Physical

Science
SUBJECT TEACHER: SM DAHUYA
2
 Are rules always
followed?

(1) an incomplete octet, (2) odd-electron

molecules, and (3) an expanded octet.
a. Incomplete Octet
-molecules in which an atom has less
than an octet

• Hydrogen – “duplet”
• Beryllium – tends to have 6 e-
• Boron - tends to have 4 e-
 b. Odd-Electron Molecules

• There are a number of molecules whose total number of

valence electrons is an odd number. It is not possible for
all of the atoms in such a molecule to satisfy the octet
rule

Example:
 c. Expanded Octets
-molecules in which an atom has more
than an octet
- Elements in the third row or lower can
exceed the octet rule
Example:
I3-
PRESENTATION TITLE
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BF3 NH3
Valence Shell Electron Pair
PRESENTATION TITLE

Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

VSEPR theory states that electron pairs, found in the

valence shells around the central atom in a molecule,
try to move as far away from each other as possible.
The electrons spread out as much as possible to
minimize the repulsion between their like, negative
charges.
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Electron
domain:
Are bonds or lone
pairs attached to the
central atom
 PRESENTATION TITLE

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 PRESENTATION TITLE

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Types Geometries
in terms of the
number of electron
Domains
 2 Electron Domain

✓ This group consists only of

the linear geometry. Linear geometries occur
2 bonds and 0 lone pairs
when there are only ______________________.
✓ All linear molecules share the property that
they are completely straight i.e the bond
angle from one bond to another is 180∘. 14
PRESENTATION TITLE

BeCl2

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 3 Electron Groups

✓This group consists of:

• trigonal planar molecules
• bent molecules

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3 Electron Domain
Trigonal planar molecules

✓ Requirement: 3 bonds and 0

lone pairs, with bond angles
of 120∘

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BH3
3 Electron Domain
Trigonal planar molecules

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 3 Electron Groups
Bent molecules

✓Have 2 bonds and 1 lone pair

✓ The bond angle is slightly less than 120∘
✓ This is because lone pairs take up more
room than single bonds do.

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3 Electron Domain
Bent molecules

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 4 Electron Domain
✓This group consist of:
1.) tetrahedral
2.) trigonal pyramidal and
3.) bent geometries
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 4 Electron Domain
Tetrahedral geometry

✓4 bonds and 0 lone pairs.

✓The bond angle for tetrahedral
molecules is
approximately 109.5∘
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4 Electron Domain
Tetrahedral geometry

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 4 Electron Domain
Trigonal pyramidal geometry
✓3 bonds and 1 lone pair
✓The bond angle is less than 109.5∘ due to the
additional repulsion from the lone pair.
✓The single lone pair sits on top of the molecule
where the 4th bond in the tetrahedral structure
is.
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4 Electron Domain
Trigonal pyramidal geometry

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NH3
 4 Electron Domain
Bent geometry

✓2 bonds and 2 lone pairs

✓This is the same general geometry as
the bent molecule in the 3 electron
group, but consists of a different number
of electron pairs
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4 Electron Domain
Bent geometry

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Linear
Trigonal Planar
Bent (3 Electron Group)
Tetrahedral
Bent ( 4 Electron Group)
 Predicting the shape of molecules

H20 1. Count the Electron Domain

2. Determine the molecular geometry or the
VSEPR shape
Polar Bond
Examples of Polar Molecules
Examples of Polar Molecules