FROG

29 October 2023 13:03

Phylum-Chordata
Subphylum-vertebrata
Section- Gnathostomata
Superclass- Tetrapoda
Class-Amphibia
Order- Anura
Family- Ranidae
Genus- Rana-
Species- tigrina
Common name- common Indian frog

 Amphibious life
 Can jump and leap
 Adult frog- carnivorous
 Tadpole- herbivorous
 Skin is always maintained in moist condition
 Color of dorsal side of body -olive green with dark irregular spots.
 Color of ventral side-uniformly pale yellow
 Body of frog divided into head and trunk
 Neck and tail absent
 Anteriorly placed mouth
 A pair of external nares are present at a short distance above the mouth
 A pair of dorsolaterally placed predominately bulging out eyes on the head
 Eyes are protected by upper and lower eyelid
 Upper eyelid prominent thick and slightly movable
 Lower eyelid is vestigial and immovable
 Little above the lower eyelid a transparent nictitating membrane is present, which is
often referred as third eyelid., protects eye while in water.
 Just behind the eyes on each side a pigmented tympanum( ear covering ) is present,
which receives sound signals.
 Between two eyes on the mid dorsal line a small circular light color patch is present,
referred as pineal gland
 Only male frogs have vocal cords on the posterior part of throat., which is involved in
mating call.
 A pair of forelimb and hind limb is appended to trunk
 Forelimb consists of upper arm, middle fore-arm, wrist, and a hand bearing four
fingers
 Finger corresponding to our thumb or pollex is rudimentary and is invisible
externally.
 During breeding season, there develops a dark swelling on the inner finger of the
male frog , the nuptial pad or amplexuory pad which helps the male frog in mating.
 Hind limbs are much longer than the fore limbs and more powerful.
 Hind limb consists of proximal thigh, middle shank, a long ankle, and a foot bearing
five toes.
 First toe is hallux.
 Toes are connected by thin membranous web, which helps in swimming.
 A medially placed cloacal aperture is present as common aperture for digestive.
Urinary, and reproductive tract.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF FROG
 Mouth- bounded by immovable upper jaw and movable lower jaw.
 Buccal cavity and pharynx is merged.
 Teeth are absent on lower jaw.
 Upper jaw bears small , backwardly directed conical teeth known as maxillary teeth.
 Two patches of vomerine teeth near internal nares
 Homodont , polyphyodont dentition.
 Oesophagus small.
 Alimentary canal small, length of intestine is reduced.

 Liver secretes bile that is stored in gall bladder.

 Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice.
 Food is captured by bilobed tongue.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FROG

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF FROG

EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF FROG

SENSE ORGAN

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The male reproductive system of the frog consists of the following organs-
-Testes (one pair): they are yellow in colour and oval-shaped which are attached to the dorsal wall of the kidney. Each testis has
Seminiferous tubules consisting of the germinal cell which produces spermatozoa also known as Sperm.
-Vasa efferentia -a group of 10 to 12 that opens into bidders' canals and arises from testes.
-Bidders canal is connected to the longitudinal collecting tubules through a number of transverse collecting ducts and therefore helps
The male reproductive system of the frog consists of the following organs
-Testes (one pair): they are yellow in colour and oval-shaped which are attached to the dorsal wall of the kidney. Each testis has
Seminiferous tubules consisting of the germinal cell which produces spermatozoa also known as Sperm.
-Vasa efferentia -a group of 10 to 12 that opens into bidders' canals and arises from testes.
-Bidders canal is connected to the longitudinal collecting tubules through a number of transverse collecting ducts and therefore helps
in the passing of the sperms. It communicates with the ureter, which leaves the kidney near its kind end and opens into the cloaca.
-Seminal vesicle: Urinogenital duct expands to form seminal vesicles in which sperms are stored and for their nourishment they also
contain fructose.
-Cloaca: Urinogenital duct open into the cloaca which is used to pass faecal matter, urine and sperms.

Thus, the Bidder canal is present in the kidney of a male frog and is the part of his reproductive system which receives sperms from
the vasa efferentia and helps in the passing of the sperm.

Note: Bidder’s canal does not store sperm or spermatozoa in it, it is meant only for the passage through which sperms enter to it
through vasa efferentia and enters into the cloaca. The testis of the frog is present in close proximity to the testis.