Statistics and SENIOR

HIGH
Probability SCHOOL

Module
Mean and Variance of Discrete
Random Variable 4
Quarter 1
Statistics and Probability
Quarter 1 – SLM 4: Mean and Variance of Discrete Random Variable
First Edition, 2020

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Statistics and SENIOR
HIGH

Probability SCHOOL

SLM

4
Quarter 1

Mean and Variance of

Discrete Random Variable
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability for Senior High School Self Learning
Module on Mean and Variance of Discrete Random Variable!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

from Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools
Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with
the Local Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N.
Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Self Learning Module on Mean and
Variance of Discrete Random Variable!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the learning

competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module. Ito po ang parts ng module
 EXPECTATIONS

Lesson 4: Mean and Variance of Discrete Random Variable

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, learners are expected to:
1. illustrate mean and variance of a discrete random variable; and
2. calculate mean and variance of a discrete random variable.

PRETEST

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is a measure of central tendency that is also known as average.

a. Variance b. Standard Deviation c. Median d. Mean

2. What is the mean of the given set of numbers {76, 80, 81, 89, 89} ?
a. 81 b. 82 c. 83 d. 89

3. A measure of variability that is known as the average squared deviation

from the mean.
a. Variance b. Standard Deviation c. Median d. Mean

4. Find the mean of the given discrete random variable.

Y 0 1 2 3
P(Y) 1/5 2/5 1/5 1/5

a. 6 b. 1.5 c. 1.4 d. 1

5. Which of the following symbols denotes variance?

a. 𝜎 b. 𝜃 2 c. 𝜎 2 d. 𝜇
 RECAP

In the last lesson you have learned how to construct the probability
distribution of a discrete random variable. Let us recall the steps in
constructing the probability distribution of a discrete random variable.

Steps on getting the probability of each the values of the random

variable:
1. Determine the sample space. Assign letters that will represent each
outcome.
2. Count the number of the value of the random variable (capital
letter assigned).
3. Given the total possible values of the random variable, assign
probability values to each value of the random variable.

LESSON

Mean is a measure of central tendency than balances the distribution. It is

also known as average. From your Junior High Lesson in Math, you
have learned that mean or average is equal to the sum of the numbers/
scores divided by the total number of scores.

Mean of a Discrete Random Variable

Is the sum of the products of the values of the discrete random
variable and their corresponding probabilities. It is also called the Expected
Value of an event.
In symbols:

𝝁 = 𝑿𝟏 • 𝑷(𝑿𝟏 ) + 𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿𝟐 ) + 𝑿𝟑 • 𝑷(𝑿𝟑 ) + ⋯ + 𝑿𝒏 • 𝑷(𝑿𝒏 )

𝝁 = ∑ [(𝑿) • 𝑷(𝑿) ]
where:
𝝁 – is mean or expected value
 𝑿𝟏 , 𝑿𝟐 , 𝑿𝟑,…, 𝑿𝒏 – are values of the random variable
𝑷(𝑿𝟏 ), 𝑷(𝑿𝟐 ), 𝑷(𝑿𝟑 ), … , 𝑷(𝑿𝒏 ) – are the corresponding probabilities

Example 1
Three persons underwent a swab for COVID-19 test. Construct the
probability
distribution of the discrete random variable, number of positive results, then
find the mean, variance and standard deviation. Let Z represents the
random variable number of positive results.

To find the mean of a discrete random variable:

Step 1. Construct the probability distribution of the given discrete random
variable.
Z-Number of Positive Probability of Z
Results P(Z)
0 1/8
1 3/8
2 3/8
3 1/8

Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable to its corresponding

probability.

Z-Number of Probability of
Positive Z Z • P(Z)
0 1/8 0
1 3/8 3/8
2 3/8 6/8
3 1/8 3/8

Step 3. Find the summation of the products of the values of the random
variable and the probabilities.

Z-Number of Probability of Z • P(Z)

Positive Z
0 1/8 0
1 3/8 3/8
2 3/8 6/8
 3 1/8 3/8
12
∑[𝑍 • 𝑃(𝑍)] = = 𝟏. 𝟓
8
The mean number of positive results from the three people who underwent a
COVID-19 test is 1.5.

Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random

Variable

Variance and Standard Deviation are measures of dispersion that tell

us how spread the scores are from the mean and from each other. Variance
is the average squared deviation from the mean while
Standard Deviation is the average deviation from the mean. A small
variance and standard deviation indicate that the scores are close to the
mean and from each other, while a large value tells us how spread the
scores are from the mean. A variance and standard deviation of 0 means
that all the scores in the data set are equal.

Variance of a discrete random variable is the difference

between the summation of the products of the squared value of the
random variable and its corresponding probability and the square of the
mean. In symbols;

𝝈𝟐 = ∑[𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] − 𝝁𝟐

where:
𝝈𝟐 – is the variance
X – is the value of the discrete random variable
P(X) - is the probability of the discrete random variable
𝝁 − is the mean
Standard Deviation of a discrete random variable is the
square root of the difference between the summation of the products of the
squared value of the random variable and its corresponding probability
and the square of the mean. In symbols,

𝝈 = √∑[𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] − 𝝁𝟐

where: 𝝈 −is the standard deviation

 X – is the value of the discrete random variable
P(X) - is the probability of the discrete random variable
𝝁 − is the mean

To find the variance and standard deviation:

Step 1. Find the mean.

Z-Number of Probability Z•P(Z)

Positive of Z
0 1/8 0
1 3/8 3/8
2 3/8 6/8
3 1/8 3/8
12
∑[𝑍 • 𝑃(𝑍)] = = 𝟏. 𝟓
8
Step 2. Square each value of the random variable.

Z-Number of Probability Z • P(Z) Z2

Positive of Z
0 1/8 0 0
1 3/8 3/8 1
2 3/8 6/8 4
3 1/8 3/8 9
12
∑ [𝒁 • 𝑷(𝒁)] = = 𝟏. 𝟓
8

Step 3. Get the product of the squared value of the random variable and its
corresponding probability then get the sum of the products.

Z-Number of Probability Z • P(Z) Z2 Z2 • P(Z)

Positive of Z
0 1/8 0 0 0
1 3/8 3/8 1 3/8
2 3/8 6/8 4 12/8
3 1/8 3/8 9 9/8
12 24
∑ [𝑍 • 𝑃(𝑍)] = = 𝟏. 𝟓 ∑ [𝑍 2 • 𝑃(𝑍)] = =𝟑
8 8

Step 4. Apply the formula in finding the variance:

 𝝈𝟐 = ∑ [𝒁𝟐 • 𝑷(𝒁)] − 𝝁𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = 3 − (1.5)2
𝝈𝟐 = 3 − 2.25
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓

Step 5. Find the standard deviation by getting the square root of the
variance.
𝝈 = √∑ [𝒁𝟐 • 𝑷(𝒁)] − 𝝁𝟐
𝝈 = √0.75
𝝈 = 0.866
𝝈 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕

The variance is 0.75 and the standard deviation is 0.87.

Example 2
A Grab driver wants to know his expected income in the past 10 days. He
opened his driver application and check the history of his completed jobs
and income for the past 10 days. The table below is the list of his income in
the past 10 days. Construct the probability distribution of the driver’s
income in the past 10 days (X) then find his expected income. Find also the
variance and standard deviation.

Number of Days Income

Day 1 2800
Day 2 3000
Day 3 3560
Day 4 2790
Day 4 2500
Day 6 3700
Day 7 3700
Day 8 3480
Day 9 2500
Day 10 3000

To find the mean of a discrete random variable:

Step 1: Construct the probability distribution of the given discrete random
variable.
 X - income P(X)
3700 2/10
3560 1/10
3480 1/10
3000 2/10
2800 1/10
2790 1/10
2500 2/10

Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable to its corresponding

probability.

X - income P(X) X * P(X)

3700 2/10 7400/10
3560 1/10 3560/10
3480 1/10 3480/10
3000 2/10 6000/10
2800 1/10 2800/10
2790 1/10 2790/10
2500 2/10 5000/10

Step 3. Find the summation of the products of the values of the random
variable and the probabilities.

X - income P(X) X * P(X)

3700 2/10 7400/10
3560 1/10 3560/10
3480 1/10 3480/10
3000 2/10 6000/10
2800 1/10 2800/10
2790 1/10 2790/10
2500 2/10 5000/10
31030
∑[𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋)] = = 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟑
10

The Grab Driver’s expected income in the past 10 days is Php 3103.

To find the variance and standard deviation:

Step 1. Find the mean.
 X - income P(X) X * P(X)
3700 2/10 7400/10
3560 1/10 3560/10
3480 1/10 3480/10
3000 2/10 6000/10
2800 1/10 2800/10
2790 1/10 2790/10
2500 2/10 5000/10
31030
∑ [𝑋 • 𝑃(𝑋)] = = 3103
10

Step 2. Square each value of the random variable.

X - income P(X) X * P(X) X2

3700 2/10 7400/10 13690000
3560 1/10 3560/10 12673600
3480 1/10 3480/10 12110400
3000 2/10 6000/10 9000000
2800 1/10 2800/10 7840000
2790 1/10 2790/10 7784100
2500 2/10 5000/10 6250000
𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟎
∑ [𝑿 • 𝑷(𝑿)] = = 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝟏𝟎

Step 3. Get the product of the squared value of the random variable and its
corresponding probability then get the sum of the products.

X - income P(X) X • P(X) X2 X2 • P(X)

3700 2/10 7400/10 13690000 27380000/10
3560 1/10 3560/10 12673600 12673600/10
3480 1/10 3480/10 12117360 12110400/10
3000 2/10 6000/10 9000000 18000000/10
2800 1/10 2800/10 7840000 7840000/10
2790 1/10 2790/10 7784100 7784100/10
2500 2/10 5000/10 6250000 12500000/10
𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟎 98288100
∑[𝑿 • 𝑷(𝑿)] = = 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟑 ∑ [𝑋 2 • 𝑃(𝑋)] = = 𝟗𝟖𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎 10

Step 4. Apply the formula in finding the variance:

𝝈𝟐 = ∑ [𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] − 𝝁𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = 9828810 − (3103)2
 𝝈𝟐 = 9828810 − 9628609
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟏

Step 5. Find the standard deviation by getting the square root of the
variance.
𝝈 = √∑ [𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] − 𝝁𝟐
𝝈 = √200201
𝝈 = 447.438
𝝈 = 𝟒𝟒𝟕. 𝟒𝟒

The variance is 200201 and the standard deviation is Php 447.44.

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1: PRACTICE

Directions: Complete the given table then find a. Mean, b. Variance and
c. Standard Deviation of the given discrete random variable.

1. X is the number of orders placed on an online store in a day for the past
12 days.

X P(X) X • P(X) X2 X2 •P(X)

1 1/12

2 5/12

3 3/12

4 1/12

5 2/12

2. Y is the number of phone calls received by an agent in an hour for 8

hours.

Y P(Y) Y • P(Y) Y2 Y2 • P(Y)

12 1/8
 15 1/8

17 1/8

20 2/8

23 1/8

24 2/8

ACTIVITY 2: Keep Practicing

Directions: Construct the probability distribution of the given discrete

random variable then find: a. Mean, b. Variance and c. Standard Deviation
of the discrete random variable.

One word is randomly selected from the following sentence: The grass needs
cutting and should be cut by tomorrow afternoon. Let X represents the
number of letters in the randomly selected word.

X – Number of
Letters P(X) X • P(X) X2 X2 • P(X)
 WRAP – UP

Mean of a Discrete Random Variable is the sum of the products of the

values of the discrete random variable and their corresponding probabilities.
It is also called the Expected Value of an event.
In symbols:
𝝁 = ∑ [𝑿 • 𝑷(𝑿)]
where:
𝝁 – is mean or expected value
𝑿– is the value of the random variable
𝑷(𝑿) – is the corresponding probability
Variance and Standard Deviation are measures of dispersion that tell
us how spread the scores are from the mean and from each other. Variance
is the average squared deviation from the mean while Standard
Deviation is the average deviation from the mean.
Variance of a discrete random variable is given by:

𝝈𝟐 = ∑ [𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] − 𝝁𝟐
Standard Deviation of a discrete random variable is given by:

𝝈 = √∑ [𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] − 𝝁𝟐

where:
𝝈 −is the standard deviation
X – is the value of the discrete random variable
P(X) - is the probability of the discrete random variable
𝝁 − is the mean
 VALUING
Mean and Variance are mathematical concepts that we use and encounter
every day. They help us analyze our daily routines and experiences. Like if
you will look at your electric bill you will see your average consumption in a
month and you will also see a graph of how much electricity you consume
for the past 12 months. We are now all living in the new normal, where most
of us stay at home and do our work and school activities at home, hence we
consume more electricity. In what ways can you help reduce electricity
consumption at home?

POSTTEST

I. Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is equal to the summation of the products of the value of the random

variable and the corresponding probability.
a. Mean b. Median c. Standard Deviation d. Variance

2. What is the value of the variance when all data in the set are equal?
a. -1 b. 0 c. 1 d. 100%

3. A measure that tells us how spread the scores are from the mean and
from each other, it is the average squared deviation.
a. Variance b. Standard Deviation c. Median d. Mean

4. Find the variance of the given discrete random variable.

Y 0 1 2 3
P(Y) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

a. 0.75 b. 3/8 c. 1 d. 6

5. It is the symbols used to denote variance?

a. 𝜇 b. 𝜎 c. 𝜃 2 d. 𝜎 2

II. Directions: Answer the given problem. Write your complete solutions.
In the 2019 midterm election, a pollster was assigned to interview the oldest
male and female in various households. Each was asked whether he or she
voted for Vico Sotto. If the male said “Yes” and the female said “No,” the
pollster recorded YN. Construct the probability distribution of the number of
YES answers then find the mean, variance and standard deviation.

X – Number of P(X) X * P(X) X2 X2 * P(X)

YES

KEY TO CORRECTION

𝝈 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐(standard deviation)
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗 (variance)
𝝁 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 (mean)

= 𝟗. 𝟓 ∑ [𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 ∑ [𝑿 • 𝑷(𝑿)] =

𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟏𝟒 𝟑𝟒

50/12 25 10/12 2/12 5

16/12 16 4/12 1/12 4
27/12 9 9/12 3/12 3
20/12 4 10/12 5/12 2
1/12 1 1/12 1/12 1
X2 * P(X) X2 X * P(X) P(X) X
1.
Activity 1

3. A
 17 1/8 17/8 289 289/8
20 2/8 40/8 400 800/8
23 1/8 23/8 529 529/8
24 2/8 48/8 576 1152/8
𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟗
𝟖 𝟖
∑[𝒀 • 𝑷(𝒀)] = = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 ∑ [𝒀𝟐 • 𝑷(𝒀)] = = 𝟑𝟐𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝝁 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟖 (mean) 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟒(variance) 𝝈 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟐 (standard deviation)
Activity 2
X – Number of P(X) X * P(X) X2 X2 * P(X)
Letters
2 2/11 4/11 4 8/11
3 3/11 9/11 9 27/11
5 2/11 10/11 25 50/11
6 1/11 6/11 36 36/11
7 1/11 7/11 49 49/11
8 1/11 8/11 64 64/11
9 1/11 9/11 81 81/11
𝟓𝟑 𝟑𝟏𝟓
∑ [𝑿 • 𝑷(𝑿)] = = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟐 ∑ [𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] = = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟔
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝝁 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟐 (mean) 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟎 (variance) 𝝈 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐 (standard deviation)
X – Number of
YES P(X) X • P(X) X2 X2 • P(X)
0 1/4 0 0 0

1 2/4 2/4 1 2/4

2 1/4 2/4 4 4/4

𝟒 𝟔
∑ [𝑿 • 𝑷(𝑿)] = = 𝟏 ∑ [𝑿𝟐 • 𝑷(𝑿)] = = 𝟏. 𝟓
𝟒 𝟒

𝝁 = 𝟏(mean) 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 (variance) 𝝈 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏 (standard deviation)

5. D
4. A
3. A
2. B
1. A
I.
Post-Test
REFERENCES
R. R. Belecina, E. S. Baccay, E. B. Mateo, Statistics and Probability Rex

Book Store, First Edition, Rex Book Store