MAPEH NCDS FACT SHEET

Noncommunicable diseases - disproportionately affect people in low- and middle-income countries.

 Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and
diabetes, are the leading cause of death worldwide and represent an emerging global health threat.
 Examples of these are asthma, allergy, diabetes, and heart disease.
The World Health Organization (WHO) - considers NCDs as one of the leading causes of people’s deaths all
over the world and, thus a major public health concern.
NCDs - are known as chronic diseases, are diseases that are not passed from one person to another.
 These are non-infectious diseases that can be inherited or caused by lifestyle factors.

COMMON NCDs:
1. Allergy - A disease in which the immune system becomes overly sensitive to something from the
environment.
 Allergens - Such as dust, mites, molds, pollen from plants, food, and even medicines.

2. Asthma - is a chronic lung disease affecting people of all ages.

 Asthma is a major noncommunicable disease (NCD), affecting both children and adults, and is the
most common chronic disease among children.

HOW IS ASTHMA MANAGED?

1. Avoid buying products in aerosol cans.
2. Drink six to eight glasses of water per day.
3. Do not smoke and avoid being exposed to secondhand smoke.
4. Take all prescribed medications with filled stomach.
5. Do not go outside if the weather is extremely cold or hot.
6. Avoid stressors and avoid strenuous exercise.
7. Paint fumes, insecticides, and cleaning products should not be inhaled.

3. Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases affecting your heart and blood vessels. These diseases can
affect one or many parts of your heart and/or blood vessels.
 A person may be symptomatic (physically experiencing the disease) or asymptomatic (not
feeling anything at all).
 Arteriosclerosis is the hardening and thickening of the artery wall. This may be caused by
atherosclerosis.
 Atherosclerosis is the narrowing of the artery due to the deposit and build-up of fats, cholesterol,
and other substances on the arterial walls.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. They include:
coronary heart disease – a disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle;
cerebrovascular disease – a disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain;
peripheral arterial disease – a disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs;
rheumatic heart disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by
streptococcal bacteria;
congenital heart disease – birth defects that affect the normal development and functioning of the heart caused
by malformations of the heart structure from birth; and
deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism – blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move
to the heart and lungs.

CORONARY HEART DISEASE MAY RESULT IN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING:

Heart attack- the death of the heart muscle due to the lack of blood flow to the heart.
Angina Pectoris- the chest pain resulting from narrowed coronary arteries due to inadequacy of oxygen that
gets to the heart.
Stroke- occurs when blood vessels in the brain burst or are blocked.
WAYS OF REDUCING RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE:
1. Aside from keeping a healthy blood cholesterol level and eating a heart-healthy diet, the following can
also help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
2. Smoking and secondhand smoke should be avoided.
3. Maintain a normal blood pressure.
4. Maintain a healthy body weight.
5. Engage in regular physical activities.

4. Diabetes - is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood
sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves.
 Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition
in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin by itself.
 Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body cannot properly use the insulin it produces. This type of diabetes
usually develop in adults. This is the most common.
WAYS OF REDUCING RISK OF DIABETES:
Diabetes prevention is important especially if you are at an increased risk for the disease. If not prevented, other
complication may develop such as kidney problems, blindness, heart attack, nerve damage, and even erectile
dysfunction in men.
Certain factors that increase the risk of diabetes include the four Fs: Fat or overweight, Female, Family
history, and Forty years of age or older.

THE FOLLOWING TIPS CAN HELP PREVENT DIABETES.

1. Get more physical activities.
2. Include fiber and whole grains in your diet.
3. Lose the extra weight.
4. Make healthier food choice.

5. Renal Failure - Kidney failure, also called renal failure, is when your kidneys no longer work properly. Your
kidneys' main job is to clean your blood and make urine (wee). When the kidneys do not work properly, waste
and fluid builds up in your body.

There are 2 main types of kidney failure:

acute kidney failure (also called acute renal failure, or acute kidney injury) - is the short-term loss of
kidney function. It can develop quickly — over a few hours or days. It can be due to: an injury or illness —
such as severe dehydration, or an infection drugs or poisons.
chronic kidney disease - is when your kidneys have been damaged in a way that can't be reversed. Chronic
kidney disease takes months or years to develop. If chronic kidney disease progresses, it can lead to chronic
kidney failure.
SYMPTOMS OF KIDNEY FAILURE:
1. hypertension (high blood pressure)
2. night-time urination (weeing)
3. changes in how your urine looks (such as frothy or foamy), urinating more often in greater
4. amount with pale urine, urinating less often in smaller amounts with dark-colored urine, urine with
blood, and difficulty in urinating.
5. haematuria (blood in your urine)
6. oedema or puffiness (in the legs, ankles or around the eyes)
7. tiredness or weakness
8. nausea (feeling sick) or vomiting
9. itching
10. restless legs
11. breathlessness

HOW TO PREVENT KIDNEY FAILURE:

1. Avoiding or limiting your exposure to toxic substances will help you avoid kidney failure. Early
detection and aggressive intervention are critical in preventing severe kidney disease.
2. Diabetes and high blood pressure are frequently linked to chronic kidney disease. Controlling them
through proper diet, exercise, and medication may help prevent kidney failure.
 3. Dialysis and kidney transplantation are used to treat severe kidney failure. These are typically done in
the late stages and can be fatal.

5. Cancer - is a group of more than 100 different diseases. It can develop almost anywhere in the body.
 Cancer begins when genetic changes interfere with this orderly process. Cells start to grow
uncontrollably.
 These cells may form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can be cancerous or benign.
 A cancerous tumor is malignant, meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign
tumor means the tumor can grow but will not spread.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALIGNANT AND BENIGN TUMOR:

Malignant refers to cancer. Malignant tumors have the potential to infect and destroy nearby tissues and organs.
The process is known as metastasis.
Benign is not cancerous. Benign tumors grow in size but do not spread to other parts of the body. They are
usually harmless unless they are in a position to obstruct normal tissues or organs.

MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CANCER:

1. Sarcoma - begins in the tissues that support and connect the body. A sarcoma can develop in fat,
muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, blood vessels, lymph vessels, cartilage, or bone.
2. Leukemia - is a cancer of the blood. Leukemia begins when healthy blood cells change and grow
uncontrollably. The 4 main types of leukemia are acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic
leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia.
3. Lymphoma - is a cancer that begins in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of
vessels and glands that help fight infection. There are 2 main types of lymphomas: Hodgkin
lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. he lymphatic system is a network of vessels and glands that help fight infection. There are 2 main types
of lymphomas: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

FOUR MAIN TYPES OF CANCER ARE:

1. A carcinoma begins in the skin or the tissue that covers the surface of internal organs and glands.
Carcinomas usually form solid tumors. They are the most common type of cancer. Examples of carcinomas
include prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer.
2. A sarcoma begins in the tissues that support and connect the body. A sarcoma can develop in fat, muscles,
nerves, tendons, joints, blood vessels, lymph vessels, cartilage, or bone.
3. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood. Leukemia begins when healthy blood cells change and grow
uncontrollably. The 4 main types of leukemia are acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic
leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia.
4. Lymphoma is a cancer that begins in the lymphatic system.

WAYS TO TREAT CANCER:

1. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as possible.
2. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
3. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells.
Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your body (external beam radiation), or it can
be placed inside your body (brachytherapy).
4. Bone marrow transplant. Your bone marrow is the material inside your bones that makes
blood cells from blood stem cells. A bone marrow transplant, also knowns as a stem cell transplant, can
use your own bone marrow stem cells or those from a donor.
A bone marrow transplant allows your doctor to use higher doses of chemotherapy to treat your cancer.
It may also be used to replace diseased bone marrow.
5. Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, uses your body's immune system to fight cancer.
Cancer can survive unchecked in your body because your immune system doesn't recognize it as an
intruder. Immunotherapy can help your immune system "see" the cancer and attack it.
6. Hormone therapy. Some types of cancer are fueled by your body's hormones. Examples include breast
cancer and prostate cancer. Removing those hormones from the body or blocking their effects may cause
the cancer cells to stop growing.
7. Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities within cancer cells that allow them to
survive.
 8. Cryoablation. This treatment kills cancer cells with cold. During cryoablation, a thin, wandlike needle
(cryoprobe) is inserted through your skin and directly into the cancerous tumor. A gas is pumped into the
cryoprobe in order to freeze the tissue. Then the tissue is allowed to thaw. The freezing and thawing
process is repeated several times during the same treatment session in order to kill the cancer cells.

9. Radiofrequency ablation. This treatment uses electrical energy to heat cancer cells, causing them to
die. During radiofrequency ablation, a doctor guides a thin needle through the skin or through an
incision and into the cancer tissue. High-frequency energy passes through the needle and causes the
surrounding tissue to heat up, killing the nearby cells.
10. Clinical trials are studies to investigate new ways of treating cancer. Thousands of cancer clinical trials
are underway.

HOW TO REDUCE THE RISK OF CANCER?

C- change in bowel or bladder habits
A- A sore that does not heal
U- Unusual bleeding or discharge
T- Thickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere
I- Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
O- Obvious change in a wart or mole
N- Nagging cough or hoarsenes

1. Have regular checkups. Regular screening tests, like the Pap smear for women and digital rectal exam
for men, can detect cellular changes before they become cancerous.
Mammogram can detect breast cancer early.
2. Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke. Cigarettes contain carcinogens, which are substances that cause
cancer.
3. Avoid too much sun exposure, Ultraviolet or UV Radiation comes from the sun, and frequent exposure
increases the risk of skin cancer.
4. Avoid being exposed to the sun from 10 AM to 3 PM especially during summer. This is when sun’s
radiation is strongest.
5. Wear sunscreen lotion and cream when you spend time outdoors.
6. Eat fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables provide antioxidants, which help repair damaged cells.
They also help strengthen your immune system.
7. Avoid being exposed to dangerous chemicals and airborne fibers. Know what chemicals you are being
exposed to in your work environment.
8. Gasoline, diesel exhaust, arsenic, coal products, vinyl chloride, radon, asbestos, pesticides, and uranium
are some of the dangerous substances that have been found to increase the risk of cancer.

7… Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain
and stiffness, which typically worsen with age.
The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Osteoarthritis causes cartilage — the hard, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form a
joint — to break down.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of
joints.
Uric acid crystals, which form when there's too much uric acid in your blood, can cause gout.
Infections or underlying disease, such as psoriasis or lupus, can cause other types of arthritis.

WAYS TO MANAGE AND TREAT ARTHRITIS:

1. Lose and keep a healthy diet.
2. Take hot baths that can help reduce swelling and pain.
3. Perform physical exercises that help strengthen the muscles around the joint.
4. Take medicines, like aspirin and some prescription medicines, that will help alleviate the pain and other
symptoms.