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Two - Dimensional Conduction: Finite - Difference Equations and Solutions
Two - Dimensional Conduction: Finite - Difference Equations and Solutions
Finite-Difference Equations
and
Solutions
Chapter 4
Sections 4.4 and 4.5
Finite-
Finite-Difference Method
• Procedure:
– Represent the physical system by a nodal network.
4
∑ q(i )→( m,n ) + q& ( Δx ⋅ Δy ⋅ l ) = 0
i =1
Is it possible for all heat flows to be into the m,n nodal region?
What feature of the analysis insures a correct form of the energy balance
equation despite the assumption of conditions that are not realizable?
Energy Balance Method (cont.)
q( m −1, n ) →( m, n ) + q( m, n −1) → ( m, n ) + q( ∞ ) → ( m, n ) = 0
Tm, n −1 − Tm, n
q( m, n −1) →( m, n ) =
Rtot
Δy / 2 Rt′′, c Δy / 2
Rtot = + +
kA ( Δx ⋅ l ) Δx ⋅ l kB ( Δx ⋅ l )
(4.46)
Solution Methods
Solution Methods
• Matrix Inversion: Expression of system of N finite-difference equations for
N unknown nodal temperatures as:
[ A][T ] = [C ] (4.48)
Solution [T ] = [ A]−1 [C ]
Inverse of Coefficient Matrix (4.49)
Schematic:
The heat rates associated with the control volume are due to conduction, q1 and q2, and to convection,
qc. An energy balance for a unit depth normal to the page yields
E& in = 0
q1 + q 2 + q c = 0
Tm,n-1 − Tm,n Tm+1,n − Tm,n
k ( Δx ⋅ 1)
Δy
+ k ( Δy ⋅ 1)
Δx
+h ( )( )
2 Δx ⋅ 1 T∞ − Tm,n = 0.
The heat rates associated with the control volume are due to the uniform heat flux, qa, conduction, qb,
and convection qc. An energy balance for a unit depth yields
E& in =0
qa + q b + qc = 0
⎡ Δx ⎤ ⎡ Δy ⎤ Tm+1,n − Tm,n ⎡ Δx ⎤
q o′′ ⋅ ⎢ ⋅ 1⎥ + k ⋅ ⎢ ⋅ 1⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ Δx
+h⋅⎢ 2 ⋅
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
(
T∞ − Tm,n = 0. )
or, with Δx = Δy,
hΔx Δx ⎛ hΔx ⎞
Tm+1,n + 2 ⋅ ⋅ T∞ + q o′′ ⋅ − ⎜1 + 2 ⋅ ⎟ Tm,n = 0.
k k ⎝ k ⎠
Problem: Cold Plate
Problem 4.76: Analysis of cold plate used to thermally control IBM multi-chip,
thermal conduction module.
Features:
• Heat dissipated in the chips is transferred
by conduction through spring-loaded
aluminum pistons to an aluminum cold
plate.
Schematic:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Two-dimensional conduction, (3) Constant properties.
Problem: Cold Plate (cont.)
ANALYSIS: Finite-difference equations must be obtained for each of the 28 nodes. Applying the energy
balance method to regions 1 and 5, which are similar, it follows that
Node 1: ( Δy
Δx ) T2 + ( Δx Δy ) T6 − ⎡⎣( Δy Δx ) + ( Δx Δy ) ⎤⎦ T1 = 0
Node 5: ( Δy Δx ) T4 + ( Δx Δy ) T10 − ⎡⎣( Δy Δx ) + ( Δx Δy ) ⎤⎦ T5 = 0
Nodal regions 2, 3 and 4 are similar, and the energy balance method yields a finite-difference equation of
the form
Nodes 2,3,4:
( Δy ( )
Δx ) Tm −1, n + Tm +1, n + 2 ( Δx Δy ) Tm, n −1 − 2 ⎡⎣( Δy Δx ) + ( Δx Δy ) ⎤⎦ Tm, n = 0
Energy balances applied to the remaining combinations of similar nodes yield the following
finite-difference equations.
Evaluating the coefficients and solving the equations simultaneously, the steady-state temperature
distribution (°C), tabulated according to the node locations, is:
23.77 23.91 24.27 24.61 24.74
23.41 23.62 24.31 24.89 25.07
25.70 26.18 26.33
28.90 28.76 28.26 28.32 28.35
30.72 30.67 30.57 30.53 30.52
32.77 32.74 32.69 32.66 32.65
(b) For the prescribed conditions, the maximum allowable temperature (T24 = 40°C) is reached when
Options for extending this limit could include use of a copper cold plate (k ≈ 400 W/m⋅K) and/or increasing
the convection coefficient associated with the coolant.
. With k = 400 W/m⋅K and h = 10,000 W/m2⋅K (a practical upper limit), q o′′ = 28.65 W/cm2.
Additional, albeit small, improvements may be realized by relocating the coolant channels closer to the base
of the cold plate.