BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS

CONTENTS

1. Fundamentals
2. Objective and application
3. Transformations of raw materials
4. Technological factors
5. Equipments

Van Viet Man LE 1

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
1. Fundamentals
 Metabolism
 Organism:
 Cell level
 Plant cell
 Animal cell
 Microbial cell
 Plant
 Animal

Fermentation
Van Viet Man LE 2
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

1. Fundamentals
 Material balance
Substrates + Inoculum
BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
Microbial biomass + Exo-metabolites
+ residual substrates

 Type of products:
 Culture
 Culture without biomass
 Metabolite
 Biomass
 Others Van Viet Man LE 3
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

1
 BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
2. Objective and application
2.1. Objective

 Preparation

 Processing

 Exploitation

Van Viet Man LE 4

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
2. Objective and application
2.1. Objective

 Preservation

 Improvement

Van Viet Man LE 5

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
2. Objective and application
2.2. Application Raw materials

Microorganism
Medium preparation
Inoculum
preparation Inoculating

Fermentation

Product recovery

Product
Van Viet Man LE 6
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

2
 BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
2. Objective and application
2.2. Application

Carbohydrate Vitamin

Protein Metabolism Minerals

Lipid Others

Van Viet Man LE 7

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
2. Objective and application
2.2. Application

 Carbohydrate metabolism
 Carbohydrate catabolism

 Ethanol fermentation

 Lactic acid fermentation

 Propionic acid fermentation

 Carbohydrate anabolism
Van Viet Man LE 8
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
2. Objective and application
2.2. Application

 Protein metabolism
 Protein catabolism

 Low level

 High level

 Protein anabolism

Van Viet Man LE 9

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

3
 BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
3. Transformations of raw
material

3.1. Biological

 Microbial growth and

metabolism

Van Viet Man LE 10

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
3. Transformations of raw material
3.1. Biological

 Growth curve: X=f(t)

 Growth rate
• Average value: (Xmax – X0)/t
• Instant value: dX/dt
• Specific growth rate: µ = (dX/dt) * (1/X)

Van Viet Man LE 11

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
3. Transformations of raw material
3.1. Biological

Van Viet Man LE 12

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

4
 BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
3. Transformations of raw material
3.1. Biological

 Monod equation:
µexpo = (µexpomax * [S])/(Ks + [S])
µexpo: Specific growth rate during the exponential phase
[S]: Initial substrate concentration in the medium
Ks: saturation constant

Van Viet Man LE 13

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
3. Transformations of raw material
3.1. Biological

 Disadvantages of Monod equation

 Application

Van Viet Man LE 14

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
3. Transformations of raw material
3.1. Biological

 Kinetics X=f(t), P=f(t) and S=f(t)

3.2. Biochemical
 Exo-/ endo-metabolic reactions
 Products/ By-products

3.3. Chemical

 Substrates
 Products
Van Viet Man LE 15
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

5
 BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
3. Transformations of raw material
3.4. Physico-chemical
 Dissolution
 Coagulation

3.5. Physical

 Temperature
 Density

Van Viet Man LE 16

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
4. Technological factors
 Microbial strain
 Metabolite
 Culture

Selection of suitable strain for fermentation

industry

Van Viet Man LE 17

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
4. Technological factors
 Medium
 Fundamental elements
 Minerals
 Growth factors

Optimization of qualitative and quantitative

composition of the medium

Van Viet Man LE 18

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

6
 BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
4. Technological factors
 Fermentation method
 According to the physical state of the medium: solid
medium, liquid medium
 According to the working procedure: batch, fed-
batch, continuous fermentation

Selection of fermentation method

Van Viet Man LE 19

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
4. Technological factors
 Fermentation conditions
 Inoculum size
 Temperature
 Oxygen supply
 Time…

Optimization of fermentation conditions

Van Viet Man LE 20

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
5. Equipments
 Selection of fermenter
 Classical fermenter

 Industrial fermenter:
 Mechanization
 Automation

Van Viet Man LE 21

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

7
 Van Viet Man LE 22
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

Van Viet Man LE 23

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
5. Equipments

 Production line
 Inoculum preparation
 Fermentation
 Sterility

Van Viet Man LE 24

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

8
 BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
5. Equipments

 Evaluation of fermentation performance

 Metabolite production: Product concentration/ yield

 Culture: Food quality

 Hygiene in the production line

Van Viet Man LE 25

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology