UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND
MONOGAMY – is a relationship with only
POLITICS
KINSHIP – systems refer to how we connect with
each other through blood or marriage.
TYPES OF KINSHIP
1. CONSANGUINEAL/LINEAL KINSHIP – this
kinship is based on blood or birth between
parents and children as well as siblings.
DESCENT – the tracing of kinship relationships
through parentage.
A. BILATERAL DESCENT – if one can trace
his/her descent through both paternal and
maternal ancestors.
B. UNILATERAL DESCENT – if one lineage
either paternal or maternal is traceable.
 PATRILINEAL DESCENT – is a system in
which family descent is reckoned through
the blood links of males and typically,
names and property follow the male line of
descent.
 MATRILINEAL DESCENT - is a form of
unilineal descent that follows a female line.
Individuals are relatives if they can trace
descent through females to the same
female ancestor.
2. AFFINAL KINSHIP – it refers to the bond
between husband and wife and caused by
marriage.
MARRIAGE – is a legal foundation of family that
exists in all cultures, although there are some
varieties. It is legal contract between two people
committing themselves in a permanent affinal
kinship.
MARRIAGE SELECTION
a. ENDOGAMY – is the practice of marrying
within the same ethnic, cultural, social,
religious, or tribal group.
b. EXOGAMY – is a social phenomenon of
marrying outside one’s own community,
tribe or social group.
FORMS OF MARRIAGE
a.
one partner at a time, rather than multiple
partners.
b. POLYGAMY – is a type of relationship that
typically involves a person marrying more
than one partner
TYPES OF POLYGAMY
 POLYGNY – marriage one man more than
one woman.
 POLYANDRY – marriage between one
woman and more than one man.
 CENOGAMY OR GROUP MARRIAGE – a
union of several husbands and several
wives.
3. FICTIVE KINSHIP – refers to ritual
relationship that is brought about through
adaptation or through some other rituals or
ceremonies like baptism, confirmation, or
marriage and relationship is extended to
one’s godfather or godmother or
goddaughter or godson.
FAMILY – is a group of persons united by the ties of
marriage, blood, adaptation, any sexually expressive
relationship
FAMILY STRUCTURE
TYPES OF FAMILY
A. NUCLEAR FAMILY - a group of people who
are united by ties of partnership and
parenthood and consisting of pair of adults
and their socially recognized children.
 FAMILY OF ORIENTATION – is the nuclear
family into which one is born and where the
major part of socialization occurs.
 FAMILY OF PROCREATION - Is the nuclear
family you create when you marry and have
or adopt children.
 BLENDED FAMILY - Is created from earlier
separations experienced by one or both
spouses.
 B. EXTENDED FAMILY - Household consists of
two or more generations of kin or one or
more nuclear families living together and
functioning as a social unit.
BASED ON AUTHORITY
 PATRIARCHAL - The authority is vested in
the oldest male in the family, often the
father.
 MATRIARCHAL - The authority is vested in
the mother or the mother’s kin.
 EGALITARIAN - The husband and wife
exercise a more or less equal amount of
authority.
BASED ON RESIDENCE
 PATRILOCAL - A newly married couple may
be expected to live in an extended family,
which is usually the family of the husband.
 MATRILOCAL - A newlyweds live with the
family of the wife.
 NEOLOCAL - May establish a nuclear family
in a new place of residence of their own.
 BILOCAL - Residence gives the couple a
choice of staying with either the groom’s
parents or the bride’s parents.
LEGAL SEPARATION, ANNULMENT, DIVORCE
LEGAL SEPARATION - Is the separation of married
husband and wife. Unlike a divorced or annulled
couple, legally separated husband and wife cannot
remarry.
ANNULMENT - It nullifies a marriage completely as if
it has never existed. However, a married couple
must present valid grounds before the court first
before they can have their marriage annulled.
DIVORCE - Is a court decree that terminates or
dissolves marriage. Divorced individuals are given
back their single status and may again remarry.
POLITICS IN SOCIETY
POLITICS - The activities of the government,
politicians, or political parties and the study of these
activities.
POLITICAL SCIENCE - is the study of politics and
power from domestic, international, and
comparative perspectives. It entails understanding
political ideas, ideologies, institutions, policies,
processes, and behavior, as well as groups, classes,
government, diplomacy, law, strategy, and war.
GOVERNMENT - is the term generally used in
referring the formal institutions through which a
group of people is ruled or governed and the term
extends to include the people and organizations that
make, enforce, and apply political decisions for a
society.
GOVERNANCE - is commonly defined as the exercise
of power or authority by political leaders for
attainment of the well-being of their country’s
citizens or inhabitants.
POWER - Is the ability to accomplish desired
objectives even if there is resistance or opposition
from others.
AUTHORITY - This is the power that people vest in or
place in someone that they agree to follow.
TYPES OF AUTHORITY (MAX WEBER)
 TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY - This is a form of
leadership in which the authority of an
organization or a ruling regime is largely
tied to tradition, custom, and convention.
 RATIONAL – LEGAL AUTHORITY - The
power is derived from rules and regulations
that are enacted legally. People follow the
laws, not because of the leader’s charisma
but because of the legitimacy and validity of
laws bestowed upon all members of society.
 CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY - This type of
authority is concerned with how a political
institution can be maintained by the
leader’s personality. A charismatic leader
has a charisma to galvanize a diverse group
of people to follow his/her political course
of action.
POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
 BANDS - Are made of up a family or small
number of extended families, usually
nomadic, that cooperate to survive by
foraging or hunting. A form of political
 organization associated with foraging
groups, involves flexible membership and
no formal leaders.
 TRIBES - A form of political organization
that comprises several bands or lineage
groups, each with a similar language and
lifestyle and occupying a distinct territory.
 CHIEFDOM - Is headed by a chief, is a form
of political organization that includes
permanently allied tribes and villages under
one chief, a leader who possesses power.
 STATE - Is a centralized political unit
encompassing many communities, a
bureaucratic structure, and leaders who
possess coercive power.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
 PEOPLE - The state is a human institution.
So population is its primary element. There
is no hard and fast rule about population.
 TERRITOTRY - A definite and more or less
permanent territory is also regarded as an
essential element of the state. In modern
times, the citizens are bound together by
residence on a common territory. Land,
water and air space comprise the territory
of a state.
 SOVEREIGNTY - It denotes the supreme
power or the final authority from which
there is no appeal.
 GOVERNMENT - people occupying a
definite territory cannot form a state unless
they are politically organized i.e., unless
they possess a government. Government is
the political organization of the state. It is
the concrete and visible instrument of state
power.
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
As to number of persons exercising sovereign
powers:
MONARCHY - is a government where a single person
(the monarch) rules the government. The title of the
monarch is hereditary, this means one inherits the
position.
OLIGARCHY - An oligarchy is a government where a
small, elite groups rules all over society.
The members of the ruling elite do not necessarily
receive their titles by birth, like in a monarchy.
DEMOCRACY - It is a government in which all citizens
have the equal right to have their voices heard and
determine state policy through elected
representatives. Laws passed by the state (ideally)
reflect the will of the majority of the population.
As to extent of powers exercised by the central or
national government:
UNITARY - Refers to one in which the control of
national and local affairs is exercised by the central
or national government.
FEDERAL - Refers to the one in which the powers of
government are divided between two sets of organs,
one for national affairs and the other for local affairs,
each organ being supreme within its own sphere.
As to relationship between the executive and the
legislative branches of the government:
PRESIDENTIAL - It implies that the executive and
legislative branches are separate. It can also imply
that their establishment and the time they remain in
power are separate. The president normally serves
as both the head of state and the head of
government, and is elected by popular vote.
PARLIAMENTARY - The parliamentary system
typically has clear differentiation between the head
of government and the head of state, with ate the
former being the Prime Minister and the latter, the
President.
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
EXECUTIVE POWER - is exercised by the government
under the president who is referred to as the chief
executive.
The primary role of the Executive branch is to
execute or implement laws.
The official title of the president is the “President of
the Philippines” with honorific “Your Excellency,” or
“His/Her Excellency.”
Official residence and office of the President of the
Philippines is at the Malacañang Palace located in
the country’s capital - Manila City.
President of the Philippines is elected by direct vote
by the people for a term of six years. He may only
serve for one term, and is ineligible for re-election.
In case of death, permanent disability, resignation
or removal from office, the Vice President becomes
president until the expiration of the term.
 Executive Power
 Power of Appointment
 Power of Control
 Military Power
 Diplomatic or Foreign Relations Power
 Natural born Filipino;
 A registered voter;
 Must be able to read and write;
 40 years of age at the day of the election;
 Must have resided in the Philippines ten
years before the election is held
The Vice President of the Philippines is elected by
direct vote by the people for a term of six years, and
may run for re-election once. The term of the Vice
President of the Philippines starts at noon of the
30th day of June after a regular election is held.
According to the constitution, the vice president may
concurrently assume a cabinet position should the
President of the Philippines offer the former one.
The vice president can become a Cabinet member
concurrent to the position of vice president if
appointed by the President.
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
LEGISLATIVE POWER is vested in a bicameral
Congress: The Senate and the House of
Representatives.
The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws,
alter, and repeal them through the power vested in
the Philippine Congress.
Lawmakers in the Senate are called Senators. The
Senate is composed of 24 senators elected-at-large
by the people. The senators are limited to a term of
6 years and only up to 2 consecutive terms allowed.
The Senate President is its leader, elected at least by
a majority of its members. In case of vacancy in the
Senate, a special election may be called to fill such
vacancy in the manner prescribed by law, but the
Senator thus elected shall serve only for the
unexpired term.
 natural-born citizen of the Philippines
 at least thirty-five years old
 is able to read and write
 a registered voter
 a resident of the Philippines for not less
than two years before election day.
Lawmakers composing the House of Representatives
are called Representatives or
Congressmen/Congresswomen.
The House of Representatives shall be composed of
not more than two hundred and fifty members,
unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected
from legislative districts apportioned among the
provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila area
in accordance with the number of their respective
inhabitants.
A Representative can serve for not more than three
consecutive terms. In case of vacancy in the House of
Representatives, a special election may be called to
fill such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law,
but the Member of the House of Representatives
thus elected shall serve only for the unexpired term.
 a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
 at least twenty-five years old
 is able to read and write
 except the party-list representatives, a
registered voter and a resident for at least
one year in the district where s/he shall be
elected
Legislative Power
Power of Taxation
Power of Appropriation
Power of Impeachment
JUDICIARY BRANCH
JUDICIAL POWER is vested in the Supreme Court of
the Philippines as the highest judicial body and
including all other lower courts.
The Judicial branch holds the power to settle
controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable.