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TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF BANGABANDHU SATELLITE 2

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TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF BANGABANDHU
SATELLITE 2

A Thesis Submitted By

SUMAIYA JANEFAR PAPIYA 17.01.05.104

CHOWDHURY MAAHE (MAHEER) 17.01.05.147
MEHNAZ HOSSAIN 17.01.05.151
MD. MONJURUL ALAM LIKHON 17.01.05.154

Under the Supervision of

Dr. BOBBY BARUA
Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST)

AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Spring 2020 – Fall 2020
 DECLARATION
We now declare that this thesis is based on a result that we independently discovered.
References are made to materials found in other researches, publications, and articles. This
thesis has never been presented for a degree before, in whole or in part.

……………………………………………………..
Sumaiya Janefar Papiya
ID: 17.01.05.104

……………………………………………………..
Chowdhury Maahe (Maheer)
ID: 17.01.05.147

……………………………………………………..
Mehnaz Hossain
ID: 17.01.05.151

……………………………………………………..
Md. Monjurul Alam Likhon
ID: 17.01.05.154

i
This thesis is based on the acknowledged and satisfactory partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the bachelor's degree in electrical and electronic engineering.

Supervisor

……………………………………………………………….
Dr. Bobby Barua
Professor
Department of Electrical &Electronic Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology

ii
 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, we want to express all humble thanks to ALLAH for giving us the ability to
accomplish any objective in our life. Special thanks to our honorable supervisor Mr. Dr.
Bobby Barua, professor, department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Ahsanullah
University of Science & Technology, Dhaka for accepting the difficult task, his kind support
and the knowledge imparted by him enable us to complete the thesis in a best way. His
guidance was crucial in giving a well-rounded experience that aligned with our long-term
career goals. He urged his students to develop not only as experimentalists and engineers, but
also as instructors and independent thinkers. Finally, this thesis report is made possible
through the help and support from everyone in our path of this work.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Bangabandhu Satellite 1 is a dream project of Bangladesh. The project is being implemented

by Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) working hand-in-hand
with US-based Space Partnership International, LLC. The main focus of this satellite is to
ensure smooth telecommunication and internet facilities in rural areas. But the main problem
of this benefit is to recollect the amount of money loaned by our country. Because around
$188.7 million had been loaned from HSBC bank. If we target to launch Bangabandhu
Satellite 2 in 5 years in the same process the loan will be increased again. So, we have to
think to get a good business & technical aspect from this. The private TV channels and by
lending the transponders to other countries wisely we can easily use Bangabandhu Satellite 2
as a good prospect to our satellite communication. The modulation and coding technique
should be as smooth as possible for communication window. As it will be a hybrid satellite
these things should be delicate. Scheduling ground station is also a concern for the
communication. If we can ensure both technical and business aspect of Bangabandhu satellite
to then we can dream to launch another satellite in 15 years from now. Because in the verge
of this technical world, a developing country like ours, having three satellite roaming above
our head without any debt is a milestone. So, theoretically the main focus of our analysis is
how we can reach the milestone by analyzing the technical & business aspect of
Bangabandhu Satellite 2.

iv
CONTENTS

DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ i
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................ iii
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................. iv
CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTERS ............................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... ix

CHAPTERS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SATELLITE.................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction of satellite: ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Classifications of Satellite:............................................................................................................ 1
1.2.1 Artificial Satellites ................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Orbits: .................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Satellite communication:............................................................................................................... 4
1.4 How Do Satellites Orbit Earth: ..................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Application of satellite: ................................................................................................................. 6
1.6 Disadvantage of satellite: .............................................................................................................. 7
1.7 Objective: ...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.8 Organization of this thesis: ........................................................................................................... 7
1.9 Summary: ...................................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 2: CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................. 9
2.1 Transponder: ................................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.1 Costing of Transponder:......................................................................................................... 9
2.1.2 Block diagram of Transponder: ............................................................................................. 9
2.1.3 Types of Transponders: ........................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Solar panel: ................................................................................................................................. 11
2.3 Batteries: ..................................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Sun Sensor: ................................................................................................................................. 12
2.5 Thrusters: .................................................................................................................................... 13
2.6 Summary: .................................................................................................................................... 13

v
CHAPTER 3: BANGABANDHU SATELLITE 1 .................................................................. 14
3.1 Background: ................................................................................................................................ 14
3.2 Benefits: ...................................................................................................................................... 14
3.3 Construction: ............................................................................................................................... 15
3.4 Launch: ....................................................................................................................................... 16
3.5 Operations: .................................................................................................................................. 18
3.6 Slot: ............................................................................................................................................. 19
3.7 Business Report of Bangabandhu Satellite 1: ............................................................................. 20
3.8 Communication System: ............................................................................................................. 21
3.9 Broadcasting of TV Channels: .................................................................................................... 24
3.10 Earnings: ................................................................................................................................... 26
3.11 Summary: .................................................................................................................................. 27
CHAPTER 4: BATTERIES OF SATELLITE ........................................................................ 28
4.1 Introduction:................................................................................................................................ 28
4.2 MODULAR CONCEPT OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERY FOR:................................................ 30
4.2.1 GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT SATELLITES: ................................................................. 30
4.2.2 Objective for GEO: .............................................................................................................. 31
4.3 Battery arrangement description: ................................................................................................ 31
4.4 Electronics description: ............................................................................................................... 34
4.5 Test Results and Program Status:................................................................................................ 37
4.6 Summary: .................................................................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER 5: MODULATION ............................................................................................... 39
5.1 Introduction:................................................................................................................................ 39
5.2 Working Principle: ...................................................................................................................... 39
5.3 Types of Modulation: .................................................................................................................. 39
5.4 Purpose:....................................................................................................................................... 40
5.5 Modulation Techniques for Satellite Communication: ............................................................... 41
5.6 Modulation Schemes for Modern Satellite Communications: .................................................... 41
5.6.1 Constant envelope digital modulation schemes: .................................................................. 42
5.6.2 Non constant envelope digital modulation schemes: ........................................................... 43
5.7 Satellite modem: ......................................................................................................................... 44
5.8 A Comparative Study and Performance Analysis of different modulation: ............................... 44
5.9 Basic Modulation Scheme Comparison: ..................................................................................... 50
5.10 Summary: .................................................................................................................................. 51

vi
CHAPTER 6: CODINGS ........................................................................................................ 52
6.1 TURBO CODES: ........................................................................................................................ 52
6.1.1 ENCODER:......................................................................................................................... 52
6.1.2 DECODER:.......................................................................................................................... 53
6.1.3 Performance: ........................................................................................................................ 54
6.2 BCH CODE: ............................................................................................................................... 56
6.2.1 ENCODING OF BCH CODE: ............................................................................................ 56
6.2.2 DECODING OF BCH CODE: ............................................................................................ 57
6.2.3 REAL BCH CODE FOR IMAGE CODING: ...................................................................... 58
6.2.4 TRANSMISSION SCHEME: ............................................................................................. 59
6.2.5 BCH ENCODER ON THE REAL NUMBER: .................................................................. 59
6.2.6 RELATION TO FRAME EXPANSIONS METHOD:........................................................ 60
6.2.7 REAL BCH DECODER: ..................................................................................................... 60
6.2.8 PRODUCT BCH CODES ON THE REALS: ..................................................................... 61
6.3 Summary: .................................................................................................................................... 62
CHAPTER 7: GROUND STATIONS ..................................................................................... 63
7.1 Ground Station: ........................................................................................................................... 63
7.2 Location: ..................................................................................................................................... 63
7.3 Real-time telemetry and tele-command: ..................................................................................... 63
7.4 Observance of local laws and regulations: .................................................................................. 64
7.5 Distributed Satellite System:....................................................................................................... 64
7.6 Ground station networks with redundant scheduling: ................................................................. 65
7.7 Summary: .................................................................................................................................... 66
CHAPTER 8: FEASIBILITY STUDIES................................................................................. 67
8.1 NEED OF ANOTHER GROUND STATION? .......................................................................... 67
8.2 MODULATION: ........................................................................................................................ 67
8.2.1 Basic Modulation Scheme Comparison: .............................................................................. 69
8.3 CODING: .................................................................................................................................... 72
8.4 Business Perspective of Bangabandhu Satellite 2:...................................................................... 76
CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 78
9.1 Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................ 78
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 80

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure1.1: Rotation of satellite................................................................................................................ 1
Figure1.2: Natural & Artificial satellite .................................................................................................. 2
Figure1.3: Satellite orbiting .................................................................................................................... 3
Figure1.4: Satellite Communication ....................................................................................................... 4
Figure1.5: Rotation of satellite................................................................................................................ 5
Figure1.6: Van Allen Belts ..................................................................................................................... 6

Figure 2. 1: Block diagram of Transponder .......................................................................................... 10

Figure 2. 2: Components of transponder ............................................................................................... 11
Figure 2. 3: Solar panel of Satellite....................................................................................................... 11
Figure 2. 4: Batteries of Satellite .......................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2. 5: Sun sensor.......................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2. 6: Thrusters ............................................................................................................................ 13

Figure 3. 1: Bangabandhu Satellite 1 .................................................................................................... 14

Figure 3. 2: Area coverage of Bangabandhu Satellite 1........................................................................ 15
Figure 3. 3: Launching of Bangabandhu Satellite 1.............................................................................. 16
Figure 3. 4: Falcon 9 ............................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 3. 5: Bangabandhu Satellite1 secondary ground Station(Betbuniya,Rangamati) ...................... 19
Figure 3. 6: Bangabandhu Satellite1 ground Station(Gazipur) ............................................................. 19
Figure 3. 7: Complete block Diagram of satellite communication ....................................................... 24

Figure 4. 1: The inner layout of a Ni-H rechargeable battery is depicted in this diagram. ................... 28
Figure 4. 2: Solar array of Satellite ....................................................................................................... 30
Figure 4. 3: Cell Modules & cell packages Schematic ......................................................................... 32
Figure 4. 4: Two Module of 6 cells side by side ................................................................................... 33
Figure 4. 5: Several modules in Battery arrangement ........................................................................... 33
Figure 4. 6: STENTOR Battery package ............................................................................................. 34
Figure 4. 7: Li-Ion cell Open Circuit Voltage vs State of Charge ....................................................... 35
Figure 4. 8: Cell State of charge control schematic ............................................................................. 35
Figure 4. 9: Modularity of electronics ................................................................................................. 36
Figure 4. 10: Electronics arrangement for two cell packages .............................................................. 37

Figure 5. 1: Different types of modulation ........................................................................................... 40

Figure 5. 2: I/Q Modulation .................................................................................................................. 42
Figure 5. 3: Consetellation diagram of higher-order modulation schemes ........................................... 43
Figure 5. 4: Constellation diagram of 16-PSK and 16-QAM ............................................................... 43
Figure 5. 5: Satellite modem's internal structure................................................................................... 44
Figure 5. 6: Amplitude Modulation ...................................................................................................... 45
Figure 5. 7: Frequency Modulation....................................................................................................... 45
Figure 5. 8: Phase Modulation .............................................................................................................. 46
Figure 5. 9: Time and frequency domain representation (USB and LSB) ............................................ 46
Figure 5. 10: Frequency domain representation (SSB) ......................................................................... 46
Figure 5. 11: Message signal ................................................................................................................ 47
Figure 5. 12:DSB with suppressed carrier ............................................................................................ 47
Figure 5. 13: Double sideband with large carrier.................................................................................. 47
Figure 5. 14:FDM ................................................................................................................................. 48
Figure 5. 15: PAM modulation. ............................................................................................................ 48

viii
Figure 5. 16: Sinusoidal and triangular signal of TDM ....................................................................... 48
Figure 5. 17: Basic digital modulation techniques ................................................................................ 49
Figure 5. 18: 8PSK modulation ............................................................................................................ 49
Figure 5. 19: Bit Error Rate for BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK .......................................................................... 50

Figure 6. 1: Fundamental architecture of turbo coder ........................................................................... 53

Figure 6. 2: Turbo code Decoder block Diagram ................................................................................. 54
Figure 6. 3: Turbo code BER performance, Block Size 1784 Bits, Measured from JPL DSN Turbo
Decoder, 10 iterations Adapted from (CCSDS, 2012).......................................................................... 56
Figure 6. 4: BCH encoding and decoding for Different codewords ..................................................... 58
Figure 6. 5: Real BCH code Scheme .................................................................................................... 59
Figure 6. 6: BCH coding from the information word to the expanded BCH encoder signal ............... 60

Figure 7. 1: Distributed space system ................................................................................................... 64

Figure 7. 2: Overlapping contact windows for adjacent ground stations .............................................. 65
Figure 7. 3: The field of view of ground-based station watching for rocket launches beyond the
Russian territory circa 2010. ................................................................................................................. 66

Figure 8. 1: Bit error rate curve............................................................................................................. 70

Figure 8. 2: Bit error rate curve for 16PSK........................................................................................... 70
Figure 8. 3: SNR Ratio.......................................................................................................................... 73
Figure 8. 4: SNR ratio (coded) .............................................................................................................. 75

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4. 1: list of the most popular types of batteries used in space. ................................................... 29

Table 6. 1: Turbo decoder BER performance approximation results ................................................... 55

Table 8. 1: Some parameters for BCH codes ........................................................................................ 75

ix
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SATELLITE

1.1 Introduction of satellite:

Satellite is an astronomical object, planet, machine or moon that rotates, orbits a planet or
star, space-based object moving in a loop (an orbit) around a larger object and there are
lots of different types. Satellite are launched into space for different purposes. The most
well-known purpose is communication. Sputnik 1 in 1957 4 October was the first human
built artificial satellite which was launched by Soviet Union where the chief designer was
Sergei Korolev.

Figure1.1: Rotation of satellite

The main three things satellites do for us

1) Communications
2) Photography, imaging, and scientific surveying
3) Navigation

1.2 Classifications of Satellite:

A body orbiting the earth or another planet is basically a satellite. There are mainly
two types of satellites.

1
 o Natural Satellites: like moon around the earth, titan around the Saturn etc.
o Artificial Satellites: communication satellites, navigation satellites, Earth
observing satellites, GPS etc. The first launched satellite by Bangladesh,
Bangabandhu Satellite is also an artificial satellite.

Figure1.2: Natural & Artificial satellite

1.2.1 Artificial Satellites

An Artificial satellite is manmade satellite that moves around the earth. These
kind of satellites are launched for many purposes that represents their types. There are
various type of artificial satellites are moving around the earth in different Orbits.

Some types of Artificial Satellites are given and briefly explained below:

✓ Communication Satellite is an artificial body placed in orbit round the earth or

moon or another planet in order to collect information or for communication.
Bangabandhu Satellite is a Communication satellite.

✓ Navigation Satellites are used for navigation services to meet the emerging
demands of the civil aviation requirements and to meet the user requirements of the
positioning, navigation and timing based on the independent satellite navigation
system.

✓ Earth observation Satellites are used for civil or non- military uses such as
environmental monitoring, map making, Ocean monitoring, land and water
monitoring in remote areas etc.

2
 ✓ Military Satellites are killer or destructive satellites. These are use for launch
ballistic missiles and warheads to destroy enemies.

✓ Astronomical Satellites are used for scientific researches.

✓ Space Stations are artificial orbital constructions that have been planned for human
habitation in space. The lack of major propulsion or landing facilities distinguishes
a space station from other crewed vessels. Space stations are built for long-term
stays in orbit, such as weeks, months, or even years.

✓ Tether Satellites Tether satellites are satellites that are linked by a small cable to
another spacecraft.

✓ Nano Satellites are very light weighted, below 10kg (according to Wikipedia)
.These are small in size and cubic. In 2017,BRACU in Bangladesh launched BRAC
Onnesha, which is a cubic nano satellite.

1.2.2 Orbits:
An orbit is a circular or elliptical, mainly a curved path in which objects like satellites
moves around a center. We know, a satellite moves around the earth. t need a particular
path to move on. Satellite orbit is that path. Orbit is classified in many types depending on
center of the orbit, altitude of the orbit etc. Here, we are discussing about Geo centric orbits
(orbits around the earth) of the artificial satellites. We can classify these satellites
depending on the altitude of the orbits from the earth.

Figure1.3: Satellite orbiting

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is the nearest to the earth surface. The altitude range of
the LEO is about 100 to 1500 km. Remote sensing Satellites are located in this
kind of orbit.

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) is orbit between LEO and GEO. The altitude

3
 range is between 5000 to 10000 km. Navigation satellites, GPS, Military
satellites are located in this type of orbit.

Geostationary Orbit (GEO) is placed in general over the Equator. In this orbit,
satellites rotate at the same speed in which the earth rotates. So the satellite
seems stationary respect to the earth. That’s why it’s called Geo stationary orbit.
The altitude range is above 35000 km from the earth surface. Mainly
Communication satellites are located in the GEO orbit.

Higher Elliptical Orbit (HEO): There is another kind of orbit with higher
altitude than GEO. By increasing the altitude orbit is become more elliptical. It’s
called Higher Elliptical Orbit (HEO).

1.3 Satellite communication:

A satellite is a man-made object that is orbited around the earth or another planet. The
communication procedure begins at an earth station. An earth station is a device that sends
and receives signals from a satellite in orbit around the planet. Earth stations deliver data to
satellites using high-powered, high-frequency signals, which are received and retransmitted
back to earth. Other earth stations in the satellite's coverage region then receive the
retransmitted signals. The satellite's footprint is the area that receives the signal from the
satellite. The uplink is the transmission system that connects the earth station to the satellite,
and the downlink is the transmission system that connects the satellite to the earth station.
The uplink and downlink frequencies are maintained separate to avoid confusion. Before
building a satellite communication system, we must decide on the orbit in which the satellite
will be located.

Figure1.4: Satellite Communication

4
1.4 How Do Satellites Orbit Earth:
Every day, a large number of satellites circle our planet. Satellites orbit the Earth at varying
speeds, at different heights, and on different trajectories. The planet is orbited by over 4900
satellites. There are 1900 of them that are now working. The balance between gravitational
and centrifugal forces keeps the satellite in orbit. The force balancing equation (GM)/R2
=mRwsat2 balances the gravitational and centrifugal forces and determines the angle of
velocity. The satellite is given enough speed when it is launched to balance these two
equations. Due to the low resistance in space, satellites closer to the planet require more
speed to overcome the gravitational pull than satellites further away from the earth. Satellites
never lose speed. The artificial satellite circles around the planet in such a way that its
centrifugal force propels it outward, while the earth's gravitational force prevents it from
going beyond its sphere. The artificial satellite is balanced by both forces, and it continues to
orbit the planet. Without any external energy sources, the satellite may continue its circular
travel around the globe. Low earth orbit, medium earth orbit, and geosynchronous earth orbit
are all options for satellite placement. The two most common types of orbit are
"geostationary" and "polar" orbits. A geostationary satellite orbits the equator from west to
east. It travels in the same direction and at the same speed around the Earth. A geostationary
satellite seems to be stationary from Earth because it is always above the same location.
Polar-orbiting satellites travel in a north-south direction from pole to pole. As Earth spins
beneath them, these satellites can survey the entire world one strip at a time. In February
2009, two communications satellites, one American and the other Russian, collided in space.
This was the first time two man-made satellites accidentally collided.

Figure1.5: Rotation of satellite

Van Allen Belts: This is highly energetic charged particles. Which considerably damage the
electronic section of satellite. Generally it is preferred not for satellite. The radiation zone of
van Allen belts is very dangerous for all kinds of space crafts and satellites. Van Allen belts
were the one of the first belts were one of the first big discoveries of space science. The
5
radiation belts trapped by the earth’s magnetic field were discovered by data from the very
first satellite launched by the U.S explore one and this satellite was launched in 1958. It
contained a Geiger counter which was expected to see cosmic rays and sometimes it report
about 30 counts per second but at other times the rate which show a

Figure1.6: Van Allen Belts

The decision on what orbit is to be chosen for placing the satellite depends on the application
and purpose of the satellite. The satellite what is used for earth observation, weather,
forecasting geo- graphic area surveying, satellite phone calls etc then orbits closer to the earth
are chosen.
Leo is the closest to the earth at an altitude of between 160 to 20000 kilometers and its orbital
period is approximately 1.5 hours. But these types of satellite cover less area of the earth so
many satellite are required to obtain global coverage. That is why in case of broadcasting a
high orbit such as GEO is chosen. Satellite in geosynchronous orbit are at a height of 35,786
kilometers and rotates at the same angular speed as the earth. It means the satellite takes
exactly 23 hours 56 minutes and four seconds to complete one rotation. GEO satellite can
cover one third of the earth surface. For GPS MEO is wise option. Even though LEO is
closest to the earth.

1.5 Application of satellite:

There are so many application of satellite specially communication satellite.

1. Telecommunication
2. Weather forecasting
3. Navigation
4. Military communication
5. GSP
6. Photography

6
 7. Radio broadcasting
8. TV broadcasting
9. Remote sensing application
10. Security monitoring
11. VSAT( very small aperture terminal )
12. X-RAY and infrared view of satellite
13. Deep space exploration
14. Satellite internet

1.6 Disadvantage of satellite:

• Launching satellites into orbit is expensive

• Impossibility to finishing and maintain
• Delay in exchanging information

1.7 Objective:

✓ To study the useful application of other satellites and develop Bangabandhu

Satellite 2.
✓ To study the modulation and coding technique of Bangabandhu Satellite 2.
✓ To study how Bangabandhu satellite 2 could be more beneficial and in our
economic & communication field.
✓ To study the feasibility of Bangabandhu Satellite 2 in future.

1.8 Organization of this thesis:

We learned about the various components of a satellite in the second chapter.
Transponders, solar panels, and batteries, among other things.

There is no better satellite to use as a reference in the third chapter than

Bangabandhu Satellite 1. We must understand the procedure for launching the second
satellite through it.

Different types of batteries are demonstrated in the fourth chapter, and a battery
arrangement for a satellite is addressed. Our next satellite will be powered by a
lithium-ion battery.

Modulation approaches for cost-effective and lossless communication are discussed in

the fifth chapter. For proper and cost-effective modulation, we recommend the 8PSK
approach.

7
 Coding techniques are utilized in the sixth chapter to improve the performance of
modulation techniques. The BCH coding technique improves the signal-to-noise ratio
while keeping the Bit Error Rate the same.

In the seventh chapter, by researching various ground stations and keeping time,
cost, and interference in mind, The topic of a ground station is discussed.

In Eighth chapter, Combining all the info from the previous chapters, modulation,
coding and business aspects of Bangabandhu Satellite 2 are summarized and gave a
probable decision.

1.9 Summary:
Satellite communication is very much modern technique of communication. Bangladesh has
entered into that modern era by launching Bangabandhu Satellite 1. There is a regulation that
there should be a launching of another satellite in next five years. Bangabandhu Satellite 2 is
set to be that satellite. By studying the modulation, coding, ground station and business
techniques of Bangabandhu Satellite 1 and other satellites, we will pitch a proposal about
these aspects of Bangabandhu Satellite 2.

8
 CHAPTER 2: CONSTRUCTION

2.1 Transponder:
Transponders are the brains of communication satellites. The transponder's main job is to
adjust the frequency of the receive signals and eliminate any signal noise. Additionally,
increase the signal's power. The transponder on KU band satellites converts from 14 to 12
gigahertz. There can be up to 20 transponders on a satellite. To execute all of these duties, a
transponder obviously requires a lot of electrical power. A satellite's power source options
include batteries and solar panels.
✓ Transmitter
✓ Repeater in space
✓ Frequency Converter
✓ Isolate neighboring RF Channels
Transponder bandwidth depends up on
a. Nature of signal
b. Multiplication access of technique
A zone beam or a spot beam antenna receives signals (as carriers) at the satellite. Reflector
antennas are the most frequent antennas used on spacecraft. Spot beams have limited
coverage, whereas satellite Zone beams receive signals from everywhere within the coverage
zone. To provide redundancy for traffic, the received signals are transmitted to two low-noise
amplifiers (LANs) and recombined at their output.
Redundancy is included to prevent the loss of a large portion of the satellite's communication
capacity due to a component failure.

2.1.1 Costing of Transponder:

Transponder pricing ranged from $3,000 to $4000 per MHz per month in 2015. In
2017, $1500 per month per Mbit/s was the going rate. 2018-2019: Monthly average of
$2,000 per MHz. Monthly minimum of $800 per MHz. Transponder is the satellite
subsystem that provides the link between the satellite's transmitting and receiving
antennas. It is one of the most crucial subsystems in the space segment subsystems. In
a satellite, the transponder serves as both a transmitter and a receiver (Responder). As
a result, the word 'Transponder' is formed by merging the first few letters of two
words: Transmitter (Trans) and Responder (Responder) (ponder).

2.1.2 Block diagram of Transponder:

Transponder performs mainly two functions. Those are amplifying the received input
signal and translates the frequency of it. In general, different frequency values are
chosen for both uplink and down link in order to avoid the interference between the
transmitted and received signals.The block diagram of transponder is shown in below
figure.

9
 Figure 2. 1: Block diagram of Transponder

Duplexer is a two-way microwave gate. It receives uplink signal from the satellite
antenna and transmits downlink signal to the satellite antenna.
o Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) amplifies the weak received signal.
o Carrier Processor performs the frequency down conversion of received signal
(uplink). This block determines the type of transponder.
o Power Amplifier amplifies the power of frequency down converted signal
(down link) to the required level.

2.1.3 Types of Transponders:

Basically, there are two types of transponders. Those are Bent pipe transponders and
Regenerative transponders.

✓ Bent Pipe Transponders:

Bent pipe transponder receives microwave frequency signal. It converts the frequency
of input signal to RF frequency and then amplifies it. Bent pipe transponder is also
called as repeater and conventional transponder. It is suitable for both analog and
digital signals.
✓ Regenerative Transponders:
Regenerative transponder performs the functions of Bent pipe transponder. i.e.,
frequency translation and amplification. In addition to these two functions,
Regenerative transponder also performs the demodulation of RF carrier to baseband,
regeneration of signals and modulation. Regenerative transponder is also called as
processing transponder. It is suitable only for digital signals. The main advantages of
Regenerative transponders are improvement in Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and have
more flexibility in implementation.

10
 Figure 2. 2: Components of transponder

2.2 Solar panel:

A solar panel is a vast array of photocells. To generate a direct current field, solar panels are
coupled to various series and parallel circuits. The satellite's components are controlled by
this direct current. Inverters are also utilized to generate voltage for this system. The
electrical equipment is powered by the solar panel. In general, satellites are close enough to
the sun. Solar panels convert solar energy into electrical energy, which is then used to power
electrical devices.

Figure 2. 3: Solar panel of Satellite

11
2.3 Batteries:
During an eclipse time batteries are used instead of solar panel. This batteries have to work
without leaking or fulminating. lead-acid, carbon-zinc, nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen ,
silver zinc, alkaline and lithium-ion to name a few.

Figure 2. 4: Batteries of Satellite

2.4 Sun Sensor:

The sun sensor aids in angling the solar panel in the proper direction to extract the optimum
amount of power from the sun. It gives the satellite the horizon and the sun's height vector.
As a result, it aids in providing information regarding the sun's direction as well as two axes.
Sun sensors must be used in conjunction with other sensors to receive complete information.
In eclipse, it does not work. Maximum sun sensors with higher accuracy are far too massive
for a Cube Satellite. Other sensors, which were either very small or built inside solar cells,
were far too inaccurate.

Figure 2. 5: Sun sensor

12
2.5 Thrusters:
Thrusters are miniature engines found on satellites. A satellite's designed smooth orbit is
meant to be followed. However, due to the unequal mass distribution of the earth and the
existence of the moon and the sun, the gravitational field around the satellite is not uniform.
As a result, the satellite is occasionally pushed from its intended orbit position. This is a risky
condition since it will result in a full signal loss. Satellites utilize thrusters to avoid such a
predicament. To keep the satellite's orientation and location right, the thrusters produce a very
small amount of force. The thrusters are activated and keep the satellite in place. These also
assist satellites in avoiding space debris.

Figure 2. 6: Thrusters

The fuel needed for the thrusters is saved in tanks in the satellite body. The position of the
satellite and control of the thrusters are continuously monitored from an earth station. Apart
from the position controls, the earth station also monitors the satellite health and speed. This
is done through tracking, telemetry and control system.

2.6 Summary:
The building of a satellite is influenced by a number of elements. A satellite's form, layout,
and expense are all critical factors. A satellite is made up of several different qualities.

13
 CHAPTER 3: BANGABANDHU SATELLITE 1

3.1 Background:
Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) is implementing the
project in collaboration with Space Partnership International, LLC of the United States. The
satellite will be operated by the government-owned Bangladesh Communication Satellite
Company Limited, or BCSCL. It is named after Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the
country's founding father.

Figure 3. 1: Bangabandhu Satellite 1

3.2 Benefits:
The satellite will provide Ku-band coverage over all of Bangladesh and its surrounding
waters, including the Bay of Bengal, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, eastern
Indian states (West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland (Arunachal
Pradesh), and Indonesia. For all of the aforementioned places, this is combined with C-band

14
coverage. It will be able to count holdings as well as evaluate population density based on
natural increases and decreases in birth rates and death rates in a given country. It uses
advanced, installed technologies such as cameras to scan the number of individuals per 1,000
km2. It is Bangladesh's national pride. The most major feature of this satellite is that it
ensures smooth telecommunication and internet services in remote areas.

Figure 3. 2: Area coverage of Bangabandhu Satellite 1

3.3 Construction:
Thales Alenia Space designed and built the Bangabandhu-1 spacecraft. The satellite's overall
cost in 2015 was estimated to be 248 million US dollars (Tk 19.51 billion), with a $188.7
million loan from HSBC Holdings plc. The satellite has a total of 40 Ku-band and C-band
transponders with a capacity of 1600 megahertz and an estimated life duration of more than
15 years.
➢ Thales Alenia Space: Thales Alenia Space is a French-Italian aerospace company
that specializes in space. It is Europe's most important satellite maker. Thales
Alenia Space has been in charge of producing a variety of space-related items. It
has developed a wide range of satellites for communication, guidance, Geo
information, and space research. With modules constructed for the European
Space Agency, the company is the second-largest industrial contributor to the
International Space Station (ISS) (ESA). Thales Alenia Space's main business is
the manufacture of communications satellites, in which it is a leading nation.
Iridium Communications awarded Thales Alenia Space a $2.9 billion fixed-price
contract in 2010 to manufacture 81 satellites for the NEXT satellite telephone
network.

15
 ➢ HSBC: HSBC Holdings plc is a multinational investment bank and financial
services holding corporation headquartered in the United Kingdom. With total
assets of $2.715 trillion, it is Europe's largest bank (as of August 2020). The
Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation created HSBC in London in 1991
to function as a new group holding company, tracing its origins to an hong in
British Hong Kong. In 1865, the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
established branches in Shanghai, and in 1866, it was fully incorporated.

3.4 Launch:
Bangabandhu Satellite-1 was launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from the Kennedy Space
Center in Florida at 20:14 UTC on May 11, 2018. It was the first cargo to be launched
utilizing SpaceX's new Block 5 rocket type.

Figure 3. 3: Launching of Bangabandhu Satellite 1

❖ Aborted Launch: The satellite was supposed to launch on May 10th, 2018. However,
as it reached entity and supply at T-58 seconds, the rocket carrying the payload
triggered an automatic abort. The rocket launch was delayed by 24 hours, and it
finally took place on May 11, 2018.

16
➢ Space X: Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) is a Hawthorne,
California-based aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services provider.
Several launch vehicles and rocket engines have been produced by SpaceX. A Falcon
9 made a propulsive vertical landing in December 2015. This was the first time a
rocket had achieved orbital travel. SpaceX successfully vertically landed the first
stage on an ocean drone ship landing platform in April 2016 with the launch of
SpaceX CRS-8. In May 2016, SpaceX achieved yet another first by landing the first
stage during a much more intense geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) mission. SpaceX
was the first company to successfully re-launch and land the first stage of an orbital
rocket in March 2017. With the third launch of the Starlink project in January 2020,
SpaceX became the world's largest commercial satellite constellation operator.
➢ Falcon 9: It is a SpaceX-designed and-manufactured two-stage-to-orbit medium-lift
launch vehicle that is partially reusable. SpaceX Merlin engines power both the first
and second stages, which use cryogenic liquid oxygen and rocket-grade kerosene (RP-
1) as propellants. Its name is inspired from the fictitious Star Wars starship, the
Millennium Falcon, as well as the rocket's first stage's nine Merlin engines. Versions
v1.0 (2010–2013), v1.1 (2013–2016), and v1.2 "Full Thrust" (2015–present), includes
the Block 5 Full Thrust variant, which has been flying since May 2018. Unlike most
rockets in use, which are disposable launch vehicles, the Falcon 9 has been largely
reusable since the debut of the Full Thrust variant, with the first stage capable of re-
entering the atmosphere and landing vertically following separation from the second
stage. On Flight 20 in December 2015, this accomplishment was accomplished for the
first time. The Falcon 9 can carry payloads of up to 22,800 pounds.
➢ Kennedy Space Centre:The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC, formerly the
NASA Launch Operations Center) is one of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration's (NASA) ten field centers, located on Merritt Island, Florida. KSC
has been NASA's primary launch location for human spaceflight since December
1968. The Apollo, Skylab, and Space Shuttle projects all launched from Kennedy
Space Center Launch Complex 39, which was administered by KSC. KSC is near to
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station on Florida's east coast (CCSFS). The two
entities' management teams collaborate closely, sharing resources and operating
facilities on each other's land.

17
 Figure 3. 4: Falcon 9

3.5 Operations:

The satellite communicates with ground control centers established by Thales Alenia Space
and its partner Spectra in Gazipur, Telipara. Betbunia, Rangamati has a secondary ground
station. The operators got the first test signal following the launch on May 12, 2018.
Bangladesh's first satellite, Bangabandhu-1, was launched into space on May 11th, and
preparations are already underway in Chattogram's Betbunia Ground Station to control it.
This state-of-the-art control centre, which is being erected on five acres of land, will serve as
a backup to the one in Gazipur. When Bangabandhu-1 was launched into space, two signals
were sent to the two ground stations at Gazipur and Betbunia.

18
 Figure 3. 5: Bangabandhu Satellite1 secondary ground Station(Betbuniya,Rangamati)

Figure 3. 6: Bangabandhu Satellite1 ground Station(Gazipur)

3.6 Slot:
The government is expected to invest $36 million to secure an orbital position for the
country's first communication and broadcast satellite, the Bangabandhu satellite.The sum is
higher than what the government had hoped to spend for an orbital slot. According to the
Bangabandhu satellite project's framework, $28 million has been set aside for the purpose,
but the seller, Russian firm Intersputnik, is sticking to its $36 million asking price.The
proposal has been finalized, according to a Post and Telecommuni-cation Division official,
and will be brought to the cabinet committee on economic matters for approval soon.He

19
stated that if the transaction with Intersputnik is not completed by December 31, the business
will sell the slot to another interested party.
The project's consultant, Space Partnership International, a US corporation, evaluated the slot
as the best alternative for the satellite. According to the proposal, the Russian corporation is
willing to give Bangladesh full management of the satellite, a characteristic not available in
any of the other open orbital positions.
It will be feasible to launch three satellites in a succession from the slot, allowing Bangladesh
and other nations in the region to benefit from a variety of planned high-quality services.

3.7 Business Report of Bangabandhu Satellite 1:

Bangabandhu- After 26 percent of its capacity was rented out, one satellite will earn Tk 125
crore per year, a development that the Bangladesh Communication Satellite Company
(BCSCL) considers satisfying. The satellite was put into orbit on May 12 last year at a cost of
Tk 2,765 crore, which according to the project proposal was meant to be recouped in eight
years. In February of this year, BCSCL took management of the satellite.

"We've done quite well in nine months," remarked Shahjahan Mahmood, chairman of
BCSCL, at a press conference held at his office yesterday.

He went on to say how pleased he is that all 31 of Bangladesh's television networks are now
airing via the Bangabandhu-1. According to him, the country's lone satellite still has 74% of
its capacity left, giving the BCSCL the opportunity to earn an additional Tk 200 crore. Over
the next few months, the business expects to finalize deals for another 25% of capacity.
BCSCL had intended to lend out 50% of the capacity to overseas operators under the original
plan.

"However, the international market is quite competitive, so we're concentrating on the

domestic market." We're seeing a lot of demand here; the local market is considerably greater
than we anticipated, and it's rising quickly." BCSCL, on the other hand, is courting regional
markets, according to Mahmood.

He went on to add how thrilled he is that the Bangabandhu-1 is now broadcasting all 31 of
Bangladesh's television networks. According to him, the country's lone satellite still has 74%
of its capacity remaining, allowing the BCSCL to collect an additional Tk 200 crore. The
company intends to complete transactions for another 25% of capacity in the coming months.
Under the original plan, BCSCL aimed to lend out half of its capacity to foreign operators.

"However, because the overseas market is highly competitive, we're focusing on the home
market," says the company. "We're seeing a lot of demand here; the local market is
significantly larger than we thought, and it's growing quickly." BCSCL, on the other hand,
according to Mahmood, is courting regional markets.

Bangladesh Television was BCSCL's first client, and the government-owned television
station pays the company Tk 18 crore per year. Other commercial television channels would
pay Tk 60 crore to the satellite operator, and the shipping and fisheries ministries will each

20
pay Tk 4 crore. Beximco's direct-to-home service Akash is also paying a significant sum,
according to Mahmood, who declined to reveal the deal's exact value. Meanwhile, plans are
well on for the launch of the country's second satellite, which is scheduled for 2023. Within
the next 2-3 months, an international expert will be hired to conduct a feasibility study to
determine demand, according to Mahmood. The second satellite, as the first is a
communication satellite, will be a hybrid model that may be used for weather forecasting,
surveillance, and other purposes. Bangladesh has four applications for an orbital slot at the
moment, thus the second satellite will be launched into that place, according to Mahmood.
Another nine television channels will be licensed by the government, and they will be
required to broadcast their programming through satellite. BCSCL expects to receive Tk 15
crore each year from them. The occasion was also attended by BCSCL Managing Director
Shariar Ahmed Chowdhury and key executives.

3.8 Communication System:

Satellite communications utilize high-order modulation algorithms to increase their spectral
efficiency in response to high demand for quicker data transmission. Amplitude-shift keying
(ASK), phase-shift keying (PSK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and quadrature amplitude
modulation are the most basic digital modulation methods (QAM).The satellite
communication can be divided into three sections:

• Uplink Section: Subcarrier Signal refers to the signal that the user wishes to transmit.
It is fed into an Intermediate Frequency (IF) Modulator, which converts baseband to
intermediate frequency using various methods. Because they reduce the effect of
nonlinear amplification in the high-power amplifier, constant envelope modulation
methods like FSK and PSK are best suited for satellite communications. The 8-PSK
transmitter was utilized in the Bangabandhu Satellite-1. Three bits are encoded in 8-
PSK, resulting in tri-bits and eight separate output phases. The arriving bits are
encoded in groups of three, known as tri bits (23 = 8), to encode eight separate phases.

21
A Band Pass Filter (BPF) is used to remove unwanted frequency components from the output
IF. With the help of a Mixer and an Uplink Frequency Microwave Generator, the IF range
(MHz) is raised to Radio Frequency (RF) range (GHz) in the UP-Converter. Radio Frequency
(RF) equals (LO + IF) and Intermediate Frequency (IF) equals (LO – RF) in this case. LO
stands for Local Oscillator Frequency in this case. Another BPF is used to make the RF
signal more accurate in terms of uplink frequency. Before being emitted through a
transmission (Tx) antenna, the RF is processed through a High Power Amplifier (HPA) to
increase enough strength to travel a long distance.

22
• Transponders: Transponders are the brains of communication satellites. The
transponder's main job is to adjust the frequency of the receive signals and eliminate
any signal noise. Additionally, increase the signal's power. The transponder on KU
band satellites converts from 14 to 12 gigahertz. There can be up to 20 transponders
on a satellite. To execute all of these duties, a transponder obviously requires a lot of
electrical power. A satellite's power source options include batteries and solar panels.
In a satellite, the transponder serves as both a transmitter and a receiver (Responder).
As a result, the word 'Transponder' is formed by merging the first few letters of two
words: Transmitter (Trans) and Responder (Responder) (ponder). The transponder has
two primary functions. The frequency of the incoming input signal is enhanced and
translated by these. Both uplink and downlink frequency settings are chosen
separately to avoid interference between broadcast and received signals.

The operation of the Transponder can be easily deduced from the block diagram. Each
block's purpose is described below.
A microwave duplexer is a two-way microwave gate. It receives uplink signals from
satellite antennas and broadcasts downlink signals to them.
LNA (Low Noise Amplifier) is a device that enhances a weak received signal.
Carrier Processor: It converts the received signal's frequency to a lower frequency
(uplink). The type of transponder is determined by this block. The power of a
frequency down converted signal (down link) is amplified to the desired level by a
power amplifier. There are 26 Ku-Band and 14 C-Band transponders on the
Bangabandhu satellite.
✓ Costing of transponder:
In 2015 transponder prices were $3,000 to $4000 per MHz per month. In 2017
$1500 per Mbit/s per month. 2018-2019: Average $2,000 per MHz per month.
Min $800 per MHz per month.

23
 • Downlink Section: The emitted frequency of the transponder and the received
frequency of the receiving antenna are the same. The frequency components that
aren't needed are removed by a Band Pass Filter (BPF). After that, the Low Noise
Amplifier amplifies the RF signal (LNA). The RF signal is then supplied to a Down-
Converter, which uses a Mixer and a Downlink Frequency Microwave Generator to
convert the RF range (GHz) to the IF range (MHz). An intermediate frequency (IF)
demodulator is a demodulator that converts intermediate frequency to baseband
frequency. This baseband signal is the signal transferred from the uplink section to the
transponder by the user. We can understand the whole picture in this figure:

Figure 3. 7: Complete block Diagram of satellite communication

3.9 Broadcasting of TV Channels:

The Bangabandhu Satellite and other spacecraft have some technical peculiarities. The
satellite's free-frequency band is known as the 'INSAT C-band,' and earlier domestic TV
channels used the 'Hong Kong-based' Apstar-7 satellite, which was Standard C-band.' Now,
not only in the country, but also around the world, TV channels are broadcasting with
standard C-band technology. Because no TV station had any equipment to broadcast in the
'Insat C-Band' technology utilized in Bangabandhu Satellite, it took roughly a year to bring
the domestic TV channels to broadcast, even though the satellite was ready in 2017. As a
result, plans were made under the direction of 'Bangabandhu Satellites' to broadcast the
country's TV networks utilizing their own ground station. The broadcasting process of
Bangabandhu Satellite is a little different from the broadcasting of other satellites.

24
 ✓ Insat C-Band: The main difference between the standard C-band and the Insat C-
band is in two places. 1. In frequency. 2. is polarization. Standard C-band frequency
range - 5.850 GHz. To 6.425 GHz. On the other hand, the frequency range of INSAT
C-band is 6.725 GHz. To 7.025 GHz.

When it comes to polarization, the typical C-polarization band's is known as 'cross-

polarization,' which means that if a signal is delivered vertically, it must be received
horizontally.

In the case of the 'Insat C-band,' however, polarization is referred to as 'co-polarization.' If the
signal is transmitted vertically, it must be received vertically while receiving, and if it is
broadcast horizontally, it must be received horizontally while receiving, meaning the signal
must transmit and receive in the same direction. For co-polarization technology, the steps in
the signal path of the antenna feedhorn are slightly changed.

Because no TV channel has the requisite equipment to broadcast via Bangabandhu Satellite,
domestic TV stations use the 'Bangabandhu Satellite's' own ground station, the 'Sajib Wazed
Ground Station.' Each TV station uses IP streaming protocol over fiber optic network to
transfer visual signal from their station in the form of live feed to the 'Sajib Wazed Ground
Station' in Gazipur, and then the feed is sent to the 'Bangabandhu Satellite' via their own BS-
1 earth station. At Betbunia in Rangamati, there is another ground station that serves as a
backup. A secondary ground station is what this is referred to as. If the principal ground
station (Gazipur) has an issue, the transmission is routed through Betbunia's secondary
ground station.

Domestic TV networks, on the other hand, are using two different broadcasting ways in this
procedure. Some television channels use SCPC (Single Carrier Per Channel) technology,
while others use MCPC (Multiple Carrier Per Channel) technology.

When using 'SCPC,' or single carrier per channel technology, each channel will have its own
'dedicated frequency and bandwidth,' which will not be shared. That frequency will be unique
in this satellite, and no one else will have it, hence it will be used to identify the channel
when downlinking. At two ground stations of Bangabandhu Satellite, two IP based video
encoders (primary and backup) and two modulators (IP Stream Support) are used to
broadcast TV channels using this technology. This technology has a somewhat higher
frequency price. Independent TV, Duronto TV, Macharanga TV, Somoy TV, Channel-9, and
Deepto TV are the TV channels transmitting in the SCPC system.

'MCPC' (Multiple Carrier Per Channel) technology, on the other hand, is a frequency and
bandwidth sharing technique. Multiplexing is used to transmit the video signal of numerous
TV channels concurrently with the frequency of a single huge plot where the bandwidth is
significantly higher. This means that the frequency and bandwidth of each channel in the
multiplexing are shared in this scenario. Because all channels have the same frequency,
during downlinking, channels are separated by a 'audio-video' PID that is assigned when

25
transmitting a PID signal. Only two IP-based video encoders (main and backup) are installed
on TV stations to transmit with this technology. This technology has a lower frequency fee
than the 'SCPC' technology. Out of all the SCPC system's 7 channels, the MCPC system's
channels are the ones stated above.

3.10 Earnings:
Bangabandhu-I, the country's first communication satellite, would break even in nine years,
according to BCSCL Chairman Dr Shahjahan Mahmood. Within the following few months,
the company plans to clinch arrangements to sell another 25% of the satellite's bandwidth
capacity, according to BCSCL chairman.
He added that it is expected to generate Tk. 125 crore per year from the selling of 26% of its
total bandwidth. He was addressing during a press conference at his office yesterday. "So, by
selling its remaining broadband capacity, Bangabandhu-I can make more than Tk. 200 crore
per year," he explained.
"We are primarily focused on the domestic market, given the high demand within the
country." At the same time, we can delve farther into regional markets," he explained. He
went on to say that the local market is far larger than first thought and has been developing at
a rapid pace.
Bangladesh Television is the BCSCL's first client, paying the firm Tk. 18 crore per year.
Other private television networks will bring in Tk. 60 crore for the firm. It also receives Tk. 4
crore in funding from the shipping and fisheries ministries.
Apart from that, it receives a portion of its revenue from Beximco Communications Limited's
direct-to-home (DTH) service, according to Mahmood. He did not, however, reveal the deal's
worth. "We did a very cautious calculation of the unsold capacity and anticipated that
recovering the complete cost of the Bangabandhu-I satellite will take only nine years," the
BCSCL chairman remarked.
The satellite was launched as part of a Tk. 2,765 crore programme. The government will
enable an additional nine television networks to use this satellite to broadcast their
programming. The BCSCL would be able to get an additional Tk. 15 crore as a result of this.
Additionally, Mahmood stated that the launch of Bangabanhdu-II had begun. "Within the
next two or three months, an international consultant will be engaged to conduct a feasibility
study to determine the type of the second satellite that the government has pledged to launch
within its mandate by 2023," he added.
Mahmood also said the first satellite launched by Bangladesh was a communication satellite,
while the second one would be a hybrid satellite which would support weather forecast and
ensure surveillance along with other activities. At the briefing, BCSCL managing director
Shariar Ahmed Chowdhury and senior executives were also present.

26
3.11 Summary:
The first Bangaldeshi geostationary communication and broadcasting satellite is the
Bangabandhu satellite 1. The Bangabandhu Satellite 1 was supposed to be launched on an
Airane 5 rocket on December 16, 2017, to commemorate Bangladesh's victory day. Due to
the lack of a definite date assurance from Airanespace, BTRC picked the Falcon 9 launch
vehicle instead. The geostationary slot for the satellite is scheduled to lie at 119.1o East
longitude.

27
 CHAPTER 4: BATTERIES OF SATELLITE

4.1 Introduction:
On spacecraft, batteries are employed as a power storage system. When built, primary
batteries contain all of their useable energy and can only be discharged. Secondary batteries
can be recharged using energy from other sources, such as solar panels, and can provide
power when the spacecraft is not in direct sunlight. A chemical process produces electrical
current in batteries.
To work, spacecraft batteries must be vacuum-sealed. They must endure the launch's
acceleration as well as vibration in orbit. They must be able to operate in a variety of
temperatures and must not produce gases that could hurt the spacecraft, cause it to lose
course, or contaminate instruments or life support systems. Because of the large amount of
ionizing radiation above the shield of the Earth's atmosphere, vehicles orbiting the planet
must use batteries. Artificial satellite battery systems, such as those used in communication
satellites, must be able to resist thousands of charge and discharge cycles over the period of
the satellite's expected lifetime.

Figure 4. 1: The inner layout of a Ni-H rechargeable battery is depicted in this diagram.

Primary batteries are used for jobs that last only a few seconds. Early satellites were designed
to last only a few weeks or months, and they could carry enough primary batteries to last that
long. Longer-duration duties necessitate a rechargeable system, which can be powered by
solar cells or a radioisotope generator. A satellite orbiting close to the Earth will be shadowed

28
for half of each orbit, necessitating the use of batteries to keep it operational. Even satellites
in geosynchronous orbit are subjected to periodic "eclipse periods" of different length.
Vehicles such as the human Moon expeditions and the Space Shuttle required more power
than batteries or solar panels could give, thus hydrogen fuel cells were used to provide
hundreds of hours of electricity.
A reserve battery is a primary battery that separates its chemical reactants until they are
required. Because the electrolyte and electrodes are separated, side reactions cannot occur,
extending the battery's standby life. During functioning in another form, the ions is warmed
up to become conductive. Although such batteries have a short service life, they are
extremely dependable after extended storage. They're utilized in missiles with lengthy
standby times, as well as space probes that need electricity to land on a planet.

Battery Type Formula Specific Weight(Wh/kg)

Hydrogen Fuel Cell H 275

Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide LiSO2 200

Lithium-Thionyl Chloride LiSOCl2 200

Lithium-Bromine in Thionyl Li-BCX

Chloride

Lithium-Iron Disulfide LiFeS2

Nickel-Cadmium NiCd 30

Nickel-Hydrogen NiH2 60

Sodium-Sulfur NaS

Silver-Cadmium AgCd

Silver-Zinc AgZn 100

Zinc-Mercury Oxide ZnHgO

Table 4. 1: list of the most popular types of batteries used in space.

Bangabandhu Satellite 1: The Bangabandhu satellite has a launch mass of 3,500kg and is
based on Thales Alenia Space's Spacebus 4000B2 platform. It has a 15-year design lifespan
and incorporates two deployable solar arrays with batteries.

29
 Figure 4. 2: Solar array of Satellite

4.2 MODULAR CONCEPT OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERY FOR:

4.2.1 GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT SATELLITES:
A modular battery design for geosynchronous orbit applications with the objective
to satisfy the following requirements:
❖ Adaptation for space of a Lithium-Ion Cell originally developed for Electric Vehicle
programs.
❖ Battery voltage up to 100 Volts by step of 3.5V
❖ Battery capacity up to 320 Ah (or more...) by step of 40 Ah.

30
 ❖ Cells assembly into « battery modules »; the associated cell monitoring and balancing
electronics also assembled in modules.
❖ Qualify in flight on board the STENTOR spacecraft.
❖ Once qualified, the modules can be selected for other GEO programs with no further
qualification effort.

4.2.2 Objective for GEO:

The current power source (NiH2 technology) for GEO satellite allows to store up to 50
Wh/kg at battery level Beginning of Life (BOL). The main objective is to reduce
significantly the weight of the battery on board the satellite. So, the goal is to obtain a
factor of nearly two on that value, at system level. As a consequence, the goal is to
achieve 100 Wh/kg BOL.For telecommunication satellites now projected in the range of
20 kW power, the installed storage capability has to be about 30kW.h, assuming that 80%
of the installed energy is used during the longest eclipse. With 50Wh/kg energy density,
one see that the battery will weight 600 kg. With Lithium-Ion at 100 Wh/kg, the battery
weight will be 300 kg only, and 300 kg of satellite weight will be saved !In addition, we
are on the edge of a major change in Satellite Attitude Orbit Control (AOC), with
chemical propulsion replaced by Ionic propulsion. This has a major impact on the battery
service. The battery will have to provide energy to the thrusters about every day, so the
long storage period during the solstice period shall no more exist. The total number of
charge and discharge cycles will increase dramatically, when compared to the classical 90
cycles per year of the traditional GEO mission.
The requirement for GEO application is the following:
❖ Life time 15 years.
❖ Ensure eclipse, with a maximum depth of discharge of 80%, i.e. 90 charge / discharge
cycles per year.
❖ Ensure discharge for Ionic propulsion, i.e. = 200 additional charge and discharge
cycles per year, with an average 20% DOD.
❖ As said before, one goal is to cut down cost and time to develop a new battery model,
so the design has to be made in such a way to have "qualified bricks" to tailor size a
new model.
❖ Typical battery voltage is 50 V or = 100 V.
❖ The energy ranges from 3 kWh to 15 - 20 kWh, or even more in a near future.

4.3 Battery arrangement description:

The cells being of cylindrical shape, they are inserted into an aluminum sleeve, as usually
done for Nickel-Hydrogen batteries. These sleeves are machined by group of 5 or 6 cells.
This supporting structure is called a « Module ». In order to have a modular design, it has
been determined that the majority of the GEO batteries using the Li-Ion cells of 3.5 V, will
comprise 10, 11 or 12 cells in series for what we can call the « low voltage » batteries with
nominal voltages from 35 to 42 V, or 20 to 24 cells in series with voltage varying from 70 to
84 V by step of 3.5 V, for what we can call « high voltage » batteries. All these figures can be

31
obtained by addition of groups of 5 and/or 6 cells: By example 10 = 5+5, 11= 5+6 Obviously,
it could be possible to develop a new size of mechanical structure, but it will imply new
drawings, toolings, hence a high non-recurring cost. Then, when the right number of series
cells is obtained, we have to assemble as many of these packs to achieve the correct energy
and capacity.

Figure 4. 3: Cell Modules & cell packages Schematic

The capacity step is 40 Ah. Electrically, the cells will be first connected in parallel, forming
what is called a « Cell package », which is a virtual cell of capacity 40, 80, 120.... Ah. Then
these « Cell packages » are connected in series and are controlled by the electronics as a
single cell. The situation is not different from a single cell having several positive and
negatives electrodes in parallel, as now for NiH2. Figure 4.3 shows the schematic of the
physical arrangement of cells into a same module, and the parallel connection of cells from
different modules to management and of the radiation shielding provided by form a cell
package.

32
 Figure 4. 4: Two Module of 6 cells side by side

Figure 4.4 is a picture of two modules of 6 cells. The modules are directly bolted on the
satellite wall, to conduct heat to the radiatives area.

Figure 4. 5: Several modules in Battery arrangement

Figure 4.5 is a pictute of several module of 6 cells, side by side as in a compact battery. All
the modules are directly bolted on the satellite wall, the battery itself has no supporting
structure. All the modules are maintained into a supporting structure during assembly, the
modules are bolted on the wall, then the structure is removed. This shall save mass and there
is no need to develop a new battery structure for each battery size. The STENTOR battery,

33
which is composed of two independent battery packages of 11 cells packages of 2 cells each,
comprises two modules of 6 cells and two modules of 5 cells. The electronic box is located in
the middle of the cells, to benefit of the battery thermal management and of the radiation
shielding provided by the cells.

Figure 4. 6: STENTOR Battery package

Figure 4.6 is a representation of one STENTOR Battery package. With an installed energy of
3.3 kWh, it is one of the smallest batteries one can made, compared to the capability of the
future range, which could be extended to 24 cells in series and 16 cell in parallel, leading to a
58 kWh without development of new hardware!

4.4 Electronics description:

The necessary control electronics is based on what is called a « low dissipative » concept.
The following algorithm is used to maintain the condition of charge balance of the various
cell packages, allowing them to all be charged at the same time:
For Li-Ion batteries, there is a direct relationship between voltage and state of charge, as
shown in Figure 4.7.

34
 Figure 4. 7: Li-Ion cell Open Circuit Voltage vs State of Charge

As a result, we measure the voltage of each cell package at the end of the charge. The voltage
measurement is digitized and delivered to the Satellite On Board Computer as a Telemetry
command via a data link. Then, if one cell package is discovered to be much higher in State
of Charge than the others, calculate how many Ah it corresponds to, and send a telecommand
to the electronic box to connect it to a resistive load for a set amount of time to discharge the
excess Ah.

Figure 4. 8: Cell State of charge control schematic

Figure 7 shows the schematic of the system integrated into the battery: it is ensured by an
electronic box comprising voltage measurement device and switches, and the resistors which
are located near the cells, in order to have the power dissipation far from the electronic box.
The electronic function is installed in a standard module able to monitor 12 cell packages in
series. For more than 12 cells in series, 2 boxes of 12 channels will be used. Each electronic
box has the capability to monitor and switch the loads on cell packages comprising up to 16
cells in parallel.

35
 Figure 4. 9: Modularity of electronics

Figure 8 shows the modularity of the electronics: the different boxes will be connected
through an internal data bus at the standard ML16/DS16, allowing to split the battery in
several packages. Then, if necessary, a data bus interface is added to convert the data from
that internal standard to another one. Presently, a converter to MIL-STD-1553-B data bus has
been developed for STENTOR. The Figure 9 shows an example of realization for 2
independant half batteries of 11 cells packages of 2 cells each, presently being built for the
STENTOR spacecraft.

36
 Figure 4. 10: Electronics arrangement for two cell packages

The redundancy of electronics is ensured through the internal data bus, which carries both
data and power supply from one package to the next one.

4.5 Test Results and Program Status:

A module of 6 GI series connected cells is being tested in semi accelerated mode since
November 1997, in ESTEC. The eclipses are discharged at 50 watts per cell, whereas the
electric propulsion cycles are discharged at 34 watts per cell. For each eclipse discharge,
there are two short (25 minute) electric propulsion cycles each day, and one long (82 minute)
electric propulsion discharge every 36 hours during the solstice. By reducing the stand-by
duration at the end of the charge, the acceleration factor may be calculated. During eclipse
season, the end of charge voltage is set to 3.9 volts, while during solstice season, it is set to
3.8 volts. The test computer controls and balances the state of charge of the battery cells by
turning on or off 20 ohm resistors across the highest cells for a certain amount of time, as it
will be done for the battery. There is no complete discharge of the battery, only voltage is
monitored, and the test is going well, with 2 years simulated at in May 98.Several modules of
6 cells have been built and tested with success in several environments. Electronic boxes
have been built and tested and showed accuracy and functionality as planned. A qualification
model of a STENTOR battery package, will be built this year, So , a modular concept of

37
space battery for Geosynchronous orbit will soon be available, and this will open the way to
Lithium-Ion battery in space in 2000.

4.6 Summary:
Power supply is an essential part of an artificial satellite. Two types of batteries are used as
power source in a satellite. Solar panels are used for recharging the secondary battery.
Modular concepts of batteries and requirements for satellites are discussed in this chapter.
Here Lithium Ion cells are connected in series to increase the nominal voltage as cell
numbers are increased. Electronic components are used to control the over voltage situation.

38
 CHAPTER 5: MODULATION

5.1 Introduction:
The regular changing of one wave form (called the carrier waveform) in response to the
characteristics of another wave form is known as modulation (called the modulating or the
message). Modulation is the addition of information to an electrical or optical carrier signal in
order to turn data into radio waves. The waveform of a carrier signal is uniform in height
(amplitude) and frequency.

5.2 Working Principle:

Variations in the carrier's amplitude, frequency, phase, polarization (for optical signals), and
even quantum-level phenomena like spin can be used to add information. Radio waves,
lasers/optics, and computer networks are examples of modulable electromagnetic signals.
Modulation can even be used to turn on and off a direct current, which can be thought of as a
degenerate carrier wave with a fixed amplitude and frequency of 0 Hz, as in Morse code
telegraphy or a digital current loop interface. A response message indicating that a connected
device is no longer linked to a remote system is known as no carrier. No carrier is
exemplified by baseband m. Modulation can be used on a low-frequency alternating current,
just as power line networking (50-60 Hz).

5.3 Types of Modulation:

Digital modulation and analog modulation are the two types of modulation systems available.
Analogue modulation includes amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and
phase modulation. There are several types of digital modulation, each with its own set of
applications. There are a variety of modulation techniques, including the following — a
partial list:
• Amplitude modulation (AM), in which the signal carrier's height (i.e., strength or
intensity) is changed to indicate the data being added to the signal.
• Frequency modulation (FM), in which the carrier waveform's frequency is altered to
mirror the data's frequency.
• Phase modulation (PM), in which to accommodate fluctuations in data frequency, the
carrier waveform's phase is modified. In PM, the frequency stays the same, but the
phase changes in reference to the base carrier frequency. It reminds me a lot of FM.
• Polarization modulation, which involves varying the angle of rotation of an optical
carrier signal in order to reflect data delivered.
• Pulse-code modulation, which involves sampling an analog signal to create a data
stream that is then used to modulate a digital carrier signal.
• Two AM carriers are used in quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)..

39
 Figure 5. 1: Different types of modulation

Radio and television broadcasts, as well as satellite radio, frequently employ AM and
FM frequencies. Most short-range two-way radios (up to tens of miles) use FM, while
longer-range two-way radios (up to hundreds or thousands of miles) use single
sideband. More sophisticated modulation techniques include phase-shift keying (PSK)
and QAM. Modern Wi-Fi modulation uses a combination of PSK and QAM64 or
QAM256 to encode multiple bits of information into each delivered symbol.ds of
miles) (SSB). PSK modulates the carrier signal's phase by adjusting the sine and
cosine inputs at particular moments. PSK is required for wireless LANs, RFID, and
Bluetooth communications. The phase of the received signal is determined by the
demodulator, which then translates it to the symbol it represents.

5.4 Purpose:
A carrier wave is used in radio frequency (RF) communications to transport only a tiny
quantity of data. Another wave must be superimposed on the carrier wave to include voice or
data, modifying the shape of the carrier wave. Modulation is a strategy for accomplishing
this. The audio signal must first be turned into an electric signal using a transducer before
being sent. It's utilized after a carrier signal has been transformed to fine-tune it.
Multiple carriers of varying frequencies, each modulated by a separate signal, can frequently
be transmitted via a single medium. Individual channels are used in Wi-Fi to send and receive
data from multiple customers at the same time.

40
For efficient transmission and reception, a carrier signal is employed to shorten the
wavelength. A 3000 Hz audio frequency would need a wavelength of 100 km and a 25-
kilometer antenna because the best antenna size is one-half or one-quarter of a wavelength.
The antenna would only need to be 80 cm long if using a 100 MHz FM carrier with a 3 meter
wavelength.

5.5 Modulation Techniques for Satellite Communication:

Almost every communication industry, including broadcasting, navigation, transportation,
and cellular, uses satellite technology. Satellite communications applications and services
include broadband communications, mobile satellite services, and weather forecasting. New
satellite communications applications and services include in-flight connection, connected
autos, and the 5G New Radio non-terrestrial network. In response to the increased need for
more data speed, satellite communications use intricate modulation methods to maximize
spectrum efficiency. Not only do satellite modulation schemes demand higher data rates, but
they also demand that nonlinear amplification in the radio-frequency (RF) power amplifier be
minimized. This white paper focuses on modulation strategies for modern satellite
communications, from signal production and analysis to the implications of phase noise on
modulation quality.

5.6 Modulation Schemes for Modern Satellite Communications:

A carrier signal's basic modulation methods include amplitude, frequency, and phase. In
polar form, modulating signals can be expressed as magnitude and phase (vector). Digital
modulation is often characterized in terms of I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature) components
after the carrier frequency is removed. On the left side of Figure 1, there is an I/Q diagram.
With the same local oscillator (LO), I and Q signals are combined, but one of the LO paths
contains a 90-degree phase shifter. I/Q modulation's primary advantage is the symmetric ease
with which different signal components may be blended into a single composite.
signal for transmission, which is then broken down into individual components for reception.

41
 Figure 5. 2: I/Q Modulation

Constant envelope and non constant envelope modulation systems are the two basic types of
modulation schemes. The term "constant envelope" refers to the fact that all constellation
points are at the same distance from the center.

5.6.1 Constant envelope digital modulation schemes:

Because they limit the effect of nonlinear amplification in the high power amplifier, constant
envelope modulation approaches are appropriate for satellite communications. Frequency-
shift keying (FSK) and phase-shift keying are two of these methods (PSK). Higher-order
modulation schemes have better spectral efficiency and can handle higher data rates, but they
are more vulnerable to channel defects. Figure 2 depicts the constellation diagrams for binary
PSK (BPSK), quadrature PSK (QPSK), and 8PSK. Each symbol is sent with 1 bit, 2 bits, and
3 bits, accordingly. Because the constellation points in higher-order PSK are closer together,

42
the system is more susceptible to channel defects.

Figure 5. 3: Consetellation diagram of higher-order modulation schemes

5.6.2 Non constant envelope digital modulation schemes:

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a non-constant modulation that increases
spectral efficiency by varying both phase and amplitude. The 16PSK and 16QAM
constellation diagrams are shown in Figure 3. 16QAM reduces signal resistance while
simultaneously increasing the distance between constellation sites. 16QAM, as opposed to
16PSK, increases the amplitude levels to three (rings). RF power amplifiers with a broader
linear range are required for non-constant modulation.

Figure 5. 4: Constellation diagram of 16-PSK and 16-QAM

43
RF power amplifiers are typically operated at compression levels in satellite transmission to
improve conversion efficiency. AM/AM and AM/AM are the results of operating at
compression levels. Figure 4 illustrates the AM/PM distortion. The outer points of the I/Q
constellation, for example. Have higher output power levels, and the compression is caused
by the output power of the RF power amplifier becoming saturated in the environment. As a
result, nonlinear amplifiers require a distortion-tolerant modulation system.

5.7 Satellite modem:

A satellite modem, sometimes known as a satmodem, is a modem that uses a communications
satellite as a relay to establish data transfers. The primary function of a satellite modem is to
convert an input bitstream to a radio signal and vice versa. Modulation and demodulation are
the two fundamental operations of a satellite modem. Because they only feature a
demodulator (and no modulator), some devices are referred to as "satellite modems,"
allowing just satellite data to be downloaded These gadgets are required to connect to the
Internet via satellite in order to establish a communication channel (in this case, uploaded
data is transported through a traditional PSTN modem or an ADSL modem). A satellite
modem isn't the only thing you'll need. Establishing a satellite link also necessitates the use of
satellite antennae and frequency converters.

Figure 5. 5: Satellite modem's internal structure

5.8 A Comparative Study and Performance Analysis of different

modulation:
In Bangabandhu Satellite-1, 8-PSK modulation techniques are used (BS-1). Modulation is the
process of converting data into electrical signals that are optimal for transmission.
Modulation is the technique of modifying the qualities of a signal to be transmitted by
superimposing a data signal on a high-recurrence signal in its most basic form. This approach
makes use of video, voice, and other data. The transporter wave signal might be DC, AC, or
bit train, depending on the application. A higher frequency sine wave is typically employed
as a bearer wave signal. In the beginning, analog modulation techniques were utilized in
satellite communication, but now digital modulation is used.
• AM operation: Amplitude Modulation is a traditional modulation method for
conveying signals utilizing a transporter wave signal (AM). A higher frequency
transporter wave's adequacy or quality is affected by the amplitude of the information
signal wave. When the amplitude of the information signal wave is changed when the

44
sign is amplitude modulated, the abundancy of the high-recurrence transporter is
shifted.

Figure 5. 6: Amplitude Modulation

• FM operation: The recurrence of the transporter signal with a greater recurrence is

adjusted according to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating wave signal with
a lower recurrence in Frequency Modulation (FM). In TV and radio transmission
systems, recurrence modulated signals are commonly used. Using simple MATLAB
capabilities, FM indications can be plotted quickly.

Figure 5. 7: Frequency Modulation

• Phase Modulation (PM) operation: PM (Phase Modulation) is a waveform

integration technique that involves altering the wave's immediate phase. This method
can be applied to both basic and complex data.

45
 Figure 5. 8: Phase Modulation

Figure 5. 9: Time and frequency domain representation (USB and LSB)

• SSB operation: A sideband is a set of band frequencies made up of energy that

correspond to the lower and higher frequencies of the transporter repetition. Both
sidebands provide comparable information. Because the force allotted for both the
bearer and the opposing sideband is employed in transmitting this Single Sideband,
the SSB framework has a high force (SSB).

Figure 5. 10: Frequency domain representation (SSB)

• DSB-SC and DSB-WC operation: In the first image, the message signal is shown,
and in the second figure, the carrier signal is shown. The carrier signal must carry the

46
message signal. The first image shows the output double sideband with suppressed
carrier, while the second shows spectral analysis. The spectral analysis of a double
sideband with a large carrier is shown in Figure 5.12.

Figure 5. 11: Message signal

Figure 5. 12:DSB with suppressed carrier

Figure 5. 13: Double sideband with large carrier

• FDM operation: The FDM signal is created by mixing the spectra of the
modulated signal s1 with the spectra of the modulated signal s2 in Figure 5.14.
The spectrums of the modulated signals s1 and s2 are shown too.

47
 Figure 5. 14:FDM

• PAM: The amplitudes of a train of transporter beats are variable by the amplitude
of the information signal wave in PAM, which is a basic modulation scheme. We
plotted the code in MATLAB to get figure 5.15. The message signal, which is
represented by the letter m in this case, changes the amplitudes.

Figure 5. 15: PAM modulation.

• TDM operation: We can see how different signal groups take turns using a channel
in Figure 5.16. The output of TDM's sinusoidal signal is also shown.

Figure 5. 16: Sinusoidal and triangular signal of TDM

48
• Basic-Digital modulation techniques: We use digital input and get analog output
in this code. The amplitude of ASK varies depending on the digital input. The
frequency of FSK fluctuates depending on the digital input. When you get one, the
frequency is higher, and when you get zero, the frequency is lower. The phase of PSK
changes in response to the input.

Figure 5. 17: Basic digital modulation techniques

• Eight Phase Shift Keying (8-PSK): As we all know, eight phase shift keying (8-
PSK) works in eight phases. This graphic depicts the output of eight phases. Square
Pulses, Square Pulses 1, Square Pulses 2, and Square Pulses 3 make up the final 8-
PSK. At 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, and 315° degrees, phase changes can be
found.

Figure 5. 18: 8PSK modulation

49
 Figure 5. 19: Bit Error Rate for BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK

With the growing demand for correspondence, it is more vital than ever to provide
better and more competent service to consumers by employing better ways.

5.9 Basic Modulation Scheme Comparison:

Because they reduce the effect of nonlinear amplification in the high-power amplifier,
constant envelope modulation methods like FSK and PSK are best suited for satellite
communications.

1 𝐸
Pe = erfc√ 𝑏 (Pe of FSK)
2 2𝑁 0

1 𝐸
Pe = erfc√ 𝑏 (Pe of PSK)
2 𝑁 0
So we can say PSK more efficient. Almost all satellite scientists have employed a PSK
variant. They've only used 16QAM a few times, but 32QAM isn't out of the question. Nearly
all broadcasting via satellite uses the DVB-S or S2 which is a group of PSK standards and
defines beyond modulation to include error correction, error protection and framing. PSK is
substantially more efficient than FM, allowing for much better quality for the same capacity,
or even many more channels in the same bandwidth.

For 8PSK, M=8, b=3 and

Pb = 23 Q [ sin 𝜋8 √6𝐸
𝑁
𝑏
]= 2
3
[
Q 0.937 √
𝐸𝑏
𝑁0
]
0

For 16PSK, M=16, b=4 and

Pb = 𝑄2 [ sin 16
𝜋
√ 𝑁𝑏 ] =
8𝐸 𝑄
2
[0.552√𝑁𝐸 ]
𝑏
0 0

50
Error rate is decreasing in 16psk. So 16psk can be more appropriate for better modulation. As
we are assuming to get better performance.

5.10 Summary:
Modulation technique is a one of the most mandatory process to transmit signal from one far
place to another. In satellite communication modulation has to use to transmit signal from
earth to space, as in our latest project in Bangabandhu Satellite -1(Geo stationary) 8psk was
used. Analyzing the feasibility of Bangabandhu Satellite-2, we should apply more convenient
modulation technology, calculating the mathematical terms like BER, SNR etc. After all this
careful consideration we have hypothetically taken that decision that 8PSK should be
replaced in 16PSK as 16PSK having high SNR and low BER.

51
 CHAPTER 6: CODINGS

6.1 TURBO CODES:

Here a two-user satellite communication system's performance and design are discussed.
Each user is encoded with a structured Turbo code that uses the same symbol interleavers.
This enables Turbo decoding to be conducted utilizing the combined component code
trellises, resulting in significant performance improvements over separate decoding. The
influence of various phase shifts between users is also considered, demonstrating the
proposed scheme's robustness.
Turbo coding is a special type of convolutional code .It’s length is increased .If we increase
the length of the convolution then the signal will be more random and more secured.
There are two components of a turbo encoding system.
• Interleaver
• Encoder

Turbo encoding is a concatenation of two or more encoders in parallel.

Encoder structure consists of
➢ Recursive systematic convolutional encoder as constituent encoders in a parallel
cancatenation scheme.
➢ An interleaver rearranges message by changing bit position.

6.1.1 ENCODER:
Two convolutional encoders run in parallel in a reduced turbo code. Before entering the
second encoder, the information bits are jumbled. The input bits are followed by the parity
check bits from the first encoder, and finally the parity bits from the second encoder in a
turbo code. Only two branches are shown in the reduced turbo code block diagram. In
general, numerous turbo encoders with more than two branches are possible. The constituent
code is the convolutional code at each branch (CC). The generating functions of the CCs can
be similar or distinct. We'll focus on the standard configuration, which has two branches with
the identical CC. In the diagram, a PAD is used to append the correct sequence of bits to
bring all of the encoders to an all-zero state. This is because if we employ starting and tail
bits, a convolutional code can be used to construct a block code. If we only have one encoder,
the tail must be a sequence of zeros with a length equal to the memory order m. Because of
the interleaver, it appears that stopping both encoders at the same time is problematic.
However, using only m tail bits is still conceivable.

52
 Figure 6. 1: Fundamental architecture of turbo coder

6.1.2 DECODER:
Iterative decoding is used by the decoder. A turbo decoder is depicted in Figure 3 as a block
diagram. To distinguish it from the initialization step, the iteration stage is depicted with
dotted lines. At any given time, only one loop is executed. In practice, the number of
iterations is rarely more than 18, and in many circumstances, 6 iterations are sufficient [4].
Actually, this iterative decoder system is referred known as turbo codes because of the turbo
engine principle. The first decoder will decode the sequence before passing the hard decision
to the next decoder, along with a reliability estimate for that decision. The second decoder
will now have additional information for decoding, such as an a priori value and the
sequence. The interleaver in the middle is responsible for making the two judgments
uncorrelated, and interleaving causes the channel between the two decoders to appear
memoryless. The specific process for passing information to the next decoder or iteration
stage is still under investigation. The modified soft output Viterbi algorithm is described in
the next section as a generally accepted decoding algorithm.

53
 Figure 6. 2: Turbo code Decoder block Diagram

6.1.3 Performance:
With BER values < 10-4 at very low energy per 18 information bit levels, turbo code error
performance outperforms convolutional and RS codes. Table 3.2.1 shows the performance of
the recommended code rates in terms of Turbo coding error for varied block lengths with 10
decoder iterations in each example. It is clear that codes with greater coding rates perform
better in terms of BER. It's also worth noting that code error performance improves with
block length; as a result, Turbo codes can be used to send vast amounts of data. Complex
encoding and decoding processes are common characteristics of turbo codes. However, at a
BER of 10-6, the coding gain is within 0.8dB of the Shannon limit, making the complexity
acceptable for high-performance applications. The use of Turbo codes has a number of
benefits and drawbacks, which are outlined below.
• Turbo codes are suitable for low-power communications over long distances because they
have a low BER at low SNR, which means that even with extremely little energy signals,
transmission can be near to error-free.
• Because of the various encoder components, the code necessitates a sophisticated decoder.
• Knowledge of the channel characteristics is essential for error correcting decoder
calculations.
• Because the decoding process is iterative, a vast amount of memory is required;
• Turbo encoding causes latency, since a complete length of information must be read before
encoding begins;
and
• Decoding latency is introduced by the decoder's processing of a full block before providing
an output.

54
Table 6.1: Results of 10 rounds of Turbo decoder BER performance approximation for
various block lengths, compiled from (CCSDS, 2012)
Block Length Rate SNR(dB) at BER
10-4
1784 1/2 1.3
1/3 0.66
1/4 0.43
1/6 0.14
3568 1/2 1.11
1/3 0.47
1/4 0.25
1/6 -0.17
7136 1/2 0.97
1/3 0.34
1/4 0.135
1/6 -0.25
8920 1/2 0.9
1/3 0.3
1/4 0.1
1/6 -0.8
16384 1/2 0.875
1/3 0.25
1/4 0.02
1/6 -0.036
Table 6. 1: Turbo decoder BER performance approximation results

55
 Figure 6. 3: Turbo code BER performance, Block Size 1784 Bits, Measured from JPL DSN
Turbo Decoder, 10 iterations Adapted from (CCSDS, 2012)

6.2 BCH CODE:

There are a variety of error-correcting algorithms available, one of which is direct block
coding, and the simplest block codes are Hamming codes. They're only good for dealing with
glaring irregular errors, therefore they're not very useful unless a basic error control circuit is
required. The Bose, Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, which are a speculation of
the Hamming codes for various mistake rectifications, are more advanced error remedying
codes. The BCH codes (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem) are a large class of capable irregular
error-correcting cyclic codes that are suitable for a variety of error revisions. BCH codes
function on limited fields or Galois fields, and their use on parallel Galois fields is possible
(2m). Because technology is rapidly evolving and information transmission is becoming
increasingly digitized, a single data exchange error can degrade the entire secure data, just as
it can at a bank. It is critical to notice and write such faults in order to obtain unique data at
the receiver.

6.2.1 ENCODING OF BCH CODE:

These codes are a collection of Hamming codes that allow for a variety of error corrections.
They define a class of effective arbitrary error redressing cyclic codes that allows for larger

56
block lengths, code speeds, and error correction capacity. BCH codes are characterized by the
following parameters:

For any positive integer’s m where m ≥ 3 and t where t < 2𝑚 -1; there exist a binary BCH
code where:

Block Length: n=2𝑚 -1;

Number of Parity-Check digits:r =n-k ≤ mt;

Minimum distance: dmin ≥2t+1.

The Alphabet of a BCH code for n=2𝑚 -1 is represented as the set of elements of an
appropriate Galois field, GF(2m) where the primitive element is α.

The generator polynomial of the t error correcting BCH code is the Least Common Multiple
of M1 (x), M2 (x), … , M2t(x) i.e., g(x) = LCM{M1 (x), M2 (x), … , M2t(x)}................ (1)

Where, M(x) Minimal polynomial of𝛼 𝑖 , i=1,2,…2t ……….(2)

Since the minimal polynomials for even power of α are same as for the odd power of α, then
the generator matrix reduces to;

g(x) = LCM{M1 (x), M3 (x), … , M2t−1 (x)}............... (3)

Then for a given message m(x) the code polynomial is given by

In non-systematic form: C(x) = g(x)m(x) …………………..(4)

In systematic form: C(x) = P(x) + 𝑋 𝑛−𝑘 m(x)........................ (5)

𝑋 𝑛−𝑘 𝑚(𝑥)
Where ,P(x) = modulo of ( )............ (6)
𝑔(𝑥)

6.2.2 DECODING OF BCH CODE:

Berlekamp Algorithm:

B. Find out the syndrome S=(S1,S2<… ..S2t) from the received polynomial r(x)

C. Compute the error Location polynomial σ(x) from the syndrome segments S1,S2,… …
.S2t utilizing the iterative method.

D. Focus on the error area numbers.

57
E. At that point focus the error polynomial e(x).

F. add e(x) to the received polynomial r(x) to get the codeword.

For effortlessness it has been utilized thin sense BCH code with settled code rate (0.7) and
variable codeword length (n) and variable message length (k) to assess the execution of such
code to see the dynamic parameters. Fig.1 represents the aftereffect of BER(Bit Error Rate)
when utilizing just BCH codes.

Figure 6. 4: BCH encoding and decoding for Different codewords

6.2.3 REAL BCH CODE FOR IMAGE CODING:

For simultaneous source coding and impulse noise cancellation of satellite pictures, a Bose-
Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) coder in the realm of real numbers is examined. Ours is a
symmetric binary channel (BSC). Prior to quantization and transmission, we do a carefully
designed interpolation of the sub-band pictures. In most situations, images acquired on board
spacecraft (earth observation, satellites, scientific missions, etc.) constitute quite huge
amounts of data. Due to the requirement to transport large volumes of data over a restricted
bandwidth channel, numerous data compression algorithms have been developed. Many of
these approaches work by removing redundant data from the data stream. This strategy has
the unintended consequence of making the information transmission process more susceptible
to channel noise: loss of synchronization in the entropy coded image data leads decoded
coefficients to be misplaced, resulting in substantial degradation of reconstructed images. The
use of channel coding, which adds redundancy to the output of the source encoder to make it
easier for the receiver to detect and/or fix erroneously received data, is a typical solution to
this problem. This traditional approach does not fully exploit the channel coder's redundancy:
if no error occurs in the channel, this redundancy is useless, whereas it might have been used
to reduce quantization noise by raising the quantizer's precision.

58
6.2.4 TRANSMISSION SCHEME:

Figure 6.5 depicts the proposed coding scheme. Using a wavelet transform, the satellite
image is split into three dyadic scales, yielding ten sub-band images. Each source word I
from a sub-band (k samples) is first encoded using a genuine BCH coder, which yields a
codeword c on n samples, which is then quantized using a Lloyd-Max quantizer on b i_ bits

per sample. The resulting n x bi bits are then assigned natural indexes applied to
and transmitted over the BSC, which is defined by its crossover (bit error) probability E.

Figure 6. 5: Real BCH code Scheme

6.2.5 BCH ENCODER ON THE REAL NUMBER:

The Discrete Fourier Transform can be used to explore the definition and properties of these
codes, which we present in the context of BCH codes (DFT).

Figure 6.6 shows the BCH coder diagram. A block 𝐼 of k spectral components is computed
from the original data block by applying a length-k DFT.

59
 Figure 6. 6: BCH coding from the information word to the expanded BCH encoder signal

This block is then padded with n - k consecutive zeros to preserve Hermitian symmetry (see
fig. 2), and a length-n inverse DFT is used to produce a real encoded signal,
. This codeword is normalized so that energy is preserved:
When compared to Blahut's standard systematic BCH coding technique, this encoding
procedure offers the advantage of roughly preserving the amplitude range of data samples.

6.2.6 RELATION TO FRAME EXPANSIONS METHOD:

The expansion-quantization-reconstruction scenario represented in is a specific example of

the genuine BCH encoding technique. The encoding equation in our scenario is as follows:

where ; is the length-l DFT matrix, is the n - k zero-padding matrix. After that, the
codeword components cj, j = 0,1,..., n-1 are quantized. The issue is figuring out how to
exploit the quantized codeword's redundancy to repair faults introduced by the channel. This
is solved in the following part using the BCH code language.

6.2.7 REAL BCH DECODER:

The decoding problem can be rephrased as follows:

Given a noisy codeword input to the decoder, estimate the transmitted codeword & in
order to finally reconstruct the initial source word . From fig. 1 and the assumption that the
quantizer is scalar and the BSC channel is memoryless, we find that each codeword sample is
affected (independently of the others) according to ;

60
Where;

e j is the impulse "error" due to the BSC channel, and n j is the quantization noise (assumed
white). e j_ 0 has an impulse error probability of p = 1 - (1 -)b (i;) where b (i;) is the number
of quantized bits per sample and is the BSC bit error probability. We leverage the redundancy
generated by BCH coding to concurrently localize and rectify impulse noise samples and
reduce quantization noise when e j_ 0 takes greater values than n j_ The BCH decoding
algorithm is based on the fact that the codeword c's n - k successive DFT components vanish.
The corresponding components of the corresponding components of the corresponding
components of the corresponding components of the corresponding components of the
corresponding components Even if no channel problems have been introduced, will no
longer accept zero values. The BCH decoder computes these components first in the spectral
domain. They are utilized as a "signature" of the impulse noise to be eliminated in the
presence of background noise, and they form the so-called syndrome.

After that, the decoding method is broken down into three steps:

(1) To recover d, evaluate the number of impulses regarded "errors,"

(2) locate the error locations, and

(3) locate and repair the error values.

6.2.8 PRODUCT BCH CODES ON THE REALS:

By iterating the decoding algorithm, the real BCH product code concept is a simple and
relatively efficient way to construct powerful codes capable of solving decoder malfunction.
Given a code C = (n,k).the product code is obtained by:

1. placing (k x k) information samples in a matrix,

2. coding the k rows by the code C,
3. coding the n columns using the code C.

The n x n matrix that results is the product codeword. When the matrix is received, the first
decoder decodes the columns (and rows) of the matrix, estimates and corrects faults if no
malfunction is identified, and outputs the decoded matrix to the next decoder.

In fact, decoding is accomplished using a fairly simple loop procedure: A first pass is made
on the matrix's lines, followed by a second pass on the columns. The method is repeated in
the next iteration. Even if only a few impulses are properly rectified at the start of the

61
algorithm, this considerably simplifies the task of the next step, which is conducted in the
sub-band matrix in the opposite direction.

6.3 Summary:
In a satellite communication system some coding techniques are required. For that we choose
two types of code: BCH code and Turbo code.In most satellite; BCH codes are used (because
it is a block error correcting code) instead of convolutional code. Its hardware system is not
much complex and its bandwidth is high compared to other coding techniques.In
Bangabandhu satellite 1, for modulation some coding techniques are required. Here, in this
thesis project for Bangabandhu satellite-2, we consider BCH code for getting better
modulation as theoretically and practically.

62
 CHAPTER 7: GROUND STATIONS

7.1 Ground Station:

Sajeeb Wazed base stations for the Bangabandhu 1 satellite are officially inaugurated by the
Prime Minister. The Sajeeb Wazed Ground Station, which is located near the
Telecommunications Staff College in Telipara, Gazipur, was inaugurated by Prime Minister
Sheikh Hasina. It is the primary ground station for the Bangabandhu-1 satellite. Bangabandhu
1 (BD-1) is Bangladesh's first geostationary communications satellite, produced by
Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC). The satellite was put into
geostationary orbit in May of this year (GEO). Bangabandhu 1 is a satellite that serves
Bangladesh's rural areas with broadcasting and telecommunications services. It has an orbital
location of 119.1° East longitude. It also promotes the adoption of commercial services like
direct-to-home television (DTH). It offers Ku-band and C-band services in Bangladesh, India,
Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and Indonesia, as well as in their respective
territorial seas in the Bay of Bengal. Communication is critical to the success of any space
mission. Beginning with Launch and Early Operations, the proper communication systems
are required.

7.2 Location:
Because ground stations rely on line of sight, their location is one of the most important
factors. The distance between your ground station and the orbit of the satellite will eventually
decide how often and for how long you can connect with it. Because the orbits of these
satellites all cross above the polar regions, a ground station operating in the mid-inclination
or equatorial zones will experience greater interference. Furthermore, infrastructure in the
arctic region has greater operating costs than infrastructure in the mid-latitudinal zones due to
limited real estate availability and harsh environmental conditions. Building a ground station
at your business will have an impact on the time and frequency with which you communicate,
especially if your operations base is confined to a single city or town. Because it will include
stations in numerous locations, a ground station network can help with this. Ground stations
are widely used.

7.3 Real-time telemetry and tele-command:

The mission requirement of how quickly the data from the satellite is needed by the end-user
and how often you'll want to interact with the satellite is one of the most significant variables
for ground stations. You're in for a struggle if the end-user of your satellite application needs
near-real-time data from the craft to be made available to them as soon as feasible. In this
instance, having access to a ground station network may be beneficial. To ensure that
expenses are avoided while using a ground station network, you may be able to establish
flexible subscriptions based on your end-users' changing needs. If your mission doesn't
require such real-time activities, you'll have greater freedom to use your own station, either
alone or in conjunction with network capacity.

63
7.4 Observance of local laws and regulations:
Getting approval for a place to host the station and receiving a license to properly interface
with your satellite, which can be a time-consuming process for the ground segment. To avoid
interfering with other terrestrial radio frequency sources, you must be aware of the laws that
apply to up-linking to your satellite at a given frequency. Examine the rules and regulations
that apply to the location where you intend to construct your antenna.

7.5 Distributed Satellite System:

Satellite networks and distributed satellite system systems are two concepts that refer to a
space segment in which numerous spacecraft collaborate to achieve a common goal. When
referring to a formation, constellation, or cluster, the definitions above are used to distinguish
between different topologies or control methods. Each space mission requires a ground
section in addition to the space segment. In a simplified approach, one satellite and one
ground station might already be considered a distributed system (made of two nodes
interacting with each other during contact). A multi-satellite system coupled to a ground
station network, on the other hand, is more appropriate in the long run. As a result, two
distinct distributed systems, one in space and the other on the ground, may be distinguished,
both of which are in close proximity to one another (see figure 7.1). This viewing angle is
frequently disregarded when multi-satellite systems are studied, despite the topology of the
system.

Figure 7. 1: Distributed space system

64
7.6 Ground station networks with redundant scheduling:
In low Earth orbit, communication time is unquestionably one of a satellite's most limited
resources. The contact window between a satellite and a ground station can be determined
using the orbit elements and the location of the ground station. A LEO satellite normally has
6 to 8 communication periods per day, ranging from 5 to 15 minutes [Cakaj et al., 2007]. This
has two big disadvantages: For starters, the satellite is only visible for a few minutes each
day, severely limiting the amount of data that can be transferred. Furthermore, the ground
station is not used for a significant portion of each day. Second, because to orbit geometry,
the contact windows have set start and end timings, and an academic ground station can only
support one satellite at a time. Because individual satellites' contact windows overlap (see
Figure 2), the question of which satellite should be used arises.

Figure 7. 2: Overlapping contact windows for adjacent ground stations

The distinction between planning and scheduling is maintained throughout this work, even if
both domains are sometimes blurred in literature. Planning is a broad term that refers to
developing a series of steps to attain a specific goal, such as path or task planning.
Scheduling, according to [Smith et al., 2000], is a subset of planning in which the actions
have already been determined, leaving just the task of choosing a workable order. This is in
line with [Leung, 2004]'s notion of scheduling. Scheduling is used by many systems and
applications, including as process scheduling (see Figure 2: Overlapping contact windows for
nearby ground station operating systems) and task scheduling in industrial processes.
Scheduling is defined in this paper as the problem of assigning satellites to ground stations,
i.e., scheduling contact windows over a specified time horizon. The term "Satellite Range" is
used to describe this type of issue.

65
 Figure 7. 3: The field of view of ground-based station watching for rocket launches beyond
the Russian territory circa 2010.

7.7 Summary:
Ground Stations are very vital in any satellite communication. A ground station is a terrestrial
radio station that receives radio signals from astronomical radio sources or is used for extra-
planetary telecommunication with spacecraft. For any smooth communication, several
ground station is needed. We have two ground stations for Bangabandhu Satellite 1. Needing
of another ground station is debatable for Bangabandhu Satellite 2. We proposed not to set
another ground station yet.

66
 CHAPTER 8: FEASIBILITY STUDIES

8.1 NEED OF ANOTHER GROUND STATION?

Because ground stations rely on line of sight, one of the most crucial elements is their
placement. The distance between your ground station and the satellite's orbit will eventually
determine how frequently and for how long you can communicate with the satellite.

Each day, a LEO satellite typically has 6 to 8 communication windows ranging from 5 to 15
minutes.This implies two major drawbacks:
Firstly, the satellite is only visible for a few minutes each day, which limits the amount of
transferable data dramatically,
Secondly, the contact windows have fixed start and end times due to orbit geometry and an
academic ground station can serve only a single satellite at a time.
v
But Unlike the International Space Station and many other low-Earth-orbiting objects,
geostationary satellites are visible all night, every night of the year. When they enter Earth's
shadow approximately two weeks either side of the equinox, they only disappear for up to 70
minutes per day.But we have only two ground station.
If we schedule each of them equally for the two satellites then it will be possible to maintain
data transfer rate.For cost efficiency and time consuming. And we must be aware of the laws
that apply to uplink to your satellite at a specific frequency and avoid interfering with other
terrestrial radio frequency sources.
So, for now we propose that we don't need another ground station yet for Bangabandhu
Satellite 2.

8.2 MODULATION:
Different sorts of modulation techniques are employed in satellites to send signals from one
location to another. However, some typical modulation techniques used in satellite
communication include Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK), Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK),
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK).
This modulation scheme has both advantages and disadvantages. For better selection their
disadvantages should be compared.

Advantages of FSK
• It has a high SNR.
• Because of the continuous envelope, it has a stronger noise immunity. As a result, it is
resistant to channel attenuation variations.

67
Disadvantage of FSK
• It has a greater bandwidth than other modulation techniques like ASK and PSK. As a
result, it is inefficient in terms of bandwidth.
• In comparison to PSK modulation, the AWGN channel has a lower BER (Bit Error
Rate).
Advantages of BPSK
• To retrieve original binary information, the BPSK demodulator just needs to make
two judgments. As a result, compared to other modulation modes, the BPSK receiver
is exceedingly simple.
Disadvantages of BPSK:
• In BPSK modulation, a single analog carrier carries one bit. As a result, the data rate
in bits per second and the symbol rate are the same. This is half as much as QPSK
modulation and many times less than other higher modulation schemes like 16QAM,
64QAM, and so on.
• BPSK is not a bandwidth-efficient modulation technique when compared to other
modulation types for the reasons stated above.
Advantages of QPSK:
• In QPSK modulation, a single analog carrier carries two bits. As a result, bandwidth is
twice as efficient as BPSK modulation. The symbol rate is half that of the raw bit rate
in this case.
Disadvantages of QPSK:
• One complex symbol represents two binary bits in the QPSK modulation process.
Due to the four states required to recover binary data information, the QPSK receiver
is more sophisticated than the BPSK receiver.
• Due to the aforementioned rationale, QPSK is a less power-efficient modulation
technique than other modulation types, as two bits require more power to transmit.
Advantages of PSK:
• When compared to other modulation schemes, it transports data more efficiently
across RF signals. As a result, it is a more energy-efficient modulation approach than
ASK and FSK.
• It has a lower error rate than ASK modulation and uses the same bandwidth as ASK.
• High-level PSK modulations, such as QPSK (represents 2 bits per constellation), 16-
QAM (represents 4 bits per constellation), etc., can be used to produce a higher data
rate of transmission.

In the I-Q plane, where the I and Q planes are perpendicular to each other, PSK modulation
systems are simply described. The information about the signal status is provided by one
point in the I-Q plane. BPSK and QPSK are two basic techniques used in the PSK scheme.
The two phases 0 and 180 represent one binary code in BPSK, whereas the four phases 0, 90,
180, and 270 represent two binary codes in QPSK. The higher the order in multilayer PSK,
the more power is required to attain the same level of performance. PSK is used for satellite

68
communication because PSK signals can be delivered across a satellite's non-linear channel
with suitable modem filter selection.

8.2.1 Basic Modulation Scheme Comparison:

Because they reduce the effect of nonlinear amplification in the high-power amplifier,
constant envelope modulation methods like FSK and PSK are best suited for satellite
communications.

1 𝐸
Pe = erfc√ 𝑏 (Pe of FSK)
2 2𝑁 0

1 𝐸
Pe = erfc√ 𝑏 (Pe of PSK)
2 𝑁 0

So we can say PSK more efficient. Almost all satellite scientists have employed a PSK
variant. They've only used 16QAM a few times, but 32QAM isn't out of the question. Nearly
all broadcasting via satellite uses the DVB-S or S2 which is a group of PSK standards and
defines beyond modulation to include error correction, error protection and framing. PSK is
substantially more efficient than FM, allowing for much better quality for the same capacity,
or even many more channels in the same bandwidth. In Bangabandhu Satellite 2, Eight Phase
Shift Keying (8PSK) are used in BS-1. There are eight possible phase alterations defined in
8PSK. Bangabandhu Satellite-1 is projected to help the country make significant progress.
We would like to study and explore the probable options to optimize the signal processing
and used in the Bangabandhu Satellite-1 subsystems and thereby ensure optimal utilization of
the space odyssey of Bangladesh.

For 8PSK, M=8, b=3 and

Pb = 23 Q [ sin 𝜋8 √6𝐸
𝑁
𝑏
]= 2
3
[ 𝐸
Q 0.937 √𝑁𝑏 ]
0 0

For 16PSK, M=16, b=4 and

Pb = 𝑄2 [ sin 16
𝜋
√ 𝑁𝑏 ] =
8𝐸 𝑄
2
[0.552√𝑁𝐸 ]
𝑏
0 0

69
 Figure 8. 1: Bit error rate curve

Figure 8. 2: Bit error rate curve for 16PSK

70
From Figure 8.2, we can see the highest SNR among BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16PSK is for
16PSK. We know SNR= Average Signal Power/Average Noise Power. So having high SNR,
In comparison to the noise levels, the signal strength is higher. This allows for larger data
rates and fewer retransmissions, resulting in increased throughput. In general, data networks
should use signals with an SNR of 20 dB or higher, whereas voice networks should use
signals with an SNR of 25 dB or higher. Error rate is decreasing in 16psk. So 16psk can be
more appropriate for better modulation. As we are assuming to get better performance, from
Figure 5 according to this BER VS SNR graph it is analytically showing that 16PSK is more
applicable for Bangabandhu Satellite 2. As we are studying about the feasibility of BS-2 so
we would prefer more convenient modulation for better performance. For more specification,
better performance between 8PSK 16PSK both BER and SNR are high for 16PSK. So 16PSK
can be used for BS-2 hypothetically.

71
8.3 CODING:

The bch code for the modulation is:

Modulation:

clc;
close all;

SNRdB=-4:1:24; % SNRdB ranging from -4

to 24
SNR=10.^(SNRdB/10);
colors={'k-s','g','r-h','c-s'};
index=1; % for keeping track of
colors

% BPSK
BPSK = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(SNR)); % BPSK
formula using matlab error function erfc for AWGN channel
plotHandle=plot(SNRdB,log10(BPSK),char(colors(index))); % define
plotHandle
set(plotHandle,'LineWidth',1.5);
hold on;
index=index+1;
% M-PSK
m=2:1:4; % m = [2 3 4]
M=2.^m; % M = [4 8 16]
for i=M
k=log2(i);
berErr = 1/k*erfc(sqrt(SNR*k)*sin(pi/i)); % formula
for bit error rate AWGN channel for M-PSK using general formula
plotHandle=plot(SNRdB,log10(berErr),char(colors(index)));
set(plotHandle,'LineWidth',1.5);
index=index+1;
end

% plot start
legend('BPSK','QPSK','8-PSK','16-PSK'); % Settings
legends
axis([-4 24 -8 0]); % Setting
axis
set(gca,'XTick',-4:1:24);
ylabel('Probability of BER Error - log10(Pb)'); % Y and X
label
xlabel('Eb/N0 (dB)');
title('Probability of BER Error log10(Pb) Vs Eb/N0'); % Graph
title
grid on;

72
Figure 8. 3: SNR Ratio

73
Using BCH Code rate:

clc;
close all;
n=31; %Codeword
k=11; %message bit
SNRdB=-4:1:24; % SNRdB ranging from -4
to 24
SNR=(k/n)*10.^(SNRdB/10); %BCH coderate
colors={'k-s','g','r-h','c-s'};
index=1; % for keeping track of
colors

% BPSK
BPSK = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(SNR)); % BPSK
formula using matlab error function erfc for AWGN channel
plotHandle=plot(SNRdB,log10(BPSK),char(colors(index))); % define
plotHandle
set(plotHandle,'LineWidth',1.5);
hold on;
index=index+1;
% M-PSK
m=2:1:3; % m = [2 3]
M=2.^m; % M = [4 8]
for i=M
k=log2(i);
berErr = 1/k*erfc(sqrt(SNR*k)*sin(pi/i)); % formula
for bit error rate AWGN channel for M-PSK using general formula
plotHandle=plot(SNRdB,log10(berErr),char(colors(index)));
set(plotHandle,'LineWidth',1.5);
index=index+1;
end

% plot start
legend('BPSK','QPSK','8-PSK'); % Settings legends
axis([-4 24 -8 0]); % Setting
axis
set(gca,'XTick',-4:1:24);
ylabel('Probability of BER Error - log10(Pb)'); % Y and X
label
xlabel('Eb/N0 (dB)');
title('Probability of BER Error log10(Pb) Vs Eb/N0'); % Graph
title
grid on;

74
 Figure 8. 4: SNR ratio (coded)

The letters BCH stand for Bose, Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghen, the names of the three
creators. These codes can correct up to t mistakes, and the allowed values are n=2m-1 and
k>=n-mt, where m is any positive integer. Because the integers m and t are arbitrary, the code
creator has a lot of freedom in terms of what to use. Proakis and Salehi (1994) provide a
comprehensive list of BCH code parameters, from which the numbers in Table 11.3 were
derived. The code rate is rc=k/n, as is customary.

Codeword, Message Error

n bit, k bit
limit,
t
7 4 1
15 11 1
15 7 2
15 5 3
31 26 1
31 21 2
31 16 3
31 11 5
31 6 7

Table 8. 1: Some parameters for BCH codes

75
Link Parameter:
The modulator's input bit rate is Rb for an uncoded message and Rc for a coded message. The
bit rates are connected as Rb/Rc=rc because n code bits must be transferred for every k data
bits.

Rc>Rb is always the case because rc is less than unity. The bit energy is inversely
proportional to bit rate with constant carrier power, and hence,

Ec/Eb=rc

Ec=rc*Eb is the result.

The average bit energy in the uncoded bit stream is Eb, whereas the average bit energy in the
coded bit stream is Ec.
Here, we are using (31, 11) BCH parameter to increase SNR performance.

8.4 Business Perspective of Bangabandhu Satellite 2:

✓ Scenerio-1:
If, 75% lent out to other countries, we can earn approximately 375 Cr. per annum. As the
satellite will be a hybrid type so that weather forecast, surveillance and other applications
can be done. It can be useful for local Market in Bangladesh such as BMD(Bangladesh
Meteorological Department), NSI, DGFI, CID, RAB etc. We can earn approximately 50
Cr. per annum from the local market. As summing the total we can repay the cost of the
satellite within 5 years maximum, and can launch another satellite within 10 years.

75% lent out : 375 Cr. Per annum.

25% Local : 50 Cr. Per annum.
Total : 425 Cr. Per annum.
Cost Reoccupied: Within 5 years (max)
Launching the 3rd Satellite: Within 10 years

✓ Scenerio-2:

50% lent out : 250 Cr. Per annum.

50% Local : 100 Cr. Per annum.
Total : 350 Cr. Per annum.
Cost Reoccupied: Within 6 years (max)
Launching the 3rd Satellite: Within 12 years

76
 ✓ Scenerio-3:

25% lent out : 125 Cr. Per annum.

75% Local : 150 Cr. Per annum.
Total : 275 Cr. Per annum.
Cost Reoccupied: Within 7 years (max)
Launching the 3rd Satellite: Within 14 years

**All approximations are taken from the costing of Bangabandhu Satellite-1

77
 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION

9.1 Conclusion:
In this research we forecast feasibility study of Bangabandhu satellite-2. Launching a new
satellite we have discussed both analytical and business purpose. The country would become
self-reliant in earth observation with optical and radar pictures and applications with the
launch of Bangabandhu Satellite-2. We research how to investigate the usefulness of other
spacecraft and to create the Bangabandhu Satellite 2. And how to research Bangabandhu
Satellite 2's modulation and coding techniques. To investigate how the second Bangabandhu
satellite could be more advantageous to our economy and communications. To look into the
possibility of a future Bangabandhu Satellite 2. In business purpose we discussed about cost
calculation. Bangabandhu- After 26 percent of its capacity was rented out, one satellite will
bring in Tk 125 crore each year. The Bangladesh Communication Satellite Company
(BCSCL) has announced a new development. satisfactory. As time goes forward, the costing
appears to be reoccupied inside the organization. It's been eight years since the launch.
Bangabandhu- After 26 percent of its capacity was rented out, one satellite will bring in Tk
125 crore each year. The Bangladesh Communication Satellite Company (BCSCL) has
announced a new development. satisfactory. As time goes forward, the costing appears to be
reoccupied inside the organization. It's been eight years since the launch. In analytical we
research about electrical part , modulation and about coding .
The feasibility study of Bangabandhu satellite-2 is forecasted in this study. We covered both
analytical and business purposes when launching a new satellite. With the launch of
Bangabandhu Satellite-2, the country would become self-sufficient in earth observation with
optical and radar images and applications. We're looking into how we might study the use of
other spacecraft and build the Bangabandhu Satellite 2. And how to investigate the
modulation and coding algorithms used by Bangabandhu Satellite 2. To look into how the
second Bangabandhu satellite might be more beneficial to our economy and communications.
To investigate the potential of Bangabandhu Satellite 2 in the future. The present power
source for GEO satellites (NiH2 technology) provides for battery storage of up to 50 Wh/kg
at the start of life (BOL). The primary goal is to considerably lower the weight of the
satellite's battery. At the system level, the goal is to get a factor of nearly two on that figure.
We're looking into the viability of BS-2, thus a more convenient modulation would be
preferable for better performance. For additional information on the differences in
performance between 8PSK and 16PSK, see the table below. 16PSK has a higher BER and
SNR than 8PSK. As a result, 16PSK may theoretically be employed for BS-2. For cost
affective purpose we improve the modulation by improving MATAB code where BCH code
implemented and we improved the code rate to replace 8PSK in 16PSK. Three characteristics
distinguish BCH codes. Proakis and Salehi (1994) provide a comprehensive list of BCH
coding parameters. The BCH code rate is rc = k/n. Besides all these technical term The nation
will benefit much if we can assure the launch and costing of Bangabandhu Satellite 2. Both
the meteorological and surveillance industries will be enriched. It will be a watershed
78
moment. If we can correctly utilize it, we will be self-sufficient in terms of launching the
third satellite, and we will not be financially dependant on any banks or institutions. For a
developing country like Bangladesh, this will be a huge accomplishment.

79
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TV, October 3, 2020
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Communications.
[7] Md. Sazal Miah, Md. Atiqur Rahman, Zabid
Ahmed, Yeonggwang Kim, Jinsul Kim, Comparative
Study and Performance Analysis of Different
Modulation Techniques Relevant to Bangabandhu
Satellite Communication System.
[8] J. RUMÁNEK, J. ŠEBESTA, New channel coding
methods for Satellite Communication.
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Detection and Correction using Concatenated BCH
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Codes for Satellite Images coding.
[11] Ali H. Mugaibel and Maan A. Kousa,
Understanding Turbo Codes.
80

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