Technological Institute of The Philippines

Technological Institute of the Philippines
ENHANCING SOIL CONSISTENCY THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF WASTE

GLASS AND BENTONITE POWDER
A Design of Experiment Presented to

The Civil Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Architecture
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

CE401 – Geotechnical Engineering 1 (Soil Mechanics)
By
Bisis, Kimberly Ashley
Bogoc, Zyrus
Cabangon, John Linden
De Jesus, Francis James
Magdaraog, Kirk Jay
Sta. Maria, Gabriel John Carlo
Quinto, Sebastian
Submitted to:
Engr. Hezer A. Perez, RMP

Instructor
December 2023
GRADE SHEET
ABSTRACT
Soil consistency remarkably impacts the fulfillment of construction projects and

agricultural activities. The consistency of the soil greatly affects its stability in which
circumstance such as slope instability, remains a critical concern in geotechnical
engineering. As a response to the said challenge, this experimental study aims to
investigate the efficacy of integrating waste glass powder and bentonite powder as an
additive for enhancing soil consistency and properties of soil through conducting
particular tests.
This study mainly focused on soil stabilization in which the glass and bentonite
powder served as the raw material for stabilizing the soil. It was done by mixing these
additives to a soil sample with desired weight. The combined additives’ total percentage
comprised of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% wherein each percentage are divided into two for
both glass and bentonite powder, resulting to have 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% for each of the raw
material. Particular tests including Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS),
Determination of Moisture Content through Oven-Drying Method, Atterberg Limits
(Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit) took place for comparison of each additive’s percentage.
The findings from the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Test reveal that
the soil mixture containing 0% waste glass powder and bentonite powder exhibited the
highest maximum stress, reaching 184.7 kPa. This mixture displayed significant
undrained shear strength (Cu) of 92.35 kPa, representing half of the maximum stress
value. However, the 10% and 15% glass and bentonite powder mixtures demonstrated
potential improvements in both maximum stress and undrained shear stress. Moreover,
the additive’s percentage, particularly at a 5% ratio, led to a noteworthy enhancement in
the plasticity index by 16.9%.
Furthermore, the inclusion of 15% additives was notably effective in enhancing the soil's
Liquid Limit.
These findings indicate that incorporating varying percentages of waste glass

powder may positively impact the soil's mechanical properties, showcasing potential
enhancements in maximum stress, undrained shear stress, and plasticity index, with
specific improvements noted at different additive ratios.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Without the guidance and supervision of numerous people who helped the
researchers in every way possible to carry out this study, it would not have been
accomplished.
First and foremost, thanks be the God the Almighty, for His guidance and shower
of blessings throughout this research, for both the successful completion of the machine
and the research paper and;
To Engr. Hezer A. Perez who gave the researchers’ information on performing a

design experiment. The researchers also appreciated his assistance and direction to
further improve and enhance the overall outcome of this investigation.
To the technicians at the Civil Engineering tool room that instruct us and provide
additional information to conduct the test in the laboratory appropriately.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 Theoretical Framework
Figure 4.2-1 Waste Glass & Bentonite Powder
Figure 4.2-2 Sieving Pulverized Glass Powder into Fine Particles
Figure 4.2-3 Sieving the Soil Sample
Figure 4.2-4 Mixing the Soil Sample and its Additive
Figure 4.2-5 Preparing the Split Cylindrical Mold & Oil
Figure 4.2-6 Compacting the Soil Sample with Additives using Pestle
Figure 4.2-7 Filling the Cylindrical Mold with Soil Sample and Additives
Figure 4.2-8 Unlocking the Cylindrical Mold with Soil Sample and Additives
Figure 4.2-9 Preparing the Molded Samples for UCS Test
Figure 4.2-10 Calibrating Instrument for UCS Test
Figure 4.2-11 Measuring the Height and Diameter of the Molded Soil Sample
Figure 4.2-12 Proceeding to UCS Test
Figure 4.2-13 Taking Small Portion of Molded Soil Sample
Figure 4.2-14 Placing the Small Portion of Sample in Drying Oven
Figure 4.2-15 Taking out the Small Portion of Sample in Drying Oven
Figure 4.2-16 Image of Small Portion of each Sample after Drying
Figure 4.2-17 Weighing of the Small Portion Sample
Figure 4.2-18 Preparing the Sample to a Casagrande Apparatus
Figure 4.2-19 Forming a Partition to a Casagrande Apparatus
Figure 4.2-20 Performing the Test to a Casagrande Apparatus
Figure 4.2-21 Weighing the Moisture Can
Figure 4.2-22 Sieving and Placing the Sample in Evaporating Dish
Figure 4.2-23 Making a Thread out of Soil Sample
Figure 4.2-24 Image of the Threaded Soil Sample in the Oven
Figure 5.1.2-1 Stress-Strain Diagram for 0% Additive Mixture
Figure 5.1.2-2 Stress-Strain Diagram at 5% Additive Mixture
Figure 5.1.3-1 Comparison of Unconfined Compressive Strength for 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1.1 Mass of Additives’ Percentage
Table 4.1.2 Type of Test and its Instruments
Table 5.1.1-1 Compacted Soil Measurements before UCS Test
Table 5.1.1-2 Compacted Soil Measurements after UCS Test
Table 5.1.2-1 Unconfined Compressive Strength Test for 0% Additive Mixture
Table 5.2-1 Mass of the Soil and its Additive Percentage
Table 5.2-2 Determination of Moisture Content
Table 5.3 Determination of Atterberg Limits
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study

Great civil engineering projects are built annually around the world, necessitating
a large amount of soil in most cases, the preferable soil to be used as a building material
is located far from the site projects. The presence of undesirable soil, including highly
flexible clay-rich expansive soils, generally implies establishing an appropriate program
to improve the soil engineering features, which may be obtained through field
investigation. The underlying conditions, sort of construction, the amount of settlement,
and environmental factors all play a crucial role in determining which ground
enhancement is the most practical option. The construction of long-lasting buildings and
public works is the primary responsibility of civil engineers. Geotechnical Engineering as
a subfield of Civil Engineering may help to promote sustainable development in the
construction industry by providing environmentally friendly and economically viable
solutions.
As stated by Sherwani et al. (2020), Expansive Soils are found throughout the
world and cover at least a portion of most countries. This kind of soil swells greatly when
the moisture level is increased, otherwise, it will shrink when the moisture level decrease.
Because of the low strength and tendency to swell and shrink repetitively, it posed
difficulties for application in civil engineering projects. When projects are constructed on
expansive land, particularly roads, railroads, and dikes, it is likely that engineer may face
major problems. In many circumstances, building on such soil is unavoidable; however,
the sources of acceptable materials may not be located in close proximity to the site, and
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transporting these materials will require a large amount of work. As a result, the
modification of this type of soil is essential. The consistency limitations and the
shrinking-swelling behavior of expansive soils are reduced, while the strength and
durability of the soils themselves are increased.
The modern way of life generates a wide variety of garbage in different types of
waste. The environment is coming under increasing danger from a diverse array of
pollutants. According to the findings of the study of Javed et al. (2020), waste glass in the
surroundings can be used in various engineering techniques as a part of the method
known as soil stabilization. In this study, the waste glass will serve as one of the materials
used to strengthen the expansive soil. Glass is endlessly recyclable. Broken glass is hand
to separate and may be too fine to reprocess. Recyclers dump the whole stream if the
glass is too hard and costly to separate. Recycle Across America (2019) reported that
more than 28 billion glass bottles and jars wind up in landfills annually, equivalent to
filling up to two Empire State Buildings every three weeks. Because it weighs about 10
times as much as plastic or aluminum of the same volume, recycling glass provides
several difficult challenges. These challenges include a lack of end markets,
contamination, and high transportation costs. Glass also presents some of these
challenges. It is easy to break apart which makes it difficult on equipment and raises the
expenses associated with maintenance. Because of that, the researchers decided to make
use of waste glass in order to mitigate its negative effects on the surrounding system.
Bentonite is a kind of clay that is commonly produced as a residue of the

transformation of volcanic ash. It is composed mostly of crystalline minerals, most
typically montmorillonite. In the research done by Moosavi (2017), bentonite clay is
capable of performing the function of a detoxifying agent. Bentonite is a kind of clay
mineral that satisfies the requirements of admixtures and exhibits just a little degree of
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the swelling behavior typical of clay minerals. The researchers chose bentonite as the
additive to the expansive soil because it is capable of absorbing water at a rate up to ten
times its own weight and may expand to 18 times its original volume when wet. Hence, it
may be used in situations where its dispersion qualities can be utilized successfully. In
addition to this, it may reduce the amount of moisture that is present in the soil, which
may result in an increase in the expanding of soils consistency.
The primary goal of this experiment is to apply various quantities of additives to

expansive soil in order to establish the efficacy of these additives in the consistency of
expansive soil, specifically with regard to the soil's liquid plastic, and shrinkage limits. If
the soil has low limits, therefore it has a great consistency of soil.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

The study will primarily examine and focus on the most prevalent soil issues,
including erosion, topsoil removal, and soil compaction. In order to improve the
consistency of the soil, the study will mix bentonite powder with waste glass powder. The
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) specifies that waste glass powder and
bentonite powder undergo mechanical property testing as well as a soil test using the
Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The primary focus of the study will be on how
bentonite powder and waste glass powder improve soil consistency. Following the
examination, documentation, and analysis of the data, the following questions were the
primary objectives of this study.
Major Problem: What mixture of waste glass powder and bentonite powder (5%,
10%, and 15%) would give the most significant increase in the consistency of the soil?
1. Does adding of waste glass powder and bentonite powder improve the liquid
limit (LL) of the soil?
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2. Does adding of waste glass powder and bentonite powder affects the plasticity
index of the soil?
3. Does the consistency of the soil enhance after the mixture?
1.3 Objective of the Study

The objective of this experimental study comprises of general and specific which
influence the methodology, data collection, analysis and interpretation of findings.
1.3.1 General Objective
The general objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of adding

additives to the consistency of expansive soil through performing certain tests including
Unconfined Compressive Strength Test, Determination of Moisture Content by Oven-
Drying Method, and Atterberg Limits Test.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the study are as follows:
1. To gather soil in Valenzuela City and collect additives including bentonite

powder and powdered waste glass around Metro Manila.
2. To apply different proportions of waste glass and powder to the expansive
soil.
3. To create a conclusion and recommendation in accordance with the
computation that has been determined in the experiment.
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1.4 Significance of the Study

The results of the study will be beneficial to the following:
1. Students. This study will help them to improve their knowledge, skills and
understanding through conducting this research. This also may help them to
determine the important substance and alternative ways in the field of
engineering – Civil Engineering and Geotechnical Engineering.
2. Construction Risk Management. The researchers contributes to successful soil
stabilization reduces the risk of foundation failure and other construction-
related issues. This can lead to more reliable and durable structures, ultimately
benefiting the safety and longevity of construction projects.
3. Podologist. The researchers contribute for applicability across different soil
types enhances its significance. If the proposed solution proves effective in a
variety of soil conditions, it becomes a versatile and widely applicable method
for soil stabilization.
4. Geotechnical Engineering. The researchers contribute to the field of
geotechnical engineering by exploring innovative approaches to soil
stabilization. This can inspire further studies and innovations in the quest for
sustainable and effective construction materials and methods.
5. Future Researchers. The study sets the stage for future research and
development in soil stabilization using waste materials. Researchers and
practitioners can build upon these findings to refine the approach and explore
additional materials with similar or enhanced properties.
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1.5 Scope and Limitations

The following are the mentioned scopes of the study considered by the
researchers:
1. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of waste glass and bentonite
powder across various soil types, encompassing expansive soils with different
compositions. This broad scope increases the applicability of the findings to
different geographic regions.
2. The research explores the feasibility of enhancing soil consistency in both
laboratory-controlled conditions and real-world field applications. This dual
approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of the proposed solution in
different settings.
3. The scope includes detailed quantitative analyses of soil properties, such as
Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, and shear strength. This provides
a strong foundation for assessing the impact of waste glass and bentonite
powder on soil consistency.
4. The study explores a range of ratios of waste glass and bentonite powder to
soil, aiming to identify the optimal combination for effective soil stabilization.
This provides practical insights for potential implementation in construction
projects.
The following are the mentioned limitations of the study considered by the
researchers:
1. The study primarily focuses on laboratory and small-scale field applications.

The challenges and efficacy of implementing the approach on a larger scale in
real construction projects may not be fully addressed.
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2. The time frame of the study may limit the ability to observe long-term effects
comprehensively. Longer observation periods are essential for understanding
the sustained impact of waste glass and bentonite powder on soil consistency.
3. The availability of waste glass and bentonite powder may vary by location.
The study acknowledges potential limitations related to the availability of
these materials in certain regions, which could affect the practicality of
widespread implementation.
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Chapter Two
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Sustainable Improvement of Bentonite Clay Characteristics by Adding

Pulverized Waste Glass
Every year, several significant tasks in civil engineering are built around the
world, consuming massive amounts of soil. In the majority of instances, the desirable soil
required for usage as a building component is situated far from the development site, and
distribution creates a significant difficulty. When a site analysis indicates the presence of
unfavorable soils, such as expansive soils with high-plasticity clay, it is critical to
develop an appropriate scheme to improve the soil engineering features (Benny, 2007, p.
228-231).
To investigate the effect of adding waste glass on the engineering properties of

Bentonite clay, the two categories of powdered waste glass PWG that passed through
sieve No. 200 and sieve No. 2 with percentages that varied 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% were
combined with Bentonite clay. A number of tests had been carried out using Bentonite
soil without the addition of recyclable glass complete specimens with 0%, while
additional studies were carried out on Bentonite soil containing varying levels of PWG
that passed through two types of sieves No. 2 and No. 200. (Bhuvaneshwari, 2010, p.
395-405). They came to this conclusion according to the findings of this research. The
addition of both fine and coarse PWG raises the plastic limit of Bentonite clay while
decreasing its liquid limit and plasticity index. The discovered specific gravity ratios
between the two PWG groups decline gradually as the remaining glass fraction increases.
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The slow inclusion of the two PWG groups to Bentonite clay increases the highest
possible dry density while decreasing the optimum moisture content. A small amount of
PWG decreases Bentonite’s free-swelling and swelling-pressure; the reduction in free-
swelling after adding 15% of fine and coarse PWG was 20% and 38%, respectively.
Although swelling-pressure was reduced by 55% and 66%, accordingly, there was also a
considerable increase in strength of shear statistics when processing Bentonite with
PWG. At 15% PWG, the contact angle increases from 15o to 16.8o for group A and from
15o to 22o for group B. In general, coarse PWG is more effective than fine PWG at
improving the characteristics of Bentonite clay. The results of this study demonstrate the
viability of employing PWG as an excellent soil stabilizer, as well as the benefits of
lowering the environmental impact of waste glass due to its non-biodegradable nature.
2.2 Effect of Temperature on the Compressibility Behavior of Glass Fiber-

Bentonite Mixture
Nuclear waste containment at subsurface geological waste materials is a

significant idea for renewable energy geotechnics. Bentonite clay is more effective in
hazardous waste landfills due to its poor permeability and great swelling capability.
Continuous heat from nuclear waste induces structural changes in the protective
substance bentonite clay. As a result, determining and improving the short and long term
engineering parameters of bentonite clay at high temperatures is crucial. To enhance the
physical properties of clayey soils, different kinds of fiber are utilized. The short-term
and long-term compressible material behavior of bentonite with glass fiber addition under
extreme conditions was explored in this work. The bentonite employed in the study was
activated Cabentonite.( Toé Casagrande, 2006, p. 1505-1508). Bentonite was present in a
powdered state, and each of its fragments were shorter than 75 m. Cabentonite’s liquid
and plastic limit ratios are 270% and 63%, correspondingly.
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The specific gravity is 2.60, and the ordinary volume of water is 7%. The glass fiber is a
silica-based substance made by melting transparent material, passing it between thin
wiring, and breaking it. It possesses a high tensile strength, a low modulus of elasticity,
and heat resistance.
The research’s glass fibers measured 3 mm long, 13 microns in diameter, and had
a specific gravity of 2.60. A single-dimensional compaction test was carried out on the
specimens in accordance with ASTM D2435 (2020) to investigate the compressibility
characteristics. Glass fiber has been included in the amount of 1% by the dry weight of
bentonite. The bentonite-glass fiber combination has a liquid limit of approximately
265%. Bentonite and bentonite-glass fiber mixtures were made with 1.5 times their liquid
limit corresponding to moisture. In the testing, tap water was utilized. The samples were
maintained in a closed container for 24 hours to ensure equal moisture dispersion (Bag,
2017, p. 136). Every specimen were held under sitting pressure equivalent to 12.25 kPa
for a fourteen-day period in a vessel constructed of plexiglass with a height of 3 cm on a
rigid steel cylinder with a circumference of 7 cm and a height of 1.9 cm. The sample to
be examined in the steel ring had been placed in the odometer cell after 14 days. The
oedometer cell has been adapted for use in high temperatures. The elevated temperature
coil, thermostat probe, and thermocouple are positioned within the odometer cell in order
to preserve an even temperature of 80 °C. To avoid excessive pore water development,
the ambient temperature was raised by 5 degrees Celsius every hour.
2.3 Waste Glass Powder as Partial Cement Substitute in Concrete
The purpose of this paper was to look into the possibilities of recyclable glass
powder as an environmentally friendly substitute to regular cement in concrete.
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The stated goals were effectively achieved by mechanical property examination,

appropriate cement replacement % assessment, and efficiency evaluation compared to
standard concrete. According to the findings from experiments, the compressive property
of the concrete with waste glass powder substitution varied according to the amount of
replacement. The strength at compression of regular concrete was 2356 psi, while the
compressive strength of concrete with 5% and 10% replacement was 1968 psi and 1342
psi, accordingly.Using waste glass powder as an alternative for cement produced
somewhat lower compressive strength results than standard concrete. The effectiveness
results achieved with 5% and 10% replacement, however, it demonstrates that mixtures
of concrete containing waste glass powder can have adequate strength for certain non-
structural uses (Abdullahi, 2017, p. 21-27).
The findings imply that a 5% substitution of cement utilizing waste glass powder
could be more appropriate to accomplish equilibrium of durability and sustainability.
This proportion displayed greater strength than the 10% replacement, demonstrating that
this could represent the best dosage to sustain appropriate strength qualities while
maximizing waste glass powder usage. When the efficiency of waste glass powder
pavement is compared to the productivity of regular Portland cement concrete, it
becomes clear that adding waste glass powder as a substitute in part may provide an
acceptable alternative. While the compressive property of the concrete containing waste
glass powder was somewhat lower, it is vital to think about the wider sustainability
advantages associated with employing waste glass powder in concrete manufacturing,
such as decreased waste and a lower environmental impact (Khatib, 2012).
2.4 Geotechnical Properties of a Bentonite Treated with Waste Glass Grains
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The influence involving two distinct sizes of waste glass on numerous

engineering parameters of bentonite is presented throughout this experimental
investigation. The modified examples were subjected to testing in the laboratory such as
compacting, fall-cone, and consolidation. According to the results of the compaction
tests, d max increases after each inclusion of waste glass. Waste glass grains, on the other
hand, demonstrate a considerable reduction. According to the outcomes of British fall
cone tests, the su and liquid limit values of bentonite drop with waste glass inputs
(Perdikea, 2008, p.1364-1374).
The waste glass additives have settled down the consolidation characteristics of
bentonite. Through discarded glass grains, the bentonite’s cc, cs, and mv dropped
considerably. Waste glass grains showed an increase in cv values. The degree of
permeability of bentonite has been demonstrated to be substantially enhanced with an
inclusion of discarded glass grains. In terms of an impact of the size of the particle on test
outcomes, CWG grains had higher dmax, su, cc, cs, and permeability measurements than
FWG grains. CWG particles in the specimen being examined, on the other hand, produce
a smaller wopt and void ratio than FWG particles. The research presented in this work
implies that waste glass additions in the manner described here might occur utilized for
enhancing several engineering features of a high plastic bentonite clay (Bosscher, 1997,
p. 295-304).
2.5 Using Glass Wastes and Bentonite to Produce New Ceramic Tile
Ceramic tiles are typically manufactured at 1100 °C. They include far more costly
and hazardous to the natural world than the tiles made of ceramic examined in the present
research.
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The goal of this project aimed to create new tiles made of ceramic from waste glass while
minimizing the amount of heat required for processing (Sahar, 2011, p.293). Waste glass
is ecologically conscious, indicating that it may be placed in the ground and used for
manufacturing the idea for ceramic tiles at 900 °C with a smaller amount of energy, and it
is exceptionally simple to melt and mold. Furthermore, the bentonite level in these tiles is
decreased, allowing the creation of ceramic tiles with acceptable physical , chemical
properties, mechanical resistance.
This improves durability and immunity to environmental influences. The qualities

of the ceramic tiles created, based on the outcome, are excellent and satisfy the norms.
The procedure is still ongoing. The toughness of ceramic specimens varies with bentonite
concentration (Demir, 2009, p. 572-577). Using glass waste with bentonite to create an
innovative ceramic tile13 is still in its early stages, but with further research, it can be
employed in a variety of sectors and minimize energy and raw material consumption.
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Chapter Three
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 Equations
In this section, mathematical equations are presented as well as the theoretical
framework of the experimental study.
Unconfined Compressive Strength Test
For this experiment, the average diameter (top, middle, and bottom) of the
compacted soil samples measured through a caliper is determined by the Equation (3.1):
(3.1)
where is the average diameter (mm), is the top diameter of the compacted
soil sample (mm), is the middle diameter of the compacted soil sample (mm)
and is the top diameter of the compacted soil sample (mm).
After conducting the UCS test, manual readings are necessary for computing the
axial strain of the samples. The data acquired in dial gauge reading and the height of the
specimen. Axial strain is determined by the Equation (3.2) (Besavilla 1998):
(3.2)
where is the axial strain of the compacted soil sample, is the deformation from the
dial gauge reading (mm) and is the initial height of the soil specimen (mm).
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To acquire the compressive stress, first is to calculate the corrected area of the
compacted soil sample with the computed cross-sectional area and the axial strain of the
specimen. Corrected area is determined by the Equation (3.3) (Besavilla 1998):
(3.3)
where is the corrected area of the compacted soil sample (mm2), is the cross-
sectional area of the specimen defined by the equation of circle area with respect to its
diameter (mm2) and is the computed axial strain.
Finally, the computation of the compressive stress subjected to shortening of

length is defined by the load through proving ring reading and the computed corrected
area. Compressive stress is determined by the Equation (3.4) (Besavilla 1998):
(3.4)
where is the compressive stress of the compacted soil (mPa), is the load acquired
through proving ring reading (N) and is the computed corrected area (mm2).
Determination of Moisture Content (Oven-Drying Method)
Getting the moisture content is done through oven-drying method where the
weight of the dry and wet soil is recorded. Moisture content is determined by the
Equation (3.5) (Besavilla 1998):
(3.5)
where is the moisture content of the compacted soil sample (%), is the mass of the
compacted soil sample before drying (g) and is the mass of the soil after drying (g).
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Atterberg Limits (Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit)
The formula used in determination of liquid limit and plastic limit is the same.
These limits are determined by the Equation (3.6):
(3.6)
where is the plastic limit of the compacted soil sample (%), is the liquid limit (%),
is the mass of the moisture can (g), is the mass of the moisture can plus the moist
soil sample (g) and is the mass of the moisture can plus the dry soil sample (g).
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3.2 Theoretical Framework
Figure 3.1 Theoretical Framework
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Chapter Four
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
4.1 Materials
4.1.1 Main Materials

The main materials for this experimental study are the soil, pulverized glass
powder and bentonite powder. This experiment aims to determine the effectiveness of
utilizing additives in a soil sample, particularly the glass and bentonite powder with the
additive percentage starting from 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. Each percentage is split into half to
distribute for the two combining additives.
Table 4.1.1 Mass of Additives’ Percentage
4.1.2 Instrumentation
Listed from below are the instruments used to perform such tests. These tests
include Unconfined Compressive Strength Test, Determination of Moisture Content
(Oven-Drying Method) and Atterberg Limits Test (Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit).
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Table 4.1.2 Type of Test and its Instruments
4.2 Methodology
This study involved conducting an experiment using soil sample and varying
percentages of glass powder and bentonite powder. The materials were mixed in
accordance with specific ratios of soil and the mentioned additives, followed by a
gradual addition of water after blending the additives with the soil. To ensure
precision in the findings, the researchers incorporated three distinct combinations of
waste glass powder percentages mixed with the soil.
Preparing and Pulverizing of Additives (Glass Powder & Bentonite Powder)
First is we purchase a bentonite powder and gathered the waste glass from C5
Valenzuela.
Figure 4.2-1 Waste Glass & Bentonite Powder
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It then smashed into small pieces and sieve until it reduced to fine particles.
Figure 4.2-2 Sieving Pulverized Glass Powder into Fine Particles
Mixing the Additives in the Soil Sample
We used the soil that passed through Sieve No. 10. The mass of the soil sample
that we decided to employ throughout the experiment is 400 grams.
Figure 4.2-3 Sieving the Soil Sample
We scatter the soil in a large pan and pour the 5% additive mixture of 2.5% glass
powder and 2.5% bentonite powder into it. It then stirred together until they are fully
mixed. After mixing, we pour the water progressively until the soil become clayey.
The process is repeated for the other percentage 10% and 15%. Once done, the
samples are now ready to be mold.
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Figure 4.2-4 Mixing the Soil Sample and its Additive
Molding of the Samples
We now prepare the split cylindrical mold. Put little amount of oil inside and
secure its lock.
Figure 4.2-5 Preparing the Split Cylindrical Mold & Oil
Put some soil with 2.5% glass powder and 2.5% bentonite powder with a total of
5% inside the mold and compact it using the pestle. Repeat the process until the mold
is filled with soil sample. Unlock the mold and gently pull the sample to check if any
cracks are present. If so, repeat the process to make sure it is well compact.
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Figure 4.2-6 Compacting the Soil Sample with Additives using Pestle
Figure 4.2-7 Filling the Cylindrical Mold with Soil Sample and Additives
Figure 4.2-8 Unlocking the Cylindrical Mold with Soil Sample and Additives
Repeat the process to other additives’ percentage 10% and 15%. Once finish,
samples are now ready to be test.
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Figure 4.2-9 Preparing the Molded Samples for UCS Test
Lower down the bottom plate into the height that the molded soil sample can be
placed without damaging its form. Adjust the bottom plate until the fixed plate
touches the top part of molded samples.
Figure 4.2-10 Calibrating Instrument for UCS Test
Using the caliper tool, measure the height of the molded soil sample as well as
their diameter at top, middle and bottom. Adjust the dial gauge ring into zero to
ensure it is calibrated.
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Figure 4.2-11 Measuring the Height and Diameter of the Molded Soil Sample
Start the test to compress the molded soil sample and record through video so the
dial gauge and proving ring rotation will be captured. Stop when the proving ring
rotates reversely. Do it in other samples with additive mixture.
Figure 4.2-12 Proceeding to UCS Test
After undergoing Unconfined Compressive Strength Test, take small portion of

each of the molded soil samples. Place it in a drying oven with an initial temperature
of 200 degrees Celsius. Let the samples stay in the oven for about 20 minutes.
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Figure 4.2-13 Taking Small Portion of Molded Soil Sample
Figure 4.2-14 Placing the Small Portion of Sample in Drying Oven
Get the soil samples out of the oven with a final temperature of 220 degrees
Celsius and get the weight of each sample after oven-drying method.
Figure 4.2-15 Taking out the Small Portion of Sample in Drying Oven
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Get each mass of the small portion of sample. Compare the difference between
before and after results of mass to determine the moisture content.
Figure 4.2-16 Image of Small Portion of each Sample after Drying
Figure 4.2-17 Weighing of the Small Portion Sample
Atterberg Limits Test (Liquid Limit)
Mix the soil sample with the glass powder and bentonite clay. Pour water
progressively until it looks like clay. In a glass plate, thoroughly mix the sample.
After that, carefully place the sample to Casagrande apparatus. Using a grooving tool
gently put a partition line in the middle of the sample to be test later in order to
determine the liquid limit of the samples with and without additive percentage.
26
Figure 4.2-18 Preparing the sample to a Casagrande Apparatus
Figure 4.2-19 Forming a Partition to a Casagrande Apparatus
Perform the test by moving the handle to a clockwise motion. Count the number
of blows and record it. Repeat the process to other additive percentage.
Figure 4.2-20 Performing the Test to a Casagrande Apparatus
27
Atterberg Limits Test (Plastic Limit)
Determine the mass of the moisture can in grams.
Figure 4.2-21 Weighing the Moisture Can
After weighing the soil sample, sieve it through sieves no. 40, into a porcelain
evaporating dish.
Figure 4.2-22 Sieving and Placing the Sample in Evaporating Dish
From the moist soil prepare several ellipsoidal-shape soil masses by squeezing the
soil with your hand. When the thread is being rolled reached 1/8 inch in diameter break it
up into a several small pieces and squeeze it with your finger to form an ellipsoidal mass
again.
28
Figure 4.2-23 Making a Thread out of Soil Sample
Determine the mass of the moisture can plus the wet soil in grams. Remove the cap
from the top of the can in the oven. Remove the can from the oven and determine the
mass of the can plus the dry soil in grams.
Figure 4.2-24 Image of the Threaded Soil Sample in the Oven
29
Chapter Five
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Test
5.1.1 Compacted Soil Measurements Before and After UCS Test

As observed from the tables below, the height of each compacted soil sample
decreases as we perform the UCS test. The data we acquired as for the difference of
initial and final height in millimeters are 21.25, 28.2, 19.1, 15.4 to their corresponding
additive percentage 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% respectively. From here, we can analyze that the
change in height and the percentage of the glass & bentonite powder is directly
proportional to one another.
Table 5.1.1-1 Compacted Soil Measurements before UCS test
Table 5.1.1-2 Compacted Soil Measurements after UCS test
30
5.1.2 Data and Graph for Additives’ Percentage
The data gathered and computed by the researchers below are given in tables and
figures, Figure 5.1.2-1, 5.1.2-2, 5.1.2-3, 5.1.2-4 relates the Stress to the Strain
characteristics of the soil which gives us a Stress-Strain diagram for 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%
mixtures. Table 5.1.2-1 below indicates the data for the soil specimen at 0% additive
mixture its characteristics in terms of compressibility, strain, area, and maximum load it
can carry. At around a load of 447 N it is experiencing a compressive stress of 0.1847
MPa with an axial strain of 0.102 and a corrected area of 3083.127447 mm2 using its
respective formulas.
31
Table 5.1.2-2 below shows us the data for the soil with 5% additive mixture its
characteristics in terms of compressibility, strain, area, and maximum load it can carry.
At around a load of 325 N it is experiencing a compressive stress of 0.1279 MPa with an
axial strain of 0.0741 and a corrected area of 3564.2848 mm2 using its respective
formulas.
32
formulas.
33
formulas.
5.1.3 Comparison of Results of Additives’ Percentage
5.2. Determination of Moisture Content (Oven-Drying Method)
34
Figure 5.1.2-1 Stress-Strain Diagram for 0% Additive Mixture
35
36
5.1.3 Comparison of Results of Additives’ Percentage
As shown in the table below, the addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% demonstrates
a UCS results of 184.7 kPa, 127.851 kPa, 132.469 kPa, and 131.992 kPa with
Undrained Cohesion of 93.350 kPa, 63.925 kPa, 66.235 kPa, and 65.996 kPa that
corresponds to an Axial Strain of 0.102, 0.074, 0.07, and 0.066 and a computed corrected
area of 3083.13 mm2, 3564.29 mm2, 2867.51 mm2, and 2779.48 mm2 respectively.
Table 5.1.3 Comparison of Results of Additives
To present data on the effects and results of this experiment easily, the Table
5.1.3-1 shown below is graphed using the values collected and computed. This shows that
the soil specimen with the significant increase of stability of the structure of the soil is by
using 15% additives. The addition of 5% mixture also reduced the amount of strain the
soil is exposed to due to the loads applied.
37
Figure 5.1.3-1 Comparison of Unconfined Compressive Strength 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%
5.2 Determination of Moisture Content (Oven-Drying Method)
Table 5.2-1 and 5.2-2 below describes the water content and its results computed
by the researchers. The researchers took a portion of the compressed soil to determine its
water content per sample. After taking a portion from each sample, we then weighed each
specimen for reference and the reading are as follows, 11g, 15g, 7g, and 6g, for the soil
with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% additives. The second step is to oven dry the samples
gathered, the oven is set to 200°C then each samples are placed carefully and oven dried
for 20 minutes while the temperature reading from the oven increased to 220°C.
38
Table 5.2-1 Mass of the Soil and its Additive Percentage
Table 5.2-2 Determination of Moisture Content
5.3 Atterberg Limit Test (Plastic Limit & Liquid Limit)
The table below indicates the comparison of the samples with 0%, 5%,10%, and
15% additives that undergo Plastic Limit and Liquid Limit Tests. The figure shows that
adding bentonite and waste glass powder improved the Plasticity Index (PI) of the soil,
from 9% with 0% waste glass powder. It increases to 16.9% with 5% additive, 10.4%
with 10% additive, and 13.2% with 15% additive. The sample that improved significantly
is the 5% additive with a jump from 9% up to 16.9% Plasticity Index and all modified
soil sample is now a fit under the description of Medium Plasticity.
Table 5.3 Determination of Atterberg Limits
39
Chapter Six
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1. Conclusions
The results and data that the researchers gathered after meticulously performing each
test of the design proposed, with the use of powdered waste glass along with bentonite
powder to the mixture with varying ratios for the soil specimen, it can be concluded that
the use of said mixtures can significantly increase the stability of the soil. After operating
UCS test and determining the Plastic Limit and Liquid Limits in different percentages,
the researchers found that the stability of the soil can significantly improve just by adding
5% additives to the mixture. The researchers also found that there is no significant
difference between 10% and 15% additives to the mixture. Due to some uncertainties, the
UCS Test machine had a poor reading rate, and we see it within reach of errors. It is still
probable to use the powdered waste glass and bentonite as additive mixture of 5% to be
used in wide range of soil while keeping a low usage admixture.
6.2. Recommendations
Following a careful examination of the test findings, the recommendations are

hereby made:
Future studies should definitely examine if the combination of bentonite powder

and glass powder in soil is more potent at larger percentages. To put it briefly, a
considerably higher percentage of a glass powder and bentonite powder mixture should
be tested in the soil in subsequent research.
40
Future studies should look into how the strength, stability, and consistency of
soils are impacted by the amount of a mixture of glass powder and bentonite powder.
Other combinations or materials that could improve the soil's consistency could be used
in future studies. In-depth research should be done on glass powder and bentonite powder
separately, rather than merely relying on relevant literature, as components of soil.
41
LIST OF REFERENCES
Abdullahi, M., Hameed, M. A., & Tafida, A. (2017). Waste glass powder as partial
replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice. Case Studies in
ConstructionMaterials, 6, 21-27.
Bag, R., & Rabbani, A. (2017). Effect of temperature on swelling pressure and
compressibility characteristics of soil. Applied Clay Science,136,
Benny J. R., Jolly J., Sebastian J. M., and Thomas M., Effect of glass powder on
engineering properties of clayey soil. International Journal of Engineering
Research & Technology, Vol.6, Issue 5, 2017, pp. 228-231.
Bhuvaneshwari S., Robinson R., and GandhiS., Micro-fabric and mineralogical studies
on the stabilization of expansive soil using organic additives. International Journal
of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol.4, Issue 3,2010, pp. 395-405.
Blayi, R., Sherwani, A., Ibrahim, H., & Faraj, R. (2020, August). Strength improvement
of expansive soil by utilizing waste glass powder. https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/34391640_Strength_Improvment_of_Expansive_Soil_by_Utilizing_
Waste_Glass_Powder
Bosscher PJ, Edil TB, Kuraoka S (1997) Design of highway embank-ments using tire
chips. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 123(4):295–304.
Chakravorty, S., & Javed, S. (2022). Effects of waste glass powder on subgrade soil
improvement. https://www.semanticsscholar.org/paper/Effects-of-Waste-Glass-
Powder-on-Subgrade-Soil-Javed-Chakraborty/431b4510a5104a595d7ad53495
ba1fa97a3292d6d583/figure/8
Demir, I. (2009): Reuse of waste glass in build-ing brick production. Waste management
& research, 27(6), pp. 572–577.
Khatib, J. M., & Bayasi, Z. A. (2011). Effect of using glass powder in concretemixtures
on the properties of concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2),652-
659.Manzi, S., Mazzotti, C., Bignozzi, M. C., & Lancellotti, I. (2014). Replacing
cementwith glass.
42
Laico, S. (2023, November 7). The glass recycling problem: What’s behind it, and what
to do. Great Forest. https://greatforest.com/sustainability101/the-glass-recycling-
problem-whats-behind-it-and-what-to-do/
Maher, M. H., & Ho, Y. C. (1994). Mechanical properties of kaolinite/fiber soil

composite. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 120(8),1381-1393.
Moosavi, M. (2017, September). Bentonite Clay as a natural remedy: A brief review.

Iranian journal of public health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC5632318/
Perdikea K, Mehrotra AK, Hettiaratchi JPA (2008) Study of thin bio-covers (TBC) for
oxidizing uncaptured methane emissions in bio-reactor landfills. Waste Manage
28(8):1364–1374
Sahar, M.R., Razi, M.M. (2011): Cullet-Clay Brickfrom Recycle Glass. Journal of
Materials Science andEngineering, 5(3), pp. 293.
Toé Casagrande, M. D., Coop, M. R., & Consoli, N. C. (2006). Behavior of a fiber-
reinforced bentonite at large shear displacements. Journalof Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(11), 1505-1508
43
APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION
Preparing and Pulverizing of Additives (Glass Powder & Bentonite Powder)
First is we purchase a bentonite powder and gathered the waste glass from C5
Valenzuela.
It then smashed into small pieces and sieve until it reduced to fine particles.
Mixing the Additives in the Soil Sample
We used the soil that passed through Sieve No. 10. The mass of the soil sample
that we decided to employ throughout the experiment is 400 grams.
44
We scatter the soil in a large pan and pour the 5% additive mixture of 2.5% glass
powder and 2.5% bentonite powder into it. It then stirred together until they are fully
mixed. After mixing, we pour the water progressively until the soil become clayey.
The process is repeated for the other percentage 10% and 15%. Once done, the
samples are now ready to be mold.
Molding of the Samples
We now prepare the split cylindrical mold. Put little amount of oil inside and
secure its lock.
45
Put some soil with 2.5% glass powder and 2.5% bentonite powder with a total of
5% inside the mold and compact it using the pestle. Repeat the process until the mold
is filled with soil sample. Unlock the mold and gently pull the sample to check if any
cracks are present. If so, repeat the process to make sure it is well compact.
Repeat the process to other additives’ percentage 10% and 15%. Once finish,
samples are now ready to be test.
46
Lower down the bottom plate into the height that the molded soil sample can be
placed without damaging its form. Adjust the bottom plate until the fixed plate
touches the top part of molded samples.
Using the caliper tool, measure the height of the molded soil sample as well as
their diameter at top, middle and bottom. Adjust the dial gauge ring into zero to
ensure it is calibrated.
Start the test to compress the molded soil sample and record through video so the
dial gauge and proving ring rotation will be captured. Stop when the proving ring rotates
reversely. Do it in other samples with additive mixture.
47
After undergoing Unconfined Compressive Strength Test, take small portion of

each of the molded soil samples. Place it in a drying oven with an initial temperature
of 200 degrees Celsius. Let the samples stay in the oven for about 20 minutes.
Get the soil samples out of the oven with a final temperature of 220 degrees
Celsius and get the weight of each sample after oven-drying method. Get each mass of
the small portion of sample. Compare the difference between before and after results of
mass to determine the moisture content.
48
Atterberg Limits Test (Liquid Limit)
Mix the soil sample with the glass powder and bentonite clay. Pour water
progressively until it looks like clay. In a glass plate, thoroughly mix the sample.
After that, carefully place the sample to Casagrande apparatus. Using a grooving tool
gently put a partition line in the middle of the sample to be test later in order to
determine the liquid limit of the samples with and without additive percentage.
49
Perform the test by moving the handle to a clockwise motion. Count the number
of blows and record it. Repeat the process to other additive percentage.
Atterberg Limits Test (Plastic Limit)
Determine the mass of the moisture can in grams. After weighing the soil sample,
sieve it through sieves no. 40, into a porcelain evaporating dish.
From the moist soil prepare several ellipsoidal-shape soil masses by squeezing the
soil with your hand. When the thread is being rolled reached 1/8 inch in diameter break it
up into a several small pieces and squeeze it with your finger to form an ellipsoidal mass
again.
50
Determine the mass of the moisture can plus the wet soil in grams. Remove the cap
from the top of the can in the oven. Remove the can from the oven and determine the
mass of the can plus the dry soil in grams.
51
Supplementary Documentation
52
53

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ENHANCING SOIL CONSISTENCY THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF WASTE

A Design of Experiment Presented to

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Engr. Hezer A. Perez, RMP

Soil consistency remarkably impacts the fulfillment of construction projects and

These findings indicate that incorporating varying percentages of waste glass

To Engr. Hezer A. Perez who gave the researchers’ information on performing a

1.1 Background of the Study

Bentonite is a kind of clay that is commonly produced as a residue of the

The primary goal of this experiment is to apply various quantities of additives to

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Objective of the Study

1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of adding

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

1. To gather soil in Valenzuela City and collect additives including bentonite

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Scope and Limitations

1. The study primarily focuses on laboratory and small-scale field applications.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Sustainable Improvement of Bentonite Clay Characteristics by Adding

To investigate the effect of adding waste glass on the engineering properties of

2.2 Effect of Temperature on the Compressibility Behavior of Glass Fiber-

Nuclear waste containment at subsurface geological waste materials is a

2.3 Waste Glass Powder as Partial Cement Substitute in Concrete

The stated goals were effectively achieved by mechanical property examination,

2.4 Geotechnical Properties of a Bentonite Treated with Waste Glass Grains

The influence involving two distinct sizes of waste glass on numerous

This improves durability and immunity to environmental influences. The qualities

Unconfined Compressive Strength Test

Finally, the computation of the compressive stress subjected to shortening of

Determination of Moisture Content (Oven-Drying Method)

Atterberg Limits (Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit)

3.2 Theoretical Framework

Figure 3.1 Theoretical Framework

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

4.1.1 Main Materials

Table 4.1.1 Mass of Additives’ Percentage

Table 4.1.2 Type of Test and its Instruments

Preparing and Pulverizing of Additives (Glass Powder & Bentonite Powder)

Figure 4.2-1 Waste Glass & Bentonite Powder

Figure 4.2-2 Sieving Pulverized Glass Powder into Fine Particles

Mixing the Additives in the Soil Sample

Figure 4.2-3 Sieving the Soil Sample

Figure 4.2-4 Mixing the Soil Sample and its Additive

Molding of the Samples

Figure 4.2-5 Preparing the Split Cylindrical Mold & Oil

Figure 4.2-9 Preparing the Molded Samples for UCS Test

Unconfined Compressive Strength Test

Figure 4.2-10 Calibrating Instrument for UCS Test

Figure 4.2-12 Proceeding to UCS Test

Determination of Moisture Content (Oven-Drying Method)

After undergoing Unconfined Compressive Strength Test, take small portion of

Figure 4.2-13 Taking Small Portion of Molded Soil Sample

Figure 4.2-14 Placing the Small Portion of Sample in Drying Oven

Figure 4.2-16 Image of Small Portion of each Sample after Drying

Figure 4.2-17 Weighing of the Small Portion Sample

Atterberg Limits Test (Liquid Limit)

Figure 4.2-18 Preparing the sample to a Casagrande Apparatus

Figure 4.2-19 Forming a Partition to a Casagrande Apparatus

Figure 4.2-20 Performing the Test to a Casagrande Apparatus