Substances they

All need from the

organisms environment and
get rid of any
must take in waste products

Cells need oxygen for

Examples of aerobic respiration which
cells needing to produces carbon dioxide
as a waste product. These
take in and get two gases move between
cells and the environment
rid by diffusion

Examples of Water is taken up by

cells by osmosis in
water needing animals, dissolved,
to take and get food, molecules and
mineral ions diffuse
rid along with it

Urea diffuses from

Examples of cells to the blood
urea getting rid plasma for removal
and taking in from the body by
the kidneys
 How easy it is for an
organism to exchange The organism's
substances with its surface area to
environment depends
on what? volume ratio

How big one

A ratio value is
compared to
shows another

The large an Surface

organism is,
the smaller it's area:volume

In single celled Directly into or out of the cell

across the membrane because
organisms, gases they have a large surface area
compared to their volume so
and dissolved enough substances can be
substances can exchanged across the
membrane to supply the
diffuse volume of the cell
 Surface area in
Multicellular comparison to their
organisms volume making it difficult
to exchange enough
(animals) have substances to supply their
entire volume across their
a smaller outside surface area

Multicellular Efficient diffusion and a

organisms need mass transport system
to move substances
some sort of between the exchange
exchange surface surface and the rest of
for the body

Enough of the
The exchange necessary substances
surfaces babe to pass through so they
are adapted to
to allow maximise effectiveness

Where and how In the

are gases
exchanged in lungs by
the body? diffusion
What 3 factors -distance: substances diffuse faster when they
have a shorter distance
-concentration gradient: substances diffuse

affect the rate

faster If there's a big difference in concentration
between the area they are diffusing from and the
area they are diffusing to.
-surface area: the more particles there is

of diffusion? available for molecules move across the faster

they can get from one side to the other

Where does
gas exchange
occur?
alveoli
To transfer oxygen
Job of to the blood and to
remove waste
the lungs carbon dioxide
from it

What do Millions of
the lungs little air sacs
contain? called alveoli
 Blood arriving at the alveoli has
How does just returned to the lungs from
the rest of the body that
alveoli create a contains lots of carbon dioxide
and not much oxygen. This
concentration maximises the concentration
gradient for the diffusion of both
gradient? gases.

What Oxygen refuses out of the

air in the alveoli and into
happens in the blood. Carbonate
oxide diffusers in the
opposite direction to be
alveoli? breathed out

moist lining for dissolving gases

, good blood supply to maintain
Alveoli the concentration gradients
, very thin walls - minimising the
distance that gases need to
adaptations move
enormous surface area -
quicker diffusion

The rate of gas transfer (V gas)

is proportional to the tissue
Fick's Law area, the diffusion coefficient of
the gas, and the difference in
the partial pressure of the gas
of Diffusion on the two sides of the tissue,
and inversely proportional to
the thickness.
 surface area x
Rate of difference in
diffusion is concentration /
proportional to length of diffusion
path

Surface area or
The rate of difference In
concentration doubles
diffusion will Thickness in
membrane/distance
double if halves

Carry oxygen
Red blood from the lungs
cell job to the rest of
the body

Shape of biconcave disk to

give a large
red blood surface area for
cells absorbing oxygen
 Why don't red More room
blood cells to carry
have a nucleus oxygen
In the lungs, Binds to
what does oxygen to
haemoglobin become
do oxyhemoglobin

In body tissues Split up into

what does haemoglobin and
oxygen to release
oxyhaemoglobin oxygen into the
do? cells

White blood cells that

can change shape to
Phagocytes engulf unwelcome
microorganisms -
phagocytosis
 white blood cells that produce
antibodies that fight unwanted
microorganisms. Some also
Lymphocytes produce antitoxins to
neutralise any toxins released
by microorganism.

When you have Multiply to fight it

an infection, off - a blood test
will show a high
what do white white blood cell
blood cells do? count

Small
fragments of
Platelets cells that have
no nucleus.

What do They help to clot blood

To stop all your blood
platelets pouring out and to stop
microorganisms getting
do? in.
What can lack Excessive
of platelets bleeding
lead to? and bruising
red blood cells, white blood

blood cells, platelets

Nutrients
Carbon dioxide
Ures

plasma Hormones
Proteins
Antibodies and antitoxins

3 different Arteries,
types of veins and
blood vessel capillaries

carry blood
Arteries away from
the heart
 carry blood
Veins to the heart

Involved on the
exchange of
Capillaries materials at the
tissues

Why are artery The heart

pumps the
walls strong blood out at
and elastic? high pressure

Thick and
Artery strong to deal
with high
walls are pressure
 space within a
tubular part or
Lumen organ, such as the
space within a
blood vessel

Thick layer of
What do the smooth muscle
walls of arteries that can contract or
contain? relax to change the
size of lumen

Why are So they can squeeze into

the gaps between cells
capillaries which means they can
carry the blood really close
to every cell in the body to
narrow? exchange substances

Walls of permeable so
substances can
capillaries diffuse in and
are out
 What do Supply food and
oxygen. Take
capillaries away waste like
do? carbon dioxide

Thickness one cell thick to

increase the rate of
of capillary diffusion by decreasing
the distance it has to
walls diffuse

Capillaries With
join up veins
Vein walls The blood isn't
aren't as thick pumped at as
as arteries high a pressure
because
 large lumen to
Vein help blood flow
lumen size despite the
lower pressure

Why do prevent
veins have back flow
valves? of blood

Double Heart pumps blood around the body

in two circuits. The first circuit is the
heart pumping deoxygenated blood

circulatory to lungs to take on oxygen.

Oxygenated blood returns to the
heart and is pumped to the rest of

system the body to deliver oxygen.

Deoxygenated blood then returns.

Fish Single circulatory system -

deoxygenated blood
circulatory travels to the heart which
pumps it round the body
for it to collect oxygen from
system the hills
 Four right atrium,
right ventricle,
chambers left atrium, left
of the heart ventricle

Receives
Right deoxygenated
blood from the
atrium body through the
vena cava

receives
Left oxygenated blood
from the lungs
atrium through the
pulmonary vein

pumps
Right deoxygenated
blood to the lungs
ventricle via the pulmonary
artery
 Left pumps
oxygenated blood
to the body via
ventricle the aorta

Left atrium wall is much

Wall thickness thicker because it needs
more muscle to pump the
left atrium vs blood around the whole
body at a high pressure.
right The right only has to pump
to the lungs.

Cardiac heart rate x

output stroke
equation volume
Energy Metabolic processes -
making larger molecules
released by from smaller ones
respiration is Contracting muscles
Maintaining a steady
used for body temperature
 Aerobic There is
endurance plenty of
happens when oxygen

Aerobic with
means oxygen
Aerobic efficient way to
respiration transfer energy
is the most from glucose

aerobic glucose +
oxygen ->
respiration carbon dioxide
equation + water
 naerobic There's a
respiration lack of
happens when oxygen
Your body can't supply
Why is anaerobic enough oxygen to your
respiration done muscles for aerobic
respiration even though for
when exercising breathing and heart rate
vigorously? increase as much as they
can

What is produced Glucose is only

by anaerobic partially broken
down so it
endurance and produces lactic
why? acid

When Muscles
lactic acid
builds up feel sore
 Equation for glucose -->
anaerobic
respiration in lactic acid
animals + energy
Equation for glucose -->
anaerobic ethanol +
respiration in carbon dioxide
plants + energy

They have a smaller

Why do larger SA:V compared to
organisms need a smaller ones so rate of
specialised diffusion is slower so
exchange surface? they need specialised
ones to speed it up

artery carrying
pulmonary oxygen-poor blood
from the heart to
artery the lungs - top of
heart
 portion of the vena
Vena cava cava that gathers
blood from the
inferior lower portion of the
body

Vein that carries

vena cave deoxygenated
blood to the heart
superior in the right atrium

the largest artery;

Aorta carries oxygenated

blood from the left
ventricle to the
body

carries oxygenated
pulmonary blood from the
lungs to the left
vein atrium of the heart
 Valves in either
Semi-lunar side of the heart
that controls exit
valves from the ventricles.

valve between
tricuspid the right atrium
and the right
valve ventricle

bicuspid valve between

the left atrium
valve (mitral and the left
valve) ventricle.

Aerobic C6H12O6 +
respiration
symbol 6O2 -> 6CO2
equation + 6H2O
 What is movement of
air into and out
breathing of the lungs

diaphragm contracts,
rib cage rises and
Inhaling increases the volume
of the chest cavity, air
rushes into the lungs

Where does
aerobic
respiration mitochondria
occur?

Where does
anaerobic
respiration cytoplasm
happen?
 Similarities > Use Glucose
between aerobic > Release Energy
> Happen in every
and anaerobic cel
respiration > chemical reactions

Differences Oxygen is used in aerobic

but not in anaerobic
between aerobic The amount of ATP that is
and anaerobic produced differs
Products of anaerobic and
respiration aerobic are different

Why does Exercise increases size of

heart muscle so stroke
someone who volume is increased. This
exercises more means that the hearts has
to beat fewer times to
have a lower heart produce the same cardiac
rate? output.

Why does blood Gravity pulls the

collect in veins blood down and
there is little
near feet when pressure in veins
stood up? to fight against this
 Why does More blood collects in
stroke volume veins near the heart.
Blood pressure is higher
increase when in the heart so more
lying down blood enters the heart.

2 chambers vs 4
Fish vs human 1 atrium and 1 ventricle
vs 2 of each
circulatory Just deoxygenated in
system the heart
Single vs double