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Effectof Social Media Useon Body 0 AImageamong Adolescents
Effectof Social Media Useon Body 0 AImageamong Adolescents
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ان ِفي أ َ ْح َ
س ِن تَ ْق ِويم) س َ )لَقَ ْد َخلَ ْقنَا ْ ِ
اْلن َ
Signature
Date: / / 2023
Certification
We, the members of the examining committee, certify that after reading
this thesis entitled (Effect of Social Media Use on Body Image among
Adolescents), which is submitted by (Samah Nghaimesh Sultan) from the
Department of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, and we have examined the
student in its contents, and what is related to it, and we have decided that it is
qualified for pursuing the degree of Master in Nursing Sciences with a
specialty of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing and estimate of ( Excellent ).
Signature Signature
Assist. Prof. Dr Assist. Prof. Dr
Aseel Ghazi Mahmmod Kawther Salman Dawood
Member Member
Date / /2023 Date / /2023
Signature
Chairman
Assist. Prof. Dr. Qahtan Qasim Mohammed
Date: / / 2023
The Council of the Department of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing has approved
the examining committee decision
Signature
prof. Dr. Wissam Jabbar Qassim, PhD.
Dean of College of Nursing/ University of Baghdad
Date: / / 2023
Approval Certification
After reviewing the thesis titled (Effect of Social Media Use on Body
Samah
2023
I
Acknowledgments
At the first, I would like to thank my God, the source of all wisdom,
knowledge ,and understanding. Thank you for blessing me with the mind,
creativity, and perseverance to complete this work. Your guidance,
inspiratio,n and strength have been my constant companions throughout my
academic journey.
I would like to express my sincere appreciation for my supervisor's
assistance. Dr.Iman Hussaien Alwan for her positive response, generous
sharing of her scientific knowledge and continuous encouragement and
support, all those who have supported and helped me through my journey to
finish this study.
Thanks are extended for College of Nursing / University of Baghdad,
starting from the Dean Prof. Dr.Wisam Qasim Jabar, and the chairman of
Psychiatric Nursing Department , Dr. Qahtan Qasim Mohammed, and all
the members of the department, for their support through this thesis and for
the library staff in the College of Nursing for their cooperation. Finally,
thanks and respect to all the student who agree to participate in the present
study
II
Abstract
The universal and widespread use of social media platforms has
revolutionized communication and connectivity, especially among
adolescents and this widespread and globalization use of social media
platform can affect the mental, psychological and physical health of the
adolescents. This study aim to assess the effect of social media use on body
image perception among femal adolescents.
A descriptive correlational design conducted in Baghdad city at high
school female of Directorate of Education Rusafa second and third from
November 2022 to April 2023. A probability sample of (560) females
students from 20 schools selected The instrument of the study was designed
by using questionnaire which included informations aboute students a Socio-
demographic characteristics, Social Media Engagement Scale for adolescents
(SMES-A), and Body Image Perception Scale.
The study results showed that (52%) of high femal students had
moderate levels of social media use and (74.5%) had normal assessment of
body image with a significant correlation between the two. However, there is
significant difference was found between age, grade, monthly income and,
social media use .and a significant difference was found between monthly
income and body image .
The study concludes that the social media use had negative effect on
body image and this possible negative effects of social media use on body
image perception related to how much time female students spends on social
media platforms, the more time spent on social social media platform, the
greater the negative impact of social media use platform on the body image
perception among female students. The researcher recommendes that the
ministry of education to support the school to holding courses for students on
effect of social media use and activating the role of media censorship on
content that published on social media platforms.
III
List of contents
1 Acknowledgments I
2 Abstract II
3 List of Contents III
3 List of Tables V
4 List of Figures VI
5 List of Appendices VI
6 List of abbreviations and symbols VII
Abstract in Arabic
V
LIST OF TABLES
List
Titles Page No.
3.1 Reliability of the Studied Questionnaire 29
(n=25)
4.1 Distribution of study sample by their socio- 33
demographic variable
4.2 Distribution of social media use. 34
List of Figures
Items Titles
A Ethical Considerations
D List of Experts
List of Abbreviation
1 % Percentage
Introduction
Chapter one:Introduction 1
1 Chapter One
2 Introduction
1.1 Background
Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, with billions
of people using various social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram,
Twitter, TikTok, and many others to connect, share information, and entertain
themselves. While social media has many benefits, such as staying connected
with friends and family, it has also been associated with various negative
effects, including its impact on body image (Huang, Peng, and Ahn, 2021).
Social media platforms are filled with images of people with what seems
to be the "perfect" body, often manipulated through editing and filters. These
images create unrealistic beauty standards and can lead to individuals feeling
insecure about their bodies. Social media use has been linked to body
dissatisfaction, negative body image, and disordered eating behaviors
(Olanrewaju et al., 2020).
Social media platforms are often criticized for not doing enough to
regulate and remove harmful content, such as images promoting extreme
weight loss or unhealthy body standards. As a result, many people have
become advocates for body positivity, encouraging people to love their
bodies regardless of their shape or size (Appel et al., 2020).
For girls, the combination of reaching puberty, changing their bodies, the
importance of peer approval, and the formation of romantic relationships can
increase stress exposure to a negative body image.There is a growing body of
research suggesting that there is a relationship between body dissatisfaction
and time spent on social media in adolescents, Social media use is associated
with increased body dissatisfaction, several studies have found that spending
more time on social media is linked to higher levels of body dissatisfaction
in adolescents. This may be because social media often presents unrealistic
beauty standards that can be difficult to achieve, leading to feelings of
inadequacy and dissatisfaction with one's appearance )Sukamto, Hamidah
and Fajrianthi, 2019(.
found that the more time adolescents spend comparing themselves to others
on social media, the more likely they are to experience negative body image
(Boursier et al., 2020).
Specific types of social media use may be more harmful, some studies
have found that certain types of social media use, such as posting selfies or
following fitspiration accounts, are more strongly associated with body
dissatisfaction than others. This may be because these types of content are
more likely to emphasize appearance and can be more triggering for
individuals who are already struggling with body image issues (Franchina &
Coco, 2018).
Body dissatisfaction can lead to more social media use, while social
media use can contribute to body dissatisfaction, the reverse may also be true.
Adolescents who are dissatisfied with their bodies may be more likely to
spend time on social media seeking validation or comparing themselves to
others (Gordon et al., 2021). these findings suggest that there is a complex
relationship between body dissatisfaction and social media use in
adolescents. While social media can have many benefits, it is important for
parents and caregivers to be aware of the potential negative effects and to
help adolescents develop healthy habits around social media use (Fioravanti
et al., 2022).
1.3.Problems statement
The problem statement for a study on the effect of social media use on
body image among adolescents could be framed as follows.
Despite the many benefits of social media, there is growing concerned
about the impact of social media use on adolescent body image (Jiotsa et al.,
2021). Adolescents are a vulnerable population, and body dissatisfaction can
lead to a range of negative outcomes, including eating disorders, depression,
and low self-esteem. While there is evidence to suggest that social media use
is associated with negative body image among adolescents, the precise nature
of this relationship is not well understood (Franchina & Coco, 2018). it is
important to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that contribute to this
relationship, including the types of social media use that are most strongly
associated with negative body image, the role of social comparison, and the
potential moderating effects of age, gender, and other demographic factors
(Mahon & Hevey, 2021).
The study aims to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the
relationship between social media use and body image among adolescents
and identifying the key factors that contribute to this relationship (Boursier et
al., 2020).
Chapter one:Introduction 5
The Problem: Social media has become an integral part of our lives,
especially for adolescents. With the increased use of social media platforms
like Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat, and TikTok, there has been a growing
concern about its impact on body image (Sukamto et al., 2019a). Adolescents
are at a critical stage of development, and they are highly susceptible to social
influence. Social media platforms provide a constant stream of images and
messages that promote unrealistic beauty standards and thinness. Adolescents
who spend more time on social media are more likely to compare themselves
to others and feel dissatisfied with their bodies (Cataldo et al., 2021)
The problem’s scope: According to the Iraqi News Agency, when the
Iraqi Ministry of Interior counted the number of users of social networking
sites during the year 2022, it found that the number of users of social
networking sites was 48 million and 400 thousand in 2022, while in 2021 the
number of users was about 25 million, which means that the increase rate
reached 13.4% . (Wae, 2023).
Engaging in physical activity can promote positive body image and self-
esteem and reduce the negative effects of social media on body image (Jiotsa
et al., 2021). Providing mental health support for adolescents who experience
negative body image issues may benefit from mental health support,
including therapy and counseling (Franchina & Coco, 2018). Encouraging
social support from friends and family can help adolescents build resilience
and cope with negative body image messages on social media (Mahon &
Hevey, 2021).
4. To assess effect of social media use on body image among high school
female students.
1.5. Hypothesis
1.5.1.Alternative hypothesis:
Increased social media use is associated with higher level of body
dissatisfactions among adolescents,indicating negative effect o social media
use on body image.
1.6.Definition of terms
B. Operational definition:
B. Operational definition:
A. Theoretical definition:
B. Operational definition:
Literatuer Review
Chapter Two: Literature Review 9
Chapter Two
Literatuer Review
Social media has evolved significantly since the early days of the
internet. Here are a few key developments in the history of social media, in
(1970 ) Internet forums and chat rooms allow users to communicate with each
other in real-time.(1997) Blogging platforms like LiveJournal and Xanga
allow users to share their thoughts and experiences online in the form of a
personal diary or journal (Gupta et al., 2022).
Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, impacting
the way we communicate, share information, and consume media. Here are
some of how social media is important in our lives, Communication. Social
media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp have
made communication easier and more accessible. People can now connect
instantly, regardless of their location (Kainz, 2018).
Social isolation: Spending too much time on social media can lead to
reduced face-to-face social interactions and a feeling of disconnection from
the real world.
Chapter Two: Literature Review 13
Sleep disturbance: The blue light emitted by screens can disrupt
adolescents' sleep patterns and lead to problems such as fatigue and difficulty
concentrating (Kaplan, and Mazurek, 2018).
2.1.4. celebrities
Celebrities are individuals who have gained public recognition and
fame, typically due to their talents, careers, or notable accomplishments. They
can be actors, musicians, athletes, politicians, and more. Some of the most
celebrities today include Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, Rihanna, Kylie
Jenner, Cristiano Ronaldo, and Taylor Swift, among others. The list of
celebrities is constantly changing as new people rise to prominence and others
fade from the spotlight (Stevenson, 2017).
It is undeniable that social media celebrities have gained a large fan
base of followers, who are keen to watch all of their videos or what they write
on various platforms. Rather, their influence reached a wide range, which led
to them being considered an influential category more than just being famous
or celebrities (Mahon & Hevey, 2021).
Another possibility is that the term "body image" was coined by the
American psychologist John Money in the 1950s or 1960s. Money wrote
extensively about gender identity, sexuality, and body image, and he is
known for his work on the psychological and social aspects of body image
(Grunewald et al., 2021).
It is also possible that the term "body image" has been in use for even
longer, but the origins of the term are difficult to trace. Regardless of its
precise origins, the concept of body image has become an important topic of
study in the fields of psychology, sociology, and other disciplines (Dalhoff et
al., 2019).
The elasticity of human skin changes with age, and most people begin
to notice wrinkles, thinning hair, and discoloration of hair that usually turns
gray.These changes are expected and routine for All human beings, and
although these transitional transitions can be problematic for many people,
most notably for women (Jiotsa et al., 2021)
There have been many studies conducted on the effects of social media
use on body image among adolescents. Some of these studies have found that
social media use is associated with negative body image and lower self-
esteem, particularly for adolescents who compare themselves to others online
or who are exposed to thin or idealized images of beauty. Other studies have
found that social media use is not directly related to body image, but that it
may be a contributing factor to negative body image if it leads to increased
comparison to others or if it is used to spread unrealistic standards of beauty
(Auxier, and Anderson,2021) .
2.5.6. A Study titled The Effects ofActive Social Media Engagement with
Peers on Body Image in Young Women
Researchers conducted a non-experimental study in Canada, to see the
impact of active users of social networking sites on body image in young
women. The research communit consistedng of "females", and the sample
included (118) university students, the sample was selected by random
sampling, and the result showed that the effective use of social networking
sites hurtsn the body image of young women, especially dealing with their
peers (Jacqueline et al., 2019)
A Study title as social Media, Body Image and Food Choices in Healthy
Young Adults
A systematic search of six databases of published 2005-2019
observational literature, or studies reporting on social media engagement
(posting, liking, commenting) or exposure to image-related content in healthy
adults. The outcomes were body image (satisfaction or dissatisfaction) and
food choices (healthy eating, dieting/restriction, overeating/binge eating).
2.5.7. A Study title as The Influence of Social Media Use on Body Image
Concerns
Conducted in Italy, purpose of the current study aim to examining the
impact of social media on body image concerns, particularly among
adolescents. The study findings document the importance of social media
ideals—particularly skinny ideals for girls and muscular ideals for boys—in
shaping adolescents' body perceptions. They recommended that the effects of
stress from social media on body image concerns in men need to be further
investigated in both clinical and community samples (Vittoria and
Gianluca.,2018)
2.5.11. A Study titled The Effects of Social Media on Body Image Constructs
Among Active Women
A study conduct in california Southern University the aim of this
study to determine the impact of social media use on body image constructs
and to discover approaches that will help to lower the likelihood of eating-
disordered behavior occurrence. The research ascertained interesting
Chapter Two: Literature Review 29
personal perspectives and experiences regarding body image, based on
phenomenological one-on-one interviews with thirteen (13) active women
participants between the ages of 18 and 49. Various types of reactions were
displayed, which were dependent upon the types of social media imagery that
participants viewed. Close links with previous research in the field were
demonstrated and new considerations for work that can be addressed in the
future were introduced as well. Results from the current research aligned
with the social comparison theoretical framework that served as the
foundation for the study. Because social media users frequently engage in
social comparison activities when viewing imagery on social media platforms
(Marlo. 2018).
Chapter Three
Methodology
Chapter Three: Methodology 24
Chapter Three
Methodology
550 550
450
362
N of Cronbach's
Variables Ass.
Items Alpha
Social media 11 .76 Acceptable
Body-image 48 .87 Acceptable
Chapter Four
Finding show participants age, the mean age is 16.71 (SD=0.88), the
age 16 years old were recorded the highest percentage (50%) and only small
percentage were 20 years old aged (1.1%).
In regards with the grade, the fifth grade were predominated (39.5%),
followed by those who are fourth (38%) and those who are small percent are
sixth (22.5%).
In regards with the most common content of social media, the most
common were Entertaining (71.6%) and lowest were Sports (2%).
In terms of statistical mean, this table demonstrated that the high school
female students expressed a moderate social media uses (M=1.67-2.33) at
all studied items of the scale except, the items number (1 and 2) the
responses were high as indicated by low mean scores (M≤1.66).
Table 4-3: Overall Social Media Uses among High School Female
Students
Scales Min. Max. M SD Score No. %
High (11-18.33) 190 33.9
Social Media
31 20.25 4.31 Moderate (18.34-25.66) 291 52.0
12
Effect (11Q) Low (25.67-33) 79 14.1
Total 560 100.0
Min.: Minimum; Max.: Maximum, M: Mean for total score, SD=Standard
Deviation for total score
The results showed that (52%) of the high school female students
expressed a moderate effects of social media uses (Mean=20.25; SD=4.31).
Chapter Four: Results of the Study 36
60
50
40 52
30 33.9
20
10
0
14.1
High
Moderate
Low
ee d Agre
e
No. No. No. No. No.
1 I am satisfied with my appearance 20 34 53 33 420 4.4 Positive
as it is now 3
2 I take care of my appearance 20 33 77 87 343 4.2 Positive
before I leave the house 5
3 Other people's negative comments 188 102 76 31 163 2.7 Neutral
bother me about some parts of my 8
body
4 Better buy tight clothes 249 111 111 33 56 2.1 Neutral
7
5 I care about fashion 74 66 108 56 256 3.6 Neutral
3
6 I do sports to lose my weight 98 109 134 111 108 3.0 Neutral
4
7 My hair color matches my 43 33 33 121 330 4.1 Positive
skin tone 8
8 I like the quality of my hair 31 44 118 55 312 4.0 Positive
2
Chapter Four: Results of the Study 37
In terms of statistical mean, this table demonstrated that the high school
female students expressed a neutral body image at all studied items of the
scale except, the items number (1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28,
29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 42 and 44) the responses were positive and items number
(11, 15, 32 and 33) the responses were negative.
Table 4-2 : Level of Body-image Assessment among High School
Female Students
80
60 74.5
40
20
1.6
0
23.9
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Table 4-3: Statistical Differences in Social Media Uses and Body with
Table 4-6-1.Statistical Differences in Social Media Uses and Body Image between
Mean
Age Source of variance
Sum of Squares d.f F-statistic
Square Sig.
Between Groups 1.803 4 .451
Social Media Within Groups 84.321 555 .152 2.967 .019
Total 86.124 559
Between Groups 1.182 4 .295
Body-image Within Groups 125.865 555 .227 1.303 .268
Total 127.046 559
Chapter Four: Results of the Study 40
Table 4-6-2.Statistical Differences in Social Media Uses and Body Image between
The body image perception is significant lower among those who are
not enough income and significant higher among those who are enough
(Fig. 4-6).
Chapter Four: Results of the Study 43
Table 4-4 Liner Regression among the Study Variables in Predict the
Body-image
Unstandardized Standardized
Variables Coefficients Coefficients t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
Most used Device .053 .028 .086 1.910 .057
Common content .020 .010 .084 2.058 .040
Most used platform .037 .020 .076 1.873 .062
Time spent on device -.064- .016 -.171- -4.126- .000
Dependent Variable: Body-image
Table 4-5 Liner Regression among the Social Media Use in Predict the
Body-image
Unstandardized Standardized
Variables Coefficients Coefficients t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
Results
Chapter Five: Discussion of the Study Results 45
Chapter Five
Discussion of the Study Results
In regards with the grade, the study showed that the fifth grade were
predominated (39.5%), followed by those who are fourth (38%) and those
who are small percent are sixth (22.5%)Because the sixth grade students are
busy studying and seeking to obtain high rates that qualify them to enter the
colleges they desire and achieve their success.
There could be several reasons for the high percentage of Iraqi families
living on a barely sufficient income. One major factor is the ongoing conflict
and political instability in the region, which has led to a lack of job
opportunities and economic growth. Additionally, many Iraqis lack access to
education and training programs that would allow them to secure higher-
paying jobs. (Specialist & Nursing, 2014)(Hussein, 2018)
In terms of digital device the study result showed that , the majority of
(75.2%) of high school female students were used Mobile phone and
followed by small percentage of Laptop (14.8) and IPAD (10.5%). A study
conduct in Iraq by Hassan to assess the impact of social media ,the study
results indicate that(49.6%) of them are use the mobile( Hassan,2018). A
study conduct in Iraq by Marwa to assess the impact of smart phone , the
Chapter Five: Discussion of the Study Results 47
finding showed that (35.8%) use their own phone and (64.2%) use the parents
phone (Jassim, 2020)
The majority of high school female students using mobile phones could
be due to several factors. Firstly, mobile phones are more affordable and
accessible compared to other digital devices such as laptops or tablets. This
makes them a popular choice for students who may not have the financial
resources to purchase more expensive devices. Secondly, mobile phones are
highly versatile and can be used for a wide range of activities, such as
communication, browsing the internet, and accessing social media. This
makes them a popular choice for students who want to stay connected with
their peers and stay up-to-date with the latest trends and news. Additionally,
mobile phones are more portable and convenient to carry around compared
to other devices, which makes them ideal for students who are always on-the-
go. Finally, the increasing availability of affordable data plans and high-speed
internet access has made it easier for students to use mobile phones as their
primary digital device. All these factors could contribute to the high
percentage of high school female students using mobile phones. (Ismail &
Hussein, 2018)
In regards with the most common content of social media, the study
showed that the most common were Entertaining (71.6%) and lowest were
Sports (2%) A study conducted in Iraq showed that The most followed
Chapter Five: Discussion of the Study Results 48
Relating to the Time spent on device use in week days ,the study
showed that the majority of study sample expressed 3 to less than 5 hours in
Chapter Five: Discussion of the Study Results 49
day (33.8%) and lowest were more than 7 hours (12.5%). A Qualitative Study
Exploring Female College Students' Instagram Use and Body Image,
descriptive approach was used. Six face-to-face focus groups with a total of
27 participants between the ages of 18 and 22. Participants put a lot of effort
into what they post, were careful to choose the best photos of themselves, and
placed great importance on receiving likes and comments. Young women
report spending significant amounts of time on Instagram watching and
following others (eg, peers, celebrities, and models). (Nicole et al.,2019)
the time spent on device use in high school female students during
weekdays may be influenced by several factors. One factor could be their
academic workload, as they may need to use devices such as laptops or tablets
for studying or completing homework assignments. Another factor could be
their social interactions, as they may use devices such as smartphones or
social media to communicate with friends or stay connected with peers.
Based on the study , it seems that the majority of high school female
students in the study spent between 3 to less than 5 hours on device use per
day during weekdays, which could suggest that they are able to balance their
academic and social lives with device use. Additionally, only a small
proportion of the sample spent more than 7 hours on device use per day during
weekdays, which could suggest that excessive device use may not be as
prevalent in this group.(the researcher)
The study demonstrated that the high school female students expressed
a moderate social media uses (M=1.67-2.33) at all studied items of the scale
except, the items number (1 and 2) the responses were high as indicated by
low mean scores (M≤1.66). see table (4-2). A global study conducted by
Jacob and colleagues to assess Social Media Use Continues to Rise in
Developing Countries, the study finding present that The Middle East is
characterized by its relatively high levels of social media use compared to
other regions. Across the five mena countries surveyed, an average of 68%
Chapter Five: Discussion of the Study Results 50
said they use social networking sites. Across the seven Latin American
countries surveyed, none of which are considered developed economies, 59%
use social media, compared to 55% in the ten European countries surveyed,
all of which were considered developed. Some large developed economies
also have relatively low levels of social media use. In particular, in Germany
(40%) and Japan (39%), about four in ten use social media - similar to the
percentages in South Africa (43%) and Tunisia (38%). Only one in five adults
in India and Tanzania use social networks, and all five sub-Saharan African
countries surveyed report social media use below the global average.
(Jacob.et.al.,2018)
Social media has grown exponentially over the years last decade.
According to Statista, there were 2.46 billion social media users in 2017, and
that number is expected to reach three billion by 2021. Facebook is the most
popular social media platform, with 2.07 billion monthly active users,
followed closely by Instagram (800 million active per month) users),
LinkedIn (500 million monthly actives users), Twitter (330 million monthly
active users), Pinterest (200 million active monthly users) and Snapchat (178
million active monthly users). (Statista, 2018).
items number (1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35,
42 and 44) the responses were positive and items number (11, 15, 32 and
33) the responses were negative. During adolescence, there is an increased
concern about body image. The majority of young women believe that a
thin, slim, and petite body is the ideal figure. (Khalifa, 2017). Changes in
the shape of body fat gain during puberty often make young women feel
dissatisfied and cause adolescents to exercise weight control to achieve the
ideal body shape concept (Saleh & Ma΄ala, 2020).
Teenagers are affected by the markets and the advertising that helps
them making their diet unbalanced and excessively caloric, i.e. rich in refined
fats and sugars; low in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and fish; In many cases,
breakfast is omitted So, in 2018, an international study led by the World
Health Organization found that one in five adolescents (21%) surveyed were
overweight or obese [5] and more recent data on the Spanish population
showed that 34.7% of children and adolescents had excess weight, 11.8%
were obese and 19.5% were obese. The percentage is higher in men than in
women (Manzano-Sánchez et al., 2022)
Perhaps this difference in usage is due to the fact that the young ages
do not have their own phone or iPad. As for the ages of 18 to 19, phones and
Chapter Five: Discussion of the Study Results 54
social networking sites may be used for the purpose of studying, in order to
obtain high rates, because these ages are often sixth grade students )the
Researcher).
and taking free private lessons from these sites, especially YouTube. There
are a huge number of free teaching platforms available to all students with
ease for all subjects )the Researcher).
There could be several reasons for the high percentage of Iraqi families
living on a barely sufficient income. One major factor is the ongoing conflict
and political instability in the region, which has led to a lack of job
opportunities and economic growth. Additionally, many Iraqis lack access to
education and training programs that would allow them to secure higher-
paying jobs (The researcher).
has a negative impact on body image among high school female students. The
beta coefficient (β) of -0.222 indicates the direction and magnitude of this
relationship. In this case, the negative sign suggests that as social media use
increases, body image tends to decrease among high school female students.
Chapter Five: Discussion of the Study Results 57
curated and often filtered photos can lead people to compare themselves to
others and feel inadequate. Social media can also be a breeding ground for
cyberbullying and other forms of online harassment, which can have serious
imagery was examined in this study to determine the impact that it has on
body image constructs and to discover approaches that will help to lower the
interviews with 13 active women participants between the ages of 18 and 49.
Results indicated that active females believe that social media imagery
affects one’s body image in both positive and negative ways, depending on
Conclusion and
Recommendations
Chapter Six: Conclusion and Recommendation 57
Chapter Six
Conclusion and Recommendations
Conclusions:
1. Social media has become an integral part of our lives, especially for
adolescents.
2. The student expressed moderate use of social media platform and the
youtub was mainly used social media platform.
3. Most of student expressed normal assessment of body image perception.
4. The sixth grad students are more likely to use social media platform.
5. There are no significant differences in body image among high school
female concerning age and grad.
6. There are significant differences in social media use and body image
among high school female and monthly income (body image perception
is significant low among those who are not enough income)
7. The common content ,time spent on device use and social media are
predicted body-image among high school female students
8. The use of social media platform have negative effect on body image of
female adolescents.
Recommendation:
Depending on the finding of the current study, the researcher
recommended the following:
1. The research recommends the ministry of education to support the
school to holding courses for students on social media use and effect
2. The research center should be conducting more studies on the impact of
social media among adolescents
Chapter Six: Conclusion and Recommendation 58
3. Parents, especially mothers, still have an important role to play Monitor
and control the negative effects of social media use on adolescent girls,
4. parents should support their daughters to accept the shape of their bodies
as they are ,increase their self-confidence, and positive body image.
5. Teenage girls should be aware that images of celebrities or peers they
see on social media may have gone through a retouching process (eg, to
make a model look slimmer and not for show actual body condition ).
5. Activating the role of media censorship on the content published on
social media platforms.
References
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Appendices
Appendix: Ethical Considerations 84
6. Appendix A
Appendix: Ethical Considerations 85
Appendix B
-
Appendix: Ethical Considerations 86
Appendix C
Appendix: Ethical Considerations 87
Appendices C-1
Appendix: Ethical Considerations 88
Appendix C-2
Appendix: Ethical Considerations 89
Appendix C-3
Appendix: Questionnaire of the Study 100
Appendix D
عزيزي /عزيزتي..
راجيـن تفضلـكـم بملئ المعلومات المتعلقة بالبحث أعاله علما بأن المعلومات التي ستدلي بها ستكون في
الباحثة:
Appendix D-1
االستبانة العربية
العمر:
الصف:
مكان السكن:
يكفي لحد ما اليكفي ما مدى قناعتك بالدخل الشهري لالسرة :يكفي
تذكر
فيسبوك انستغرام
يوتيوب
ساعة
في إطار التحضير لنيل شهادة الماجستير في تمريض الصحة النفسية والعقلية لمعرفة اثر مواقع
التواصل االجتماعي على صورة الجسد بين المراهقين .راجين تفضلكم بقرائتها جميعا واْلجابة عليها دون استثناء
بوضع عالمة (√) أمام االختيارات المقابلة لكل فقرة في الفقرات التي ترى أنها تناسبك اكثر من غيرها وتأكد انه ال
توجد إجابة صحيحة وأخرى خاطئة وأن رأيك محاط بسرية وهو لغرض البحث العلمي فقط .
أشعر بالرضا من انتباه وتعليقات اآلخرين على وسائل التواصل االجتماعي 5
إن دعم وتشجيع اآلخرين على وسائل التواصل االجتماعي مهم جدًا بالنسبة 6
لي
باستخدام وسائل التواصل االجتماعي ،أشعر بالرضا عن العالقة بيني وبين 7
أصدقائي
بالمقارنة مع العالم الحقيقي ،تجعلني وسائل التواصل االجتماعي أشعر براحة 8
أكبر
أشعر بالملل عندما ال أستطيع استخدام وسائل التواصل االجتماعي 9
بالمقارنة مع العالم الحقيقي ،فأنا أكثر سعادة عندما أكون اجتماعيًا على 10
وسائل التواصل االجتماعي
فيما يلي ،قائمة ببعض الفقرات التي تتعلق بصورة الجسد .اطلب منك ان تقراء كل عبارة بعناية ثم ضع
إشارة عالمة ( √ ) في عمود اْلجابة المحدد وتأكد انه ال توجد إجابة صحيحة وأخرى خاطئة .وأن رأيك محاط
ارى ان الوشم على بعض اجزاء الجسم يزيد مظهري جاذبية 15
شكرا لمساعدنك
Appendix D-2
) Questionnaire of the Study ( English
Appendix: Questionnaire of the Study 106
Demographic data:
Gender: male female
Age:
Place of residence:
How satisfied are you with the monthly income of the family:
No.
Questions strongly disagree Undecided agree strongly
disagree agree
1 Using social media is my
daily habit.
before sleep.
to relax in habit.
encouragement of others
important to me.
relationship between
comfortable
I socialize on social
media.
now
the house
eyebrows
palm
confidence
makeup
mirror
features
shape
for my face
through tattoos
shoulder
List of Expert
مكان العمل االختصاص الدقيق العنوان الوظيفي سنوات الخبرة أسم الخبير ت
Statistical Approval
Appendix 112
الخالصة
أحدث االستخدام الشامل والواسع النطاق لمنصات التواصل االجتماعي ثورة في التواصل ،
خاصة بين المراهقين ،ويمكن أن يؤثر هذا االستخدام الواسع النطاق والعولمة لمنصة وسائل التواصل
االجتماعي على الصحة العقلية والنفسية والجسدية للمراهقين .تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم تأثير
استخدام وسائل التواصل االجتماعي على إدراك صورة الجسم لدى المراهقات.
تصميم ارتباط وصفي أجري في مدينة بغداد في المرحلة الثانوية للبنات من مديرية التربية
والتعليم الرصافة الثانية والثالثة من تشرين الثاني 2022إلى نيسان .2023عينة احتمالية قوامها
( )560طالبة من 20مدرسة تم اختيارها .صممت أداة الدراسة باستخدام االستبيان و التي تضمنت
معلومات عن الخصائص االجتماعية والديموغرافية للطالبات ,مقياس المشاركة في وسائل التواصل
االجتماعي ومقياس ادراك صورة الجسم للمراهقات.
أوضحت نتائج الدراسة أن ( )٪52من الطالبات المدارس االعدادية لديهم مستويات معتدلة
من استخدام وسائل التواصل االجتماعي و ( )٪74.5لديهم تقييم طبيعي لصورة الجسم مع وجود عالقة
ضا أن المحتوى الشائع ،والوقت الذي يقضيه المستخدم
ارتباط معنوية بين االثنين .حددت الدراسة أي ً
على وسائل التواصل االجتماعي تنبأ بصورة الجسم بين طالبات المرحلة الثانوية .ومع ذلك ُ ،وجدت
فروق ذات داللة إحصائية بين العمر والصف والدخل الشهري واستخدام وسائل التواصل االجتماعي
،ووجد فرق معنوي بين الدخل الشهري وصورة الجسم.
خلصت الدراسة إلى أن استخدام وسائل التواصل االجتماعي كان له تأثير سلبي على صورة
الجسد وهذه اآلثار السلبية المحتملة الستخدام وسائل التواصل االجتماعي على إدراك صورة الجسد
مرتبطة بالوقت الذي تقضيه الطالبات على منصات التواصل االجتماعي ,كلما زاد الوقت المقضي في
استخدام مواقع التواصل االجتماعي كلما زاد التأثير السلبي لمواقع التواصل االجماعي على ادراك
صورة الجسم لدى الطالبات .ويوصي الباحث وزارة التربية والتعليم بدعم المدرسة لعقد دورات
للطالب حول تأثير استخدام وسائل التواصل االجتماعي وتفعيل دور الرقابة اإلعالمية على المحتوى
المنشور على منصات التواصل االجتماعي.
جامعة بغداد
كلية التمريض
رسالة
مقدمة الى فرع تمريض الصحة النفسية و العقلية /كلية التمريض /جامعة بغداد
وهي كجزء من متطلبات نيل درجة الماجستير في علوم التمريض
من قبل
باشراف