /58 Šypwr /125
tulya /58 karkedânâ /142
ucca /25 pespesta /133
učča /25
varj /186
Vatin-ganah /28
vrâj /151
Tamil
Vrihi /34 Tôkei /126
Xac /137
xanda /136
yâna /64 Turkish
Ul /21
ata-bak /41
Semitic bak /41
Diglat /82 Boqčâ /36
Daqal /87 čubûq /67
H.n.n /194 Dolmak /87
dolman /87
gumrook /157
Kagaz /138
Sogdian kiošk /159
‫سغدی‬ Lâjîn /161
â-gaud /6 limon /164
`g`wd /6 maghazeh /169
`xš`y /20 qhve' /138
`Xšnk /135 šîš /118
b`m /129 tob /61
bnš /35 top /61
gašnaka /135 ulak /21
kang /114 xân-umm /71
kanp /114
krty` /178
A36
Word Index
šâ 2 /6, 119 taêğa /62 u-vâra-zmi /7, vî /149, 150, xšača /12, 43, Kâča /139, 148
sâh /44, 106, taêža /62 77 151 120 Portuguese kandrak /115,
110 taiy /61 u-vaxštra /192 vî /154, 155, xšača /183 comercio /157 146
saiti /41, 70, taoš /62 ux /191 157 Xšad /31 kankarta /146
117 tap-stana /55 uz-dâvayati vî /158, 160, Xšaivan /126 kapî /140
šâiti /119 tâta /18, 49 /100 185 xšathra /43, 124 Karpâsah /141
šâm /27 taumâ /57 uz-dû /100 vî /187, 188 xša-thra /43, Russian Karpurah /138
šan /123, 192 tava /61 uzma /25 vi-hây /155, 188 124 assignatsia /17 Kâtara /137
sang /110 taxš /57 va /193 vi-jan /25 xšây /75, 120, drožki /84 Kram /73
sard /1 taxša /57 vâ /193 vi-nath /64, 157 124 kaljaska /139 krmi /134
sâs /44, 106, thamân /102 vačah /9, 30, 49 visa /149 xšây /125 samo-war /114 krmi-ja /134
110 thard /1 vačah /76, 131, vi-saiti /41, 70, xšaya-aršan /75 krosa /142
sâsnâ /44, 110 thrah /117 158 117 xši /75, 120, 124 kršna /142
sâsta /106 thrah-man /117 vačah /180, 184, vispa /149 xši /125 Sanskrit kundruka /115,
sâstar /106 thras-man /117 185 Višta-aspa /188 Xšî /126 Amalaka /8 146
sat /41, 70, 117 thrâyô /117 vâe /41 vištaspa /188 xšip /125, 177 â-gar /131 kunthah /146
šaw /121 thri /117 vâe-na /2, 41 vith /198 xšnâ /123 Agaruh /127, lâk /161
sax /110 thri-sat /41, 70, vahâna /39 vitha /198 xšvaepâ /124, 133 lâkša /161
sâxvan /44, 110 117 vâhara /39 viyaxna /194 177 angam /121 lâkšâ /161, 163
sfard /58 -ti /119 vaina /2, 41 vriz /34 xšvaš /119 asva-tara /16 Limû /164
šim /27 tigrâ /82 vak /9, 30, 49 Vrsa /153 xšvaš-dasa /119 Bêlûr /36 maccum /168
Sinkadruš /102 tiğra /62, 82, vak /76, 131, Vtra /151 xšvaš-ti /119 bhağa /39 manâ /170
sipari /108 110 158 Vurt /151 xšwaif /125, 177 bhaga-dhara mašakah /169
sipithra /108 tiğra /149 vak /180, 184, vyâxa /9 xšwaip /125, /39 mâstu /168
siyaman /118 tû /61 185 vyâxman /9 177 bhay /41 mêšâ /169
šiyav /121 tûm /61 var 1 /28, 48, 92 wai /41 xvîsat /71, 94 bhî-ma /41 mûkti /170
skuba /114 tuš /62 var 1 /132, 183 waig /9, 24 yad /182 bûdha /37 mus /169
slaunis /112 tusen /62 vara /28, 48, 92 waix /9, 24 yâh 2 /63 bûdhati /37 muska /169
spâ 1 /18, 107, tussya /62 vara /132, 183 wâk /30 yâhma /54, 63 cal /68 nadah /174
114 tuvam /61 vâra 2 /28, 48, wânk /30 yânhaeiti /54, candrah-râga nakhâ /174
spakâ /18, 107 tvâm /61 92 ward /184 191 /115 nana /180
sparda /58 u /7, 77, 192 vâra 2 /132, 183 wars /151, 152, yâsta /54, 191 catur-anga /121 Naranga /174
srâd /111 ud /25 vard /186 180 yauna /194 čiphâ /121 Nârikelah /174
srâda /111 ud-pat /18 vardana /183 wi /40, 41, 64 yauviya /65 Ĉîxâ /118 nâša /131
sta /5, 6, 16 ud-zma /25 varešna /13, 14, wi /149, 150, ža 3 /150 čodatî /68 nav /181
sta /27, 36, 47 uiti /183 75 151 zahr /104 dâtra /40, 80, navatê /181
sta /55, 108, upa /1, 21, 31 varešna /118, wi /154, 155, zam /7, 77, 102 90 naxâ /174
109 upa /33, 39, 45 156 157 zan 2 /102 dhar /39 Nêkš /182
sta /110, 120, upa /50, 51 varet /151, 152, wi /158, 160, zana /99 dhi /63 nilah /164, 183
130 upâ /1, 21, 31 180 185 zânâ /102 dhyânah /63 nili /164, 183
stâ /6, 16 upâ /33, 39, 45 varkana /153 wi /187, 188 zaošô /89 dîp /90 nîlotpala /164,
šta /6, 16 upâ /50, 51 varnak /34, 186 wi-kâr /158 zar 1 /4 druna /85 183
stamb /109 upâ-aitiy /31 vart /151, 152, wi-sâ /155, 188 zar 2 /99, 100 ğanâ /136 nir-vanah /182
stambaka /109 upâ-ay-a /31 180 wi-ward /184 zara /104 ğar /131 pakša /51
stan /108 upa-mati /21 vas /35 xan /7, 20, 29 zara-uštra /100 gâuh /181 pardâku /43
stata /6, 16 upa-sard /1 vašna /35 xan /30, 46, 55 zarmân /100 gôpâ /181 Parvan /49
šti /6, 16 urvarâ /25 vaxš /9, 30, 49 xan /66, 71, 76 zarwân /4 gô-pâ-h /181 Parvata /49
stuna /110 urvinj /34 vaxš /76, 131, xan /114, 127, zasta /5 Gôtra /160 pâtila /42
stûnâ /110 uška /75 158 134 zaurva /4 granth /153 Pippalî /133
šyâ /6, 119 us-kar /114 vaxš /180, 184, xan /135, 139, zbâ /100 gunj /158 pra-jan /130
šyangh /123, us-pari /108 185 146 zem /101 hâra /188 pra-nač /131
192 uštra /18, 100 vaxš /192 xaôda /78 zimô /101 Jangalah /65 Pulâka /51
šyâtî /119 uš-tra /18, 100 vazraka /35 xaudâ /78 zûrah /59, 103 jaratê /99 račana /94
syâva-aršan uta /183 vi /64, 149, 150 xâya /72 zuštô /89 jas /100 râk /161
/118 utâ /183 vi /157, 158 xram /73 zyâ 1 /101 kâca /137 rakšâ /161, 163
tačara /57 uv /7, 77, 192 vî /40, 41, 64 xrî /74 zyâo /101 râkšâ /161
A35
Word Index
bûmî-mathan duž /85 grâ /151 jatara /24, 104 kermi /142 nâman /86, 175 para /53
/38 dvar /82, 83 grab /46, 153 jathra /43, 104 kirsman /141 napâ /181 parâ /53
bûta /37 êna /27 gratha /153 jîta /105, 149, krta /64, 80, 161 napât /181 parav /46
câ /196 fra /131 gravatha /153 160 krta /194 naptis /181 pariy /53
čâ /196 fra-â-muš /129 gub /156 jiva /105, 149, kupsins /140 nard /174 Pârsa /43, 50
čakra /67 fra-ardha /129 ha /190 160 Kûru /141 nath /64, 157 Parth /43
čam /69, 76 fra-jan /25 hâ 1 /155 jutan /65 mâ 1 /4, 55, 131 nâu /175 Parthava /43
čapu-ka /66 fra-ma-na /131 hâ 2 /148 jva /105, 149, mâ 1 /166, 172, navama /181 Parti /43
čât /66 fra-nay /179 had /177 160 179 nâv-dân /175 Partia /43
čatvare-sat /41, frârdha /129 ha-dâ /190 kâ 2 /139 mâ 2 /164 nâviya /175 paru /46
70, 117 frârdha-van had-iš /177 kai /70 Madhaxa /170 nay /179 paruva /53
caune /116 /129 haiz /71, 94 kâm 2 /139 maeg /166, 169 nemah 2 /179 paru-zana /183
caxra /67 fra-sâ /70 ham /190 kâma /139 magus /166, nî /179 pasâ /49
čaxra /67 Fra-sanga /47 ham-basta /35 kamna /145 169 ni 1 /175, 176, pasca /49
či /70 frava /131, 132 ham-dais-a /23 kamnô /145 maguš /166 177 pasča /49
čifsati /68 fra-vahr /132 ham-dû /23 kan 1 /7, 20, 29 mâh /166, 172 ni 1 /178, 179, pastô /52
Ĉirya /70 fra-var /132 ham-gmatana kan 1 /30, 46, mâhya /166, 180 pat /18
Ĉop /67, 69 fra-var-tinam /20 55 172 ni 1 /181, 182, path /51
Ĉop-gân /69 /132 ham-taug /23 kan 1 /66, 71, maixa /173 183 pathâ /51
dahyu /90 fravaši /132 ham-tauj /23 76 man 2 /21, 166 ni 2 /173, 174, pathi /51
daika /91 fravata /131, ham-taux /23 kan 1 /114, 127, manâ /170 178 pati-ara /46
dainhu /90 132 ham-taxš /57 134 mâna /165 ni 3 /22, 182, pati-baus /42
dais /23 fra-vaxš /131 ham-yân /191 kan 1 /135, 139, mânya /165 183 pati-jan /25
dan /81 gabawo /196 han-du /23 146 mard /170 nî-gaona /179 patiy /43, 45,
dânâ /81 gač /150 hangmatâna /20 kanpa /67, 69, mard-una /170 niğây /182 109
Dânavo /81 gad /150 hapta /190 76 mâ-tya /164 ni-had /177 pavasta /52
danâxe /81 gaêsa /160 haraiva /189 Kapastay /140 mayûxa /173 ni-jan /176 peleštuk /47
dânô /81 gaêsu /160 hareva /189 kapautaka /140 maz /172 ni-pais /180 pîta /176
dânu /81 gaêtha /160 hašiya /16 kapithe /148 mazah /168 ni-paith /180 pitu /176
danuvatiy /81, gaêtha-nâm hâu 2 /148 kâr /137, 142, mazan /168 ni-pîta /176 ptâta /18, 49
88 /160 hauš /75 145 mazant /172 ni-vart /180 puča /50
dâr /80, 84, 103 gam /8, 20, 22 hauš-a /75 kar 2 /54, 121, Mazaxa /170 nûram /180 queke /66
daraniya /100 gam /53, 63, hauv /148 136 maz-išta /172 Nyâka /182 ra /45, 46, 93
dârayat-vahu 102 hây /155 kar 2 /137, 151, megan /166, pa /2, 13, 33 ra /95
/80 gam /130, 150, hêzum /193 163 169 pa /43, 44, 45 rad /97
darš /83, 87 182 hizana /100 kâra /137, 142, mithra /172 pa /51, 69, 70 râd /67
daršam /83, 87 gam /191 hô /148 145 moghu /166, pa /154 radh /97
dâru /83 gan /7, 20, 29 hu /7, 77, 192 kara 1 /54, 121, 169 pad /42, 53, 54 râdiy /67
dasa /90, 119 gan /30, 46, 55 huška /75 136 muš /129 pâd /42, 53, 54 Raika /98
dasta /5 gan /66, 71, 76 hu-ux-tay /191 kara 1 /137, na 1 /173, 174, pada /42, 53, 54 ram /93
dauša /89 gan /114, 127, hya /148 151, 163 178 pairi-vâra /48 raodah /96, 97
dauštar /89 134 ima /27 kara-manah nada /112, 142, pairi-yân /54 ras 1 /95
dav 2 /23, 100 gan /135, 139, imam /27 /136 175 paith /180 ras 2 /97
daw /90 146 išta /13, 39, 132 Karana /141 Naêma /183 paiti 1 /43, 45, rasa /95
dây /41 gar /156 išta /138, 172, karem /142 Nagan /175 109 râsta /92
dêğa-vâra /92 gaš /155 176 karš /143, 144, Nağan /175 paiti-aok /44 ratha /12
dî /41 gasta /155 -iti /119 149 nâh /41 paiti-grab /46 râu /7, 44
dipi /12, 82 gât /63, 150 jam /22, 102, karši-ptan /144 nâham /41 paiti-jathra /43 raucah /96
dr /80, 84, 103 gâthu /63, 150 130 Karšvar /144 naiba /22, 182, paiti-kara /55 rautah /96, 97
drayah /85 gâtu-bar /150 jam /150 kâs /138 183 paiti-kâra /54 rikša /95
dû /23, 100 gâtuš /63, 150 jamâna /102 kaša /143 naiy /173, 174, paiti-sahva /44 riš /98
dûra /89 gaub /156 jan. /25, 176, kasu /136, 138 178 paiti-xšathra /43 rîz /98
dûraê /89 gaud /6 186 kaufa /148 naktin /197 paity-âra /45 rû /7, 44
duruj /85 gâv /63, 150 jantu /22, 102, Kaz /143, 149 nam /179 pa-nâh /51 rup /93, 148
duš /85 ges /160 130 Kaž /143, 149 nâma /86, 175 pant /51 rupâ /93, 148
duvara /82, 83 gesuk /160 jantu /150 kerma /142 namaiti /179 panta /51 sâ 1 /70, 155
A34
Word Index
škôh /122 tûfek /59 vât-âs /27 xešm /75 Parthian an- /180 ašta /190
snâz /123 tuhîk /62 vaxš-war /185 xêzistan /71 ana /195 â-stana /5
sôk /115, 117 tûrak /62 vây /188 xîm /79, 86 ‫ار‬ an-âhita /9 aštrâ /75
soxvan /110 turftag /59 vâyandak /188 xišt /75 tndwr /60 an-tar /23 â-šyâ /6
sparm /15 turuš /58 vâzîtan /29 xombak /76 Gzn /65, 74, 146 antara /23 athagaina /110,
spâs /44, 107 tuwân /61 vazr /152 xrafstar /73 Gzn /157, 169 an-tare /23 115
spêg /15 tuxš /57 veh /38 xrat /73 anu /195 âthanga /110,
spihr /108 ud /183 vên-âg /41 xros /74 anu-i /195 115
spiš /120 uparô-kušta- vên-âk /41 xrusîten /74 Persian anuv /195 athangaina
spôxtan /108 pâma /33 vênîk /41 xuft /77 anya /9 /110, 115
spož /108 upâyat /31 vêš /41 xvân /77
(Old) aok /44 ati /196
spôzed /108 urvar /25 vêt /40 xvântan /76, 77 ‫ ار استان‬aorâ /10, 18, 25 aurva /14, 164
spynj /108 uskâr /114 vhat-čak /31 xvartan /78 pa /1 aorâ /73 aurvant /14,
srešk /111 uskârd /114 vičir /185, 187 xvastan /74 a- /4, 9, 10 ap 1 /185, 193 164
sriš /113 uzvân /100 vicîtan /185 xvâstan /77 a- /21, 24, 25 apa-ardha /184 aurvat-aspa
srôsh /112 vâ-čar /29 vîgrâs /40 xvatây /72 a- /34, 75, 107 apa-gaudaya /6 /164
srpîn /111 vaf- /29 vîmâr /41 xwâb /77 a- /180 apa-jan /25 au-šaudîhtwei
srubên /111 vafr /33 vinâh /64, 157 yâirka /193 â- /4, 9, 10 apa-vasta /52 /122
stapr /15, 16, vah-âk /39 vinâs /64, 157 yak /194 â- /21, 24, 25 apa-xšad-a /31 ava 1 /10, 18, 25
109 vahânak /39 vîr /187 yâkand /193 â- /34, 75, 107 ar /45, 46, 93 ava 1 /73
star /109 vahâr /39 vîsag /40 yam /64 â- /180 ar /95 ava 2 /194
stârag /109 vajarg /35 vîsak /40 yâmak /54, 63 ab /185, 193 aradra /12 â-vač /9, 131
stârak /109 valg /33 višâtan /155 yam-šît /64 Abâ /29 arašn /13 ava-hya /25, 27
stawr /15, 16, vâmîtan /185 vi-starak /35 yâsak /63 abi /22 arašni /13 ava-jan /25
109 van /37 vi-startan /155 yasn /194 abi-âf /193 arata /12 âvaya /72
stâyîtan /74, vana-vašak /37 vôi /188 yašt /194 abi-âp /193 arda- /13 awa /25, 27
109 vang /30 v-rextan /154 yât /193 abiš /22 arda-stâna /13 ay /31
stêğ /110 vânîtan /37 vurkân /153 yavê-tân /63 abiy /22 ardata /13 â-zâr /4
stôr /109 varâğ /186 vušn /156 yôî /65 adhi-vaina /2, Ardha /129, 184 baešaza /49
šubân /69 vâra-ğna /186 wâd /27 žafr /105 10 ardu /92 baga /21, 36, 40
suft /113 vârân /28 war /32 zalug /99 adi /27 areta /12, 13, baga /41
sûk /115, 117 varavistan /153 warr /185 zamîk /102 adi-sta /27 183 bağa /21, 36, 40
sukur /113 varâz /151 warzâg /186 zânûg /99 adi-var /3 aršan /13, 14, bağa /41
sûlâk /116 vard /30, 156, wastar /5 zânûk /99 adyi /27 75 baga-buxša /52
sumb /114 186 waxšidan /185 žâtûk /63 aesmo /193 aršan /118, 156 bandaka /37
šupân /69 vardâ /156, 186 wêz /40 zîn /4 aêta /27 aršan-aspa /13 baoidi /37, 42
sûr /112, 116 vâren-žar /186 wiğrâd /40 zivandak /105 aeva /194 arštâ /92 bar /9, 16, 28
sûrâk /116 varg /33 wi-hîrîh /160 zivastan /105 aêva /194 aršti /75 bar /32, 34, 57
suš /121 varhrâm /39, winj /157 zôt /103 af /185, 193 arta 2 /12, 13, bar /72, 74, 81
sûsan /117 187 wîzârdan /154 zrê /100 â-gaud /6 183 bar /86, 87, 116
sût /116 varišn /183, 184 Xâk /71 zrih /101 aguru /2 arta-pa /13 bar /150, 167,
šutan /121 vârîtan /28 xâk-astar /71 zufar /105 ahrika /26 arta-xšathra 184
Šypšyr /123 varm /33 xâm /71 zûr /59, 103 aimya /9 /12, 183 bar /185
Tabûrâk /60, varrak /34, 186 xandan /66, 71, zuzag /105 aina /27 as /4, 5, 27 bard- /32
127 vars /152 76 žužag /105 aita /27 âs /5, 72 Bardiya /32
tanûr /60 vart /156, 186 xandan /127, aiva /194 asa /107 basta /35
tarak /59 vartak 1 /33 146 aiva-čiy /192 âsa /5, 72 Batiaxê /28
têr /62 vartak 2 /186 xânîg /66 Pali aivaka /194 asâ-dâru /83 baug /52
têx /62 varzâ /186 xar /72, 74 singivera /102 aiwiš-kar /121 asam /107 bav /37
tihîk /62 vas /35 xâr /71, 73, 77 sakkara /106, âmâd /71 asan /4, 5, 27 bax-ta /31
tirft /61 vassz /185 xar-bâra /74 116, 122 amiy /16 asan /110, 115 baxto-dâta /31
tišn /59 vâstr /184 xastak /74 a-muntha /170 asenga /110, bhe /40
tišnak /59 vastriuš /184 xâstan /71 a-mutha /170 115 bišazka /49
titar /57 vas-yâr /35 xâyak /72 an- /4, 9, 10 as-man /5 braij /33
tôrag /62 vat /32 xâyak-bar /72 an- /21, 24, 25 as-mana /5 brîzi /34
tôxtan /61 vâtâk /185 xâyak-bâr /72 an- /34, 75, 107 ast /16 bûmî /38
A33
Word Index
du-srav /75 gurg /153 kal-pâd /138, makas /170 narkis /176 parî /48 rôğn /97
dûtak-mân /89 gursak /153 139 mân /165 narm /176, 179 pari-sp /70 rôp 1 /93
dûxtan /89 gursakîh /153 kâm /139 mand /171 narmak /179 paristôk /47 rôp 2 /95, 162
dužax /89 gurt /151 kanâr /141 mân-stan /166 nasâ /177 parmûtan /197 ropas /96
ên /27 gurtak /152 kandak /29, 30, maša /169 nasây /177 parr /46 rôpet /95, 162
êr /105 gushn /156 71 mašk /169 nask /177 parvânak /48 rôstâk /96
êrwârag /3 gušn-asp /156 kandak /146 mašyânag /169 naum /181 par-war- /48 rôt 1 /96
êvak /194 gw'zn /159 kaničak /146 mašyôi /169 nax /176 pâsbân /44, 107 rôt 2 /96, 97
ê-var /3 gyân /63 kanik /146 matak /164 nâxun /174 pâšnak /44 rrz /163
farsang /47 hamahl /190 kantan /66, 71, mâtar /164 nâyrig /176 passaxv /44 ruvân /25, 96
farvahr /132 hambâğ /21 76 matax /170 nâz /174 pasux /44 šâd /119
farvartin /132 ham-êmâl /190 kantan /127, maxš /170 nêm /183 pat /32, 39, 54 šağâl /121
farzânak /130 hamêstagân 146 mâyag /164 nêš /182 pat /193 šâh /120, 125
frâmûštan /129 /191 kapast /140 mayân /172 nêš-tar /182 pâtî-frâs /42 sak /114
fra-pîh /130 hamêstâr /191 kapîč /148 mayazd /166, nêv /183 pavak /44 sâl /106
frârôn /129 hammôz- /8 kapik /140 173 nêv-ak /22, 182 pay /42 sâlak /106
frây /132 ham-tôxtan /23 kapôt /140 mâz /166, 173 nêzak /182 pây /1, 42 šaman /123
frêh /132 handâčak /22, kapôtar /140 mazax /170 ni-aš /177 paymōz- /171 samôr /115
frêh-est /132 191 kâpûr /138 mazg /168 ni-âyišn /182 payôs /42 Šamšêr /123
frôt /131, 132 handâm /22 kar-cang /73 meh /168, 172 nibêg /180 paz /45, 124, šân /123
gandag /158 handêš /23 karic /67, 142 mêhan /173 nibištan /180 175 šânag /120
ganj /65, 74, han-dôzh /23 karpu /141 mênîšm /171 niğâyišn /182 pêš /32, 54, 193 šânak /120
146 han-vêxt-an /24 karšift /144 merv /167 ni-ğôšâg /178 pîh /55, 130 sang /110, 115
ganj /157, 169 harg /160 kas /143 mêš /173 ni-har- /61 porsitan /47 šanga-vîr /123
gantum /158 hâsar /188 kaš /143 mêz /164, 168, nihuftan /181 pôst /52 šanôšag /123
gar 1 /151 hâsr /188 katak /141 170 nipêk /180 pound /147 sapûk /66
gar 2 /151 hast /16 kay /148 mîğ /172 nipištan /180 pôy /52 sar /110, 162
gar-âmîk /151 hâvan /189 kayos /148 mij(gan) /168 niš /177 pûdag /52 sâr /106
garân /151 haxt /189 kê /148 miyân /172 nîtan /179 puhl /51 sarb /112
garm /153 hâyîk /72 kêš /148 môr /171 nîvêd /181 pus /50 sarmâk /111
garûk /156 hazâr /189 kištan /138 môrčag /171 niyâk /182 pusag /35 sart /111
gasta /155 hêč /192 kîšvar /144 môy /172 niyâkân /182 pusar /50 sartak /111
gâtan /150 hêr-bed /193 kôf /148 môyak /172 niyâz /182 pûsîtan /52 sarûk /112
gavâzan /159 hišm /75 kôftan /147 môzag /171 omand /171 pûtak /52 sarv /112
gaz- /149 hôstubâr /16 kôr /147 mûčak /171 ômêd /21 puxtag /45, 124 sâstâr /106
gêhân /160 hu-rust /70 kôs- to beat mudar /172 pa /38, 39 rad /93 sâstâreh /106
gêtê /160 huš /192 /147 mudrâk /172 pad /38, 39 radag /94 šatr /124
gêtîk /160 hu-srov /74 kost /33, 143 muhr /172 pa-dâm /51 rag /95 šatri-var /124
gilak /156 im /27 krpwk /141 murdyânag /169 pad-en-dâštan rahg /95 sawsan /117
givâk /63 jagar /64 kulâf /145 murğ /167 /80 rân /93 saxt /110
giyâk /63 jakar /64 kundurûk /115, Murvârît /167 pahlûg /53 Rand /95 šayfur /125
gôhar /160 jân /63 146 must /172 pahrêzišn /48 rang /96 šâyîtan /120
gôn /159 jav /65 kurpak /145 mûtak /197 paiti-dâhišn /42 ranj /95 šêb /125
gorgân /153 jav-az /65 kurrag /143 mutrâk /172 paitiš /32, 54, ranz /95 sêj /118
gort /151 jôî /65 kvart /73 myc /164, 168, 193 râs /59, 93 šêpâk /125
gôy /160 jôyšn /64 kyn /149 170 pâk /44 rasan /94 sêr /118
grây /151 jud /63 lab /162 na-âp /174 pakhšag /50 rasug /93 šêr /125
grih /153 jujag /105 lâbag /161 nab /181 pâlutan (pat- râyomand /93 šêvan /126
griy /154 junbîtan /65 larz /163 nâčuk /174 lutan) /44 rêg /98 Šfšyr /123
groh /153 kac /143, 149 madhax /170 namač /179 panum /51 rêman /98 šîb /125
guftan /156 kač /143, 149 mâdiyânag /164 namâč /179 pâp /27 rêš /98 sîm /118
gugâridan /158 kaf /144 magas /170 namat /179 Pâpak /27 rêšak /98 simôr /115
gumbat /157 kâgad /138 magu /169 namb /179 pârak /43 rextan /1, 97 singiber /123
gunâh /64, 157 kah /139, 148 mâhîg /166 namr /176, 179 pardag /47 rist /94 šîp /124
gund /157 kah-rupâti /148 mâhik /166 namrak /179 par-daz- /47 rist-axez /94 skarw /122
gung /158 maig /170 nân /175 par-hêxtan /48 rîtan /98 škêb /122
A32
Word Index
Indo- sraîš /111, 113 dên-ârius /91 pard /43 arešk /14 azir /105 čâpûk /66
srîš /111, 113 duo /88 ars /18 bâlên /30 čâr /68, 99
Scythian suxra-vard /186 duo-decem /88 arûs /7 bâlîšn /30 čarb /67
‫هند و س ا‬ thrapu /66 eurôpa /14 Pahlavi arzan /13 balx /36 čarbišn /67
Vata /32 us-kâr-a /114 fascis /129 ârzôk /3 bandak /37 čâšišn /68
Bûnai /34 varedha /94, filum /134 ‫پ لوی‬ arzyz /13 bar /32 čašîtan /68
Byûrru /42 156, 186 fundere /95 âp /1 âs /4, 5, 27 bâr 1 /28, 32 catrang /121
Gan /101 wrda /94, 156, gradi /146 abaxšay /31 âs-âp /4, 5 bâr 2 /28 čêlân /70
Gûysna /159 186 gradus /146 abaxšâyîd /31 a-sâyag /66 barbut /32 čêlânkar /70
Kavûta /140 insula canaria abr /10 asbâr /116 barsum /33 cêr /70
Mûrâ /172 /135 abr-âmûn /10 asêm /118 barzax /33 čêrîh /70
Raup 1 /95, 162 Italian lôtus /161 abzâr /11 âsîn /10 bâtak /28 cigôn /159
Uysgani /101 malus persica abzû- /19 âškârâg /6 bavarak /31 Cîrâğ /67, 111,
scalo /17 âdênak /91
var /33 bronzo /34 /50 aškumb /18 bâxr /36 121
Xad /74 mamma /165 adhvênak /2, 10 âs-mân /5 bâxtan /29 cy /149
calibro /139 afdom /6
Yau 1 /65 commerci /157 Mantil /171 afsârtan /19
ašnûdan /124 bâxtri /36 dâdâr /79
Zi /91, 104 cuffia /148 mâter /165 ašôg /18 bâž /29 dah /90
melancholia âğ /2, 7, 12 asp /15 bâza /29 dâhišn /80
doccione /89 âgur /2
fascismo /129 /165 aspast /7, 15, bazm /35 dâm /80
âhên /10
Iranian mazazzino /169 merx /157 ahrav /18
133 bazurk /35 dâmât /81
numero /179 muskus /169 aspasti /7, 133 bê /40 dard /83
‫ایرا‬ traffico /58 ne /24 ahru /18 Âspiyan /1 bêh /38 darîtan /85
vâz /29 negâre /24 âhûg /10 asšârdan /19 bênîk /41 dart /85
daux /89 numerus /179 ahûk /10 ast /16 bêš 2 /41 dâs /40, 80
dauxš /89 orchis /14 âhûk /10 astag /16 bešazak /49 dašn /86
davč /88 Japanese pâuo /126 aj /14 astak /16 bêvar /42 dâsr /79
dhauğ /89 shôyû /117 pâvô /126 -ak /136 astar /16 bêvar-asp /42 dâštan /80
duč /88 pollen /28, 52 âk /2, 7, 12 astô-bân /109 bhâyaka /41 dast-war /86
duk /88 rex /97 almâs /21 âstôbân /74 Bistak /50 dâtan /42, 79,
Gabbah /134, Latin saccharon /116 alûh /8 astô-bâr /16 bôt /31 80
140 arêre /2 sâpô /126 â-lutan /7 astuxan /16 bôt-katak /141 dâtastân /80
lap /162 alchymia /125, scâlae /17 alvend /14 âstvân /74, 109 bôxtan /52 davîtan /90
partaka /47 126 se-mitita /114 amâg /164 âšûp /6 bôzišn /52 dâyag /81
vasa /31 aqua /8 senior /115 amâh /164 âšûptak /144 brahnak /34 dêbâg /90
vata /32 aquilus /8 serere /112 Âmon /8, 10 âtur /2 brîdan /34 deh /90
vawža /185 ara /2, 190 serum /112 anâr /21 âtur-pât /2 brištag /33 denâr /91
vâz /35, 152 arêre /190 sigillatus /110 anârgîl /174 avâ /25, 27 brûk /11 dêpâk /90, 91
wâz /29, 35, 152 bis /88 signum /17, ang /24 avâm /185 buc /34 dih /90
boronzium /34 110, 113 angubin /24 avâ-šâm /27 buf /38 dîk /90
bûcina /38 situla /113 ânîtan /179 avr /10 bûm 1 /38 dîl /87
anôšak /24, 25, av-xur /2
Iranian caedere /136 sodanum /110
180
bûm 2 /38 dilêr /87
camisia /135 stabulum /16 âwanos /1 bûmahan /38 dîn /91
(old) Campania /134 strata /126 anôšak-ruvân âwarzog /3 bun /37 dînkart /91
‫ ایرا استان‬campus /134 trachôma /57 /25 awdum /6 bun-dât /37 diram /84
Xšarta /19 canalis /139 tunica /60 a-pâč /29 awr /10 burtan /28, 32, dîtan /91
čam /69, 139 canis /135 apâm /185 awsartan /19 34 diz /85
kar /114 carta /137 apar /32 a-xrâm /73 bûy /37 dôxtan /88, 89
kâr /114 castellum /135 Latin apârôn /184 axtar /12, 27 bûž /34 drai-âp /85
lakata /163 caucasus /135 â-pât /1 ayâ /193 bw /37 dram /84
nâz /174 cedrus /110
(Middle) â-pât-ân /1 ayâb /193 bwd /38 drâyî /83
paud /52 comerx /157 talcum /56 apâxtar /12, 27, ayâf /193 cačak /31 driyôš /84
paud-a /52 crassus /154 36 ayâo /193 čâdur /66 drôg /85
rakata /163 crî-bellâre /128 â-pây /1 âyât /193 čâh /66 drôš /84
Rarz /163 cuppa /20, 126 Medit âp-rex /1, 11 âz /4 čakât /68 druvand /85
Skaip /122 cymbalon /126 parnas /43 a-purn-ây /34 azak /15 cakôč /66 dûd /89
ârd /3 azg /15 čand /69 dûšitan /89
A31
Word Index
Reg 1 /18, 92, Skabh /45 Sresk /111 Tač /47 Tex /62 Weid /187 Wes 4 /184
94 Skai /70, 107, Sreu /95, 96, 97 Tâl /56 Thranč /59 Weidh /40, 42 Wes 5 /39
Reg 1 /97 171 Sreu /112 Tanûr /60 Tiegu /118 Weik /9, 24, 40 Wet /31
Reg 2 /94, 96, Skaivos /124 Srisâ /14 Tar /4, 32, 40 Titi /62 Weis /41 Wi /35, 40, 41
161 Skand 1 /17 Stâ /5, 6, 12 Tar /45, 77, 81 Trei /117 Wek /35 Wi /64, 149, 150
Rei 1 /92, 93 Skand 2 /122 Stâ /16, 27, 36 Tar /82, 164 Trenk /59 Wekw /9, 30, 49 Wi /151, 154,
Rei 2 /98 Skarf /122 Stâ /47, 55, 109 Tât /82 Trep /66 Wekw /76, 131, 155
Rek /94 Sked /66 Stâ /110, 120, Tâta /82 Tres /58, 117 158 Wi /157, 158,
Rem /45, 73, 93 Skeht /69 130 Tauj /23 Trp /61 Wekw /180, 160
Rêp /95 Skel /122, 123, Stâ /155 Tauro /63 Tu /61 184, 185 Wi /185, 187,
Resg /95 136 Stâi /108 Taurus /109 Tuer /61 Wel 1 /3, 30, 188
Ret /12, 59, 93 Skel /144 Staurus /109 Teig /62, 82, Tulupos /58 124 Wiač /157
Ret /94 Skêl /114 Stebh /15, 16, 110 Tur /61 Wel 1 /153 Win /188
Rêu /163 Sker 1 /141 109 Teig /149 Turd /58 Wel 2 /9, 152, Wiros /187
Reudh /97 Sker 2 /21, 67, Steg /56, 57 Tek /47 Tuxš /57 153 Wlkwo /153
Reug /3 78 Steig /62, 82, Teku /22, 46, 56 Ud 1 /4, 17, 18 Wel 2 /185 Wlp /62, 96
Reughmen /97 Sker 2 /112, 110 Teku /57, 150 Ud 1 /25, 100, Wel 3 /28, 123, Wog /185
Reuto /18, 96 114, 116 Steig /149 Tel /58 104 183 Wok /183
Rezg /95 Sker 2 /118, Ster 1 /35, 71, Tem /59 Ud 1 /108, 110, Wel 3 /184, 185 Wokso /184
Rk-tho /14, 73 122, 128 126 Temp /1, 10, 50 114 Wel 4 /185 Wopsâ /185
Rup /113 Sker 2 /137, Ster 1 /155 Temp /56, 57, Ud 2 /28, 186 Welâ /152 Word /94, 156,
Sâd /66 139, 141 Ster 2 /109 58 Uê /183 Wem /185 186
Sâen /188 Sker 2 /155 Ster 3 /58, 59 Temp /60, 61, Ulk /62, 96 Wema /185 Wordos /30
Sâi /115, 155, Skeu /122, 148 Ster 4 /109 62 Ulkos /62, 96 Wen /37 Wortoko /186
188 Skêu /123 Stern /59 Temp /132, 160 Uper /32 Wep /33 Wreg /151
Sam /188 Skeud /68 Sterp /58, 59 Ten 1 /1, 10, 50 Upo /1, 21, 30 Wer 1 /131, 185 Wropal /147,
Saus /75 Skhai /70, 136 Steu /74, 109 Ten 1 /56, 57, Upo /31, 32, 33 Wer 2 /134, 159
Sâwel /70, 72, Skordh /73 Stewe /61 58 Upo /39, 45, 50 142, 147 Xšai /126
78 Sku /78, 114, Stoigh /16 Ten 1 /60, 61, Upo /51 Wer 2 /151, Yâ /63
Sâwel /129, 132, 137 Stomen /16 62 Urigh /34 152, 159 Yad /182
181 Sku /147 Storos /106 Ten 1 /132, 160 Uroiks /98 Wer 2 /180, 186 Yag /26, 64, 167
Sâwel /188 Smer /8, 123, Su 1 /7, 10, 13 Ten 2 /60 Wâ /187 Wer 3 /28, 39, Yamb /65
Sê /113 157 Su 1 /25, 38, 39 Tenk /58, 60, 62 Wač /183 48 Yaš /177
Sed /50, 73, 176 Smer /166 Su 1 /70, 72, 73 Tenk /94 Wai /185 Wer 3 /92, 132, Yau 2 /63
Sed /177 Snâ /18, 123 Su 1 /74, 75, 76 Tenu /1, 50, 60 Wakâ /186 160 Yauj /37, 54,
Seiku /50, 79 Sneigwh /115 Su 1 /77, 80, Tenu /62 Wâka /186 Wer 3 /183, 187 103
Seip /126 Sneu /115 129 Tep /6, 46, 55 War /9, 152, Wer 4 /28, 186 Yauj /135
Seks /119 So /25, 27, 148 Su 2 /78, 113 Tep /56, 57, 120 153 Wer 5 /114 Yekwer /64
Sekw /14, 17, Sol /73 Su(m)b /116, Tep /172 War /185 Wer 6 /186 Yem /64, 87
110 Spek /44, 107, 126 Ter 1 /23, 57, Warš /153 Werd /30 Yes /64, 65
Sekw /113, 119 114 Suîğ /71, 94 111 Warz /48 Werdh /158, Yeu 1 /37, 54,
Selh /160 Spelgh /107 Sup /113 Ter 1 /151 We /187 184 103
Selp /67 Spen /55 Svas /74 Ter 2 /4, 32, 40 Wê /23, 27, 182 Weren /34, 186 Yeu 1 /135
Sem /20, 21, 22 Sper /47, 106 Swâd /77 Ter 2 /45, 77, 81 Webh /29, 185 Werg 1 /14, 186 Yeu 2 /65
Sem /23, 24, 46 Spereg /15, 17 Swei /125 Ter 2 /82, 164 Wedh 1 /42 Werg 2 /28, 39, Yeu 3 /64
Sem /114, 183, Sphê /134 Sweib /125 Terp 1 /59 Wedh 2 /160 48 Yeu 4 /63
188 Sphel /107 Sweid /79 Terp 2 /58, 59 Weg 1 /184 Werg 2 /92, yeu-dh /64
Sêmi /183 Spher /107, 108 Swekwo /11 Ters /59 Weg 2 /29, 35, 132, 160 Yôs /54, 63, 102
Sen /115 Spongo /17, 108 Swel /2, 78 Teter /57 152 Werg 2 /183, Yu /123
Ser 1 /95, 96, 97 Spyeu /59 Swen /20, 76, Têu /57, 61, 62 Wegh /29, 48, 187 Zgwes /100
Ser 1 /112 Srau /74, 75, 77 Têu /63, 110 187 Wes 1 /18, 30,
Ser 3 /112, 188 111 Swep /77 Teub /61, 115, Wêğo /187 78
Sernh /14 Srau /112, 124 Swer /71, 74, 76 117 Wegwh /44 Wes 1 /100
Seu 1 /72, 77, Srêm /95, 96, Swer /78 Teuk /57 Wei 1 /40 Wes 2 /39
78 112 Swerd /77 Teup /56 Wei 2 /187 Wes 3 /5, 30, 39
Seu 3 /96 Srêno /93 Swe-sor /77 Teus /62 Weid /17, 25, 49 Wes 3 /52
A30
Word Index
koruos /141 Kwen 2 /69, 139 Lêsos /161 Mei 3 /114 Mûk /171 Nôğ /174 Per 2 /28, 51,
Kost /33, 143 Kwen 3 /5 Letro /162 Mei 4 /172 Mus /170 Nogh /174 129
Krep /73 Kwer /24, 47, 54 Leu /7, 44 Mei 5 /185 Nâ /51 Nogw /34, 178 Per 3 /9, 32, 37
Kreu /135, 145 Kwer /55, 64, 66 Leudh /70, 94, Mei 6 /157 Nabja /180 Nomn /86, 175 Per 3 /38, 42, 43
Ksei 1 /12, 20, Kwer /80, 114, 96 Meig /9 Nana /180 Nu /180, 181 Per 3 /44, 45, 46
43 119 Leudh /97 Meigh 1 /157, Nas /41, 177 Oies /79 Per 3 /48, 49, 53
Ksei 1 /75, 120, Kwer /121, 136, Leuk /3, 19, 93 173 Nâs /41, 177 Ôku /10, 144 Per 3 /54, 55
124 137 Leuk /94, 96, 97 Meigh 2 /168, Nask /176 Om /71 Per 4 /43
Ksei 1 /125, 183 Kwer /151, 155, Leup /93, 148 172 Nau /175 Ome /14 Perd /43, 44
Ksei 2 /64, 75, 158 Lithra /95 Meit 1 /173 Ndheros /105 Op /77 Perg /175
78 Kwer /161, 163, Lohrk /93 Meit 2 /173 Ndhos /105 Opop /52 Perk 1 /42, 47
Ksei 2 /93, 97, 178 Longos /163 Mel 1 /165 Ne 1 /4, 9, 10 Orghi /14 Perk 2 /53
125 Kwer /185, 187 Lrğ /163 Mel 2 /165 Ne 1 /17, 21, 24 Ost /16 Per-per-os /131
Ksen /120 Kwermi /134, Mâ /164, 165 Mel 3 /170 Ne 1 /25, 34, 75 Ôus /104 Pers /43, 44
Ksengio /65, 142, 147 Mač /164, 168, Mêlg /8, 47, 129 Ne 1 /107, 110, Ow /72 Persna /44
102 Kwermi /151, 170 Mêlg /165, 167, 118 Ozgho /15 Pestêno /49
Ksero /20 152, 159 Mad /165, 166, 168 Ne 1 /173, 174, Pa /1, 2, 13 Pet 1 /18, 49,
Kseubh /6, 144 Kwermi /180, 168 Men 1 /26, 39, 178 Pa /27, 33, 43 144
Kseud /121, 124 186 Magh /166, 169, 49 Ne 1 /180 Pa /44, 45, 51 Pet 2 /53
Ksîp /124, 125, Kwes /121 171 Men 1 /86, 136, Ne 2 /164 Pa /69, 70, 109 Peu /44
177 Kwetwer /67, Mai 1 /185 157 Nebh /10, 178, Pa /154, 181 Peua /52
Ksîro /125 69, 70 Mai 2 /157 Men 1 /165, 179 Pad- /35 Peud /52
Ksudros /73 Kwetwer /121 Maič /164, 168, 167, 171 Nebh /180 Pais /49 Peuk /108
Kû 1 /135, 138, Kweye /6, 119 170 Men 1 /173, 176 Ned /177 Paita /47, 129 Pilo /55
139 Kwo /69, 143, Maiša /169, 173 Men 2 /21, 166 Nedo /112, 142, Parîkâ /48 Pin /134
Kû 2 /116 147 Mait 1 /173 Men-dh /26, 174 Parn /46 Plat /129
Kuâtos /139, Kwon /18, 107, Mait 2 /173 167 Nedo /175 Part /175 Plou /50
148 114 Mako /170 Mênôt /166, Nei 1 /22, 164, Pa-ter /45 Pô /42, 176
Kuei /108 Kwon /135 Mân /5, 166 172 182 Pauk /50 Pod /42, 51, 53
Kund /146 Kwri /74 Manu /171 Menth 1 /169 Nei 1 /183 Pe /42, 176 Pod /54, 138,
Kung /145 Kwsep /120 Marš /71, 129 Menth 2 /171 Nei 2 /179 Peg /51 139
Kûp /140 Lâ /161 Marz? /8, 47, Mer 1 /8, 123, Nek /64, 131, Peî /24, 52, 55 Pôl /45, 115
Kur /147 Lâiô /162 129 157 157 Peî /86, 88, 130 Porkwos /43
Kûr /147 Lak /162 Marz? /165, Mer 1 /166 Nek /177 Peig /54, 180 Porno /46
Kur-wo /141 Lakš /163 167, 168 Mer 2 /21, 49, Neku /5 Pek /50, 69 Pos /49
Kut /147 Lakt /162 Mat /8 71 Nem 1 /175, Peku /50, 69 Pôu /1, 40, 50
Kut-no /78, 137, lal 1 /161 Mâ-ter /164 Mer 2 /129, 179 Pekw /45, 124, Prî /7
147 Lalla /161 Mauč /8 149, 165 Nem 2 /179 175 Pu /52
Kwal /142 Lanğ /95 Maud /172 Mer 2 /166, Nembh /10, Pel 1 /10, 34, 46 Puk 1 /35
Kwei 1 /149 Lap-aro /161 Maz /165 167, 169 178, 179 Pel 1 /48, 108, Puk 2 /50
Kwei 2 /22, 46, Lêb /162 Me 1 /4, 5, 8 Mer 2 /170 Nembh /180 130 Qusêro /71
61 Legwh /161 Me 1 /41, 48, 55 Merg /167 Nepôt /181 Pel 1 /132 Raič /1, 11, 48
Kwei 2 /70, 154 Lehk /163 Me 1 /131, 166, Merk /157 Neptis /181 Pel 2 /43, 53 Raič /97, 143,
Kweis /148 Lêi /162 172 Mers /71, 129 Ner 1 /17, 176 Pel 3 /28, 52 154
Kwek /7, 68, Leig /8 Me 1 /179 Meug /170 Ner 2 /176 Pelpel /48 Raip /132
158 Leigh 1 /164 Me 2 /170 Meuk 1 /168 Neu /174, 181 Pelu /48, 130 Raiš /98
Kwek /178 Leigh 2 /1, 11, Mê 3 /164 Meuk 2 /171 Newn /181 Pend /55 Rand /95
Kwel /29, 67, 68 48 Med /41 Miždho /167 Newo /180, 181 Penkwe /51 Ranj /95
Kwel /99, 127, Leigh 2 /97, 143, Medhyo /172 Moisos /169, Nî /175, 176, Pent /51 Raud 1 /163
137 154 Meg /168, 172 173 177 Per 1 /43, 46, 47 Raud 2 /70, 94,
Kwel /138, 139, Leip /132 Meh /170 Mor-to /21, 166 Nî /178, 179, Per 1 /48, 49, 50 96
144 Leith /94 Mehdhu /170, Morwi /171 180 Per 1 /53, 54, Raud 2 /97
Kwel /154 Lek 1 /163 171, 172 Moudh /172 Nî /181, 182, 129 Raup 2 /93, 148
Kwem /5 Lek 2 /163 Mehlit /171 Mozgo /168 183 Per 1 /130, 131, Raxš /163
Kwen 1 /17, 19, Leng /163 Mei 1 /166, 173 Mu /169, 171 Nis /182 132 Redh /92, 97
159 Lep /161 Mei 2 /173 Mû /170 Nobh /174 Per 1 /133
A29
Word Index
En /3, 23, 27 Gêu 1 /179 Gnauh /128 Gwhen 2 /39, Kâ /139 Keg /69, 126, Kers /67, 115,
Ens /26 Geu 2 /11, 19, Gnô /81, 102, 43, 100 Kâd /106 141 126
Er /14, 45, 46 103 123 Gwhen 2 /104, Kai /147 Kei 1 /106, 117, Kers /141, 142,
Er /93, 95, 98 Geu 3 /65 Gnô /130 155, 176 Kai-Ko /147 118 149
Er /164 Geuga /160 Gogel /154 Gwhen 2 /186 Kaiš /148 Kei 1 /119 Kes /75, 76, 120
Ere /14 Geulo /92, 113 Gong /157 Gwhen 3 /7, 17, Kâk /119, 122 Kei 2 /121 Kes /124
Erek /95 Geulos /160 Gram /128 20 Kak 1 /106, 110, Kei 3 /14 Ket /141
Eres 1 /14, 95, Geus /89 Gras /127 Gwhen 3 /29, 113 Keku /66, 68 Keu 1 /112, 116
98 Ghâgwh /99 Grath /153 30, 46 Kak 2 /138 Kel 1 /1, 19, 106 Keu 2 /116, 126
Eres 2 /75 Ghaido /99 Gredh /146, 151 Gwhen 3 /55, Kak 3 /136, 138 Kel 1 /111 Keu 3 /122, 148
Ergh /14 Ghaise /11, 103 Grnom /4, 13, 66, 71 Kakis /114 Kel 2 /145 Keub /20, 76,
Ersen /13, 75, Ghait /160 99 Gwhen 3 /76, Kakka /144 Kel 3 /145 101
118 Ghans /127 Grnom /100, 114, 123 Kam 1 /145 Kel 4 /68 Keub /112, 126,
Ersen /156 Gharš /155 105, 158 Gwhen 3 /134, Kam 2 /67, 69, Kel 5 /138 128
Es-ti /16 Ghdhem /7, 77, Gulgul /128 139, 146 76 Kelewo /141, Keub /140, 148,
Ěter /77 102 Gumnos /178 Gwher /153 Kam 2 /134, 145 142 157
Eueguh /44 Ghdies /90 Gunos /178 Gwhi /103, 134 Kamma /145 Kem 1 /118 Keub /158, 159,
Fšan /120 Ghebh-el /136, Gurdos 1 /151 Gwou /61, 147, Kamp /67, 69, Kem 2 /135 160
Gahz /6 148 Gurdos 2 /159 150 76 Ken 1 /146 Keub /179
Gaip /160 Ghei 1 /90, 101 Gwa /6, 8, 20 Gwou /159, 181 Kamp /134, 145 Ken 2 /7, 17, 20 Keued /178
Gal /154, 156 Ghei 2 /11, 102, Gwa /22, 53, 63 Gwôu /61, 147 Kand /115, 136, Ken 2 /29, 30, Keuk /19, 111,
Gang /158 103 Gwa /102, 130, Had /50, 73, 176 146 46 116
Gargelos /128 Ghei 2 /105, 152 150 Had /177 Kap /68, 135, Ken 2 /55, 66, Keuk /117, 186
Garz 1 /152 Ghêi 3 /128 Gwa /182 Hai /115, 155, 148 71 Keup /20, 76,
Garz 2 /154, 156 Gheis /101 Gwag /99, 101, 188 Kapho /113, 114 Ken 2 /76, 114, 101
Ǧaulos /103 Ghel /3, 100, 105 Haič /50, 79 Kapolo /145 123 Keup /112, 126,
Gaz /149 101 Gwebh /105 Har /23, 39, 80 Kaput /145 Ken 2 /134, 139, 128
Gêi /150, 182 Ghel /104, 165 Gwed /182 Har /83, 84, 103 Kar 1 /71, 72, 73 146 Keup /140, 148,
Geibh /160 Gheled /105 Gwedh /155, Harh /160 Kar 1 /74, 134, Keng /69, 126, 157
Gel 1 /143, 156, Ghengh /65, 158 Harn /14 146 141 Keup /158, 159,
160 102 Gwei /4, 105, Hau 2 /96 Kar 2 /24, 47, 54 Kens /19 160
Gel 2 /99 Gher /4, 64, 135 149 Hauš /75 Kar 2 /55, 64, 66 Ker 1 /19, 102, Keup /179
Gelt /143 Ghers /155 Gwei /160 Hmar /8, 123, Kar 2 /80, 114, 110 Khâd /72
Gelu /99 Gherto /6, 131 Gweie /104, 150 157 119 Ker 1 /112, 123, Ki /67
Geme /81 Ghesto /5 Gwel 1 /11, 152 Hmar /166 Kar 2 /121, 136, 136 Kiês /106
Gene /4, 99, 130 Gheu /95, 103, Gwel 2 /52, 133 Huaid /79 137 Ker 1 /162 Kiph /118, 121
Gene /134, 173, 125 Gwen /102 Huan /20, 76, 77 Kar 2 /151, 155, Ker 2 /21, 67, 78 Klei /20
176 Gheu /149 Gwer 1 /151 Huar /71 158 Ker 2 /112, 114, Klem /123
Geng /157 Gheu-bh /156 Gwer 2 /54, Hwar /77 Kar 2 /161, 163, 116 Kleu /74, 75,
Genu 1 /99, 159 Gheugh /6 151, 152 I 1 /31, 63, 64 178 Ker 2 /118, 122, 111
Genu 2 /66 Ghlâd /100, 101 Gwer 2 /154 I 2 /26, 27, 183 Kar 2 /185, 187 128 Kleu /112, 124
Geph /101 Ghordho /64 Gwer 3 /53, Iaš /177 Kard /138 Ker 2 /137, 139, Klêu /145
Ger 1 /153 Ghosh /159, 128, 154 Iâtom /63 Karš /143, 144, 141 Klis /111, 113
Ger 2 /4, 13, 99 178, 183 Gwer 3 /156, Ies /64, 65 149 Ker 2 /155 Klou-ni /112
Ger 2 /100, 105, Ghou-ro-s /159 158 Ieuo /65 Kas /135 Ker 3 /74, 111, Koi-to /14
158 Ghrebh 1 /46, Gwer 4 /151 Isto /13, 39, 132 Kas 1 /7, 68, 158 142 Koksâ /143
Ger 3 /40 153 Gwhder /119 Isto /138, 172, Kas 1 /178 Ker 4 /67, 115, Kolemos /135
Ger 4 /99, 128 Ghrebh 2 /159 Gwhedh /72, 176 Kas 2 /136, 138 126 Korkâ /106, 116,
Gêu 1 /20, 76, Ghrem /128 150 Jai /4, 105, 149 Kâs 3 /44, 106, Ker 4 /141, 142, 122
101 Ghu 1 /72, 156 Gwheh /6 Jai /160 110 149 Kormen /115
Gêu 1 /112, Ghu 2 /100 Gwhen 1 /127, Jan /4, 24, 25 Kâu 1 /143, 147, Ker 5 /147 Kormo /121
126, 128 Ghuel /59, 103 135, 136 Jan /39, 43, 100 148 Kerd 1 /87 Koro /137, 141,
Gêu 1 /140, Ghûk /128 Gwhen 1 /143 Jan /104, 155, Kau 2 /140, 148 Kerd 2 /111 142
148, 157 Ghu-to /72 Gwhen 2 /4, 24, 176 Kaus /147 Kerdh /73 Koro /145
Gêu 1 /158, Gieu /65 25 Jan /186 Ke /107 Kerk /153 Kor-ôna /141
159, 160 Glei /85, 100 Jiau /65 Koros /141
A28
Word Index
kephalê /136, Sphallein /17, Aghlo /2, 7, 12 Ar 2 /164 Bher 1 /81, 86, Darh /83 Dheu 1 /90
148 101 Aidh /75 Arg /13 87 Darz /23, 39, 80 Dheu 2 /23, 89,
keras /136 spongos /17, Aig- /15 Ario /3, 13, 26 Bher 1 /116, Darz /83, 84, 127
keration /136 108 Aios /10 Arš /14 150, 167 103 Dheu 3 /23, 100
kêros /136 stoixeion /16 Aiw /34, 63, 72 Aryo /3, 13, 26 Bher 1 /184, Dê /80, 92 Dheugh /4, 40,
kithara /160 sûs-philos /113 Ak /4, 5, 27 As /2 185 Dei /90, 92, 99 82
kleidos /145 taranjîdan /59 Ak /107, 110, Asksâ /5 Bher 2 /33 Deik /91 Dheugh /89
klîma /20 telesma /127 115 Ater /2 Bher 3 /34 Dek /82, 86 Dheye /2, 10, 23
koite /14 telos /127 Akos /136 Âtos /1, 82 Bher 4 /31, 38 Dekm /41, 70, Dheye /41, 45,
kôlon /136 tiara /56 Akru /18 Au /10, 18, 25 Bhereg /32 88 63
ksniô /120 toranj /59 Aksas /5 Au /73 Bhergh /3, 29, Dekm /90, 91, Dheye /91, 118
ku-klos /127 traxus /57 Akwa /8 Au 1 /27, 183 30 117 Dhîs /90
lâdon /161 tuphos /127 Al 1 /3, 13, 26 Aueg /37, 54 Bhergh /32, 33, Dekm /119, 126 Dhragh 1 /84
litra /95 tuphun /127 Al 2 /3 Aug /185 35 Deks /86 Dhragh 2 /57
lôtos /161 xêma /126, 149 Âlêiô /9 Aulos /3 Bhergh /36, 132 Del /82, 84 Dhreu /83
malagma /170 xêros /20 Alek /17, 161, Aus 1 /6, 24, 25 Bheru /36 Dem /89, 152, Dhreugh /85
maraino /167 xiphos /118 163 Aus 1 /141, 159, Bheu /25, 31, 37 165 Dhugh-tar /4,
marmaros /167 xolê /165 Algwh /12 178 Bheu /38 Dema /21, 80 40, 82
mastixê /169 xronos /135 Ambhi /5, 18, 19 Aus 1 /180, 183 Bheudh /37, 42 Denk /82, 88 Dhûs /90
maxanikon /171 xymeia /125, Ambhi /20, 22, Aus 2 /39 Bheug /52 Dens /86 Dhwer /82, 83
melan-xolia 149 120 Ausus /39 Bhilo /113, 133 Deph /87 Dkm-tom /90,
/165 Zeus /99 Ambhi /121 Aw /72, 188 Bhôi /41 Der 1 /84, 85, 126
mustax /169 ziggiberis /102 Ambhô /22 Aweg /185 Bhôu /38 182 Dnt /88
naphta /178 zonarion /102 Ambhô-Bhor Ayer /43 Bhra-ter /32 Der 2 /85 Dô /17, 36, 42
nardos /174 zônê /102 /22 Az /4, 65, 182 Bhreus /32 Derk /58 Dô /79, 80, 90
narkê /176 zugon /103, 135 An 1 /26, 33, 89 Baba /31, 32 Bhru 1 /11 Deru /80, 83, 85 Dont /88
narkissos /176 An 2 /9, 23 Bamb /36 Bhru 2 /30 Deu 1 /89 Dous /89
natron /178 An 3 /4, 9, 10 Banz /28, 81 Bhugo /34 Deu 2 /89 Drau /83
nomos /175 Hebrew An 3 /17, 21, 24 Barbarah /31, Bhun /37 Deuk /88, 89 Drauh /84, 85,
obolos /52, 133 Âdhâmah /2 An 3 /25, 34, 75 32 Blou /50 Dhars /83, 87 182
opion /11 èrebh /14 An 3 /107, 110, Baud /38 Bu /38 Dhê 1 /81 Drauš /84
opos /11 Âdam /2 118 Beu 1 /37, 38 Ĉag /66 Dhê 2 /2, 18, 22 Dregh /84
organon /14 bâsam /36 An 3 /173, 174, Beu 2 /38 Ĉai /22, 46, 61 Dhê 2 /26, 51, Drep /84
orxis /14 hânan /194 178 Bhâ 1 /30, 129 Ĉai /70, 154 79 Dumb /60, 87,
persis /50 kuttoneth /60 An 3 /180 Bhâ 2 /49 Ĉak /66 Dhê 2 /80, 81, 88
phânôs /129 nither /178 Ang /24, 105, Bhag /21, 29, 31 Ĉap 1 /66 86 Dus /85, 86, 87
philos /113, 133 Qâter /110 121 Bhag /32, 35, 36 Ĉap 2 /68, 135, Dhê 2 /102, 104, Dus /88, 89, 105
philo-sophos šâbat /107, 123 Ang /164 Bhag /39, 40, 41 148 167 Dwo /11, 41, 88
/133 Angh /4, 65, 182 Bhâghu /29 Ĉat /69 Dhê 2 /175, 181 Dwo /90, 92
phôs /129 Angwhi /15 Bhag-los /32, 35 Ĉaud /68 Dhedh /82 Ed /5, 7, 15
pinakx /134 Anôr /21 Bhag-mos /32, Ĉiah /6, 119 Dhêdh /82 Ed /73, 88, 133
psallein /115 Hindustani Ansu /26, 33, 89 35 Ĉîah /119 Dhegh /80, 82, Ed /142, 174
rhodon /94 pankâ /51 An-teros /23 Bhê /27, 36 Ĉîam /5 92 Ed-ont /88
sakkaron /116 jangal /65 Ap /185 Bheğh /29, 31, Ĉiau /121 Dhegh /113, Eis 1 /75
sandarak /115 sâgun /106 Apo /2, 3, 6 40 Ĉih /67 133, 150 Ekwos /7, 12, 13
sapôn /126 Apo /7, 8, 9 Bheğh-iks /31 Dâ 1 /40, 80, 81 Dheigh /47, 85, Ekwos /15, 16,
sema /118 Apo /10, 31, 49 Bhel /30, 33 Dâ 1 /90 91 62
Sêma /118 Indo- Apo /52, 107, Bhendh /35, 37, Dâ 2 /81 Dheigh /92 Ekwos /63, 116,
skhelos /144
skopos /114
European 184 Ar 1 /3, 12, 13
83
Bhendh /129
Dabh /81
Dâbh /81
Dhem /87
Dhe-mnâ /81
133
Ekwos /153,
sophisma /113 Ab 1 /1, 2, 5 Ar 1 /18, 53, 67 Bhengh /28, 81 Dah 1 /81 Dhen /81, 88 156, 164
Sophos /113, Ab 1 /6, 11, 22 Ar 1 /92, 93, Bher 1 /9, 16, 22 Dah 2 /80, 92 Dher 1 /23, 39, Ekwos /188
133 Ab 1 /85, 104, 183 Bher 1 /28, 32, Danh /86 80 El 1 /3, 13
spairen /108 174 Ar 1 /188 34 Dânu /81 Dher 1 /83, 84, El 2 /7
sphaira /108 Ag /58 Ar 2 /14, 45, 46 Bher 1 /57, 72, Darb /84 103 Embhi /24
Agh /2, 7, 12 Ar 2 /93, 95, 98 74 Darf /84 Dher 2 /57 Ěmos /164
A27
Word Index
xšây /75, 120, xvasta /74 yima-xšaetem zareta /3, 100, Ĉ'a /67 French asparagos /17
124 xv-âthra /77 /64 101 Chiang-yu /117 are /2 a-sphallein /17,
xšây /125 xvîsat /71, 94 yô /26 zarmân /100 Chou-shu /124 algorisme /7 101
xšaya-aršan /75 xwâd /77 yu /63 zarš /155, 196 Xalen /72 assignat /17 asphaltos /17,
xši /75, 120, 124 xwaf /77 yuj /194 zaršayamna cafe' /138 101
xši /125 xwafsa /77 yûš /123 /196 canari /135 balsamon /36
Xšî /126 xwan /20, 76, 77 yûšmat /123 zarwân /4 Dutch caravane /137 barbitos /32
xšip /125, 177 xwap /77 yuvan /65 zasta /5 soja /117 carte /137 beryllos /36
xšîra /125 xwar /2, 78 yuxta /194 zâta /173 chimie /125, Ĉartês /134, 137
xšnaw /74, 75, xwarô /78 yvan /65 žata /4, 39, 100 126 chronos /135
111 xwâs /77 zâ 1 /196 žata /155 daman /21
xšnaw /112, 124 xwa-tam /78 zâ 2 /104 zaurva /4 Egyptian congres /146
Dânao /81
Hebni /1 douzaine /88
xšnu /74, 75, xwa-tô /78 ža 3 /150 Zauša /103 europe /14 di /11, 92
111 ya /87, 193 zâ-dhana /104 zav 1 /100 Elu-ephas /55 dia /11, 92
xšnu /112, 124 yâ /63 zaem /90 zav 2 /103 khem /126, 149 fascism /129 dia-ballein /11
Šôšen /117 fil /134
xšôithmi /75, yaêš /198 zaêman /11 zava /19, 103 filet /134 diabolos /11
78, 97 yaešyaiti /64 zaêmi /11 zavah /11, 103 flute /133 dia-dein /92
xšôithmi /125 yah 1 /64, 65 zaêna 1 /11, zavaiti /72 gaze /149 dia-dêma /92
xšudra /124 yâh 2 /63 102, 103 zâvar /11, 103 English grade /146 diphtera /87
xšudram /73 yâhma /54, 63 zaêna 1 /105, zaxya /100 alfalfa /7 guitare /160 dis /11, 92
xšufsan /6 yâkara /64 152 zaya /11, 105 candy /136 hectare /190 drakoon /58
xšvaepâ /124, yânhaeiti /54, zaêna 2 /102 žayâi /104 caravan /137 jargon /101 Drassoman /84
177 191 zaêna-dana zayan /102 grease /154 kiosque /159 draxmon /84
xšvaewa /125 yaod /64 /102 zazâmi /196 jackal /121 limon /164 ek-leipein /143
xšvaš /119 yaoj /194 zaênah-vant /11 zbâ /100 kiosk /159 limonâd /164 ek-leipsis /143
xšvaš-dasa /119 yaona /65 zaenô-hâra /103 zd /177 lacquer /161 luth /133 europa /14
xšvaš-ti /119 yaošti /64 zaêša /101 zem /101 lilac /164 pêches /50 gangraina /127
xšvipata /125 yaôxaôra /54 zaêšta /101 zered /87 lime /164 pêches melba gônia /159
xšvira /125 yaoz /194 zaf- /101 zî /196 lotus /161 /50 ğr-on-os /135
xšwaif /125, 177 yaozaiti /194 zaf-an /101 zimô /101 musk /169 poudre /28, 52 hektaton /190
xšwaip /125, yâr /193 zaf-ar /101 zinât /104 nard /174 refuse /95 helios /188
177 yâra /193 zahr /104 žîra /4, 105 pajamas /54 saccharine /116 Heracles /189
xumba /76 yâsâ /63 žaini /102 žnu /99 peacock /126 seinat /115 heros /189
xva /72, 78 yâsta /54, 191 zairita /3, 100, znum /99 scimitar /123 se'rie /112 histôr /17
xvadâya /72 yat /193 101 zrâda /100, 101 seal /17 se'riel /112 Hyakinthos /193
xvaê-paithya yata /87, 193 zam /7, 77, 102 zrayah /100 shellac /161 sucre /106, 122 Ion /194
/78 yâta /87, 193 zâmâ-tar /81 zrš /196 sign /17 Syphilis /113 istoria /17
xvaê-pati /78 ya-târa /26 zan 1 /4, 99 zûrah /59, 103 spikenard /174 talc /56 Iwannos /194
xvaeza /79 yâtem /63 zan 2 /102 zuštô /89 sugar /122 trafic /58 kaisar /136
xvafna /77 yâ-tu /63 zana /99 žya /104 tiara /56 kalamos /135
Xvaini /77 yava /65 zânâ /102 žyâ /103 tire /56 kalix /138
xvâjo-ayâo /72 yava-az /65 zanga /102 zyâ 1 /101 van /137 Kalo /139
xvan /20, 76, 77 Yâvarenâ /193 zangô /102 zyâ 2 /104 zirconium /101
Greek kalo-podein
xvang /78 yave /63 zânu /66 zyam /90 ebnos /1 /139
xvan-har /77 yaxštay /197 zanva /66 zyâni /104 a- /21 kalo-podion
xvâothra /72, 78 yaxšti /197 zaošô /89 zyâo /101 a-damas /21 /138, 139
xvap /77 yaz /26, 167 zaothar /103 zyô /90
English alex-andros /17 kamision /135
xvar 1 /70, 72, yazatanam /26, zaothr /103 (Old) alexein /17 kandhêla /136
78 167, 194 zaothra /103 pea /126 an- /21 kanon /134
andros /17
xvar 1 /181 yazato-kerata zar 1 /4 Caribbean ankura /164
Kapparis /140
xvar 2 /2, 78 /194 zar 2 /99, 100 Tabaco /60 kapsa /135
apsinthion /19 kau /135
Xvara /71, 74 yemâ /64 zara /104 Ethiopian ari-koite /14
xvara /76 yemô /64 zara 2 /196 Kaffa /136, 138 arsenikon /3 kau-casos /135
xvarenah /129, yesnya /64, 194 zara-uštra /100 Kedrus /110
132 yîma /64 zarayah /100 Chinese A-sêma /118 kellos /144
xvareta /73 zaredaya /87 Tien /62 asia /5
A26
Word Index
tavant /61 ûna /187 uždar /29 var 2 /30, 124, vaxš /9, 30, 49 vi-mar /157 wi-sis /155
taxma /58, 60, upa /1, 21, 31 uz-dâvayati 153 vaxš /76, 131, vi-minašti /157 wi-star /35, 155
62 upa /33, 39, 45 /100 var 3 /28 158 vip /198 wrda /94, 156,
taxma /94 upa /50, 51 uždri /29 var 4 /123, 183 vaxš /180, 184, vîra /187 186
taxma-tanu /62 upâ /1, 21, 31 uz-dû /100 var 5 /184 185 vi-radh /188 xâ /72
taxma-urupa upâ /33, 39, 45 uz-mâ-ta /4 vara /28, 48, 92 vaxšaiti /37, 185 vi-raeč /154 xad 1 /72
/62 upâ /50, 51 va /193 vara /132, 183 vaxš-ô-bara vi-râiti /188 xad 2 /74
taxš /57 upa-diti /45 vâ /193 vâra 1 /28 /185 vîs /198 xan /7, 20, 29
temah /59 upa-gâh /51 vačah /9, 30, 49 vâra 2 /28, 48, vay /40 viš 1 /41 xan /30, 46, 55
thamân /102 upairi /32 vačah /76, 131, 92 vây /187 vîš 2 /188 xan /66, 71, 76
thang /10, 132, upa-mati /21 158 vâra 2 /132, 183 vayeiti 2 /187 viš 3 /149 xan /114, 127,
191 upa-sad /50 vačah /180, 184, varah /32 vayôi /185 viša /41 134
thang /193 upa-skambem 185 Varaka /33 vayu /188 vi-saêd /155 xan /135, 139,
thrâ /111 /45 vada /160 varang /32 vaz /29, 48 vi-saiti /41, 70, 146
thrafda /61 upa-var /30, 185 vadar /160 varaša /40 vaza 1 /29 117 xaôda /78
thrafza /61 urpa /62, 96 vâdâya /160 Varâza /151 vaza 2 /187 vîs-paiti /198 xara /72, 74,
Thranc /59 urupis /62, 96 vadhğan /160 vard /184 vazaghâ /187 vîs-pati /198 134
thrâsa /58 uruthwan /18 vadhu /42 vardana /183 vâzišta /187 višta-aspa /156 xar-bâra /184
thrâya /111 uruthwara /18 vadû /42 varecah /12 vazra /152 Višta-aspa /188 xas /74
thrâyô /117 uruthwasča /18 vaêc /40 vared /184 vehrka /153 vi-stâ-ka /155 xaudâ /78
thri /117 Urvan /25, 96 vaeda /49, 187, varedha /94, ver 1 /30, 124, vištaspa /188 xâya /72
thri-sat /41, 70, urvant /96 192 156, 186 153 vît /149 xerpta /78
117 urvarâ /25 vaêiti /40 varejah /12 ver 2 /131, 185 vi-tar /151 xrafs-tra /73
thri-thatra /160 urvata /131, 185 vaenâ /41, 177 Varekahe /33 verdeka /152 vîtara /149 xram /73
thri-yaxštay urvinj /34 vaêna /91 varena /30, 124, veredka /152 vîtarem /149 xraos /74
/197 urvisyeiti /152 vaênâ /41, 177 153 vherka /153 vi-taxti /150 xratu /73
thwares /198 us /100, 104, vaeša /41 varenâ /9, 185 vi /64, 149, 150 vithra /149 xrî /74
-ti /119 110 vafra /33 varep /152 vi /157, 158 vi-vačah /158 xrû /145
tigrâ /82 ušâ /192 vah /5, 30 varesa /152 vî /40, 41, 64 vîvâiti /187 xrûm /145
tiğra /62, 82, usaiti /192 vah-išta /39 varešna /13, 14, vî /149, 150, vi-vard /158 xrûma /145
110 ušas-tara /192 vahna /5, 30 75 151 vohnua /78 xrûra /145
tiğra /149 usča /25 vahu /13, 25, 38 varešna /118, vî /154, 155, vohu /13, 25, 39 xrus /145
tkaeša /148 ûši /24, 25, 141 vahu /39, 80 156 157 vohu /80 xrûta /145
trap /59 ûši /180, 192 vahu-man /39 varet /151, 152, vî /158, 160, vohuni /78 xrûždra /145
tras /58 ûši-dâta /192 vaidi /28 180 185 vôi /187 xšača /12, 43,
traš /62 us-kan /17 vairi /28 Vareta /33 vî /187, 188 vriz /34 120
trâš /62 us-kar /114 vâiti /27 varethra /39, vi-čay /154 vyâna /187 xšača /183
traxtanam /59 us-pari /108 vak /9, 30, 49 187 vi-či /158 vyâxa /9 Xšad /31
tû /61 us-snâ /18 vak /76, 131, varethra-jan /39 vîčiča /150 vyâxman /9 xšae-ta /75, 78,
tûm /61 us-spar /108 158 varez- /48 vi-čir /155, 185, waig /9, 24 97
tum-âspa /62 us-tavah /110 vak /180, 184, vareza /186 187 waix /9, 24 xšae-ta /125
tuš /62 us-tema /25 185 varnak /34, 186 vîdada /49, 187, wâr /28 xšâfniya /120
tusen /62 uštra /18, 100 vam /185 vart /151, 152, 192 ward /184 Xšaivan /126
tussya /62 uš-tra /18, 100 vanâ /37 180 vi-dâz /150 wars /151, 152, xšaob /6
tuvam /61 uta /183 vanaiti /37 vasah /35 vidhavâ /42 180 xšaod /121
tvâm /61 utâ /183 vana-vaxša /37 vasar /39 vidya /187 wi /40, 41, 64 xšap /120
ubdaena /29 u-vâra-zmi /7, vanhâr /39 vasnah /35 vi-hây /155, 188 wi /149, 150, xšar /119
ubê /5, 18, 19 77 vanhna /5, 30 vasri /39 vî-jainti /155 151 xšathra /43, 124
ubê /20, 120, ux /191 vanhu /78 vasta /5, 30 vi-kaêš /70 wi /154, 155, xša-thra /43,
121 uxšan /198 vanri /39 vašta /29 vi-kâs /158 157 124
ud /100, 104, uxšyeiti /37 vant /171 vaštar /29 vi-kay /154, 155, wi /158, 160, xšatra-vairya
110 uyamna /187 vantar /37 vastra /184 185 185 /124
udara /198 uz /100, 104, vâr /28 vâstra /184 vi-kaya /158 wi /187, 188 xšaub /144
udra /186 110 var 1 /28, 48, 92 vâta /27 vi-mad /41 wi-čâr /154 xšaud /121
uiti /183 uz-ah /104 var 1 /132, 183 vawža /185 vi-maik /157 wi-kâr /158 xšâudra /124
unâ /187 uz-ah-âp /104 vawžaka /185 vi-manah /157 wi-sâ /155, 188
A25
Word Index
parya /53 pûiti /52 ras 1 /95 sâna /116 snâ /18, 123 srû-ta /111 syâva-aršan
pas /197 pusâ /35 rasa /95 sand /50 snaêj /115 sru-vant /96 /118
pasâ /49 pusâ-ka /35 râsta /18, 92, 94 sang /110 snaêž /115 Srva /111 syazd /177
pasca /49 pûtay /52 ratha /12, 94 saoč /19, 116, snaêža /115 srvâ /112 tab /6, 46, 55
pasča /49 puthra /40, 50 ratha-eštra /12 117 snaoda /198 sta /5, 6, 16 tab /56, 57, 120
pašman /50 pu-thra /40, 50 ratu /93 saoka /117 snâvar /115 sta /27, 36, 47 tab /172
pâšna /44 pûttika /44 râu /7, 44 saokenta /117 šôithra /196 sta /55, 109, tač /22, 46, 56
pastô /52 puyeiti /52 rautah /96, 97 saokenta-vant spâ 1 /18, 107, 110 tač /150, 190,
pasu /50 ra /45, 46, 93 ravah /198 /117 114 sta /120, 130 191
pataiti /18 ra /95 ravan /96 sarah /19, 110, spâ 2 /70 stâ /6, 16 tačan /46
patareta /18 râ /92 ravas-čarât /198 162 spâda /18, 107 šta /6, 16 tačar /46
patayeiti /18 ra(x)ša-kara ravi /161 sârah /19, 110, spaêta /108 stâ 2 /198 taêğa /62
path /51 /163 rax /133 162 spakâ /18, 107 staman /16 taêža /62
pathâ /51 rad /59, 93 razah /92 sareda /106 spâma /59 sta-mba /109 tahra /46
pathana /53 râd /53, 92, 188 razma /94 saredha /111 spar /107, 108 staoiti /74, 109 taiy /61
pathi /51 rae /98 rêh /164 sarethâ /19, 111 spâra /107 staora /109 tak /22, 46, 56
pati-ara /46 raec /98 rêxt /1, 11, 97 sarez /106 spareğa /15, 17 star 1 /35, 71, tak /150, 190,
pati-baus /42 raeš /98 rêz /1, 11, 97 sari /155 spas /44, 107 155 191
pati-gâra /53 raeša /98 rî /98 sâri /155 spasânô /44, star 2 /109 taka /22, 46, 56
pati-râd /53 raesah /98 ris /94 sâs /44, 106, 107 stata /6, 16 taka /150, 190,
patiy /43, 45, raêth /94 riš /98 110 spasyeiti /44, staura /109 191
109 raêvant /93 rith /94 šas /177 107 stav /74, 109 tan /56
patta /49 raêvas /98 rîz /98 sâsnâ /44, 110 spâtha /18, 107 stawra /15, 16, tanj /58, 60, 62
paurva /43 raêz /164 rû /7, 44 sâsta /106 spatha-paiti 109 tanj /94
paurvatâ /49 ragu /161 rup /93, 148 sâstar /106 /107 sta-xma /109 tanu /1, 60, 62
paurvatâ-vac rah /92 rupâ /93, 148 sat /41, 70, 117 spenta /17, 19, sta-xra /16 tanûra /60
/49 râiti /92 sâ 1 /155 sata /90, 126 159 stây /198 taoš /62
pav /52 rak /133 šâ 1 /119 satam /90, 126 spento-dâto /17 šti /6, 16 taoxman /57
pâvaka /44 râman /45, 73, sâ 2 /116 sauk /19, 116, sperezan /107 stuna /110 tap 1 /56
pavasta /52 93 šâ 2 /6, 119 117 Spiš /120 stûnâ /110 tap 2 /6, 46, 55
pax /45, 124 râna /93, 98 sač /106 saux /19, 116, spiti-doithra stûra /109 tap 2 /56, 57,
payah /24, 52 ranhâ /95 sačaiti /110, 113 117 /108 sufrâ /116 120
perana /10, 34, ranj /95 sad /50 Sav /116 spôz /108 sufrâka /116 tap 2 /172
46 raočah /3, 19, sâdayantî /66 šav /121 sraêš /111 sûirya /116 tapayati /56
perana-âyu /34 93 šâdayeiti /177 savah /112, 116 sraoni /112 sû-ka /116 tap-stana /55
pere-sa /47 raočah /94, 96 sâdra /106 savahî /116 sraosha /112 Sukurna /113 tar /57, 151
peresu /53 raoč-xšaema šaêiti /196 sax /110 sraothra /112 supti /113 tara-âz /58
peret /175 /97 saêna /119 sâx /106 srask /111 sûr /112, 116 tara-âzu /58
perethu /53 raoč-xšaena /93 saêna-mereğa sâxvan /44, 110 srav /74, 75, surâ /116 tarep /61
peretu /51, 129 raod 1 /70, 94, /119 sčand /122 111 sûram /116 taro /57, 151
pešô-tanu /50 96 saêni /107 scapti /122 srav /112, 124 suš /121 taršna /59
pišant /49 raod 1 /97 saêniš /107 shiti /196 sravah /112 suši /121 taršta /58
pištra /54 raod 2 /163 safa /113, 114 sid /155 sraw /111 suwrâ /116 taršu /59
pîštra /49 raodah /96, 97 sah /19 šim /27 srâw /111 suxra /111, 186 tarya /57, 151
pîta /176 raodha /70, 94, sâh /44, 106, simâ /118 sray- /20 suxra-vard /186 taš /62
pi-tar /45 96 110 sipari /108 srayan /196 sya /116 taša /62
pithwa /55, 130 raodha /97 said /155 sîždra /177 srî /196 šyâ /6, 119 tašta /62
pitu /55, 130, raodha-taxma sairi-gaona /112 sîždyamna /177 srinav- /20 syâ-maka /117 tâta /18, 49
176 /94 saiti /41, 70, sîždyô /177 srinu- /20 šyangh /123, tathra /56, 160
pouru /130 raoğna /97 117 skairya /92, 113 Srîra /118 192 taug /61
pouruša /53 raoidita /97 šâiti /119 skambem /45 srîra /196 šyaoman /121 tauruna /57, 58,
prô-ayare /43 raoidya /197 sak /106 skarana /92, srîš /113 šyaothna /121 61
prs-sa /47 raonami /96 šam /5 113 srita /20 šyâtî /119 tauruna /62
ptâta /18, 49 raopias /62, 96 šâm /27 Skarna /113 sru /74, 75, 111 šyav /121 taux /61
pu 1 /40, 50 raoxšna /93, 97 sâma /106 smer /8, 123, sru /112, 124 syâva /117, 118 tav /61, 62, 110
pu 2 /52 rap /95 šan /123, 192 166 srû /112 tava /61
A24
Word Index
kan 1 /30, 46, kây /149 mahrka /149, maxši /170 nairya /176 ni-kasa /178 paiti 2 /46, 48,
55 kay 2 /46, 61, 70 166 mayazda /166, nairyava /176 ni-mâ /179 49
kan 1 /66, 71, kay 2 /154 mâh-tab /172 173 naiy /173, 174, ni-pais /180 paiti 2 /53, 54,
76 kerefs /73 mâhya /166, maz /172 178 ni-part /175 55
kan 1 /114, 127, keresa /153 172 mazah /168 nam /179 ni-pîta /176 paiti 2 /193
134 keresa-aspa maidyâna /172 mazan /168 nâma /86, 175 ni-šâdaiti /177 paiti-band /37
kan 1 /135, 139, /153 maii /185 mazant /172 namaiti /179 ni-us-tavah /110 paiti-dâma /51
146 keresa-vazda mainyu /26, 173 Mazaxa /170 nâman /86, 175 ni-vak /76, 180 paiti-frasna /42
kan 2 /146 /153 mairya /165 mazda-yasna Namra /176, ni-vart /180 paiti-gama /53
kan-yâ /146 kereta /67, 137 mân /89, 152, /167 179 ni-xšvaepâ /177 paiti-gar /54
kaofa /148 kerma /142 165 mazga /168 napâ /181 ni-zâti /176 paiti-grab /46
Kapastay /140 kermi /142 man 1 /26, 166, maz-išta /172 napât /181 nmâna /89, 152, paiti-jathra /43
kar 1 /138 Kharpuna /141 176 megan /166, napta /178, 179, 165 paiti-kan /55
kar 2 /54, 121, kô /147 man 1 /189 169 180 nôit-zî /196 paiti-kara /55
136 kôš /143 man 2 /21, 166 Mereğa /119, naptis /181 nû /180, 181 paiti-kâra /54
kar 2 /137, 151, ku /147 manâ /170 167 nar /176 nûrem /180, paiti-ma /55
163 kû /147 manah /26, 39, mereza /167 nard /174 181 paiti-man /49
kara 1 /54, 121, kutaka /147 49 merezu /197 naš /5 Nyâka /182 paiti-pasti /18
136 kû-thra /147 manah /86, 136, merezu-jîti /197 nas 1 /177 ôithara /149 paiti-raeč /48
kara 1 /137, kva /147 157 minu /197 nas 2 /5 pa /1, 2, 13 paiti-râman /45
151, 163 kvataka /147 manah /165, mit /173 nasayeti /177 pa /33, 43, 44 paiti-sahva /44
kara 2 /142 leiš /164 171, 176 mith /173 nashta /177 pa /45, 51, 69 paitiš-mauc
kara-manah mâ 1 /4, 55, 131 manah /189, mithô /197 naska /176, 177 pa /70, 154 /171
/136 mâ 1 /166, 172, 192 mithra /172 nasu /177 pač /45, 124 paitiš-vaêd /49
Karana /141 179 manaothri /197 mithwara /197 nâu /175 pačaiti /45, 124 paiti-xšathra /43
karaya /138 mâ 2 /164 mant /171 mîto /157 nauma /181 pad /42, 53, 54 paity-âra /45
karem /142 mad /165 manuš-čitra mivâmahi /197 nava 1 /181 pâd /42, 53, 54 -pâka /45, 124,
kareman /67 mada /168 /171 mîžda /167 nava 2 /180, pada /42, 53, 54 175
karena_oša madha /170, maoč /171 mîžda-vare /167 181 padâtaka /53 pa-nâh /51
/141 172 maoirî /171 mnti /197 nâv-dân /175 padika /53 panca /51
karš /143, 144, Madhaxa /170 mar.1 /8, 123, moghu /166, nâviya /175 paei-mar /49 pancâsas /51
149 madhu /170, 166 169 nay /179 paêman /52 pant /51
karši-ptan /144 171, 172 mar.2 /49, 165, moneutro /197 nayeiti /179 paes /54, 180 panta /51
Karšvar /144 madz-dha /26, 166 morandat /166 nazdištâ /176 paeš /54, 180 paoiry-aêini /48
kas /68, 143, 167 mar-aiti /123 môy /172 nazd-îštâ /176 paêsah /54 paourus /130
178 maeg /166, 169 marathyu /149, mrz /165, 167, nazdyô /176 pairi /46, 47, 48 par 1 /10, 34, 46
kâs /138 maeğa /172 166 168 nemadhka /180 pairi /49, 50, 53 par 2 /28
kaša /143 maêkant /164, maraxš /166 muš /129 nemah 1 /179 pairi /54, 130 para /43
kašâ /143 168, 170 marazu /197 mušti /168 nemah 2 /179 pairi-aojastara parâ /43
kas-čit /143 mâêša /173 mard /165, 167, mûthra /197 Nemata /179 /54 pâra 1 /43
kas-išta /138 mâêšî /173 168 muxtâ /171 nî /179 pairi-čayeti /46 pâra 2 /28
kasu /136, 138 maêt /173 mardta /166 na 1 /173, 174, ni 1 /175, 176, pairi-daeza /47 para-kan /46
Kasyapa /144 maêth /191 mared /166 178 177 pairikâ /48 para-tab /46
kat /147 maêthanam Mareğâ /167 na 2 /164 ni 1 /178, 179, pairi-kara /47 parena /46
kata /141 /173 marenčaiti /166 nab /178, 179, 180 pairî-mâ- /48 pareš /44
katama /147 maêthman /173 mareta /166, 180 ni 1 /181, 182, pairi-marz /47 paresu /53
katâra /147 maêz /173 169 Naêma /183 183 pairi-tak /46 pari /46, 47, 48
ka-tha /147 Mağa /169 marez /165, Naêza /182 ni 2 /173, 174, pairi-vâra /48 pari /49, 50, 53
kau-kušati /148 mağava /197 167, 168 nâf /174 178 pairi-vaza /48 pari /54, 130
kaurva /141 mağna /34 marz /165, 167, nafa /174 ni-az /182 pairi-yân /54 pari-aužah /54
kaurvô /147 mağnâ /34 168 nâfah /174 ni-dâ /181 paiti 1 /43, 45, parô /43
kautaka /147 magus /166, maša /166, 169 nâfô /174 ni-gama /182 109 parô-ayare /43
kava /148 169 masya /166 nâh /41, 177 nî-gaona /179 paiti 2 /32, 37, par-šta /47
kâvâ-usân /148 maguš /166 mâtar /164 naire-manâw ni-gaoša /178, 38 par-šti /47
kavi /148 mâh /166, 172 mati /197 /176 183 paiti 2 /42, 44, paršuya /44
kay /22 mâ-tya /164 nâirî /176 ni-gôp /181 45 paru-zana /183
A23
Word Index
draxta /80, 83 fra-manyente gaona /101, gutha /61, 147 hapta /190 hu 2 /78 iza /15
dregu /84 /197 112, 159 guz /6 hara /188 hu 3 /96 jafra /105
drigu /84 fra-muxti /171 gaona /179 hâ 1 /155 haraiti /189 hu-apah /77 jaiti /4, 39, 100
driwi /84 fra-nâš /5 gaoša /159, 178, hâ 2 /148 haraiva /189 hu-badra /195 jaiti /155
dru /80, 83 fra-nay /179 183 hačâ /14 hareva /189 hu-čitra /189 jaiwi /105
drva /83 frank /129, 130, gaošaka /159 had /177 harz /190 hufsa /77 jam /22, 102,
dû /23, 100 131 gaoša-vare /184 hadiš /177 haša-kerta /119 hu-jasta /72 130
duğdâr /40, 82 frank /132, 133 gao-spenta /159 haeč /79 haši /189 hu-kehrpta /78 jam /150
dugeda /40, 82 fra-pithwa /130 gaoz /6 hâek /1, 11, 97 hastra /177 hu-mana /192 jâma /81
duma /60, 87, fra-ptaražât /18 gar 1 /40 Haem /79, 86 hâthra /188 hu-mâyâ /190 jamâna /102
88 fras /42, 47 gar 2 /54, 151, haiz /71, 94 hau- /189 hunâmi /96 jâm-âspa /63
dûra /89 fra-šaêkam /50 152 ha-keret /21 hau 1 /192 hu-nara /191 jan. /4, 39, 100
dûraê /89 fra-sanam /116 gar 2 /154 ham 1 /20, 21, hâu 2 /148 hu-ni-vak /76 jan. /155
duš /85, 86 fra-sta /130 gar 3 /53, 156 22 haurva 1 /73, hunuš /96 jâni /102
duš-manah /86 fra-šûte /121 gar 4 /152 ham 1 /23, 24, 189 hu-parathwa jantu /22, 102,
duš-nâma /86 frathah /129 garah /156 46 haurva 2 /189 /129 130
duš-pithwa /86, fra-vahr /132 gard /54, 151, ham 1 /183, haurvaiti /189 hu-rama /73 jantu /150
88 fra-var /132 152 190, 191 haurvatât /73, huška /75 jaraiti /158
duš-vâre /87 fra-var-tinam gard /154 ham 2 /188 189 hu-šnûta /76 jatara /24, 104
duš-yâta /87 /132 garebuš /196 hama 1 /188 hauš /75 hu-srav /74, 75 jathra /43, 104
duva /41, 88, 90 fravaši /132 garema /153 hama 2 /188 hauš-a /75 hu-ux-tay /191 jîta /105, 149,
duvara /82, 83 fra-vaxš /131 Garenu /151 hama-bağa /21 hauv /148 hu-vaeda /25, 160
duvitya-kara /88 fra-zaintiš /130 garewa /196 hamaêstar /191 hav /96 192 jiva /105, 149,
duye-saite /90 Fšân /20 garez /154, 156 ham-ara /98 hava /72, 78 hu-xerpta /78 160
duž /85, 86 fšarema /121 garô-demâna ham-aranu /98 Hâvana /189 hu-xšnuta /76 jva /105, 149,
duž-aka /105 fštâna /49 /152, 165 ham-aratha /98 hava-rd /70 hva /72, 78 160
duždâo /85, 86 fšu /50, 69 garo-gar /154 ham-basta /35 hâvayan /198 hvare /70, 72, ka 1 /147
dva /41, 88, 90 fšu-pait /69 gât /63, 150 ham-či /22 hâvayeiti /198 78 kâ 2 /139
dvaidi /89 gâ 1 /150 gâtâ /150 ham-dais-a /23 hav-sivanga hvare /181 kâ 3 /147
dvar /82, 83 gâ 2 /150 gâthu /63, 150 ham-dû /23 /192 hvare-âsân /72 ka-da /147
dve-sate /90 gad /150 gâtu-bar /150 hamista /191 haxa-maniš hvarenah /129, kaênâ /149
-emô /164 gaêsa /160 gâtu-bâra /184 ham-par /46 /189 132 kaeš /22, 46, 61
eredva /184 gaêsu /160 gâtuš /63, 150 ham-tač /22, haxay /189 hvare-varân /72 kaeš /70, 154
ereğant /14 gaêtha /160 gâuš /150, 159 191 haxš /71 hvare-xšâeta kaeša /138
erezata /13 gaêtha-nâm gâv /63, 150 ham-tak /22, haxti /189 /78 kaf /139
êrêzi /14 /160 gavasna /159 191 hây /155 hvô-îstâ /16 kâf /139
erezu /92, 94 gainti /158 gave /150, 159 ham-taxš /57 Haya /79, 86 hya /148 Kafa /144
farnah /129, gairi /151 gâvô /150, 159 ham-yân /191 haz /198 im /26 kahrkâ-asa /142
132 gam /8, 20, 22 gayô-maretan hana /189 hazah /198 imam /26 kahrkatât /142
farnavant /129 gam /53, 63, /149 hanâ /189 hazangra /189 îs /195 Kahrpu /141
far-thang /132 102 genâ /102 hanare /198 hazanrem /189 isav /194 ka-hya /147
fra 1 /132 gam /130, 150, gereda /64 hanč /10, 132, hd /177 îše /195 kaimyâ /146
frâ 1 /132 182 geredho /64 191 herezaiti /190 išta /13, 39, 132 kaine /146
fra 2 /129, 130, gam /191 ges /160 hanč /193 hêzum /193 išta /138, 172, kain-ika /146
131 gâman /8, 150 gesuk /160 han-dâma /22 hiš-mar-aiti 176 kainîn /146
fra 2 /132, 133 gan /7, 20, 29 ğnâ /102 han-dareza /23 /123 îšti /195 kakuš /66
fra-â-marz /129 gan /30, 46, 55 gnixta /196 han-davathe /23 hizû /100 ištya /75 kam 1 /147
fra-â-muš /129 gan /66, 71, 76 gôh /181 han-du /23 hizvâ /100 išvan /195 kâm 2 /139
fra-dâta /132 gan /114, 127, gôp /181 han-gama /191 hô /148 îsvan /195 kâma /139
fra-daxšanâ 134 gouru /151 han-jâma /22 hu 1 /10, 38, 39 it /26 kamarâ /145
/133 gan /135, 139, grâ /151 han-jâmana /22 hu 1 /70, 72, 73 itha /26 kam-čit /147
fra-êšta /132 146 grab /46, 153 han-kar /24 hu 1 /74, 75, 76 ithyajah /118 kamna /145
fra-gauzayanta gantay /158 gram /128 hanuharena /3 hu 1 /77, 129, ithyejah /118 kamnô /145
/6 ganti /158 grîvâ /154 haoma /192 189 -iti /119 kan /17
fra-jâma /130 Gantuma /158 grîvâ-pân /154 hao-šyangh hu 1 /190, 191, itta /26 kan 1 /7, 20, 29
fra-kaêš /70 gao /150, 159 gunda /158 /192 192 iyam /26
A22
Word Index
apa /184 arva /8 auruša /7 bağa /21, 36, 40 berez-čaxra čâyâ /107 daraga /82, 84
apa-dâna /2 arvâ /8 aurva /14, 164 bağa /41 /197 čayeiti /46, 70 darağa /82, 84
apama /6 as /4, 5, 27 aurvant /14, bâga /29 biš /41 čeč /69 darêna /85
Apânk /12, 27, asa 1 /5, 7, 15 164 bağa-dugdâr /40 bišazka /49 čevîšî /122 dareta /85, 182
36 asa 1 /133, 142, aurvat-aspa bağa-puthra /40 bowra /31, 38 chvant /69 darš /83, 87
â-part /9 174 /164 bama /30, 129 brâ-tar /32 čî 1 /22, 46, 61 daršam /83, 87
apa-spar /107 aša 1 /3 ava 1 /10, 18, 25 bâmya /30, 129 brây /34 čî 1 /70, 154 dârug /83
apatama /6 asa 2 /5 ava 1 /73 ban /195 brâz /32 čî 2 /69 dasa /90, 119
apa-vasta /52 aša 2 /13, 18 ava 2 /194 banay /195 brîzi /34 činvaiti /46, 70 dašina /86
apa-xšad-a /31 aša-gerd /119 â-vač /9, 131 banda /37, 83 brvat /11 Ĉirya /70 dasta /5
apa-xšîra /125 asan /4, 5, 27 ava-hya /25, 27 banta /195 bučahin /37 čiš /69 dâta /79, 80, 81
api-zâwar /11 asan /110, 115 ava-par /10 baod /38 bûiti /31 čiš-ca /69 dâta /86, 181
ap-tab /6 asânam /107 ava-pat /18 baog /52 buiti daevo /31 čiš-ca 1 /196 dâtar /17, 79,
a-puthra-tanu asaya /107 avara-sad /73 baoidi /37, 42 bûiti-kata /141 cit /69 90
/1 asča /16 â-vare /9, 81 baoxtar /52 bûmî /38 čitra /70, 171, dâthra /79
ar /45, 46, 93 ascu /16 a-vareta /152 bar /9, 16, 28 bûmî-mathan 189 dathuš /90
ar /95 asenga /110, ava-stata /16 bar /32, 34, 57 /38 čû /69 dâtô /79, 80, 81
â-râd /3 115 âvaya /72 bar /72, 74, 81 bûnâ /37 dâ 1 /17, 36, 42 dâtô /86
aradra /12 ashyâ /5 aviš /6 bar /86, 87, 116 bunja /52 dâ 1 /79, 80, 90 dâtô-vare /81,
araeka /98 as-man /5 avišiya /6 bar /150, 167, bûnô /37 dâ 1 /192 86
a-râiti /92 as-mana /5 avô-xvarena /2 184 bûta /37 dâ 2 /79, 80, 81 dâuru /80, 83
aram /92 aspa /7, 12, 13 âvôya /185 bar /185 buxti /37 dâ 2 /86, 181 dauša /89
arânte /92 aspa /15, 62, 63 awa /25, 27 bara- /33 buza /34 dâ 3 /91 dâuš-sravah /75
aranu /98 aspa /116, 133, awar /10 bara-s-man /33 bûza /34 dâ 4 /80 dauštar /89
â-râs /3 153 awra /10 barašnav /30 č- /69 -da 5 /195 dav 1 /23
araska /14 aspa /156, 164 awrem /10 baraziš /30 ca /196 daêman /91 dav 2 /23, 100
arata /12 aspa-asa /7, 15, a-xšae-na /75 bareš /29, 30, ča /196 daêna /91 daw /90
arati /98 133 â-x-stâ /6 33 čagad /106 daenu /81 daxma /80
a-raxša /3 aspa-bâra /116, axštî /6 bareš /35, 36, čageman /106 daês /91 daxš 1 /82
arazi /14 184 ay /34, 63, 72 132 čagvah /106 daêv /92 daxš 2 /133
arej /12 aspa-dâna /18 ayah /10 bareša /35 ča-hyâ /69 daêvoh /92 daxša /82
arejah /12 asraka /18 ayanh /10 barez /33 čaiti /69 daeza /47, 85 dây /91
arejat-aspa /12 asrû /18 ayare /43 bâru /30 čakra /67 dağa /80, 82, dažaiti /150
arem /92 ast /16 ayô /10 barz-ahva /3, 33 čakuš /66 133 dêğa-vâra /92
areša /14, 73 ašta /190 âyu /34, 63, 72 basta /35 čâna /107 dâğah /80, 82, demâna /89,
areša-ama /14 asta 2 /197 az /58 bav /37 cang /69, 126 133 152, 165
areta /12, 13, â-stana /5 âz /4 bawraini /31, 38 car /29, 68, 99 dahyu /90 dereta /84
183 asti /16 azaehê /65, 182 bawri /31, 38 car /137, 154 dâi /91 deretô /84
arethna /3 aštrâ /75 â-zâr /4 baxadra /39 čâr /29, 68, 99 dainhu /90 dereza /23, 83
ari /98 âsu /10 â-zarema- bax-ta /31 čâr /137, 154 dais /23 derežda /80, 83
arika /98 a-sûr /116 dugedâ /4 baxto-dâta /31 čâra /66, 155, daitika /82 dhana /18, 81,
aršan /13, 14, â-šyâ /6 â-zâta /4 bay /41 185 dam /87 102
75 âtarš /2, 193 â-ža-ta /4 bazah /28, 81 čâra /187 dâman /80 dhana /104, 175
aršan /118, 156 athagaina /110, aži /15 bâzâu /29 čareman /67 dan /81 dî /91
aršan-aspa /13 115 âzi /4 Bazda /133 čas /68, 178 dânâ /81 dim /195
aršti /75 âthanga /110, aži-dahâkô /15 bâzu /29 čaš /68, 178 Dânavo /81 dit /195
arta /13, 18 115 â-žîra /4, 105 bê /27, 36 čašman /68 danâxe /81 dr /80, 84, 103
arta 1 /3 athangaina âzûtay /103 beî /27, 36 čât /66 danh /86 drafša /93
arta 2 /12, 13, /110, 115 bâ /27, 30, 36 bereg /3 čatvare-sat /41, dânô /81 drafšâ /84
183 â-thax /10, 132, bâ /129 Berenža /34 70, 117 danta /82, 88 drafšô /84
arta-pa /13 191 badra /195 berez 2 /197 čatwârao /69, dantan /82, 88 drâjah /82, 84
arta-vah-išta â-thax /193 baešaza /49 berezant /29, 70 dânu /81 drang /84
/13 âthoya /1 baevar /42 30, 33 caxra /67 daoš /89 draoga /85
arta-xšathra âthra /2, 193 baevare /42 berezant /35, čaxra /67 daoš-ahva /89 draonah /85
/12, 183 âthur-pât-gan /2 baga /21, 36, 40 36, 132 čay /22, 46, 61 dar /85, 182 drauga /85
artha /98 âthwya /1 baga /41 čay /70, 154 dâr /80, 84, 103 drauša /84
A21
Word Index
Akkadian awja /25 masjid /168 sendarûs /115 Salîbâ /68, 126 aeva /194 a-minašti /9,
Agurru /2 az-zarnîx /3 mastakî /169 sifr /126 šarwainâ /112 aêva /194 157
Agaru /11 badinjan /28 matmûrah /169 sîma /118 šâtân /125 aêxa /194 a-muyamnô
Âsû /5, 187 balšam /36 maxzan /74, 169 siqillat /113 šêdâ /125 af /185, 193 /197
Dînu /91 bašam /36 naft /178 sîrâj /111 Šypwr /125 â-frî-nami /7 an- /4, 9, 10
duppu /87 bolûr /36 naker /24 sirât /126 Temar /169 âfritan /7 an- /21, 24, 25
Erêbu /14, 127 bûq /38 namraq /179 soda` /110 tûrgemânâ /58 ağâ /2, 7, 12 an- /34, 75, 107
Gassu /150 daf /87 namûs /175 sôq /117 a-gam /8 an- /180
Kânûnu /139 daftar /87 nasx /177 sorâdeq /111 â-gand /7, 143 ana /195
Kîru /136, 154 daqal /87 natrûn /178 sukkar /106, Armenian ağô /2, 7, 12 an-âhita /9
Kitu /60, 140 dayn /91 nomreh /179 122 čatvar /67 âh /104 an-aoša /24, 25,
Kupriti /140 dijlat /82 ostûreh /17 tabûl /127 maccum /168 âhita /9 180
Kurkizannu /142 dîn 2 /91 qabbah /134 Tafrîq /58 mâstu /168 ahma /164 anda /195
Ladunu /161 domal /88 qafas /135 talq /56, 127 ahmâka /164 ando /195
Laqalaqa /163 F.r.q /58 qahwah /136, tanbûr /60 ahra-manyu /26 ang /24
fals /133 138 tarjama /58 ahu /26, 33, 89 angra /26
Liginnu /163
falsafah /133 qalam /135 tarxûn /58 Avestan a-hu /9, 10 angu /24
mânu /170
Nabatu /178 filfil /133 qâlib /139 tawoos /126 ‫اوستا‬ ahura /26, 33, angu-paêna /24
Nabtu /178 ğ.r.b /127 qamîs /135 thwr /63 âp /1 89 angušta /24
Naptu /178 ğarbala /128 qanah /134, tilism /127 a- /4, 9, 10 aimya /9 anku /105
Nitiru /178 Ǧazal /128 135, 139 timara /169 a- /21, 24, 25 airiyava /26 anra /26
Šabatu /107, herba' /70 qanat /134, 135, torrahat /59 a- /34, 75, 107 airya-man /26 anra-mainyu
123 hûr /70 139 tûfan /127 a- /180 aiti 1 /195 /26
Šedû /125 iblis /11 qandat /136 Umm /71 â /3, 6, 7 aiva /194 an-tar /23
Šurmênu /112 iqlîm /20 qandîl /136 wazîr /187 â /8, 9 aiva-čiy /192 antara /23
Targumânu /58 isfanj /17 qânun /134 wazu /187 â- /4, 9, 10 aivaka /194 antara-vâyu /23
isferâj /17 qarn /135 wodu /187 â- /21, 24, 25 aiwi /5, 18, 19 an-tare /23
Iskandar /17 qaysar /136 xandaq /76 â- /34, 75, 107 aiwi /20, 120, anu /195
iskileh /17 qaz /143, 149 xîyal /165 â- /180 121 anu-i /195
Arabic îšrâğ /121 qertâs /134 xosûf /143 ab /185, 193 aiwi-fšân /20 an-usant /35
ajur /2 istoqos /16 qîfaleh /136 zanzabîl /102 â-bar-a /9, 81 aiwi-gnixta /196 anuv /195
Àwar /127 J.b.r /63 qîr /136 zard /100 â-bereg /3 aiwi-kand /20 anya /9
A'.m.r /173 j.n.z /65 qirât /136 zarrâd /100 abhi-čâna /107 aiwi-reg /18 aoda /28
a`jara /11 jah /63 qist /135 zawj /103 abi /5, 18, 19 aiwi-ruč /19 aog /44
ab-baha /11 jenazeh /65 qutun /140 zîbaq /105 abi /20, 120, aiwiš /5, 18, 19 aogah /54
abboha /11 jonah /64 raonaq /182 zûr /59 121 aiwiš /20, 120, aogeda /44
adab /12 ka`k /138 ratl /95 abi-âf /193 121 aoj /44
adam /2 kada /150 rauza /97 abi-âp /193 aiwi-saoka /19 aojaiti /44
afsantîn /19
akwab /20
kanz /74, 146, rawaj /95 Aramaic abi-čâna /107 aiwi-sara /19 aorâ /10, 18, 25
169 rizq /94 Agurru /2 abi-dasta /5 aiwi-sâra /19 aorâ /73
al-anbîq /22 karbas /141 s.b.t /107 abi-xwan /20 aiwiš-kar /121 aošta /104
al-fesfeseh /7, bucina /38
karkadan /142 S.d.a` /110 Busmâ /36 adâ /105 aiwiš-tap /120 aoštra /104
133 kibrit /140 saboun /126 adairi /105 aiwi-zâvayeiti aox /44
al-iksir /20 dappa /87
koab /20 safsatah /113 dîn /91 adâiti /5, 73, /19 aoxia /44
Al-Jabr-w'al- kosûf /143 saj /106 174 âiz-mâ /4 âp /5, 6, 11
Moqâbalah /63 kûfiyyah /148 isrâta /126
salîb /126 J.b.r /63, 150 a-dasta /5 aka /105 âp /22, 85, 104
al-kîmîya /126, la`l /163 samt /114 adi-sta /27 â-kand /7, 143 âp /174
149 Jabra /63, 150
lajj /163 sanj /126 kittunâ /60 a-dsta /5 â-kasat /7 ap 1 /185, 193
al-kimya /125, laqan /163 santîr /115 aeša /79 ama /14 ap 2 /2, 3, 6
149 kubrîtâ /140
laqlaq /163 sarad /100 lagînâ /163 âêšâ 1 /195 â-mâ- /8 ap 2 /7, 8, 9
al-malagma laqlaqeh /163 sarw /112 aes-ma /75 â-mar /8 ap 2 /10, 31,
/170 lakan /163
laylak /164 satl /113 Masgdâ /168 aêš-ma /75 â-marz /8, 129 107
al-oud /127, 133 lîmah /164 sausan /117 aesmo /193 amaša /21 ap 2 /184
al-qasr /135 naftâ /178
mâ`da /166 sayf /118 pîlâ /55 aêta /195 a-mayavâ /172 apa /2, 3, 6
Al-Xwarazmî /7 majûs /166 šaytân /125 aêta-vant /26 a-mereta /21 apa /7, 8, 9
arîkeh /14 qîra /136
mandil /171 sejell /110 apa /10, 31, 107
A20
Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives
Werdh: to grow, high ‫ واﻻ‬,‫ گوال دن‬,‫ال دن‬ Xvaini: cover, carpet ‫ خواﻧچه‬,‫خوان‬
Weren: lamb ‫ ورغنه‬,‫ ﻼغ‬,‫ّبره‬ Y
Werg 1: to work ‫ ورزدن‬,‫ ورزش‬,‫ ورز‬,‫ َبرز‬,‫ارغنون‬ Yâ: to be aroused ‫ اسه‬,‫جادو‬
Werg 2 see Wer 3 Yad, Gwed: ask, demand ‫ﻧاش‬
Werg 2, Warz: nourished, ‫پروردن‬ Yag: to worship ,‫ یزدان‬,‫ یزد‬,‫ مزد سنا‬,‫ جشن‬,‫ایزد‬
strong ‫ سنا‬,‫یزدگرد‬
Wes 1 : wet, also male ,‫ زردشت‬,‫ زر شت‬,‫ خون‬,‫ اه‬, ‫اش‬ Yamb: to move, wander ‫جن دن‬
animal ‫ش‬
Yaš, Iaš: to show appear ‫ شان‬,‫ ا شه‬,‫آ شه‬
Wes 2: to buy ‫بﻬا‬
Yat, Yet: to go, reach, take ‫از دن‬
Wes 3: to wear, put on ‫ پوست‬,‫ بﻬاﻧه‬,۲‫ ان‬,۲‫ ام‬, ‫آس‬ position
Wes 4: eat, feed ‫ واش‬, ‫ واس‬,‫واس‬ Yau 1: move, movement ‫ ج ار‬,‫ جوی‬,‫ جوب‬,۱‫جو‬
Wet: year, also referring to ‫ّچه‬ Yau 2, Yeu 4: to separate ‫جدا‬
things with few years (young)
or many years (old) Yauj see Yeu 1
Wi: part, apart ‫ گ‬,‫ ُجناح‬,‫ ب مار‬,‫ ب ست‬,‫ ب دار‬, ‫س‬ Yâvarenâ: a stone or tool for ‫اور‬
,‫ گذر‬,‫ گذار‬,‫ گداز دن‬,‫ گدار‬, ‫ گداخ‬,‫ــ‬ beating and crushing grains
,‫ گزاردن‬,‫ گ ز‬, ‫ گ خ‬, ‫گذش‬ Yekwer: liver ‫جﮕر‬
,‫ گ ش‬,‫ گ دن‬,‫ گ دن‬,‫ گزﻧد‬,‫گزارش‬
, ‫ گس خ‬, ‫ گسس‬,‫ گس دن‬,‫گستاخ‬ Yem: hold together (pair) ‫ اد‬,‫ دش اد‬,‫ جمش د‬,‫جم‬
, ‫ ماش‬,‫ ماردن‬,‫ گشادن‬,‫گس ل‬ Yes, Ies: to boil ‫ جوش دن‬,‫ جﻬ دن‬, ‫َجس‬
,‫ گوارا‬,‫ گﻬول دن‬,‫ گناه‬, ‫ م خ‬,‫مان‬
,‫ گواژ دن‬,‫ گواژه‬,‫ گوارش‬,‫گواردن‬ Yet see Yat
َ
,‫ وز ر‬,‫ وچر‬,‫ گوه دن‬,‫ گواه‬,‫گوال دن‬ Yeu 1, Yauj: to join, harness ,‫ زوج‬,‫ جفت‬,‫ پ وز‬,‫ بنفشه‬,‫بنفش‬
‫ و شتاسپ‬,‫ و را ش‬, ‫و راس‬ ‫ ی غ‬, ‫ هوخش‬,‫ ﻗسطاس‬,‫ﻗسط‬
Wiač: to contain ‫ گنج دن‬,‫ گنجا ش‬,‫گنج‬ Yeu 2: young ‫جوان‬
Win: wine ‫ون‬ Yeu 3: to mix, blend ,‫ یوز لنﮓ‬,‫ یوز‬,‫ ج دن‬, ‫ُجس‬
Wog see Aweg ‫یوزدن‬
Wok, Wač: to let go, release, ‫واخ دن‬ Yeu 4 see Yau 2
ّ
empty Yôs: to gird, belt ,‫ زﻧار‬,‫ چمدان‬,‫ جامه‬,‫ پ امه‬,‫پ اهن‬
Word: thorn, flower ،‫ ول‬،‫ َول‬,۲‫ َورد‬,‫ لشن‬, ‫ ل‬,‫ ل‬,۲‫ُرز‬ ‫هم ان‬
‫ ولغوﻧه‬,‫ُول‬ Yu: you ‫شما‬
Wortoko: quail ‫ وردیج‬, ‫ودخ‬
Z
Wreg: to push, drive ‫گرازدن‬
Zauša: raising a noise, being ‫زوش‬
X violent or bad tempered
Xac: shine through ‫ ا‬, ‫ ا‬,‫اچ‬ Zgwes: to extinguish ‫زخم‬

َ Zi: to adorn ,‫ ز دن‬,‫ ز نده‬,‫ ز ا‬,‫ ز ب‬,‫ زوار‬,‫دی ا‬
Xad: to beat, to wound ‫ خسته‬, ‫خس‬
‫زور‬
Xâk: dust, soil, earth ‫ خا س‬, ‫خا‬
Xalen: birch tree, birch wood ‫خدﻧﮓ‬
Xšad: to forgive ۲‫ خش دن‬,‫خشودن‬
Xšai: weep, lament ‫شیون‬
Xšarta: to press, squeeze ‫ فشار‬,‫ اف ه‬,‫افشاردن‬
`Xšnk: nice ‫ﻗشنﮓ‬
A19
Tuer, Tur: to hurry, hasten ‫توردن‬ Webh: to weave ‫ َو ز‬, ‫اف‬
ُ
Tulupos: lump, ball, mass, ‫ت ُرب‬ Wedh 1: to marry ‫ بیوگ‬,‫بیو‬
crowd
Wedh 2: to slay, strike ‫گوه‬
Tur see Tuer
Weg 1: to weave ‫وا س‬
ُ
Turd: hard, strong ‫ترد‬
Weg 2: to be lively, strong ‫ گرز‬,‫ بزرگ‬,‫ ازدن‬, ‫اخ‬
Tuxš: to be busy, working ‫ تخش دن‬,‫تخشا‬
Wegh: to go, carry ‫ وز دن‬,‫ واشه‬,‫ پرواز‬,‫ اشه‬,۲‫از‬
U Wêğo: lizard?
َ
‫ وزغه‬,‫َوزغ‬
Ud 1: up, out, away ,‫ زاه دن‬,‫ اوج‬,‫ اشنان‬,‫سکنه‬
ِ ‫ ِا‬,‫آزما ش‬ Wegwh see Eueguh
,‫ زه دن‬,‫ زهدان‬,‫ زهاب‬,۲‫ زه‬,‫زدودن‬
َ Wei 1: to bend, turn, twist ‫ ب شه‬,‫ب د‬
‫ ستوه‬,‫ ِس ال‬,‫ ستوه‬,‫س ی‬
Wei 2: vital force ‫ و ر‬,‫ ـ ـر‬,۱‫َبر‬
Ud 2 see Wer 4
Weid: to see, to know ,‫ ه دا‬,‫ پژوه دن‬,‫ اوستا‬,‫اسطوره‬
Ul: to go, to step ‫اﻻغ‬
‫و دا‬
Ulk,Ulkos: wolf (with fiery ‫ رو اه‬,‫تﻬمورث‬
Weidh: to select, separate ‫ پرو زن‬,‫ بیوه‬, ‫ب خ‬
eyes)
Weik: to shake, swing , ‫ اﻧﮕ خ‬,‫ آو ز‬, ‫ آو خ‬,‫آوﻧﮓ‬
Ulkos see Ulk
‫ و خ‬,‫ پرو زن‬, ‫ ب خ‬,‫اﻧﮕ ه‬
Umm: mother ‫خاﻧم‬
Weis: to rot, melt away, flow ۱‫ب ش‬
Upo: to, from below َ َ
,۲‫ بر‬,‫ ا د‬,‫ اور‬,‫ ام د‬,‫ ابر‬,‫آ سال‬
Wek: to wish, desire ‫ س ار‬,‫ سنده‬,‫َ س‬
,‫ ِ چ م‬,‫ ه‬,‫ برم ش‬,‫ برگستوان‬,‫برد ه‬
ُ
‫ اه‬,‫ ِ ش م‬,‫ سند دن‬,‫د د‬ Wekw: voice ,‫ خن ا‬, ‫ پژوا‬,‫ اﻧﮓ‬,۲‫ اج‬,‫ آواز‬,‫آوا‬
, ‫ ﻧواخ‬,‫ ﻧوا‬,‫ گواژ دن‬,‫ گواژه‬, ‫فروخ‬
Urigh: rice ‫ ورزه‬,۲‫ برﻧج‬,‫ارز‬
,‫ َوخشور‬, ‫ وا‬,‫ واژه‬,‫ واژ‬,‫هوخت‬
Uroiks: twist, beard ‫ ر شه‬,۲‫ر ش‬ ۲‫َوﻧﮓ‬
Urvan: spirit, soul ۲‫ روان‬,‫اﻧوش وان‬ Wel 1: to wish, desire ‫ گرو دن‬,‫ شﻬ ور‬,‫ اور‬,‫آری‬
V Wel 2, War: to tear, wound, ,‫ واﻻﻧه‬,‫ گران‬,‫ گرگ‬,۲‫ گرس‬,۱‫آوار‬

plunder ‫ وﻻﻧه‬,‫ َور س‬,‫َورس‬
var: to cover ‫َبرم‬
Wel 3: to turn, roll ,۲‫ وار‬,‫ هموار‬,‫ شلوار‬,‫ در ار‬,۲‫ار‬
Varâza: boar (animal) ‫ ُوراز‬,‫گراز‬ ‫ َو َ ر‬,۳‫وار‬
Vareta: slave ‫َبرده‬ Wem, Wema: spit, vomit ‫ وم دن‬,‫وام دن‬
Vata: small, undesirable, bad ‫ َود‬,‫َ د‬ Wema see Wem
Vatin-ganah: eggplant ‫ادﻧجان‬ Wen: to wish, desire ‫ بنفشه‬,‫ بنفش‬,۲‫ـ ُبن‬
W Wep: to throw, spray ? ‫برف‬
َ
Wâ, We: to be empty ۱‫َوﻧﮓ‬ Wer 1: to speak ‫ ور‬,‫فرمان‬
Wač see Wok Wer 2, Kwermi: to turn, bend ,‫ گردن‬,۳‫ گرد‬,۲‫ ِگرد‬,‫ ک ال‬,‫ ِکرم‬,‫ﻗرمز‬
,‫ گ ال‬, ‫ گش‬,‫ گرد دن‬,‫گرده‬
َ
Wai: alas ۱‫وای‬ ‫ ورغ‬,‫ َوردﻧه‬,‫ﻧورد دن‬
Wakâ see Wâka Wer 3, Werg 2: to cover, ,‫ دیوار‬,‫ پروار‬,‫ بﻬرام‬,‫ َبرزن‬,‫ ارو‬,۲‫اره‬
َ َ َ َ
Wâka, Wakâ: cow ‫ورزا‬ enclose ,‫ گیج‬,‫روهر‬ ‫ ف‬,‫ فروردین‬,‫ فروار‬,‫فردین‬
‫ وهرام‬,۱‫وار‬
War see Wel 2
Wer 4, Ud 2: water, wet ‫ وردیج‬, ‫ ودخ‬, ‫ ارگ‬,‫اران‬
Warš: to be hungry ‫ گشنه‬,‫ گرسنه‬,۱‫گرس‬
Wer 5: to burn ‫سماور‬
Warz see Werg 2
Wer 6: squirrel َ ‫َو‬
‫روره‬
We see Wâ
Werd: raised point ‫الو‬
Wê: to blow ‫ ﻧ واﻧا‬,‫ ادآس‬,‫ اد‬,‫اﻧدروا‬
A18
ُ
Sukurna, Skarna: porcupine ‫ ُسﮕر‬,‫ُسغر‬ Ten 1, Temp: to stretch, pull ,‫ آهنج دن‬, ‫ آهخ‬, ‫ آخ‬, ‫آ س‬
,۱‫ تاب دن‬,‫ شوتن‬, ‫ آه خ‬,‫آهنﮓ‬
Šûlaka: wild horse ‫شول‬ َ َ
,‫ ت ش‬,‫ تن‬,‫ تراﻧه‬,۲‫ تـر‬,۱ ‫ تاف‬,۱‫تار‬
Sup see Rup
َ ُُ
,‫ توله‬,‫ توره‬, ‫ تﻬم‬,‫ ت دن‬, ‫تن‬
Šurmênu: cypress tree ‫َ و‬ ,‫ گیتار‬, ‫ فروه خ‬, ‫ فره خ‬,‫فرهنﮓ‬
ُ ُ ‫ ه خ‬,‫ هنج دن‬,‫هنجار‬
Svas: thresh, beat grain ‫ خوست‬,‫خست‬ ُ
Ten 2: to thunder ‫تندر‬
Swâd: sweet ‫ خواهش‬, ‫خواس‬ َ
Tenk: to become firm and ,‫ تنﮓ‬,‫ تنج دن‬,‫ تلخینه‬,‫ترخینه‬
Swei: to bend, twist ‫ شیوا‬,‫ش ا‬ thick ‫ ُرستم‬,‫ تﻬمورث‬, ‫تﻬم‬
Sweid, Huaid: to sweat ‫ خیوه‬,‫ خیو‬,‫ِخوی‬ Tep: to be warm ,۲‫ تاب دن‬,‫ تا ستان‬,‫ تاب‬,‫ پرتو‬,‫آفتاب‬
Swekwo: resin, juice ‫ افیون‬,‫اپیون‬ ,‫ شتاب‬,‫ تفت‬,‫ ت دن‬,‫ تب‬,۲ ‫تاف‬
َ َ َ ‫ مﻬتاب‬, ‫شتاف‬
Swel: to eat ‫ خورﻧ اه‬,‫ خورﻧق‬,‫ خوردن‬,‫آخور‬
Ter 1: to cross over, surpass, ,۱‫ ـ تر‬,‫ اﻧدر‬,‫ دراﻧدر‬,۲‫اﻧدر‬
Swen, Huan: to sound, call ‫ فغان‬,‫ خواﻧدن‬,‫ خن دن‬,‫ افغان‬,‫آخوﻧد‬ overcome ,۱‫ ـ سار‬,‫ دخ اﻧدر‬,‫ ـ ت ن‬,‫ترابری‬
Swep: to sleep
َ ُ َ ُ
‫ خواب‬,‫ خفج‬, ‫ خف‬, ‫ خفت‬, ‫َ خت‬
َ ,‫ گذار‬,‫ گدار‬,‫ کوهسار‬,‫ ای‬,‫ُ ِادق‬
َ َ ‫ مادراﻧدر‬, ‫ گذش‬,‫گذر‬
Swer: to press, cut, hurt ,‫ خ ِله‬,‫ خل ان‬,‫ خسته‬, ‫ خس‬,‫خاراﻧدن‬
َ Ter 2, Tar: a kinship term ,‫ در‬,‫ ب دخت‬,‫ برادر‬,‫آزرم دخت‬
‫ خوره‬,‫خل دن‬
,‫ دخ اﻧدر‬, ‫ دخ‬,‫ داماد‬,‫خواهر‬
Swerd: dirty, dark ‫خوال‬ ,‫ ماد ان‬,‫ ماده‬,‫ مادراﻧدر‬,‫ مادر‬,‫فغفور‬
Šypšyr see Šfšyr ‫ ما ه‬,‫ما ان‬
َ
Šypwr: trumpet ‫ش پور‬ Terp 1:to lie, steal ‫ تروﻧد‬,‫ترفند‬
T Terp 2 see Ster 3

Ters: dry, to dry ‫شنه‬
Tabaco: a pipe for smoking, ‫ت او‬
roll of tobacco leaves Teter: chatter ‫تذرو‬
ُ
Tabûrâk: a drum ‫ ط ل‬,‫ت بور‬ Têu: to swell ,‫ ت ره‬,‫ توان‬,‫ تﻬماسب‬,‫ تند‬,‫تخم‬
َ
‫ ستوه‬,‫ طﻬماسپ‬,‫ ستوه‬,‫ ثور‬,‫توده‬
Tač see Tek
Teub: side ‫ سوی‬,‫ سوق‬,‫ سو‬,۲‫تو‬
Tâl: to grow, twig, a stick ‫تاﻻر‬
used as a unit of length Teup: to push, beat, hit, also ‫ت اه‬
throw
Talk: a mineral, talc, talcum ‫ طلق‬, ‫تال‬
َ
powder Teus: empty ‫ ت‬,‫ته‬
Tanûr: fire, oven ‫تنور‬ Tex: to build from wood, to ,‫ ت شه‬,‫ شت‬,‫ تراش دن‬,‫ تخته‬,‫تاس‬
build ‫طاس‬
Tar see Ter 2
Thranč see Trenk
Targumânu: interpreter ‫ترجمه‬
Tiegu: to approach shyly ‫سیج‬
Tauj: to gather, gain ‫ اﻧدوزدن‬, ‫اﻧدوخ‬
Tien: store, shop ‫ ت مچه‬,‫ت م‬
Teig see Steig
Titi: imitation of a bird song ‫ ط طو‬,‫ت تو‬
Tek, Tač: to stretch the hand, ۲ ‫پرداخ‬
reach, receive Tôkei: peacock ‫طاووس‬
Teku: to run, flow , ‫ تاخ‬,۱ ‫ پرداخ‬,‫ اﻧدازه‬, ‫اﻧداخ‬ Trei: three ,‫ سوم‬,‫سه‬
,‫ تک دن‬,‫ تخش‬,‫ تاز دن‬,‫تاز اﻧه‬ َ
Trenk, Thranč: to compress ‫ترﻧج دن‬
‫ هندسه‬,‫ هم تک‬, ‫گداخ‬
Trep: to tremble, be restless ُ ‫ س‬,‫چا ک‬
Tel: to lift ‫ ترازو‬,‫تراز‬
َ Tres: to tremble ‫ سﻬم‬,‫ ترس دن‬,‫ترسا‬
Tem: dark ‫ ت ه‬,‫ تم‬,‫ تار ک‬,۲‫تار‬
Trp: to satisfy ‫تولﻒ‬
Temar: he concealed ‫مطموره‬
Tu: you ۱‫تو‬
Temp see Ten 1
A17
Sked,Sâd: to cover ‫ چ‬,‫ چادر‬,‫آسا ش‬ Sreu see Ser 1
Skeht, Ĉat: tremble, shake ‫چندش‬ Srgâla: howler ‫شغال‬
َ َ
Skel: bent, curved ,‫ ﻗولنج‬,‫ شلوار‬,‫ شلنﮓ‬,‫ شلپوی‬,‫شل‬ Srîra: satisfied ‫س‬
‫ ل‬,‫ﻗولون‬
Srisâ, Sernh, Harn: file, saw ‫ّاره‬
َ
Skeng: crooked, bent ‫هﺦ‬
Sru, Srva : lead (metal) ‫ب‬
Sker 1: to turn, bend ‫ کنار‬,‫کران‬
Srva see Sru
Sker 2 see Ker 2
Stâ: to stand , ‫ استا‬,‫ استاد‬,‫ ار ش‬, ‫ آش‬,‫آستان‬
Skeu see Keu 3 ,‫ ا ستادن‬,‫ اسط ل‬,‫ استخر‬,‫استان‬
,‫ پرس دن‬,‫ پرستار‬,‫ ب ستون‬,‫غستان‬
Skêu: to sneeze ‫ شنوشه‬,‫اشنوسه‬ ُ
,‫ ُس گ‬,‫ ستان‬, ‫ ِستا‬,‫ تا ستان‬,‫شت‬
Skeud, Ĉaud: to throw, shoot ‫ُچست‬ ,‫ ش ستان‬,‫ ستون‬,‫ ستور‬,‫ستم‬
Skhai: to cut, strike ‫ ﻗ‬,‫ چ لنﮕر‬,‫چ ﻼن‬ ‫ گستاخ‬,‫ فغستان‬,‫ فرشته‬,‫فرستادن‬
ُ Stâi: to steal ‫ستادن‬
Skordh, Kerdh: small ‫خرد‬
Sku: to cover ‫ ک چ‬,‫ ازه‬,‫ از‬,‫ سکوره‬,۲‫خود‬ Stebh: support, stem ,۲‫ استوان‬,‫ استوار‬,‫ است ک‬,‫است ق‬
َ َ َ َ ۲‫ ُستوان‬,‫ س ن ه‬, ‫ست‬
Smeit: to throw, send ‫ هم ست ان‬, ‫هم س‬ َ
forward Steg: to cover ,‫ ت َجر‬,‫ تایر‬,‫ تازی‬,‫ تاج ک‬,‫ تاجور‬,‫تاج‬
َ
‫ت َزر‬
Smer see Mer 1
Steig, Teig: pointed, sharp ,‫ د اله‬,‫ دجله‬,‫ تیغ‬, ‫ ت‬, ‫ ت‬,‫ترکش‬
Snâ: to flow, swim ‫ شنا‬,‫اشنان‬ ,۲‫ ک ش‬,‫ س یﻬ دن‬,‫ س یغ‬, ‫ست‬
Sneigwh: snow, to snow ‫ِس ِنﻬر‬ ۳‫ک ش‬
So: this, that ‫ که‬,‫ ا شان‬,‫او‬ Ster 1: to spread, throw ‫ گس دن‬,‫اط‬ , ‫ خا س‬, ‫س‬
Sol: whole ‫ هر‬,‫خرداد‬ Ster 2: star ‫ستاره‬

ُ
Sophos: skilled, wise ‫ فلسفه‬,‫سفسطه‬ Ster 3, Sterp, Terp 2: stiff, ‫ تره‬,‫ترش‬
hard
Šôšen: lotus ‫سوسن‬ َ
Ster 4: barren ‫َس َون‬
Spek: to look, examine ‫ سک ا‬,‫ س اس‬,‫ اس ان‬,‫اس‬
Sterp see Ster 3
Spelgh: spleen ‫ِس ُ ز‬ َ
Steu: to praise ,‫ ستا ش‬,۲‫ خستو‬,۱‫استوان‬
Spen see Pend ‫ ستودن‬,۱‫ ستوان‬,‫ستای دن‬
Sper: sparrow ۳‫ سار‬,‫پرستو‬ Stewe: to cluster, condense ‫توپ‬
Spereg: to swell, sprout, َ
‫ شاه اس َ م‬,‫ اسفراج‬,‫ اس ود‬,‫اس غم‬ ُ ُ
Stoigh: to stride, step, rise ‫اسطقس‬
jump, begin َ
Stomen: mouth ‫استم‬
Sphallein: cause to fall, slip ‫ زفت‬,‫اسفالت‬
َ Storos: a type of bird ۳‫سار‬
Sphê: long flat piece of wood ‫ ف ه‬,‫فه‬ (sparrow?)
Sphel: to split ‫ س‬,‫س ار‬ Su 1: well, good ,‫ اوستا‬,‫ اردیبﻬشت‬,۲‫ آهو‬,‫آل ورتم‬
Spher: ankle, move fast, ‫ سپﻬر‬,‫ س ی‬,‫ س دن‬,‫س اردن‬ ,‫ خجسته‬,‫ حور‬,‫ بﻬمن‬,‫ بﻬشت‬,‫َ ه‬
ُ ُ ُ ُ
spread ,‫ خسوره‬,‫ خسور‬,‫ خ و‬, ُ ‫ خ‬,‫خ ّرم‬
ُ ُ
,‫ خوب‬,‫ خوارزم‬,‫ خن ا‬,‫ خشو‬,‫خشنود‬
Spiš: an insect, bug, flea ‫شش‬ ُ
,‫ ک ٰی‬,‫ فرات‬,‫ دار وش‬,‫خوش‬
ُ
Spongo : fluffy, empty ‫ س نج‬,‫اسفنج‬ , ‫ ه‬,‫ همایون‬,‫ هما‬,‫ ه ر‬,‫ک خ و‬
ُ ,‫ هومن‬,‫ هوشنﮓ‬, ‫ هوخش‬,‫هوخت‬
Spyeu: to spit ‫ تفنﮓ‬,‫تﻒ‬
‫ه دا‬
Srau see Kleu
Su 2: wild boar, pig ‫ سفل س‬,‫خوک‬
Srêno: thigh, hip ‫ران‬
Su(m)b see Keu 2
Sresk: to drip ‫شک‬
Suîğ: jump, dance ‫ رستاخ‬,‫ خ دن‬, ‫خاس‬
A16
Rêp: to crawl ‫ روش‬,۱‫ روان‬,‫ رواج‬,‫ روا‬, ‫َرف‬ Sekw: to follow ّ
,‫ شا رد‬,‫ سقرﻻت‬,‫سجل‬ ,‫ اسکناس‬,‫از‬
‫هخام ش‬
Resg see Rezg
ّ Selg, Harz: to let go, release ‫ هل دن‬, ‫هش‬
Ret: to roll, run ,‫ راهب‬,‫ راه‬,‫ ترهات‬,‫ ار ش‬,‫ ّاراده‬,‫ّارا ه‬
َ
‫ رژه‬,‫ رده‬,‫را ان‬ Selh: to earn, posses ‫ گوه دن‬,‫گﻬول دن‬
Rêu, Raud 1: to cry, roar ‫لند دن‬ Selp: fat, oil ‫چرب‬
Reudh: red ‫روﻧاس‬ Sem: same , ‫ اﻧ اش‬,‫ اﻧ از‬,‫ اﻧ ار‬,‫ ا ر‬,‫ا اتان‬
,‫ اﻧج دن‬,‫ اﻧجمن‬,‫ اﻧجام‬,‫اﻧ اغ‬
Reug: to vomit, belch, ‫ ُرغ‬,‫آروغ‬
,‫ اﻧدرز‬,‫ اﻧدام‬,‫ اﻧدازه‬, ‫اﻧداخ‬
produce smoke or vapor
,‫ اﻧدوه‬,‫ اﻧدوز دن‬,‫ اﻧدودن‬, ‫اﻧدوخ‬
Reughmen: oil, cream ‫روغن‬ , ‫ اﻧ اش‬,‫ اﻧ اردن‬,‫اﻧد ش دن‬
Reuto: intestines, bowels ‫ ش م‬,‫ روده‬,‫اش م‬ ,‫ مﮕر‬,‫ سماور‬,‫ ُپر‬,‫ اﻧﮕ ه‬, ‫اﻧﮕ خ‬
,‫ هم تک‬,‫ هم‬,‫ هرگز‬,‫ هامون‬,‫ﻧ اردن‬
Rezg, Resg: to plait, wind ‫َرغزه‬ ,‫ هموار‬,‫ همه‬,‫ همدان‬,‫ همان‬,‫همال‬
Rk-tho: bear (animal) ‫ خرس‬,‫ارشام‬ ۲‫ وار‬,‫ هن ام‬,‫ هندسه‬,‫هم ان‬
Rup, Sup: shoulder ‫ُسفت‬ Sêma: marked, stamped ۲‫س م‬

(coin)
S Sêmi: half ‫ﻧم‬
Šabatu: to cut, stop working ‫ ش ه‬,‫َس ۟ ت‬ Sen: old ‫ هان‬,‫سنا‬
Sâd see Sked Septm: seven ‫هفت‬
Sâen: to be late, a period of ‫ها‬ Ser 1, Sreu: to flow ‫ هرات‬,‫ ِ ُ م‬,‫ روضه‬,۱‫ رود‬,‫ رم دن‬,‫َرم‬
time
َ Ser 2: protect ‫هرکول‬
Sâi, Hai: to bind, tie ‫ و شتاسپ‬,‫ گشادن‬,‫سن َور‬
Ser 3: to line up, arrange, ‫ هار‬,‫ی‬
Sakah: teak wood ‫ساج‬ sort
َ
Šâli: grains, cereals ‫ شلتوک‬,‫ شال ار‬, ‫ شا‬,‫چلتوک‬ Sernh see Srisâ
Salîbâ: cross ‫ صل ب‬,‫چلی ا‬ Seu 1: one's own self ,‫ خواهر‬,‫ خواجه‬,‫ خو‬,‫ خدیو‬,‫خدا‬
Sam: summer ‫ هم‬, ‫هام‬ ‫ ﻧاخدا‬,‫ خ ش‬,۱‫خود‬
Šamšêr see Šfšyr Seu 2: juice, to take liquid, ‫هوم‬
squeeze
Saus, Hauš: dry ‫ خوش دن‬,‫خشک‬
Seu 3, Hau 2: to give birth ۲‫رود‬
Šavala: (a fabric) marked with ۲‫ شال‬,۱‫شال‬
colors Seu 4, Hau 1: to extract, ‫هاون‬
squeeze out
Sâwel: sun ,‫ خورش د‬,‫ خور‬,‫ خراسان‬,‫ خاور‬,‫ِح ا‬
ُ َ
ِ ‫ فرخ‬,‫ ف ّ خ‬,‫فر‬
,‫ فرشاد‬,‫ فرزاد‬,‫نده‬
ُ
Šfšyr, Šypšyr, Šamšêr: sword ‫شمش‬
,‫ هاله‬,‫ ﻧﻬور‬,‫ ف ز‬,‫ فرﻧاز‬,‫فرش د‬ Sinkadruš: the red ore of ‫ شنﮕرف‬,‫زﻧجرف‬
‫ هور ان‬,‫هور‬ mercury (mercuric sulfide)
S.d.a`: to split ‫سد م‬ used as a pigment
Sê: to sift ‫سطل‬ Skabh: to support ‫ ِ ش م‬,‫ِ چ م‬
ُ
Sed, Had: to sit, also to place ,‫ ﻧزد‬,‫ ﻧخست‬,‫ خرسند‬,‫سند دن‬ Skai: shining, bright ‫ ه ر‬,‫ منوچﻬر‬,‫ سا ه‬,‫چﻬره‬
َ
a step, to go ‫ ش م‬, ‫ شس‬,‫ﻧزد ک‬ Skaip: to wait ‫ شکی دن‬,‫شکی ا‬
Šedû: devil, mad person ‫ ش طان‬,‫ش دا‬ Skaivos: sinister, odd, strange ‫شخ‬
Seiku, Haič: to flow, moisten ‫ خ ساﻧدن‬,‫شنج دن‬ Skand 1: to climb, leap ‫اس له‬
Seip: to pour out, drip ‫صابون‬ Skand 2: to break ‫شکس‬
َ
Seks: six ‫ شست‬,‫شاﻧزده‬ Skarf: to stumble ‫شکرف دن‬
Skarna see Sukurna
A15
‫‪Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives‬‬
‫‪Per 1: around, forward.‬‬ ‫ار‪ ,‬ارسال‪ ,‬ال ‪ ,‬پرا ندن‪ ,‬پرتو‪,‬‬ ‫‪Pod: foot‬‬ ‫ا‪ ,‬ای‪ ,‬ای ‪ َ ,‬ل‪ , ِ ,‬پ اده‪ ,‬پ امه‪,‬‬
‫پرچ ‪ ,‬پرداخ ‪ ,۱‬پرداخ ‪ ,۲‬پرد س‪,‬‬ ‫پ ک‪ ,‬ﻗالب‪ ,‬اﻻ‪ ,‬الب‪ ,‬ال د‪ ,‬الی‬
‫پرستار‪ ,‬پرس دن‪ ,‬پرار‪َ ,‬پرماس دن‪,۱‬‬
‫‪Pôl : to touch, feel‬‬ ‫ال دن‪ ,۲‬س تور‬
‫َپرماس دن‪َ ,۲‬پ َرﻧدوش‪ ,‬پروار‪ ,‬پرواز‪,‬‬
‫پروردن‪َ ,‬پ ر‪ ,‬پ روز‪ ,‬پژمردن‪ ,‬شت‪,‬‬ ‫‪Porno‬‬ ‫‪see Parn‬‬
‫شنج دن‪ ,‬پ اس ‪ ,‬پ امون‪ ,‬پ اهن‪,‬‬ ‫‪Pôu: small, young‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬پور‪ ,‬فغفور‬ ‫آ س ‪ ,‬ب دخت‪,‬‬
‫پ ا ه‪ ,‬پ وز‪ ,‬جال ‪ ,‬فرا‪ ,‬فرارون‪ ,‬فراز‪,‬‬
‫فرامرز‪ ,‬ف ه‪ ,‬فرجام‪ ,‬فردوس‪ ,‬فردین‪,‬‬ ‫‪Prî: to love, praise‬‬ ‫آف دن‪ ,‬آف ن‬
‫فرزاﻧه‪ ,‬فرزﻧد‪ ,‬فرز ن‪ ,‬فرستادن‪,‬‬ ‫‪Pu: to blow, swell‬‬ ‫پوک‬
‫َ َ‬
‫فرشته‪ ,‬فرفر‪ ,‬فرمان‪ ,‬فرهنﮓ‪,‬‬
‫َ‬
‫فره خ ‪ ,‬فرو‪ ,‬فروار‪ ,‬فروخ ‪,‬‬ ‫‪Puk 1: bundled together‬‬ ‫َ سا ‪ َ ,‬سا‬
‫َ َ َ‬
‫روهر‪ ,‬فروه خ ‪ ,‬ف اد‪,‬‬ ‫فروردین‪ ,‬ف‬ ‫‪Puk 2, Pauk: puff, a blow of‬‬ ‫ُﻒ‬
‫ف رون‪ ,‬فﻼخن‪ ,‬ف ون‬ ‫‪air‬‬
‫َ َ َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫‪Per 2: to lead or fly across.‬‬ ‫روهر‪,‬‬ ‫ـ ار‪ ُ ,۳‬ل‪ ,‬فرات‪ ,‬فروردین‪ ,‬ف‬ ‫‪Pulâka: ball of rice‬‬ ‫لو‬
‫فروه خ ‪ ,‬ف اد‪ ,‬ف رون‪ ,‬فﻼخن‪,‬‬
‫ف ون‬ ‫‪Pwt: Buddha, also used to‬‬ ‫ُت‬
‫‪mean an idol‬‬
‫‪Per 3: oppose, hit‬‬ ‫آورد‪ ُ ,‬د‪ ,‬بند‪ ,‬ه‪ ,‬ب غاره‪ ,‬پ ــ‪ ,‬اداش‪,‬‬
‫ادافراه‪ ,‬ادزهر‪ ,‬اسﺦ‪ ,‬پ اره‪ ,‬درام‪,‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫ذیرف ‪ ,‬ذیره‪ ,‬پره خ ‪ ,‬پره ‪,‬‬
‫‪qâter: smoke, incense‬‬ ‫ِسدر‬
‫پژمان‪ ,‬پژوه دن‪ ,‬ش مان‪ ,‬پ اله‪ ,‬پ ام‪,‬‬
‫پ ش‪ ,‬پ شا ‪ ,‬پ شوا‪ ,‬پ غاره‪ ,‬پ غام‪,‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫پ ار‪ ,‬پ ان‪ ,‬پ کر‪ ,‬پ مان‪ ,‬پ ماﻧه‪,‬‬
‫پ مودن‪ ,‬پیوس ‪ ,‬سپﻬ د‪ ,‬م د‪ ,‬ه د‬ ‫"‪Ragâ, Rağâ: city of "Ray‬‬ ‫رازی‪ ,‬ری‬
‫‪south of Tehran.‬‬
‫‪Per 4: to give, present‬‬ ‫اره‬
‫‪Rağâ‬‬ ‫‪see Ragâ‬‬
‫‪Perd, Pers: speck, spot,‬‬ ‫ارد‪ ,‬ارس‪ ,۲‬اش دن‪ ,‬لنﮓ‪ ,‬یوز لنﮓ‬
‫‪sprinkle‬‬ ‫‪Raič‬‬ ‫‪see Leigh 2‬‬
‫‪Perg, Part: to fight‬‬ ‫ﻧ د‬ ‫‪Raika: sand, gravel‬‬ ‫رﮓ‬
‫‪Perk 1 : to ask‬‬ ‫ادافراه‪ ,‬پرس دن‬ ‫‪Raip‬‬ ‫‪see Leip‬‬
‫‪Perk 2: rib, chest‬‬ ‫پﻬلو‪۱‬‬ ‫‪Raiš‬‬ ‫‪see Rei 2‬‬
‫‪Pers‬‬ ‫‪see Perd‬‬ ‫‪Rand: to scrape‬‬ ‫رﻧده‪ ,‬رﻧد دن‬
‫‪Persna: heel‬‬ ‫اشنه‬ ‫‪Raud 1‬‬ ‫‪see Rêu‬‬
‫‪Pestêno: breast‬‬ ‫ستان‬ ‫‪Raud 2‬‬ ‫‪see Leudh‬‬
‫‪Pet 1: to fly, to fall‬‬

‫َ‬
‫افتادن‪ َ ,‬ست‪ ,‬ک َسک‪ ,‬کشک‪,‬‬ ‫‪Raup 1: to sweep away‬‬ ‫جاروب‪ُ ,‬رف ‪ ,‬ﻻی‬
‫َ‬
‫کشکرک‬ ‫‪Raup 2‬‬ ‫‪see Leup‬‬
‫‪Pet 2: to spread‬‬ ‫َپﻬن‬ ‫‪Raxš‬‬ ‫‪see Lakš‬‬
‫‪Peu: to purify‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪Redh: to separate, isolate‬‬ ‫َ‬
‫راز‪ ,‬رست ار‪ ,‬رس ‪ ,‬ره دن‪ ,‬وارس‬
‫‪Peua: to decay, rot‬‬ ‫پوده‪ ,‬پوس دن‬ ‫‪Reg 1: move straight, right‬‬ ‫افراش ‪ ,‬راست‪ ,‬رج‪ ,‬رده‪ ,‬رزم‪ ,‬رژه‪,‬‬
‫‪Peud: to press, hasten‬‬ ‫پو‪ ,‬پ ا‪ ,‬پ دن‪ ,‬ت اپو‬ ‫ر ال‬
‫‪Peuk: to prick‬‬ ‫سپوخ ‪ ,۱‬سپوخ ‪ ,۲‬سپوزار‪,‬‬ ‫‪Reg 2: to dye, color‬‬ ‫َرج دن‪ ,‬رز دن‪ ,‬رﻧﮓ‪ ,‬ﻻ‬
‫سپوزدن‬ ‫‪Rei 1: possession‬‬ ‫راد‪ ,۲‬رای‬
‫‪Pilo: hair‬‬ ‫پ له‬ ‫‪Rei 2, Raiš: to hurt, tear, cut‬‬ ‫اب شم‪ ,‬رشته‪ ,‬رزه‪ ,‬ر سمان‪,‬‬
‫‪Pin: wood, tree stump‬‬ ‫َپن ان‪ ,‬فنجان‬ ‫ر س دن‪ ,‬ر ش‪ ,۱‬ر ش‬
‫‪Pippalî: pepper‬‬ ‫ل ل‪ ,‬فلفل‬ ‫‪Rek: to tie‬‬ ‫َر َسن‬

‫ُ‬
‫‪Plou, Blou: flea‬‬ ‫شه‬ ‫‪Rem: to rest‬‬ ‫آرام‪ ,‬درام‪ ,‬خ ّرم‪ ,‬رام‪ ,‬رامش‪ ,‬رام ‪,‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫شﻬرام‬
‫‪Pô, Pe: to drink‬‬ ‫ات ل‪ ,‬ﻧ د‪ ,‬ﻧ ذ‬
‫‪A14‬‬
Nem 2: to bend, bow in ‫ﻧماز‬ P
respect, also brush wood
and twigs Pa: to protect, feed ,‫ اردوان‬,‫ آذر ا جان‬,‫ آ ادان‬,‫آ اد‬
,۱‫ ان‬,‫ ا ک‬,‫ ا ا‬,‫ اب‬,۲‫استوان‬
Nemata: straw, grass ‫ﻧمد‬ ,‫ اﻻ ش‬,‫ اﻻن‬,‫ ادشاه‬,‫برگستوان‬
Nembh see Nebh ,۱‫ ال دن‬,‫ الوﻧه‬,‫ الوده‬,‫الودن‬
َ ,‫ ِح ا‬,‫ چ ان‬,‫ پناه‬,‫ پنام‬,‫ در‬,‫ای دن‬
Nepôt: grandson ‫ ﻧوه‬,‫ﻧ َ س‬
,‫ فالوده‬,‫ ش ان‬,۲‫ ُستوان‬,‫در ان‬
Ner 1: vital energy, man ‫ ه‬,‫ ﻧ و‬,‫ ﻧ مان‬,‫ ﻧر‬,‫اسکندر‬ ‫ هور ان‬, ‫ ﻧﻬف‬,‫ م ان‬,‫گ ان‬
Ner 2: to turn, twist ‫ﻧرگس‬ Pad-: duck ‫َط‬
ُ
Neu: to cry ,‫ ﻧ ه‬,‫ ﻧ دن‬,‫ ﻧال دن‬,‫ زﻧ ه‬,‫زﻧودن‬ Pais: crush, grind ‫ِ ست‬
‫ﻧ دن‬
Paita: to spread, make flat ‫ فراخ‬,‫پرده‬
ُ
Newn: nine ‫ﻧه‬
Parîkâ: sweet heart, fairy ‫پری‬
َ
Newo: new ‫ ﻧ د‬,‫ ﻧو‬,‫ کنون‬,‫ا نون‬
Parn: wing, feather ‫ پ دن‬,‫َپر‬
ُ
Nî: down, below ,‫ ﻧژﻧد‬,‫ ﻧـ ـی‬,‫ ﻧ د‬,‫ پنﻬان‬,‫ ا شه‬,‫آ شه‬
َ Pârsa: name of an Aryan ‫ فارس‬,‫ شمل ا‬,‫ اساراد‬,۱‫ارس‬
,‫ ﻧغوشا‬,‫ ش م‬,‫ ش ب‬, ‫ شس‬,‫شان‬
(Indo-European) tribe who
,‫ ﻧما ش‬,‫ ﻧما‬,‫ ﻧﮕون‬,‫ ﻧ اه‬,‫ﻧغوش دن‬
migrated to Persia (Iran)
, ‫ ﻧﻬف‬,‫ ﻧﻬان‬,‫ ﻧﻬادن‬,‫ ﻧمودن‬,‫ﻧماینده‬
about 4000 years ago.
,‫ ﻧ ا ش‬,‫ ﻧ ام‬,‫ ﻧ از‬, ‫ ﻧوش‬,‫ﻧورد دن‬
َ
‫ َوردﻧه‬,‫ﻧیوش دن‬ Part see Perg
Parth, Parti: the name of a َ
‫ پﻬلوی‬,۲‫ پﻬلو‬,‫ پﻬل ُ د‬,‫ارت‬
Nis: off, away ‫ﻧ واﻧا‬
tribe in Khorâsân who rose to
Nitiru: natron; carbonate of ‫ﻧطرون‬
power and pushed the
soda
Greeks out of Iran in 250 BC.
Nobh: nave, hub ‫ ﻧافه‬,‫ﻧاف‬
Parti see Parth
Nôğ: whim, triviality, fancy ‫ ﻧازک‬,‫ﻧاز‬
Parvan: knot ‫ پژوا‬,‫َپژ‬
Nogh: nail ‫ﻧاخن‬
Pauk see Puk 2
َ
Nogw: naked ‫ ﻧغام‬,‫برهنه‬
Pe see Pô
Nomn: name ‫ ﻧام‬,‫دشنام‬
Peg: breast ‫پنکه‬
Nyâka: grand parent ‫ ﻧ ا ان‬,‫ﻧ ا‬
Peî: sap, fat ,‫ پ ه‬,‫ پ نو‬,‫ ِ ه‬, ‫ پن‬, ‫ اﻧﮕب‬,۲‫اﻧﮓ‬
ُ ُ ُ ُ
O ,‫ د َمل‬,‫ دش ه‬,‫ دش ل‬,‫دژ ه‬
‫ ف ه‬, ‫سکنجب‬
Oies: pole ‫ خ ش ار‬,‫خ ش‬ ُ
Peig: to mark ‫ ﻧوش‬,‫ ﻧـ ـی‬,‫ پ شه‬,‫پ سه‬
Okto: eight ‫هشت‬
َ َ Pek: wool, to pluck wool ‫ ش ان‬,‫ چ ان‬,‫شم‬
Ôku: swift ‫ کشکرک‬,‫ کشک‬,‫ ک َسک‬,۱‫آهو‬
Pekw: to cook ‫ وا‬,‫ ﻧاﻧوا‬,‫ شورا‬,‫ َپ دن‬,‫ َپز‬, ‫ خ‬,‫ا‬
Om: raw, bitter ‫خام‬
Pel 1: to fill ,‫ او اش‬, ‫ اﻧ اش‬,‫ اﻧ ار‬, ‫ ا اش‬,‫ا اردن‬
Ome: to move with energy ‫ارشام‬ ,‫ ِفره‬,‫ فراوان‬,‫ س ی‬,‫ پرو ن‬,‫ ُپر‬,‫برﻧا‬
َ َ
Op: work, produce in ‫خوب‬ ‫فرهست‬
abundance Pel 2: pale, gray ‫ پ‬,‫ارسا‬
Opop: a bird sound ‫ پ و‬,‫پ ک‬ Pel 3: dust, flour ‫ پودر‬,‫اروت‬
Orghi: testicle ‫ارک ده‬ Pelpel: butterfly ‫پرواﻧه‬
Ost: bone ‫ هسته‬,۱‫ خستو‬,‫ استخوان‬,۲‫است‬ Pend, Spen: twist ‫پ نه‬
Ôus: mouth, lip ‫ زه دن‬,‫ زهدان‬,‫ زهاب‬,۲‫ زه‬,‫زاه دن‬ Penkwe: five ‫پنج‬
Ozgho: branch, bud, offspring ‫ ازم‬,۱‫ ازگ‬,‫ازغ‬ Pent: to go, pass ‫پند‬
A13
Meigh 1: to sprinkle, urinate ‫م‬, ‫مخ‬, ‫مخ‬ Mûrâ: seal, coin, jewel ‫ُمﻬر‬
Meigh 2: to blink, cover, ‫ میغ‬,۱‫ ِمه‬,‫ مژه‬,‫مژان‬ Murvârît: small pearl ‫ مروار د‬,‫مرجان‬
darken
Mus see Mû
Meit 1, Mait 1: to stay, dwell ۱‫ میﻬن‬,‫میﻬمان‬
N
Meit 2, Mait 2: to throw, ۲‫میﻬن‬
discard Nâ: to help ‫پناه‬
Mel 1: black, dirty ‫ مال خول ا‬,‫خ ال‬ Nabatu: to shine ‫ ﻧفتال‬,‫ﻧفت‬
Mel 2: small, harmful ‫مار‬ Nabja: beak ‫ ﻧول‬,‫ﻧوک‬
Mel 3: soft, soft material ‫ملغم‬ Naêza: sharp point ‫ﻧ ه‬
Mêlg, Marz?: to wipe off, ,‫ فرامرز‬,۱‫ َپرماس دن‬,‫آمرز دن‬ Nagan, Nağan: bread ‫ ﻧاﻧوا‬,‫ﻧان‬
rub, milk ‫ ُمش‬,۲‫ ُمشت‬,۲‫ ُمرز‬,‫مال دن‬ Nağan see Nagan
Men 1: to think ,‫ اورمزد‬,‫ اهورامزدا‬,‫ اهورا‬,‫اه من‬ Namra: soft َ ‫ َﻧ‬,‫ﻧرم‬
‫مرق‬
,‫ پژمان‬,‫ بﻬمن‬,‫ برم ش‬,‫ایرمان‬
ُ ُ Nana: a child word for ‫ﻧنه‬
,‫ ﻗﻬرمان‬,‫ دشمن‬,‫ دژمان‬,‫ دژم‬,‫ش مان‬
,‫ مزد سنا‬,‫ مزدا‬,۳‫ ـ مان‬,‫ مان‬,‫کﻬرمان‬ mother, a nurse
,‫ ﻧر‬,‫ مینو‬,‫ منوچﻬر‬,‫ م ش‬,۳‫ـ من‬ Naranga: orange tree ‫ ﻧارﻧﮓ‬,‫ﻧارﻧج‬
,‫ هرمز‬,‫ هخام ش‬,‫ ﻧ و‬,‫ﻧ مان‬
‫ هومن‬,‫هورمزد‬ Nârikelah: coconut ‫ﻧارگ ل‬
ُ
Men 2: to remain ‫ ماﻧدن‬,‫ام د‬ Nas, Nâs: nose ‫ س‬, ‫بی‬
Menth 1: mouth, to chew ‫مصط‬ Nâs see Nas
Menth 2: to turn, stir ‫ـ مند‬ Nask: twist, twine ‫ﻧﺦ‬

Nau: boat َ
, ‫ ﻧاو‬,‫ ﻧاودان‬,‫ ﻧاو دن‬,‫ ﻧاو‬,‫ﻧاخدا‬
Mer 1, Smer, Hmar: to ,‫ ماردن‬,‫ شمردن‬,‫ شماره‬,‫آمار‬
َ ‫ ﻧاوه‬,‫ﻧاو ان‬
remember ‫ همار‬,‫ َمر‬, ‫ماش‬
Mer 2: to rub away, harm, ,‫ فراموش دن‬,‫ خاموش‬,‫ پژمردن‬,‫امرداد‬ Ndheros see Ndhos
die ,‫ مردم‬,‫ مرداد‬,‫ مرد‬,‫ مار‬,‫کیومرث‬ Ndhos, Ndheros: under ‫زر‬
‫ ُمل‬,‫ مش اﻧه‬,‫ مش ا‬,‫رمر‬
َ ‫ َم‬,‫ مرگ‬,‫مردن‬
Ne 1, An 3: no, not ,‫ اسفالت‬,۲‫ آهو‬,‫ آﻧاهیتا‬,‫آزرم دخت‬
Mereğa: a large bird ۱‫ ُم غ‬, ‫ شاه‬,‫س م غ‬ ,‫ اﻧوشه‬,‫ اﻧ ار‬,‫ امرداد‬,‫الماس‬
َ َ
Merg: mark, border ۱‫مرز‬ ,‫ خش سار‬,‫ خشن‬,‫ برﻧا‬,‫اﻧوش وان‬
,‫ ﻧاب‬,‫ ﻧا ــ‬,‫ مرداد‬,۲‫ س م‬,‫ ستوه‬,‫سا ه‬
Merk: to take, grasp ‫مرک‬ َ َ
,‫ ﻧقره‬,‫ ﻧغام‬,‫ ستوه‬,‫ ﻧاه د‬,‫ﻧاشتا‬
Meug: wet, slippery, also to ‫مفت‬ ‫ ﻧوش‬,‫ﻧوش‬
give up, describe Ne 2: our, us ‫ما‬
Meuk 1: scratch, rub ۱‫مشت‬ Nebh, Nembh: cloud, ‫ ﻧمک‬,‫ ﻧم‬,‫ ﻧفت‬,‫ ابرآمون‬,‫ابر‬
Meuk 2: stocking, boot ‫ موق‬,‫ موزه‬,‫پ موز دن‬ moisture
َ ُ
Miždho: reward ‫ مژده‬,‫ مزدور‬,‫ُمزد‬ Ned: to bind, tie ‫ سک‬,‫سخه‬
Moisos, Maiša: sheepskin ‫ م ش‬,۲‫ َمشکو‬,۱‫ َمشکو‬,۳‫َمشک‬ Nedo: reed, pipe, flute ,۲‫ ﻧرد‬,‫ ﻧای‬,‫ ﻧارد‬,‫ کرﻧا‬,‫ سورﻧا‬,‫ﻧا‬
َ
Morwi: ant ‫ مورچه‬,‫مور‬ Nei 1: to shine, to be excited ,‫ ﻧ ل‬,‫ ﻧ ک‬,۱‫ ﻧرد‬, ‫ ل ل‬,‫ روﻧق‬,‫اﻧ یق‬
‫ ﻧیو اردش‬,‫ ﻧیو‬,‫ﻧ لوفر‬
Moudh, Maud: to mourn ‫ م دن‬,‫ م ه‬,‫ ُمستمند‬,۲‫ُمست‬
Nei 2: to lead, guide ‫ ﻧمودن‬,‫ ﻧماینده‬,‫ ﻧما ش‬,‫ﻧما‬
Mozgo: marrow ‫ مغز‬,‫م غ‬ َ َ
Nek: to destroy ‫ سا‬,‫ گناه‬,‫ فرﻧاس‬,‫ُجناح‬
Mu: a mouse, muscle , ‫ ِمش‬,۲‫ ِمشک‬,۱‫ ُمشک‬,‫ماه چه‬
‫موش‬ Nêkš: to pierce ‫ ﻧ شدر‬,‫ﻧ ش‬
Mû, Mus: fly ‫مﮕس‬ Neku: to reach, arrive, carry ‫آس دن‬
Mûk: pile, peak, spike ‫موک‬ Nem 1: to assign, take ‫ ﻧمره‬,‫ ﻧماز‬,‫ﻧاموس‬
A12
Lêi: slime, sticky ‫ﻻی‬ Magh: might, power ,‫ منجنیق‬,۱‫ َمغ‬,‫ ُمغ‬,‫مجوس‬
‫ م د‬,‫منجن ک‬
Leig: to leap, jump ‫ آل دن‬, ‫ آل‬, ‫آل خ‬
Mai 1, Mei 5: to change ‫ وام‬,۲‫ فام‬,‫اوام‬
Leigh 1: to lick ‫ ل س دن‬, ‫ِلش‬
Mai 2, Mei 6: to harm, ‫م‬
Leigh 2, Raič: to leave , ‫ پره‬, ‫ پره خ‬,‫ ِاب ق‬,‫آب ز‬
reduce
, ‫ گ خ‬,‫ کسوف‬, ‫ ر خ‬,‫خسوف‬
‫گ ز‬ Maič, Mač: to suck ‫ مک دن‬,‫ م دن‬,‫ مزه‬,‫ماچ‬
Leip, Raip: to smear with oil, ‫ ف ف‬,‫ ف ب‬,‫رو‬ Maiša see Moisos
cover
Mait 1 see Meit 1
Leith: to go forth, die ‫رستاخ‬
Mait 2 see Meit 2
Lek 1, Lehk: joint, member, ‫ِلنﮓ‬
Mako: house fly ‫مﮕس‬
bend
Mana: an ancient unit of ۲‫من‬
Lek 2: to leap, fly, kick ‫ل د‬
weight
Leng see Longos
Mantil: cloak ‫مند ل‬
Lep, Lap-aro: soft, friendly ‫ ﻻف‬,‫ﻻ ه‬
Mareğâ: grass ‫ مرغزار‬,۲‫َم غ‬
Lêsos: place, space, area ‫ﻻخ‬
Marz? see Mêlg
Letro: skim, strip, piece ‫ ل ه‬,۱‫لت‬
Masgdâ: place of worship ‫ مسجد‬,‫مزکت‬
Leu: to smear, make dirty ,‫ الوده‬,‫ الودن‬,‫ اﻻ ش‬,‫ اﻻن‬,‫آلودن‬
Mat:pick ‫آماج‬
‫ فالوده‬,۱‫ ال دن‬,‫الوﻧه‬
Mauč: to learn, teach ‫آموخ‬
Leudh, Raud 2: to grow ,‫ روستا‬,۲‫ رو‬, ‫ ُرس‬,‫ ُرستم‬,۱‫ َرز‬,‫حور‬
‫ رو دن‬,‫ روی‬,‫روضه‬ Maud see Moudh
Leuk: light, brightness ,‫ درخش دن‬,‫ درخش‬, ‫ افروخ‬,‫آرش‬ Maz: to break ‫ماز‬
,‫ روز‬,‫ رزق‬,‫ رخش‬,‫ دیروز‬,۱‫درفش‬ Mazaxa see Madhaxa
‫ فروغ‬,‫ فروزان‬,‫روشن‬
Me 1: to measure ,‫ ب مار‬,‫ آماده‬,‫ آسمان‬,‫آزما ش‬
Leup, Raup 2: to break, peel ‫ کﻬ ا‬,‫رودن‬ ,‫ پ مودن‬,‫ پ ماﻧه‬,‫ پ مان‬,۲‫َپرماس دن‬
off ,‫ ماه‬,‫ ماﻧند‬, ‫ ما س‬,۱‫ مان‬,‫فرمان‬
Liginnu: a pot for measuring ‫ل ن‬ ,‫ ﻧماینده‬,‫ ﻧما ش‬,‫ ﻧما‬,‫ مﻬش د‬,‫مﻬتاب‬
wheat ‫ﻧمودن‬
Limû: lemon, lime ‫ ل موﻧاد‬,‫ ل مو‬,‫ﻻ م‬ Me 2, Meh: me, I ۱‫من‬
Lithra: a scale, balance ‫رطل‬ Mê 3: no, not ‫َم ـ‬
Lohrk: weasel ‫راسو‬ Medhyo: middle ‫م ان‬
Longos, Leng: limp, lame, ‫لنﮓ‬ Meg: great ‫ ِم َﻬست‬,۲‫ ِمه‬,‫ِمزﻧا‬
bent, also a low land Meh see Me 2
Lrğ: to tremble ‫لرزدن‬ Mehdhu: honey, intoxicating ‫ ِمـی‬,‫ َمنج‬,‫ُمل‬
drink (POK:707)
M
Mei 1: soft, mild ‫ َم َ د‬,‫ م ان‬,‫ما ده‬
Mâ: breast ,‫ ما ان‬,‫ ماد ان‬,‫ ماده‬,‫ مادراﻧدر‬,‫مادر‬
‫ ممه‬,‫ ما ه‬,‫مامان‬ Mei 2: to fix, build, fence ‫ م خک‬,‫میﺦ‬
Mač see Maič Mei 3: to go, move ‫َسمت‬
Mad: wet, also coagulated ,۱‫ مست‬, ‫ ما‬,‫ ماغ‬,‫ ماس دن‬,‫ماست‬ Mei 4: to bind, tie ‫ می ا‬,‫ِمﻬر‬
‫َمسکه‬ Mei 5 see Mai 1
Madhaxa, Mazaxa: ‫ م ﮕو‬,‫ م ﮓ‬,‫ملﺦ‬ Mei 6 see Mai 2
grasshopper
Meig: to mix ‫ آم ش‬, ‫آم خ‬
Mağa: hole, recess ‫ مغا‬,۲‫َمغ‬
A11
Ksen: to card wool ‫شاﻧه‬ Kwer, Kar 2: to make, form , ‫ اﻧ اش‬,‫ اﻧ اردن‬,‫ ابیورد‬,‫آهنﮕر‬
,‫ ـ جرد‬,‫ پ کر‬,‫ پ ار‬,‫ پرار‬,‫بروجرد‬
Ksero: dry ‫اس‬
,‫ سوسنﮕرد‬,‫ ِس ال‬,‫ دارا ﮕرد‬,‫چاره‬
ُ
Kseubh: to shake, rock, ‫ کشف‬,‫ آشوب‬, ‫آشف‬ ,‫ ار دن‬,۱‫ ار‬,‫ ﻗﻬرمان‬,‫ ش ار‬,‫شا رد‬
disturb ,‫ گ دن‬,۴‫ ـ ِگرد‬,۲‫ گر‬,‫ کﻬرمان‬,‫کردن‬
Kseud: water, to clean by ۲‫ شوی‬,۱‫ شوی‬,۲‫ شور‬, ‫شس‬ ,‫ گوارش‬,‫ گواردن‬,‫ گوارا‬,‫ گ ش‬,‫گ ر‬
stamping in water ‫ ـ‬,‫ وچر‬,‫ ﻧ اردن‬,‫ ﻧقره‬,‫ لشﮕر‬,‫ﻻجورد‬
‫ یزدگرد‬,‫ وز ر‬,۱‫َورد‬
Ksîp: strike, weapon, spike ,‫ ش ب دن‬,۳‫ ش ب‬,۲‫ ش ب‬,۱‫ش ب‬
‫ شب‬, ‫شف‬ Kwermi see Wer 2
ُ
Ksîro: milk ‫ ش ن‬,۱ ‫ش‬ Kwes: to pant, to breathe ‫ هوا‬,‫شش‬
ُ fast
Ksudros: coarse, crushed in ‫خرد‬ َ ‫َچ‬
small pieces Kwetwer : four ,‫ ش ﻧک‬,‫ چﻬل‬,‫ چﻬارم‬,‫ چﻬار‬,‫تور‬
‫ ک ﻧﮓ‬,‫شطرﻧج‬
Kû 1: to burn (also firewood) ‫ الی‬,‫ ال د‬,‫ الب‬,‫ اﻻ‬,‫ ﻗفقاز‬,‫ﻗالب‬
Kweye, Ĉiah: quiet, ‫ شاد‬,‫آش اﻧه‬
Kû 2: spike ۲‫ سوگ‬,۲‫ سوک‬,‫سوزن‬ comfortable
Kuâtos: straw ‫ کﻬ ا‬,۱‫اه‬ Kwo: stem of interrogative , ‫چ‬, ,‫ چون‬,‫ چه‬,‫ چند‬,‫چﮕوﻧه‬
Kuei: white, shining ‫ سف د‬,‫ س د‬,‫سپﻬر‬ and relative pronouns ‫ هیﭻ‬,۲‫ کـی‬،۱‫ ِکـی‬,‫ کو‬,‫کس‬
Kund: blunt, stocky, rough ‫ کندی‬,‫ کنداور‬,۲‫ کند‬,۱‫کند‬ Kwon: dog ‫ ﻗناری‬,‫ سﮓ‬,‫ س اه‬,‫اصفﻬان‬
Kung: corner ‫کنج‬ Kwri: to buy ‫خ دن‬
Kûp: to smoke, cook, also ‫ک‬ Kwsep: darkness ‫ ش ستان‬,‫ ش دیز‬,‫ شب‬,‫شام‬
move violently, be agitated
L
Kupriti: sulfur ‫ک ت‬
Lâ, lal 1, Lalla: roots of sound ‫ ﻻﻻ‬,‫ ﻻﻻ‬,‫ﻻل‬
Kur see Ker 5 words including animal crys,
Kûr: dark, blind ‫کور‬ baby babbling and even
silence.
Kurkizannu: rhinoceros ‫ کرگدن‬,‫کرگ‬
Ladunu: resin of a certain ‫ﻻدن‬
Kut: small, short ‫ کودک‬,‫ کوچک‬,‫کوتاه‬ tree
Kwal: a big fish, whale ‫کرو‬ Lâiô: roar, bark, bellow ‫ﻻی دن‬
Kwei 1: to pay back, revenge, ‫ک‬ Lâjîn: name of a Turkish tribe ‫ﻻجورد‬
punish
Lak: to tear ‫ لخت‬,۲‫لت‬
Kwei 2, Ĉai: to pile up ,‫ توز دن‬, ‫ توخ‬, ‫ پرچ‬,‫اﻧج دن‬
‫ گ ش‬,‫ گ دن‬,‫چ دن‬ Lakš, Raxš: to protect, defend ‫لشﮕر‬
Kweis, Kaiš: to assign, teach ۱‫ک ش‬ lal 1 see Lâ
Kwek, Kas 1: to appear, see, ,‫ چشم‬, ‫ چاش‬,‫ چاشت‬,‫آ اه‬ Lâl 2: red color ,‫ ﻻله سار‬,‫ ﻻله‬, ‫ ﻻل‬,‫ ﻻلس‬,‫آﻻله‬
show ‫ ﻧ اه‬,‫ گواه‬,‫چش دن‬ ‫لﻌل‬
Kwel: to move around,turn ,‫ چالش‬, ‫ چاﻻ‬,‫ چال‬,‫ ازران‬,‫ازار‬ Lalla see Lâ

,۳‫ ـ زار‬,‫ چل دن‬,‫ چ دن‬,‫ چ خ‬,‫َچرا‬ Lanğ: to droop, be sad, ‫رﻧج‬
,‫ السکه‬, ‫ اش‬,‫ ارزار‬,‫طلسم‬ sorrow
‫ گزارش‬,‫ گزاردن‬,‫ کش دن‬,‫کشاورز‬
Lap-aro see Lep
Kwem see Kwen 3
Laqalaqa: flamingo, stork ‫ ل ل‬,‫ لقلقه‬,‫لقلق‬
Kwen 1: holy , ‫ افس ت‬,‫ اسفند ار‬,‫ اسفند‬,‫اس نتا‬
‫ گوسفند‬,‫س نتا‬ Lêb: lip ‫لب‬
Kwen 2: sip, swallow ۲‫ ام‬,۲‫چم دن‬ Legwh: light in weight, quick ‫ﻻغر‬
in movement
Kwen 3, Kwem, Ĉîam: to ‫آشام دن‬
swallow Lehk see Lek 1
A10
Kel 3: to strike, cut, stab ‫ لنﮓ‬,‫لند‬ Keub see Gêu 1
Kel 4: light and dark spots, ‫چرمه‬ Keued: to yell ‫ ﻧکوه دن‬,‫ﻧکوهش‬
gray color tones َ ُ
Keuk: to shine, be white ,‫ سﻬرورد‬,‫ سﻬراب‬,‫ خ‬,‫افسوس‬
Kel 5: cup, bowl ‫ کوزه‬,‫ اسه‬,‫اس‬ ,‫ سوزان‬, ‫ سوزا‬,‫ سوز‬, ‫سوخ‬
,‫ سوگند‬,۱‫ سوگ‬,۱‫ سوک‬,‫سوزش‬
Kelewo: lacking, bald ‫ ل‬,‫ کروه‬,‫کچل‬
۲‫َورد‬
Kem 1: stick ۱‫س م‬
Keup see Gêu 1
Kem 2: to cover ‫ﻗم ص‬
Khâd: to bite ‫خای دن‬
Ken 1: young, fresh ‫کن‬
Kharpuna see Kahrpu
Ken 2, Gwhen 3: to dig ,‫ اﻻخاﻧه‬,‫ افکندن‬,‫سکنه‬
ِ ‫ ِا‬,‫آ ندن‬
Ki, Ĉih: to freeze ‫چای دن‬
,‫ خاﻧه‬,‫ چاه‬,‫ پ ان‬,‫ پرا ندن‬,‫ال ن‬
َ َ
,‫ شن‬,‫ سمرﻗند‬,‫ خندق‬,‫ خن‬, ‫خا‬ Kiês: bug, tick ‫ساس‬
َ
,‫ کندن‬,‫ کندک‬,۲‫ اﻧون‬,‫ اﻧال‬,‫ﻗاﻧون‬ َ
َ Kiph: thin flexible twig ‫ شفش‬,‫س ﻒ‬
‫ هوشنﮓ‬,‫ لشن‬,‫ کنند‬,‫کندو‬
Kîru: wax ‫گ س‬, ‫ﻗ‬
Keng see Keg ُ
Kitu: cotton clothing ‫ کتان‬,‫تنکه‬
Kens: to speak solemnly, ‫افساﻧه‬
proclaim Klei: to lean ‫اﻗل م‬
َ
Ker 1: head, horn , ,‫ ساﻻر‬,‫ زﻧجب ل‬, ‫ اف‬,‫افسار‬ Klem: tired, loose, dull ‫ش َمن‬
‫ ﻻله‬,‫ ﻗ اط‬,‫ شنﮕب ل‬,۱‫ َ ون‬,‫ُ و‬ Kleu, Srau: to hear
ُ ُ ُ
,‫ خشو‬,‫ خسوره‬,‫ خسور‬,‫ خ و‬, ُ ‫خ‬
ُ
‫سار‬ ,‫ ود‬,‫ واد‬,‫ وا‬,‫ای دن‬
Ker 2, Sker 2: to cut, ,‫ ِس ال‬, ‫ گ‬,‫ خوک‬,‫ چرم‬,‫ا ر‬ ‫ ک خ و‬,‫ ک ٰی‬,‫ ش دن‬,‫ُ وش‬
separate, tear ,‫ شکوفه‬, ‫ ش اف‬, ‫ س‬,‫سودن‬ Klêu: hook, peg used to lock ‫لد‬
, ‫ اف‬,‫ ارد‬,‫ فرسودن‬,‫ غ ال‬,‫شﮕفت‬ doors
, ‫ کف‬,‫ کرت‬,‫ کر‬,‫ ُاوش‬,‫او دن‬
,‫ مﮕر‬,‫ گس ل‬, ‫ گس خ‬, ‫گسس‬ Klis: adhere ‫ ِ ش‬, ‫ش‬ ,‫شت‬
‫هرگز‬ Klou-ni: buttock, rump ‫ ن‬,۲‫ُ ون‬
َ
Ker 3: loud noise, noisy birds ,‫ کرک‬,‫فه‬ ,‫ خروش دن‬,‫خروس‬ Koksâ: a part of body like ‫کشاله‬
‫ ورتک‬,‫ کروه‬,‫کرکس‬ foot, hip, etc.
Ker 4, Kers: black, dirty ,۱‫ ِکرسنه‬,‫ کرس‬, ‫ ش‬,‫ سمور‬,‫چرده‬ Kolemos: grass, reed, cane ‫ﻗلم‬
‫ ک م ا‬,‫ کره‬,۲‫کرسنه‬ ُ
Korkâ: gravel ‫ ِشکر‬,‫ سوخاری‬,‫ سا ارز‬,‫ساخار ن‬
Ker 5, Kur: heat, fire ‫کوره‬
Kormo: pain, suffering ‫م‬
Kerd 1: heart ‫دل‬
Koro: war, army, a large ,‫ کرب‬,‫ النجار‬,‫ اروان‬,‫ ارزار‬,۲‫ار‬
Kerd 2: row, herd ‫ده‬ crowd ‫ لنجار‬,‫کرﻧا‬
Kerdh see Skordh Kost: bone, rib, side of ‫ کش‬, ‫ کس‬,‫برگستوان‬
Kerk: thin, slender ‫ گرشاسپ‬,‫گرسیوز‬ anything
Kers see Ker 4 Kram: to walk, to step ‫خرام دن‬

َ َ َ َ
Kes: to scratch ,‫ شاﻧه‬,‫ خوش‬,‫ خشنود‬,‫خس دن‬ Krep: body ‫ خس‬, ‫ِخرفس‬
‫ شور ا‬,۱‫شور‬ Kreu: icy or solid ‫ ل خ‬,‫ﻗفقاز‬
Ket: living room ‫ کده‬,‫کد ــ‬ Ksei 1: to be able, qualify, ,‫ َچک‬,‫ ادشاه‬, ‫ افش‬, ‫اردش‬
Keu 1: to shine, bright ‫ سورﻧا‬,‫ سور‬,‫ﻧا‬ rule , ‫ شا س‬,‫ شا د‬,‫ شاه‬,‫خشا ار‬
,‫ شﻬ ور‬,‫ شﻬرام‬,‫ شﻬر‬,‫شا سته‬
Keu 2, Su(m)b: to swell, ,‫ سوراخ‬,‫ سود‬,‫ ُس ه‬,‫ ُسم ه‬, ‫ُسف‬ َ
‫ ﻧیو اردش‬,۱‫ ﻧرد‬,‫ ش اوژن‬,۲ ‫ش‬
cavity, hole ‫صفر‬ َ َ
ُ Ksei 2: bright ,‫ خورش د‬,‫ خش سار‬,‫ خشن‬,‫جمش د‬
Keu 3, Skeu: to watch, see, ,‫ ک ا‬,۳ ِ ,‫ اووس‬,‫ ﻗابوس‬,‫شکوه‬ ,‫ رخش‬,۱‫ درفش‬,‫ درخش دن‬,‫درخش‬
hear ‫ ک خ و‬,‫ک ان‬ ‫ مﻬش د‬,‫ ش ده‬,‫ ش د‬,‫روشن‬
A9
Ieuo: grain ‫ گوازه‬,‫ ُجوازه‬,۲‫جو‬ Kapastay : poison, a bitter ‫ک ست‬
َ َ plant
Isto: most or last ,‫ فرهست‬,‫ ِفره‬,‫ بﻬشت‬,‫اردیبﻬشت‬
َ
‫ ﻧزد ک‬,‫ ﻧخست‬,‫ ِم َﻬست‬,‫است‬ Kapho: hoof ‫ ُس ب‬,‫ ُسم‬,‫َسفل‬
J Kapolo see Kaput

Kapparis: a shrub َ ‫ ک‬,‫ ک ار‬,‫َﻗ ار س‬
Jai see Gwei
Jan see Gwhen 2 Kaput, Kapolo: head, cup ‫له‬
Jangalah: wasteland covered ‫جن ل‬ Kar 1: hard ,‫ خر‬,‫ خار دن‬,‫ خار شت‬,‫ خارا‬,‫خار‬
with wild growths ۱‫ کنﮕره‬,‫ ﻗاطر‬,‫ خروار‬,‫ ِخ َرد‬,‫خرچنﮓ‬
J.b.r: to reunite, join ‫گ‬, ‫ج‬ Kar 2 see Kwer

together, force Kard: keep down, subside ‫ال‬
Jiau see Geu 3 Karpâsah: cotton ‫ک اس‬
K Karpurah: camphor tree ‫افور‬
Kâ: to wish, desire ۱‫ام‬ Karš: to drag, pull ,۲‫ ک ش‬,‫ کشکول‬,‫ کشاله‬,‫ترکش‬
۳‫ک ش‬
Kâd: sorrow, hatred ۲‫سار‬
Karšvar: a "circle" of land, ‫کشور‬
Kafa: foam ‫ کفچل‬,‫ کفﭻ‬,‫کﻒ‬ country
Kaffa: the plant or drink ‫ افه‬,‫ﻗﻬوه‬ Kas: to cut ‫ﻗ‬
coming from Kaffa, a district
in southwestern Ethiopia Kas 1 see Kwek
Kagaz: tree bark ‫اغذ‬ Kas 2 see Kak 3
Kahrpu, Kharpuna: lizard ‫ ک اسو‬,‫چل اسه‬ Kâs 3: to direct, command ‫ ُسخن‬,‫ ساستا‬,‫اسﺦ‬
َ
Kai: alone ‫کور‬ Kasyapa: tortoise ‫کشﻒ‬
Kaiš see Kweis Kâtara: shy, disoriented, ‫اتوره‬

wandering
Kâk: twig, branch ‫ ش له‬,‫شاخ‬
Kâu 1: to strike, beat ,‫ کوش دن‬,‫ کوشش‬,‫ ک دن‬, ‫کش‬
Kak 1: to have power, help, ‫دن‬ ,‫ا‬ ,‫ سخت‬,‫ سازش‬, ‫ساخ‬ ‫کوف‬
enable
Kau 2: to howl, a raucous ‫ کوکو‬,‫ک ک‬
Kak 2: a round object (loaf), ‫ کﻌک‬, ‫ا‬ bird
cake
Kaus: to pound, beat ‫کوس‬
Kak 3, Kas 2: to become thin, ,‫ اهش‬,۲‫ اه‬, ‫ اس‬,‫ است‬,‫ـ ک‬
diminish ‫اه دن‬ Kavûta: gray, dark blue ‫ کف‬,‫ کبود‬,‫کبوتر‬
Kakis: spike, prong ‫س‬ Kaz see Kaž

َ
Kakka: to defecate ‫که‬ Kaž, Kaz: inexpensive silk ,۲‫ کژ‬,‫ کز‬,‫ ﻗزاغند‬,‫ ﻗز‬,‫ غژغاو‬,‫غژ‬
۱‫ از‬,‫کژا ند‬
Kam 1: to restrain ‫مند‬
Keg, Keng: hook ۱‫ کژ‬,‫ کج‬,‫ صنج‬,‫ سنج‬,‫چنﮓ‬
Kam 2, Kamp: to bend, also a َ
,۱‫ چم دن‬, ‫ چم‬,‫ چفته‬,‫ چ ـه‬,‫چپ‬
َ Kei 1: gray or black color, ,‫ س م غ‬,‫ س اوش‬,‫ س اه‬,‫ س امک‬,‫سام‬
cavity, vault ‫ مرا‬,‫ مر‬,‫ ک ان‬,‫ ﻗ ان‬,‫خم‬
dark ‫شاه‬
Kamma: little, small ‫ م‬,‫م‬
Kei 2, Ĉiau: to set in motion ‫شدن‬
Kamp see Kam 2
َ َ Kei 3: to lie down, rest ‫ار که‬
Kand: to shine, to be white ,‫ سندل‬,‫ سندروس‬,‫ ُچندن‬,‫ُچندل‬
‫ کندر‬,‫ ﻗند ل‬, ‫صند‬ Keku: club ‫ چکش‬,‫ چ اد‬,‫چاﻗو‬
Kânûnu: fireplace ۱‫اﻧون‬ Kel 1: cold or warm, a year ‫ما‬ ,‫د‬ ,‫ سال‬,‫ اف دن‬,‫آ سال‬
Kap, Ĉap 2: grasp , ‫ ﻗف‬,‫ ﻗفس‬,‫ چفس دن‬,‫چس دن‬ Kel 2: to cover ‫ ل ه‬,‫ﻼه‬
‫ک ز‬
A8
Gnauh: to sleep, Slumber ‫غنودن‬ Gwhen 2, Jan: to strike, hurt ,‫ اﻧﮕژه‬,‫ اﻧغوزه‬,‫ آژدن‬,‫ آزدن‬,‫آجدن‬
,‫ زدن‬,‫ ادزهر‬,‫ بﻬرام‬,‫ اوژﻧدن‬,‫اوژدن‬
Gnô: to know ,‫ زﻧدیق‬,‫ زﻧد‬,‫ دا ش‬, ‫ دا س‬,‫آشنا‬ َ
,‫ ﻼغ‬,‫ ش اوژن‬,‫ ژه‬,‫ ژد‬,‫ زهر‬,۳‫زه‬
‫ فرز ن‬,‫ فرزاﻧه‬, ‫شناخ‬
‫ ورغنه‬,‫ ﻧژﻧد‬,‫ گ دن‬,‫گزﻧد‬
Gogel: knob, tapering object ‫گ َزر‬
Gwhen 3 see Ken 2
Gong, Geng: lump ‫گند‬
Gwher: warm ‫گرم‬
Gôtra: race, origin, substance ‫ گوهر‬,‫جوهر‬
Gwhi: thread, string ‫ ف له‬,۱‫زه‬
Gram see Ghrem
Gwou: cow, ox, bull ,‫ گوساله‬,‫ گ ان‬,‫ او‬,‫ کود‬,‫توده‬
Gras: to eat ‫غاﻧغرا ا‬ ‫ ﻧﻬف‬,‫ گوه‬,‫ گوشت‬,‫گوسفند‬
Gredh: to walk, go ‫ گرای دن‬,۲‫کنﮕره‬ Gzn: treasure ‫ مغازه‬,‫ مخزن‬,‫ گنج‬, ‫ ک‬,‫ خزاﻧه‬,‫جنازه‬
Grnom see Ger 2
H
Gurdos 1: brave, proud ‫ گردان‬,۱‫گرد‬
Had see Sed
Gurdos 2: sluggish, stupid ‫گول‬
Haem, Haya: character, ‫ دژخ م‬,‫خ م‬
Gûysna: deer, stag ‫گوزن‬ nature
Gwa: to walk, step ,‫ اﻧجام‬,‫ ا اتان‬,‫ آینده‬,‫ آمدن‬,‫آغاز‬ Hai see Sâi
,‫ خورﻧ اه‬,‫ جاه‬,‫ پ غام‬,‫ پ ام‬,‫اﻧجمن‬
Haič see Seiku
,‫ ﻧ ام‬,‫ گﻬواره‬,۲‫ اه‬,‫ ام‬,‫ فرجام‬,‫زمان‬
‫ هن ام‬,‫همدان‬ Har see Dher 1
Gwag: cry, quack, squeak, ‫ ژ دن‬,‫ ژاژ‬,‫ زک دن‬,‫زاغ‬ Harn see Srisâ
squeal Harz see Selg
Gwebh: to dip, sink ‫ژرف‬ Hau 1 see Seu 4
Gwed see Yad Hau 2 see Seu 3
Gwedh: to injure, destroy ‫ گند دن‬,‫ گند‬,‫گست‬ Hauš see Saus
Gwei, Jai: to live ,‫ ز بق‬, ‫ زﻧد‬,‫ جیوه‬,‫ جﻬان‬,‫آژ ر‬ Haya see Haem
‫ گی‬,‫ کیومرث‬,‫ کیﻬان‬, ‫ ز س‬,‫زرک‬
Hebni: ebony tree (common ‫آبنوس‬
Gweie: to over power, defeat ‫ ای دن‬,‫زان‬ in India)
Gwel 1: to throw, reach ‫ گرز ن‬,‫ا ل س‬ Hmar see Mer 1
َ
Gwel 2: to pierce ‫ ُمفلس‬,‫ فلس‬,‫پول‬ H.n.n: to have grace and ‫یوﻧان‬
Gwen: woman, female ‫زن‬ kindness
Gwer 1: heavy ‫گران‬ Huaid see Sweid
Gwer 2: to praise, welcome, ,‫ گروگر‬,‫ گرزمان‬, ‫ گرا‬,‫ پ غاره‬,‫ب غاره‬ Huan see Swen
sing ‫گ ه‬, ‫گ س‬ Hyakinthos: a bulbous plant ‫ ا ند‬,‫اﻗوت‬
ُ ُ
Gwer 3: to swallow ,‫ ﻗلقل‬,‫ غلغل‬,‫ غرغره‬,‫ خرخره‬,‫پ اله‬ with fragrant flowers.
,‫ گواردن‬,‫ گوارا‬,‫ لو‬,‫ ل‬,‫ گ وه‬,‫گ ان‬
‫گوارش‬ I
Gwer 4: mountain ‫ لشاه‬,‫ گرشاه‬,۱‫گر‬ I 1: to go ‫ ه ک‬,‫ َجن‬,‫ جاروب‬,‫ جا‬,‫ا د‬
Gwhder: to flow, run ,

ُ ُ
,‫ شار دن‬,‫ شار‬,‫شار‬ ,‫آ شار‬ I 2 : pronominal stem ,‫ ُو‬,‫ هیﭻ‬,‫ این‬,‫ ا دون‬,‫ ا در‬,‫ امروز‬,‫ِام‬
‫ِ دن‬ ‫ ک‬,‫ا‬
ّ َ Iaš see Yaš
Gwhedh: to ask, wish, want ‫ گدا‬,‫ خجسته‬,‫ت دی‬
َ ّ
Gwhen 1: to fill ,‫ ﻗنات‬,‫ ﻗزاغند‬,‫ ﻗز‬,‫ غژغاو‬,‫ غژ‬,‫غاﻧه‬ Iâtom: going, movement, ‫جاده‬
‫ کژا ند‬,۲‫ کژ‬,‫ کز‬,‫ﻗند‬ crowd
Ies see Yes
A7
Gal, Garz 2: to shout, ‫ ِ له‬,‫ گ ه‬, ‫ گ س‬,‫گروگر‬ Ghaido: goat ‫ زاﻗدان‬,‫زاق‬
complain, cry
Ghait: wavy hair ‫گس‬
Gan: to seize ‫زغن‬
Ghans: goose ‫غاز‬
Gang: to mock, hum ‫گنﮓ‬
Gharš see Ghers
Garenu: scab on animal skin ‫ گرِگن‬,۳‫گر‬
Ghdhem: earth ‫ زم‬,‫ خوارزم‬,‫آل ورتم‬
Garz 1: to bite, sting ‫گرزه‬
Ghdies: yester ۲‫دی‬
Garz 2 see Gal
Ghebh-el: head, top ‫ کوف ّ ه‬,‫ﻗ فال‬
Gassu: mortar ‫گﭻ‬
Ghei 1: winter ‫ زمﻬ ر‬,‫ زمستان‬,‫ زم‬,۱‫ِدی‬
Ǧaulos: vessel, boat ‫زورق‬
Ghei 2: to propel ,‫ زن‬,‫ زﻧﻬار‬,‫ زﻧدان‬, ‫ زﻧج‬,‫ افزار‬,‫ابزار‬
Gaz: to bite, string ۲‫از‬ ‫ گرز ن‬,‫ز نﻬار‬
َ
Ǧazal: a new born deer, a ‫غزال‬ Ghêi 3: to yawn ‫ فاژدن‬,‫فاژ‬
wild goat
Gheis: to frighten, to be ‫زشت‬
Gêi: to sing, song ‫ ﻧ ا ش‬,۱‫ اه‬,‫ات‬ angry
Geibh, Gaip: to spin thread ‫گیوه‬ Ghel: to shine, also a bright ,‫ زردک‬,‫ زرد‬,۱‫ زر‬,‫ خ ال‬,‫آرس ک‬
َ
yellow color ,‫ زرکوﻧ م‬,‫ زهره‬,‫ زرر‬,‫ زرﻧیﺦ‬,‫زرگون‬
Gel 1: to form into a ball, ‫ گوی‬,‫ گوله‬,‫ لوله‬,‫ک ّره‬
‫مال خول ا‬
stick together
Gheled: ice, hail ‫ژاله‬
Gel 2: to swallow, devour ‫ زلو‬,‫زالو‬
Ghengh: to proceed, step ‫ زﻧﮓ‬,‫ ِخنﮓ‬,‫جنﮓ‬
Geme: to marry ‫داماد‬
Gher: to grasp, enclose ,‫ ـ جرد‬,‫ بروجرد‬,‫ ابیورد‬,‫ آزردن‬,‫آزار‬
Gene: to give birth to ,‫ م زا‬,‫ ﻗرمز‬,‫ فرزﻧد‬,‫ زای دن‬,‫ زادن‬,‫آزاد‬ َ
۱‫ ـ َورد‬,۴‫ ـ ِگرد‬,‫ ﻗرن‬,‫سوسنﮕرد‬
‫ﻧژاد‬
Ghers, Gharš: to be delighted ‫گش‬
Geng see Gong
Gherto: milk, butter ,‫ فرغار دن‬,‫ فرغار‬, ‫ آغش‬,‫ آغر‬,‫آغار‬
Genu 1: angle, knee ‫ گوﻧ ا‬,‫زاﻧو‬
‫ فرغنده‬,‫ فرغن‬,‫ فرغردن‬,‫فرغر‬
Genu 2: chin, jaw bone ‫ زﻧخدان‬,‫چاﻧه‬
Gheslo: thousand ‫هزار‬
Geph: mouth ‫زفر‬
Ghesto: hand ‫آست‬
Ger 1: crooked, curved, ‫ گروه‬,‫گره‬ َ
Gheu: to pour ‫ک م ا‬, ‫ ش‬,۲‫ زور‬,‫ زوت‬,‫رفوزه‬
round object
Gheugh: to hide, conceal ‫آغل‬
Ger 2, Grnom: to become ,‫ زال‬,۱‫ زار‬,‫ ارژن‬,‫ ارزن‬,‫آزرم دخت‬
ripe, grow old. Also means ,‫ زرمان‬,‫ زردشت‬,‫ زر شت‬,۲‫زر‬ Ghlâd: to sound, to ring ‫ زره‬,‫ّزراد‬
grain ‫ گندم‬,‫ ز ره‬,‫زروان‬
Ghou-ro-s: terrifying, grief ‫ گوراب‬,‫گور‬
Ger 3: to awaken ‫ب دار‬
Ghrebh 1: seize ‫ گرو‬, ‫ گرف‬, ‫ذیرف‬
Ger 4: to cry hoarsely, growl ‫ غ ّ دن‬,‫ زاری‬,۲‫زار‬
Ghrebh 2: to dig, bury ‫ گوراب‬,‫گور‬
ُ ُ ُ ُ َ
Gêu 1, Keub, Keup: to bend ,‫ خمره‬,‫ خم‬,‫ چون‬,‫ چﮕوﻧه‬,‫ا واب‬
Ghrem, Gram: to roar, be ‫ غژم‬,‫ غزم‬,‫ غرﻧ دن‬,‫ غرم دن‬,‫غرش‬
,‫ صنج‬,‫ سنج‬, ‫ گ‬,‫ زرکوﻧ م‬,‫زرگون‬
angry
,‫ کوشک‬,‫ کوژ‬,‫ کپ‬,‫ ﻗوزک‬,‫ ﻗوز‬,‫غوز‬
,‫ کیوسک‬,‫ کوهسار‬,‫ کوهان‬,‫کوه‬ Ghu 1: to call for help, appeal , ‫ گف‬,‫ گپ‬,‫ خواجه‬,‫ خدیو‬,‫خدا‬
‫ ﻧﮕون‬,‫ گوی‬,‫ گون‬,‫ گوشه‬,‫ گنده‬,‫گن د‬ ‫ﻧاخدا‬
Geu 2: to hasten ,‫ زود‬,‫ ز َاور‬,‫ زاو‬,‫ افزودن‬,‫ افزار‬,‫ابزار‬ Ghu 2: tongue ‫ هزوان‬,‫زان‬
‫ فزون‬,۱‫زور‬ Ghuel: crooked, bent ۳‫ زور‬,‫تزو ر‬
Geu 3, Gieu, Jiau: to chew ‫ج دن‬ Ghûk: hoot, whoop ‫غوک‬
Geus: to love, favor, choose ‫دوست‬ Gieu see Geu 3
Ghâgwh: young animal ‫زاغ‬ Glei: run up to, water flow ‫ زراه‬,‫درا‬
A6
Dheugh: to milk , ‫ دخ‬,‫ ب دخت‬,‫آزرم دخت‬ Ekwos: horse ,‫ اسب‬,‫ ارشاسپ‬,‫ ارجاسپ‬,‫آلفاآلفا‬
,‫ دوش دن‬,۲ ‫ دوخ‬,‫دخ اﻧدر‬ ,‫ جاماسب‬,‫ تﻬماسب‬, ‫ اس‬,‫اس ست‬
‫ فغفور‬,‫ دوغ‬,‫دوش ه‬ ,‫ فسفسه‬,‫ طﻬماسپ‬,‫ سوار‬,‫س ست‬
,‫ گشتاسپ‬,‫ گرشاسپ‬,‫فصفصه‬
Dheye: to see ,‫ اﻧد ش دن‬, ‫ آی‬,‫ آینه‬,‫ آذین‬,‫آدینه‬
,‫ لﻬراسپ‬,‫ گش سپ‬,‫گشناسب‬
,‫ د مه‬,‫ د م‬,‫ د دن‬,‫ جان‬,‫ د د‬,‫ب نا‬
‫و شتاسپ‬
‫ س ما‬,۱‫دین‬
El 1 : to bend, elbow ‫ ارش‬,‫آرﻧج‬
Dhîs: village, land ‫ِده‬
El 2: red or brown used in ‫ آل وﻧه‬,‫آل‬
Dhragh 1: to pull ‫درشکه‬
animal and tree names
Dhragh 2 see Dher 2
Elu-ephas: elephant ‫ ف ل‬,‫ پ ﻼس‬,‫پ ل‬
Dhreu, Drau: to call on ‫درای دن‬
Embhi: honey, honey bee ,‫ اﻧﮕژه‬, ‫ اﻧﮕب‬,۲‫ اﻧﮓ‬,‫اﻧغوزه‬
Dhreugh: to deceive َ ‫ ُد‬,‫دروغ‬
‫روﻧد‬ ‫سکنجب‬
Dhûs: whir, whirring object, ‫دوک‬ Ěmos: a suffix meaning most ‫ ـ ُ م‬,‫ سوم‬,‫دوم‬
spindle or last
Dhwer: door ‫ درند‬,‫ درب‬,‫ در‬,‫بندر‬ En: in, inside ‫ ا ستادن‬,‫ اﻧدرون‬,‫ اﻧدروا‬,۱‫ اﻧدر‬,‫آری‬
ّ
Dînu: law, right, judgment ۳‫ ِدین‬,۲‫ دین‬,‫تمدن‬ Ens: meet with hostile intent ‫اه من‬
Dô: to give, create ,‫ دادن‬,‫ دادار‬,‫ اداش‬,‫ غداد‬,‫اسفند ار‬ Er, Ar 2: to set in motion, ,‫ پ اره‬,‫ الوﻧد‬,‫ اروﻧد‬,‫ ارغنده‬,‫آر ـ ــغ‬
َ
۱‫ هوش‬,۱‫ ِدی‬,‫ دهش‬,۲‫ دشت‬,‫داشن‬ excite ,‫ رم‬,‫ ر ــغ‬,‫ ر دن‬,‫ رس دن‬,‫ راﻧدن‬,‫ذیره‬
Dolmak: to wind, wrap ‫دلمه‬ ‫لﻬراسپ‬
Dous: arm ۲‫دوش‬ Ere, Arš: to have bad will, ‫ َرشک‬,‫ارشک‬

envy
Drassoman: as much as one ‫ ِدرهم‬,‫ِد َرم‬
can hold in the hand Erêbu: to enter, to go down ‫ غرب‬,‫ارو ا‬
(sunset)
Drau see Dhreu
Erek: flea, mite ‫رشک‬
Drauš: to make a mark, ‫ِدروش‬
brand Eres 1: to flow, to be wet ‫ ر وﻧد‬,‫ رواس‬,‫ رگ‬,‫ارشان‬
Dregh: unwilling ‫ دروز‬,‫درو ش‬ Eres 2: to pierce ۲‫ِخشت‬
Dub: tablet, scripture , ‫ دب‬,‫ د ستان‬,‫ ادب ات‬,‫ ادب‬,‫آداب‬ Ersen: ejector of semen, ,‫ گشن‬,‫ س اوش‬,‫ خشا ار‬,‫ارشاسپ‬
َ male ‫ گش‬,‫ گش سپ‬,‫گشناسب‬
‫ شندف‬,‫ دیوان‬,‫ دی اچه‬,‫دف‬
ُ ُ ُ ُ Es-ti: to be ‫ هس‬,‫ هست‬, ‫ اس‬,۱‫است‬
Dumb: tail ‫ دﻧ ﻼن‬,‫ دﻧ ک‬,‫ دﻧب‬,‫ د َمل‬,‫ دم‬,‫ت ک‬
ُ ُ ُ Ěter: internal (insignificant) ‫خوار‬
Dus: bad, evil ,‫ دژم‬,‫ دژخ م‬,‫ دژ ه‬,‫ دژ ــ‬,‫ دزد‬,‫جوجه‬
ُ ُ ُ ُ organs
,‫ دش ه‬,‫ دش ل‬,‫ دش ــ‬,‫دژمان‬
,‫ دشوار‬,‫ دشنام‬,‫ دشمن‬,‫دشخوار‬ Eueguh, Wegwh: to speak ‫اسﺦ‬
ُ
‫ ژوژه‬,‫ دوزخ‬,‫ د َمل‬,‫دش اد‬ solemnly
Dwo: two , ‫ دوج‬,‫ دوازده‬,‫ دو‬,۲‫ ب ش‬,‫ا ل س‬
F
‫ دیﻬ م‬,‫ د ﮕر‬,‫ دو ست‬,‫دوم‬
Fra-sanga: a distance of ‫ فرسنﮓ‬,‫ فرسﺦ‬,‫َپرسنﮓ‬
E about five kilometers
َ
Ed: to eat , ‫ ِخ َرفس‬,‫ اس ست‬,‫ آلفاآلفا‬,‫آش‬ F.r.q: to split, divide ‫تراف ک‬
َ َ
,‫ س ست‬,‫ دﻧده‬,‫ دﻧدان‬, ‫خس‬
Fšân: spread, sprinkle ‫ افشون‬,‫افشاﻧدن‬
‫ ﻧاشتا‬,‫ کرکس‬,‫ فصفصه‬,‫فسفسه‬
Eis 1: passion ‫خشم‬ G
ُ
Eis 2: ice ‫یﺦ‬ Gabbah: dome, vault, blister ‫ کپ دن‬,‫ ک ّ ه‬,‫ ک ّ ه‬,‫ﻗ ّ ه‬
Gaip see Geibh
A5
Ĉap 2 see Kap Dema: to tame and ۱‫ دام‬,‫الماس‬
domesticate animals
Ĉartês: leaf of papyrus ‫ ارت‬,‫ﻗرطاس‬
َ
Denk: to bite ‫ دﻧده‬,‫ دﻧدان‬,‫دد‬
Ĉat see Skeht
Dens, Danh: to teach, ‫دستور‬
Ĉaud see Skeud
instruct
Chiang-yu: soybean oil ‫س ا‬
Deph: to stamp ‫دف‬
Chou-shu: millet ‫شوشو‬ ُ ّ ,۲‫ درفش‬,‫َدرد‬
Der 1: to split, to tear ,‫ درودن‬,‫ ِدرو‬,‫دره‬
Ĉiah see Kweye ‫ ﻧ شدر‬,‫ ﻧ ش‬,‫دردن‬
Ĉîah: to move, throw, relieve ‫شاش‬ Der 2: to run ‫درون‬
oneself
Derk: to see ‫ترخون‬
Ĉîam see Kwen 3
Deru: wood, tree, to be firm ,‫ درخت‬,‫ داره‬,۱‫ دارو‬,‫ دارکوب‬,‫دار‬
Ĉiau see Kei 2 ُ ُ
,‫ درودگر‬,۲‫ درود‬,۱‫ درود‬,‫درست‬
Ĉih see Ki ‫دروﻧه‬
Cîrâğ: lamp ‫ق‬ ,‫اج‬ ,‫ چراغ‬,‫ا اق‬ Deu 1: to penetrate, sink ۱‫دوش‬
Ĉirya: brave, quick ‫چ ه‬ Deu 2: to lack, not available, ‫دور‬

far away
Ĉîxâ : point, tip, skewer ‫ ش شل ک‬,‫ ش ش ک اب‬,‫سیﺦ‬
Deuk: to lead, move, draw ۳‫ دوش‬,‫ دوز دن‬,۱ ‫دوخ‬
Ĉop: stick, wood ‫ چو ان‬,‫ چوب‬,‫چپق‬
Dhars: to dare ‫ دل‬,‫درشت‬
D Dhê 1, Dah 1: to suckle milk, ‫ دا ــی‬,‫ دا ه‬,‫ داﻧه‬,‫داﻧﮓ‬
Dâ 1: to divide, cut in pieces ‫ دهره‬,‫ داوطلب‬,‫ داو‬,‫ داس‬, ‫ب دس‬ to produce
Dâ 2: to flow ‫داﻧوب‬ Dhê 2: to do, set ,‫ اهورا‬,‫ اﻧدام‬,‫ اصفﻬان‬,‫آ اداﻧا‬

,‫ داد‬,‫ پنﻬان‬,‫ پنام‬,‫ اورمزد‬,‫اهورامزدا‬
Dah 1 see Dhê 1 ,‫ زﻧدان‬,‫ دستور‬,‫ داور‬,‫ ـ دان‬,‫داستان‬
Dah 2 see Dê ,‫ ﻧﻬادن‬,‫ ﻧاودان‬,‫ مزد سنا‬,‫ مزدا‬,‫زهدان‬
‫ هورمزد‬,‫ هرمز‬,‫ﻧﻬان‬
Danh see Dens
َ
َ Dhedh: nurse ۲‫دده‬
Daqal: fruit of palm tree, ‫دﻗل‬
date Dhegh: to heat, burn ,‫ س ار‬,‫ ذغال‬,‫ دخمه‬,۲‫ دخش‬,‫داغ‬
‫ گدازدن‬,‫فﻼخن‬
Darb, Darf: to join, sew ۳‫درفش‬
Dheigh: to form out of clay, ,‫ د ﮓ‬,‫ دیزی‬,‫ ِدژ‬, ‫ جال‬,‫ پرد س‬, ‫ال‬
Darf see Darb
to knead clay or dough ‫ فردوس‬,‫دیوار‬
َ
Darh: to have pain ‫درد‬ َ
Dhem: to make vapor, raise ‫ دماوﻧد‬,‫ دما‬,‫دم‬
Darz see Dher 1 dust
َ َ َ
Dê, Dah 2: to bind, tie ‫ دیﻬ م‬,۲‫دام‬ Dhen: to flow, run around ‫ دﻧ دن‬,‫ دﻧان‬,‫ دن‬,‫داﻧ دن‬
Dei: to shine, used to ‫ زاوش‬,‫ دیواﻧه‬,‫ دیو‬,‫دی ا‬ Dher 1, Darz, Har: to hold ,‫ داراب‬, ‫ پنداش‬,‫ پندار‬,‫ بﻬادر‬,‫اﻧدرز‬
describe bright days and firmly, keep, guard , ‫ داش‬,‫ دار وش‬,۲‫ دارو‬,‫دارا ﮕرد‬
heavenly spirits ,‫ درمان‬,‫ درزی‬,‫ درزن‬,‫ درزمان‬,‫درز‬
‫ ز نﻬار‬,‫زﻧﻬار‬
Deik: to show ‫ ـ د س‬,‫ـ دیز‬
َ Dher 2, Dhragh 2: to confuse, ‫تراخم‬
Dek: take, accept, ‫ دشن‬,۱‫ دشت‬,۱‫دخش‬
disturb
understand
َ Dheu 1: to flow, move ‫دو دن‬
Dekm: ten ,‫ دو ست‬, ‫ دوج‬,‫ ده‬,‫ چﻬل‬,‫ب ست‬
َ
,‫ صد‬,‫ شست‬,‫ شاﻧزده‬, ,‫دینار‬ Dheu 2: smoke, mist, ‫ طوفان‬,‫ دودمان‬,‫ دود‬,‫اﻧدوه‬
‫هکتار‬ dizziness
Del: long ‫ دیر‬,‫ درﻧﮓ‬,‫دراز‬ Dheu 3 : to shine ‫ زدودن‬,‫اﻧدودن‬
Dem: house ۲‫ مان‬,‫ گرزمان‬,‫دودمان‬
A4
Aus 1: ear ,‫ گوش‬,‫ کر‬,‫ اﻧوش وان‬,‫ اﻧوشه‬,‫آش ار‬ Bher 1: to carry ,۳‫ َبر‬,۱‫ اره‬,۱‫ ار‬, ‫ اﻧ‬,‫ استوار‬,‫آوردن‬
,‫ ﻧوش‬,‫ ﻧغوش دن‬,‫ ﻧغوشا‬,‫گوشواره‬ ,‫ خاور‬,‫ ترابری‬,‫ َب د‬,‫ بردن‬,‫برادر‬
۱‫ هوش‬,‫ ﻧیوش دن‬, ‫ﻧوش‬ ,‫ داور‬,‫ خورﻧ اه‬,‫ خروار‬,‫خاو ار‬
,‫ سوار‬,‫ دشوار‬,‫ دشخوار‬,‫دستور‬
Aus 2: to shine ۲‫ هوش‬,‫بﻬار‬
‫ َوخشور‬,۴‫ ـ ـ وار‬,‫ مزدور‬,‫ گﻬواره‬,۲‫اه‬
Aw: bird ‫ و ش‬,۲‫ وای‬,‫ خا ه‬,‫خاو ار‬
Bher 2: to cook ‫ ب َجن‬,‫ ب ان‬,‫برشته‬
Àwar: he damaged ‫ عوار‬,‫عار‬
Bher 3: to cut, pierce ‫ ب ل‬,‫ب دن‬
Aweg, Wog, Aug: to magnify, ‫ وخش دن‬,‫َوخش‬
Bher 4: bright, brown ‫ بوره‬,‫ بور‬, َ ‫َب‬
increase
Bhereg: to shine, bright ‫ براز دن‬,‫برازﻧده‬
Ayer: day, morning ‫ پ روز‬,‫ َپ ر‬,‫ َپ َرﻧدوش‬,‫ ارسال‬,‫ار‬
Bhergh: high ,۲‫ بر‬,‫ ال ن‬,‫ اﻻخاﻧه‬,‫ اﻻ‬,‫ َابر‬,‫آرزو‬
َ
B ,‫ برم ش‬,‫ برزوی‬,‫ برزخ‬,‫ ُبرز‬,‫برد ه‬
َ
Baba: baby words, indistinct ‫ ب ط‬,‫َب َ ه‬ ‫ فش‬,‫ ف ز‬,‫ لند‬,‫ َ ش‬,‫بروزه‬
speech. Bheru: to boil, bubble ‫لوا‬
Bamb: bang, rumble ‫َم‬ Bheu: to exist, grow َ َ ُ َ
‫ بومﻬن‬,۲‫ بوم‬,‫ بودن‬,‫ ت‬,‫اورور‬
Banz see Bhengh Bheudh: to be aware, ,۱‫ بوی‬,‫ بوستان‬,‫ بودا‬,‫ بو‬,‫ستان‬
Batiaxê: a bowl (of wine) ‫ اط ه‬,‫ اد ه‬,‫اده‬ enlighten ‫ ﻧابیوسان‬,‫ پیوس دن‬,‫بیوس دن‬
Baud: to feel, sense ‫بوس‬ Bheug: to purify, save, free ‫ پوزدن‬,‫ پوزش‬,‫ُ خت‬
Bazda: bad, sin ‫ فژا‬,‫فژ‬ Bhilo: friendly, loving ‫ فلسفه‬,‫سفل س‬
Bêlûr: an Indian city famous ‫ُ لور‬ Bhôi: to fear ‫ ب مه‬,‫ ب م‬, ‫ا‬
for its crystal Bhôu: joy, satisfaction ‫ ب ه‬,۲‫بوی‬
Berenža: brass ‫ برﻧز‬,۱‫برﻧج‬ Bhreus: swollen ۴‫َبر‬
Beu 1: root of muffled ۱‫ بوم‬,‫ بوف‬,‫بوت مار‬ Bhru 1: eyebrow ‫ ُبرو‬,‫ابرو‬
sounds
Bhru 2: beam, log ‫اهو‬
Beu 2: to swell, blow ‫بوق‬
Bhugo: male animal of ‫ُبز‬
Bhâ 1: to shine ‫ فاﻧوس‬,۱‫ ـ فام‬,‫ امداد‬,۱‫ام‬ various kinds
Bhâ 2: to speak, heal ‫پزشک‬ Bhun: base, bottom َ , ‫ ل‬,‫ ب اد‬,‫ ُبنه‬,۱‫ُبن‬
‫ َون‬,‫ﻧارون‬
Bhag: to share out, to enjoy ,‫ اغ‬,‫ اژ‬,۱‫ اج‬,‫ اﻧ اغ‬,‫ اﻧ از‬,‫اتا ک‬ Bistak: pistachio ‫سته‬
,‫ بغ‬,‫ بزم‬,‫ َب خ‬,‫ ذله‬,۱‫ خش دن‬,‫َ خت‬
,‫ ب دخت‬,‫ بﻬره‬,‫ بﻬادر‬,‫ غستان‬,‫غداد‬ Blou see Plou
‫ فغفور‬,‫ فغستان‬,‫ فغ‬,‫ ب ﮓ‬,‫ب ستون‬ Boqčâ: linen for wrapping ‫غچه‬
Bhâghu : elbow, arm ‫ازو‬ clothes in it
Bhê: indeed ‫ـ‬ ,‫ له‬,‫ِب ــ‬ Bu: lip, kiss ‫بوس‬
Bheğh: outside, open ‫ ب دس‬, ,‫ جز‬,۳‫از‬ Bûnai: naked ‫برهنه‬
Bhel: to swell, blow, grow, َ ‫ َب‬, ‫ ال‬,‫الش‬

‫ ل ه‬,‫ برگ‬,‫رسم‬ Busmâ: perfume ‫ لسام‬,‫َ شام‬
overflow Byûrru: ten thousand َ
‫بیور‬
Bhendh: to bind, fasten ,‫ بندر‬,‫ بند‬, ‫ س‬,‫ اﻧفست‬,‫اﻧ ست‬ C
‫ فاش سم‬,‫ در ند‬, ‫ پیوس‬,‫بنده‬
َ Ĉ'a: tea ‫چای‬
Bhengh, Banz: to be thick, ‫ دبز‬,۱‫از‬
dense Ĉag see Ĉak
Ĉai see Kwei 2
Ĉak, Ĉag: to strike, hit ‫چا‬
Ĉap 1: to seize, strike ‫چاپ دن‬
A3
‫‪Roots with meaning & Persian Derivatives‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A'.m.r: to command‬‬ ‫م زا‬
‫‪Ab 1: water‬‬ ‫آب‪ ,۱‬آب‪ ,۲‬آ ان‪ ,‬آبرو‪ ,‬آب ز‪ ,‬آ شار‪,‬‬ ‫‪An 1: breath‬‬ ‫اهورا‪ ,‬اهورامزدا‪ ,‬اورمزد‪ ,‬برزخ‪ ,‬دوزخ‪,‬‬
‫آخور‪ ,‬آس اب‪ ,‬آفتاب‪ِ ,‬اب ق‪ ,‬ا ّبﻬت‪,‬‬ ‫هرمز‪ ,‬هورمزد‬
‫اﻧ یق‪ ,‬درا‪ ,‬زهاب‪ ,‬ﻧاب‬ ‫‪An 2: other‬‬ ‫اﻧدر‪,‬‬ ‫آن‪ ,‬اﻧدر‪ ,۲‬دراﻧدر‪,‬‬
‫‪Abâ: to assemble together‬‬ ‫ازار‪ ,‬ازران‬ ‫دخ اﻧدر‪ ,‬مادراﻧدر‬
‫‪Âdhâmah: earth, red soil‬‬ ‫آدم‬ ‫‪An 3‬‬ ‫‪see Ne 1‬‬
‫‪Ag: to drive‬‬ ‫تراز‪ ,‬ترازو‬ ‫‪Ang: to bend‬‬ ‫اﻧﮓ‪ ,۱‬اﻧﮕشت‪ ,‬اﻧﮕول ‪ ,‬جوجه‪,‬‬
‫ژوژه‪ ,‬ش ﻧک‪ ,‬شطرﻧج‪ ,‬ک ﻧﮓ‪ ,‬لنﮕر‬
‫‪Agaru: to hire‬‬ ‫اجاره‪ ,‬اجرت‬
‫‪Angh: tight, compressed‬‬ ‫آز‪ُ ,‬جوازه‪ ,‬گوازه‪ ,‬ﻧ از‬
‫‪Agaruh: aloe wood‬‬ ‫عود‪ ,‬فلوت‬ ‫اژدر‪ ,‬اژدها‪ ,‬اژدها ‪ّ ,‬‬
‫‪Angwhi: snake‬‬ ‫ضحا‬
‫‪Agh, Aghlo: depressed,‬‬ ‫آخ‪ ,‬آ ‪ ,‬اخ‬
‫‪disagreeable‬‬ ‫‪Anôr: watery, juicy‬‬ ‫اﻧار‬
‫‪Aghlo‬‬ ‫‪see Agh‬‬ ‫‪Ap: to take, receive, reach‬‬ ‫اوام‪ ,‬فام‪ ,۲‬وام‪ ,‬اف‬
‫‪Agurru: baked clay, brick‬‬ ‫آجر‪ ,‬آ ور‬ ‫‪Apânk: turned backwards,‬‬ ‫اخ ‪ ,‬اخ ‪ ,‬دخشان‪ ,‬لﺦ‬
‫‪north‬‬
‫‪a-hu: not good, defect, fault‬‬ ‫آﻧاهیتا‪ ,‬آهو‪ ,۲‬ﻧاه د‬ ‫ُ‬
‫‪Apo: off‬‬ ‫آ اداﻧا‪ ,‬آخ ‪ ,‬آراس ‪ ,‬آغاز‪ ,‬آفدم‪,‬‬
‫‪Aidh: to burn‬‬ ‫خشت‪ ,۱‬ه م‪ ,‬ه مه‬ ‫آ ندن‪ ,‬آماده‪ ,‬آمدن‪ ,‬آهخ ‪,‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫‪Aig-: goat, of a goat‬‬ ‫ازگ‪۲‬‬ ‫آه خ ‪ ,‬آورد‪ ,‬آینده‪ ,‬افدم‪,‬‬
‫خشودن‪ ,‬خش دن‪ ,۲‬س‪ ,‬پوست‪,‬‬
‫‪Aios: metal‬‬ ‫آهن‬ ‫س اردن‪ ,‬س دن‪ ,‬وارون‬
‫‪Aiw: vitality, eternity‬‬ ‫برﻧا‪ ,‬جاو د‪ ,‬خدا‪ ,‬خدیو‪ ,‬خواجه‪,‬‬ ‫‪Ar 1: to fit together‬‬ ‫آراس ‪ ,‬ارد‪ ,‬اردش ‪ ,‬اردﻻن‪ ,‬اردوان‪,‬‬
‫ﻧاخدا‬ ‫اردیبﻬشت‪ ,‬اشو‪ ,‬پ اس ‪ ,‬پ ا ه‪ِ ,‬چرا‪,‬‬
‫َ‬
‫‪Ak: sharp, also a sharp stone‬‬ ‫آس‪ ,‬آسمان‪ ,‬آس اب‪ ,‬ا سان‪ ,‬افسان‪,‬‬ ‫راد‪َ ,۱‬رد‪ ,‬ﻧرد‪ ,۱‬ﻧیو اردش ‪ ,‬و راس ‪,‬‬
‫افساﻧ دن‪ ,‬ادآس‪ ,‬سای دن‪ ,‬سخ ‪,‬‬ ‫و را ش‬
‫سخت دن‪ ,‬سنج دن‪ ,‬سنﮓ‪ ,‬سوهان‪,‬‬ ‫‪Ar 2‬‬ ‫‪see Er‬‬
‫فسان‪ ,‬فساﻧ دن‬
‫‪Ardha: swept, moved,‬‬ ‫فرارون‪ ,‬ف رون‪ ,‬ف ون‪ ,‬وارون‬
‫‪Akos: suffix indicating small‬‬ ‫ـک‬ ‫‪pushed‬‬
‫‪size‬‬
‫‪Arg: to shine, white metal‬‬ ‫ارز ز‬
‫‪Akru: tear, tear drop‬‬ ‫ارس‪ ,‬اشک‬
‫‪Arš‬‬ ‫‪see Ere‬‬
‫‪Aksas‬‬ ‫‪see Asksâ‬‬
‫‪As: to burn‬‬ ‫آر‪ ,‬هکتار‬
‫‪Akwa: water‬‬ ‫آله‪ِ ,‬له‬
‫‪âs, âsa: to arrive, come‬‬ ‫آس دن‪ ,‬خراسان‬
‫‪Al 1: beyond, above‬‬ ‫آرا‪ ,‬ارا ‪ ,‬اران‪ ,‬اردﻻن‪ ,‬ایران‪,‬‬
‫ایراﻧ ــج‪ ,‬ای ج‪ ,‬ایرمان‬ ‫‪âsa‬‬ ‫‪see âs‬‬
‫‪Al 2: to grind‬‬ ‫آرد‬ ‫‪Asksâ, Aksas: axis‬‬ ‫آسه‬
‫‪Âlêiô: to wander, roam, rove‬‬ ‫آوار‪ ,۲‬آواره‬ ‫‪Âsû : to rise, come out (said‬‬ ‫آس ا‪ ,‬وضو‬
‫)‪of the sun‬‬
‫‪Alek: to ward off, protect‬‬ ‫اسکندر‪ ,‬ﻻ ‪ ,‬ل ّجه‪ ,‬ل‬
‫‪Ater: fire‬‬ ‫آ ش‪ ,‬آذر‪ ,‬آذرا جان‪ ,‬ه د‬
‫‪Algwh: worth, value‬‬ ‫ارج‪ ,‬ارجاسپ‪ ,‬ارز‪ ,‬ارزش‪ ,‬ارز دن‪,‬‬
‫ورج‬ ‫‪Âtos: father, mother, family,‬‬ ‫آبت ‪ ,‬دده‪۱‬‬
‫‪race‬‬
‫‪Amalaka: emblic tree‬‬ ‫ُ‬
‫آملج‬
‫‪Au: away, off, down‬‬ ‫ا اردن‪ ,‬ا اش ‪ ,‬افتادن‪ ,‬او اش‪ ,‬اوژدن‪,‬‬
‫‪Ambhi: around‬‬ ‫آست ‪ ,‬افراش ‪ ,‬افروخ ‪ ,‬افزودن‪,‬‬ ‫اوژﻧدن‪ ,‬خرسند‪ ,‬ش اوژن‬
‫افسار‪ ,‬اف ‪ ,‬افسوس‪ ,‬افشاﻧدن‪,‬‬
‫افشون‪ ,‬افغان‪ ,‬افکندن‪ ,‬اﻧ ‪ ,‬شتاب‪,‬‬ ‫‪Aug‬‬ ‫‪see Aweg‬‬
‫شتاف ‪ ,‬ش ار‪ ,‬فزون‪ ,‬فغان‬ ‫‪Aulos: jaw‬‬ ‫آرواره‬
‫‪Âmon: full, filled with‬‬ ‫آمودن‪ ,‬ابرآمون‬
‫‪A2‬‬
CONTENTS
Index of Roots A2-A19

Index of Words A20-A36
Persian Words (Charts) 198 - 1
Persian Introduction
References
Guide for Reading the Charts
Preface
A1
Reverse Pagination
The order of the Persian Words in this dictionary is from
right to left. Therefore, except for the Index section, the
book is paginated from right to left.
To my wife and sons
who supported me with their
love and patience.
Copyright © 2022 by Dr. Ali Nourai.
ISBN: Softcover 978-1-6698-5269-8
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage
and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.
Print information available on the last page.
Rev. date: 10/26/2022
To order additional copies of this book, contact:

Xlibris
844-714-8691
www.Xlibris.com
Orders@Xlibris.com
847389
The
Origins of
An Etymological Dictionary
of the Persian Language
Dr. Ali Nourai

The Origins of Persian Words

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The Origins of Persian Words

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‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻫﺮ ﻟﻐﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﯼ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺎﺗﺎ

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﯼ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺎﺗﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ 3‬ـ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ 4‬ـ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍصﻮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺋﯽ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 3‬ـ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺮﻳﺸﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪) ...‬ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ(‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭل ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 4‬ـ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ (1‬ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ] [ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

IRN:119, BQT:2, EIV:288

‫ آ اد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آ ادان‬

۲‫ آب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آبرو‬

POK:1106, KLN:1105 POK:1106, KLN:1105

‫ شاردن‬+ ۱‫ آب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آ شار‬

‫ آژدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آجدن‬

‫ آه خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آخ‬

‫ خواندن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آخوند‬

‫ آذین‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آدینه‬

‫ رام‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آرام‬

‫ ر ـ ــغ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آر ـ ــغ‬

‫ آژدن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آزدن‬

POK:18, KNT:173 BQT:39,42,43 BQT

‫ چادر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آسا ش‬

Ghesto: hand ‫دست‬ zasta, dasta: hand

Indo-European Avestan Persian

‫ آشوب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آشف‬

‫ شناخ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آشنا‬

(‫زان چ برون آ د و ب ون دهد آغار )نا خ و‬

‫ آغار‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آغر‬

Indo-European Avestan Persian

‫ آف دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آف ن‬

(‫)سوزنـی‬ ‫صد ار مرا زتو رس د آ‬

‫ آجر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آ ور‬

‫ ﻻله‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آﻻله‬

Su 1: well, good hu, u, uv: good

‫ آل‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آل ونه‬

‫ آل دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آل خ‬

(‫هم درو شان ه خ ث آلوده )سنائـی‬

‫ آم خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آم ش‬

‫ آواره‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ۲‫آوار‬

‫ آوا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آواز‬

BQT, HRN, MON

‫ آو خ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آو ز‬

‫ هنج دن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آهنج دن‬

۲‫ گر‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آهنگر‬

POK:53 POK:54, BQT:1086

‫شان‬ :‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫آ شه‬

‫ ا اردن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ا اش‬

‫ ر ش‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اب شم‬

POK:669, EIV:307 POK:669, FFD:72, SOD:11

Indo-European Indo-European Avestan Persian

‫ ـ جرد‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ابیورد‬

‫ ب گ‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اتا ک‬

‫ اجاره‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫اجرت‬

‫ ادب‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ادب ات‬

Indo-European Old Persian Persian

‫ آرا‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارا‬

POK:32 POK:32, SYN:826

۲‫ برنج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارز‬

‫ ارج‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارز دن‬

Indo-European Old Persian Persian

‫ ارزن‬:‫رج ع شود ه‬ ‫ارژن‬

Ekwos: horse ‫اسب‬ aspa: horse POK:336, AHD:1480, SOD:414

POK:327, EIV:165 ( ‫ه پ ش اندر آ د چو ارغنده گرگ )دق‬