Work and Energy

KPI 3.1.1 Show that work is done when a force is applied through a displacement
KPI 3.1.2 Identify work as a scalar quantity measured in Nm or Joule (J)
KPI 3.1.3 Recall that a perpendicular force (perpendicular to the direction of motion) does no work, but only changes the
direction of motion of an object
KPI 3.1.4 Illustrate when work is positive, negative or zero with suitable examples
KPI 3.1.5 Apply the relationship between a force F and the work done on a system by the force when the system
undergoes a displacement d: W = Fd cos𝜃 , where 𝜃 is the angle between the direction of the force and the direction of
displacement
KPI 3.1.6 Calculate the work done by a force (exerted at an angle to the direction of motion) as a product of the
component of the force in the direction of the displacement and the displacement
KPI 3.1.7 Calculate the net work done by multiple forces acting on a system as the sum of the work done by each force
KPI 3.1.8 Determine graphically the work done by a force from the area of force versus displacement graph
 Work
There are many different TYPES of Energy.

Energy is expressed in JOULES (J)

4.19 J = 1 calorie
Energy can be expressed more
specifically by using the term
KPI 3.1.1
Show that
WORK (W)
work is done
when a force
is applied
through a
displacement
Work and Energy
Work is The Scalar Dot Product between Force and Displacement.
𝑾 = 𝐹⃗ % 𝑑⃗
The component of the displacement 𝑑⃗ that is parallel to the applied force 𝐹⃗
is used to calculate the work.
Work is a scalar value that can be positive, negative, or zero
The definition of work can be applied to an object when that object can be
modeled as a point- like object.
Work
So that means if you apply a force on an object and it covers a
displacement you have supplied ENERGY or done WORK on that object.

𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ • 𝑟⃗ = 𝐹𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑟⃗ = displacement vector
 𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ • 𝑟⃗ = 𝐹𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑟⃗ = displacement vector
Work & displacement
The VERTICAL component of the force DOES NOT cause the block to
move the right. The energy imparted to the box is evident by its motion to
the right. Therefore ONLY the HORIZONTAL COMPONENT of the force
actually creates energy or WORK.
When the FORCE and DISPLACEMENT are in the SAME DIRECTION you get a
POSITIVE WORK VALUE. The ANGLE between the force and displacement is
ZERO degrees. What happens when you put this in for the COSINE?
When the FORCE and DISPLACEMENT are in the OPPOSITE direction, yet still
on the same axis, you get a NEGATIVE WORK VALUE. This negative doesn't
mean the direction!!!! IT simply means that the force and displacement
oppose each other. The ANGLE between the force and displacement in this case
is 180 degrees. What happens when you put this in for the COSINE?
When the FORCE and DISPLACEMENT are PERPENDICULAR, you get NO
WORK!!! The ANGLE between the force and displacement in this case is 90
degrees. What happens when you put this in for the COSINE?
Work
Example: A box of mass m = 2.0 kg is moving over a frictional floor ( µk = 0.3)
has a force whose magnitude is F = 25 N applied to it at an angle of 30°, as
shown to the left. The box is observed to move 16 meters in the horizontal
direction before falling off the table. How much work does F do before taking
the plunge?
Work 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑾𝟏 +𝑾𝟐 +𝑾𝟑 + ⋯
Example: A box of mass m = 2.0 kg is moving over a frictional floor ( µk = 0.3)
has a force whose magnitude is F = 25 N applied to it at an angle of 30°, as
shown to the left. The box is observed to move 16 meters in the horizontal
direction before falling off the table. What is the network?
Work
Work
Work
Work (a) The Eskimo pushes the same 50.0-kg sled over level ground with a force of
175 N exerted horizontally, moving it a distance of 6.00 m over new terrain. If
the net work done on the sled is 150 J, find the coefficient of kinetic friction.
(b) Repeat the exercise with the same data, finding the coefficient of kinetic
friction, but assume the applied force is upwards at a 45.0° angle with the
horizontal.
Work and Area
Work equals the area under the curve
Work and Energy
The force acting on a particle varies as in the figure. Find the work done by the force as
the particle moves
(a) from x = 0 to x = 8.00 m,
(b) from x = 8.00 m to x = 10.0 m, and
(c) from x = 0 to x = 10.0 m.
Work and Energy
The force acting on a particle varies as in the figure. Find the work done by the force as
the particle moves in total.