Module Bank for Module-2

Faculty Name: Dr. Jawad Ahmad Dar

Department: ACSE
Subject: Artificial Intelligence (22DS204)
Branch: DS
Year & Section: 2nd Year A

1. Explain different of inference rules. Build arguments using rules of inference of the
following premises.
a. Premises: “Randy works hard”. “If Randy works hard, then he is a dull boy”, and “if
randy is a dull boy, then he will not get the job”.
Conclusion: “Randy will not get the job”.
b. Premises: “if it does not rain or it is not foggy, then the sailing race is held and the life
saving demonstration will go on”,” if the sailing race is held, then the trophy will be
awarded” and “The trophy was not awarded”.
Conclusion: “It rained”.
c. What is the logical translation of the following statement “None of my friends are
perfect”

2. a. Show that t is a valid conclusion from the premises P → 𝑄, Q → 𝑅, R → 𝑆, ~𝑆,

𝑃 ⋁ 𝑇.
b. Show the premises “it is not sunny this afternoon and it is colder than yesterday”.
“We will go swimming only if it is sunny”. “If we don’t go swimming, then we will
take a canoe trip”. “And if we take a canoe trip, then we will go to home by sunset”
lead to the conclusion “we will go home by sunset”.
c. Show that the premises “if you send me an email message, then I will finish the
writing the program.” “if you don’t send me an e-mail message, then I will go to
sleep early”, and “if I go to sleep early, then I will wake up feeling refreshed” lead
to the conclusion “if I don’t finish writing the program, then I will wake up feeling
refreshed”.

3. a. Consider the following logical inferences

I1: if it rains then the cricket match will not be played.
The cricket match was played.
Inference: There was no rain.
I2: if it rains then the cricket match will not be played.
It did not rain.
Inference: The cricket match was played.
Show that I1 is correct but I2 is not correct inference.
b. Explain first order logic (FOL) in knowledge representation. Translate the sentences
below from English into first order logic.
1. All man drink coffee.
2. Some boys are intelligent.
 3. All birds fly.
4. Every man respects his parent
5. Some boys play cricket.
6. Not all students like both Mathematics and Science.
7. Not All that Glitter is Gold
8. It is a crime for an American to sell weapons to hostile nations.
9. Country A has some missiles.
10. Enemy of America is known as hostile.

4. a. Explain the process of unification (Algorithm) in Artificial Intelligence.

b. What are the conditions for unification.?
c. Why unification is important.
d. Find the most general unifier (MGU) (if exist)
1. {p(f(a), g(Y)) and p (X, X)}
2. {p (b, X, f(g(Z))) and p (Z, f(Y), f(Y))}
3. {p (X, X), and p (Z, f(Z))}
4. Q (a, g (x, a), f(y)), Q (a, g(f(b), a), x)}
5. UNIFY (knows (Richard, x), knows (Richard, John))
e. Translate “some real numbers are rational” into mathematical logic.
f. Translate “Gold and silver ornaments are precious” into mathematical logic.
g. Translate “not all rainy days are cold” into mathematical logic.
5. a. Explain in detail the concept of Resolution in Artificial Intelligence, resolve two clauses
which are given below:
[Animal (g(x) V Loves (f(x), x)] and [￢ Loves (a, b) V ￢Kills (a, b)]
b. Prove by resolution that: John likes peanuts.
1. John likes all kind of food.
2. Apple and vegetable are food
3. Anything anyone eats and not killed is food.
4. Anil eats peanuts and still alive.
5. Harry eats everything that Anil eats.
c. Prove: - mani eats fish
1. Cat likes fish
2. Cats eats everything they like
3. Mani is cat

6. a. Consider the following Knowledge base:

1.Gita likes all kinds of food.
2.Mango and chapati are food.
3.Gita eats almond and is still alive.
4.Anything eaten by anyone and is still alive is food
Prove by resolution that: Gita Likes almond.
b. Use Resolution to show that the hypothesis “Allen is a bad boy or Hillary is a good girl”
and “Allen is a good boy or David is happy” implies the Conclusion “Hillary is a good girl
or David is happy”

7. The Wumpus world is a cave with 16 rooms (4×4). Each room is connected to others
through walkways (no rooms are connected diagonally). The knowledge-based agent
starts from Room [1, 1]. The cave has – some pits, a treasure and a beast named Wumpus.
The Wumpus cannot move but eats the one who enters its room. If the agent enters the
pit, it gets stuck there. The goal of the agent is to take the treasure and come out of the
cave. The agent is rewarded when the goal conditions are met. The agent is penalized
when it falls into a pit or being eaten by the Wumpus. Some elements support the agent
to explore the cave, like -The Wumpus’s adjacent rooms are stench. -The agent is given
one arrow which it can use to kill the Wumpus when facing it (Wumpus screams when it
is killed). – The adjacent rooms of the room with pits are filled with breeze. -The treasure
room is always glittery. Find the Wumpus presented room

8. a. Explain the concept of Forward and backward Chaining.

b. Differentiate between Forward chaining and Backward Chaining.
c. Using Forward chaining and backward Chaining, Prove “Colonel is a criminal” from
given facts.

Given facts
It is crime for an American to sell weapons to the enemy of America.
Country nano is the enemy of America.
Nano has some missiles.
All the missiles were sold to nano by colonel.
Missile is weapon.
Colonel is American.
9. a. What do you mean by a linear regression.? Explain Types of regression, Which
applications are best modelled by linear regression.
b. What is an Expert System.? Explain its components, Give some examples of expert
system.
c.What are different Applications of Expert System.

10. Explain different Classifications Techniques

a. Linear Classifiers: Logistic Regression, Naïve bayes classifiers
b. Nearest neighbour
c. Support vector machines
d. Decision Trees
e. Random forest
f. Neural Networks.