EARLY CIVILIZATION

How they flourished?

WATER
WATER SOURCES
WATER FILTRATION
WATER

 Water is a basic human need.

 If there was no water there would be no life on earth.
 For centuries, human settlements were developed near
water bodies such as rivers, lakes and coastal areas.
 All plants and animals must have water to survive.
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

Water is present in
abundant quantities
on and under
Earth’s surface, but
less than 1% of it is
liquid fresh water is
available for human
consumption.
 GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

Ocean water contains

about 35 grams per
litre of dissolved
minerals or salts,
making it unfit for
drinking and for most
industrial or
agricultural uses.
Water containing less
than 3 grams of salts
per litre is available to
satisfy all human needs.

But it is not uniformly distributed over the globe, sometimes resulting in water scarcity.
In many locations the availability of good-quality water is further reduced because of urban
development, industrial growth, and environmental pollution.
WATER CYCLE

Water is in constant circulation, powered by the energy

from sunlight and gravity in a natural process called
the hydrologic cycle.

During their constant cycling between land, the oceans,

and the atmosphere, water molecules pass repeatedly
through solid, liquid, and gaseous phases but the total
supply remains fairly constant.
HYDROLOGIC OR WATER CYCLE

Water evaporates from

the ocean and land
surfaces, is held
temporarily as vapour
in the atmosphere, and
falls back to Earth’s
surface as precipitation.

Surface water is the

residue of precipitation
and melted snow,
called runoff.
 SURFACE WATER

Surface water is water that collects on

the ground or in a stream, river, lake,
reservoir, or ocean.
SURFACE WATER
Surface water is constantly
✓ recharged through precipitation, and
✓ lost through evaporation and seepage into ground water supplies.

Watershed or catchment area

The total land area that contributes surface runoff to a river or lake is called a
watershed or catchment area.

The volume of water available for municipal supply

depends mostly on the:
• amount of rainfall
• size of the watershed
• slope of the ground
• type of soil and vegetation
• type of land use
 WATER INFILTRATION
Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.

Infiltration is the process by which precipitation or water soaks into subsurface

soils and moves into rocks through cracks and pore spaces.

Infiltration is an indicator of the soil’s ability to allow water movement into and
through the soil profile.

Soil temporarily stores water, making it available for root uptake, plant growth
and habitat for soil organisms.
 ADVANTAGES OF INFILTRATION

Advantages of infiltration includes:

▪ Recharge ground water

▪ Reduces the volume of runoff
▪ Offer water to plants during dry periods
▪ Can be very effective at pollutant removal via filtering through
the soils
GROUND WATER
The water from rainfall, lakes, rivers, and streams seeps through the porous ground to
reach the water table; a level where the ground beneath is saturated with water.

Groundwater is water found underneath the surface of the earth in the cracks and
spaces in soil, sand and rock.
 AQUIFER
An aquifer can be described as a geological
structure made of permeable components
able to store large quantities of water.
Groundwater is found in almost all places but
the depth of the water table varies depending
on the:
❑ region,
❑ meteorological factors
❑ rate of exploitation
The amount of groundwater also
changes with the season.
▪ In the rainy season, the water
levels increase
▪ In the dry season, the level of
groundwater decrease.
 ABSTRACTION OF GROUND WATER
Abstraction is the removal of water, permanently or temporarily, from water bodies such
as rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs or from groundwater.
Water is withdrawn from an aquifer by pumping it out of a well or infiltration gallery.
Wells are constructed in several ways, depending on the depth and nature of the aquifer.
Infiltration wells are shallow
discontinuous wells that are
constructed along the banks of the
river in water-bearing strata, and water
is tapped for water supply.

Hence, the main purpose of an

infiltration well is to infiltrate water in-
ground and conserve the unconfined
aquifer.

Infiltration wells are vertical structures,

while infiltration galleries are horizontal
tunnels, but both are sub-surface
sources of water.
DUG WELL

The digging of
shallow wells was
probably the
earliest innovation.

As the need for

water increased
and tools were
developed, wells
were made deeper.
DRILLED WELL
WATER FILTRATION
 Water in rivers or lakes is rarely clean enough for human consumption if it
is not first treated or purified. Groundwater also needs some level of
treatment to make it potable. The primary objective of water treatment is
to protect the health of the community. Potable water must be free of
harmful microorganisms and chemicals
 Water filtration is a general term that refers to any system or process that
is used to filter out particles and pollutants from water.
 Pressure filter
 Slow sand filter bed
 Small domestic Filter
 Sterilisation by chlorine injection
PRESSURE FILTER

A pressure filter is a closed tank with a single or a combination of filter

media for removal of one or several contaminants.
SLOW SAND FILTER BED
SMALL DOMESTIC FILTER
STERILISATION BY CHLORINE INJECTION
REVERSE OSMOSIS

 More commonly known as RO water filter system, Reverse Osmosis

filtration system are mechanisms that use technology and a series of
purifying water filters. In this type of water filter, water passes through a
semi permeable membrane or a series of such membranes to filter out,
separate, and remove pollutants, contaminants, or particles.
 While other standard water filtering systems can also achieve this, what
sets RO water filter systems apart is their ability to remove the smallest
particles that are suspended or even dissolved in the water, like salt.
Commercial RO filtration system Domestic RO filtration system
WATER FROM SOURCE TO HOUSES
STAGES PRIOR WATER DISTRIBUTION

Stages Water Raw Pre- Coagulation / Chlorination Storage Distribution

abstraction water treatment Flocculation /
storage (such as Sedimentation
roughing or Slow sand
filtration) filtration
THANK YOU