INTRODUCTION

These are used for measuring the social attitudes. Questionnaires are prepared, by the
items in the questionnaire are the attitudes of an individual towards a matter thing, and
object or system and score will be allotted for each item. We will ask the individual to
express his response towards a matter thing, and object or system, on the basis of his
responses; he is assigned a score which indicates the position.Some relevant and indirect
statements will also used to reveal the attitude. The scale also specifies the crucial shades of
opinions. An attitude scale measures how the participant feels about a subject at the
moment when he or she answers the question. Several popular types of attitude scales are
used in evaluation of nursing education.

DEFINITION

An attitude scale is a special type of questionnaire designed to produce scores indicating the
intensity and direction (for or against) of a person's feelings about an object or event .

TYPES OF ATTITUDE SCALES

Itemized category scales: Are those in which respondents have to select an

answer from a limited number of ordered categories.

Example: A patient is asked to indicate the level of satisfaction for the nursing service
provided.

Highly considerably reasonably unsatisfied highly unsatisfied

Satisfied satisfied satisfied

1. Rank Order Scales: They are comparative scales where respondents were asked to
rate an item in comparison with another item or a group of items on a common criterion.

2. Comparative Scales: The Researcher provides a point of comparison for respondents

to provide answers. Therefore, all respondents will have a uniform point of comparison for
selecting answers.

Example: Patient is asked to rate the hospital 'X' in comparison to hospital Y in Ludhiana,

Excellent Very good Good Both are same Poor Very poor

3.Multi-item Scales: These are applied when it is difficult to measure people's attitude
based on only one attribute.

Example: Ask a person whether he/she is satisfied with Indian Railway.

Point Scale:

The Incredible 5 Point Scale is used to assist students in becoming aware of their emotions,
such as anger or pain, and the stage or level of the emotion. The scale can be used with a
variety of students, but can be particularly affective for students with Asperger's and Autism
Spectrum Disorder. One to one instruction is suggested as the best way to introduce this
strategy. Using the scale, the student rates his emotions or status of a condition or state.
Possible areas of focus may include: anger, worry, anxiety, voice level, body, space, etc. This
then allows the student to:

a. Provide information to the teacher about how he is feeling

b. Become more effective in managing his thinking process

c. Implement the desired behaviour as a proactive approach. Giving a number instead of
trying to describe or name an emotion helps students think efficiently in order to make good
decisions in a variety of situations.

The following steps may be used when implementing a 5-Point Scale with a
student

 Choose the target behavior. Any kind of behavior or status can be target behavior if
rating the level or status of the behavior enhances adaptability. Anxiety or other
feeling that usually result in problem behaviors may also be also targeted for rating.
 Decide on the content for each scale point associated with the target behavior. In
the Incredible 5 Point Scale, each of the 5 stages represents the level or magnitude
of the target behavior.
 Develop a story or visual cue for the story if necessary. The story or visual cue should
be developed carefully based on the student's interest or level of understanding. It
should explain how the scale is to be used.
 Introduce the scale to the student. To use the scale successfully the student must
learn how to discriminate and identify each stage
 Practice the scale with the student, revising it if necessary. Peers who understand
the student can support her as she practices the appropriate behavior or interaction
by using the scale. The adults, including Parents, Teachers, or other, in the setting,
can help by using the scale with the student in various situations.

There are two methods:

Method 1

 Select the words will give the opinion.

 The respondent is to cross out every word, i.e., more annoying than pleasing to him.
 The attitude of a respondent is known by calculating the numbers of words crossed or
not crossed.
 One point is given to each agreement or disagreement which ever to be chosen.

Method 2
Two sets of words indicating both favorable and unfavorable opinions are given. The unfavorable
items may be crossed and favorable items may be left unscored.

Summated (Likert) scale:

It was developed Rensis Likert in 1932. The Likert scale is by far the most popular attitude
scale type. A statement is followed by several levels of agreement: strongly agree, agree, no
opinion, disagree, strongly disagree. It is Step a 5 point rating scale and each statement has
five possible responses:

Sl no Rating Weight for favor Weight for

unfavor
1. Strong agreed(SA) 5 1
2. Agreed (A) 4 2
3. Undecieded(U) 3 3
4. Disagree (D) 2 4
5. Strongly disagree (SD) 1 5

Now, the collection of items or statements is administered to a group of subjects directly.

The investigator or the person taking the test reacts to each statement by marking any one
of the five possible responses. The responses are given weightage of 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 for
favorable statement and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for unfavorable statements. The score of subjects
will be same as weights of the responses he marks.

The high score will indicate a high favorable attitude, while a low score will indicate opposite
to it.

5 4 3 2 1

Strongly Agree Indifferent Disagree Strongly disagree

Characteristics of the likert scale

 The following procedure is used to analyze data from Likert scales: First, weights are
assigned to the response options, e.g. totally agree = 1, Agree = 2, etc.
 Then negatively-worded statements are reverse- coded (or reverse scored). For
example, a score of 2 for a negatively-worded statement with a 5-point response
options are equivalent to a score of 4 on an equivalent positive statement.
 Next, scores are summed across statements to arrive at a total (or summated) score.
 Each respondent's score can then be compared with the mean score or the scores of
other the respondents to determine his level of attitude, loyalty, or other construct
that is being measured
 Note that the response for each individual statement is expressed on a category
scale.
 Extremely popular means attitudes. for measuring
 Respondents indicate their own attitudes by checking how strongly they
agree/disagree with the statements.
 Response alternatives: 'strongly agree', 'agree', 'uncertain', 'disagree', and 'strongly
disagree'. Generally use either a 5 or 7 point scale

Uses of Likert scale:

To measure the social attitude Likert scale is used.

 It uses only the definitely favourable and unfavorable statement.

 It consists of a series of statements to which the respondents is to react.
 Each response is given a numerical score and the total score of respondents is found
out by summing up his different scores for different purposes.
 Total score indicates his position on the continuum.
 The Likert scale uses several degrees of agreement or disagreement. nichile sulas of
enoug
Advantages of Likert Scale:

 It supplies more precise and definite response towards an issue.

 It permits the revelation of several (5) degree of agreement or disagreement.
 It is more informative and reliable.
 It has broader area of reference method of checking internal consistency.

Disadvantages of Likert Scale:

 The judgment on the basis of the total score, which is estimated by calculating the
mean or median, is not scientific.
 There is no objective basis for expressing different degrees of agreement or Example
of Likert Scale (See table) disagreement.

Example of likert scale

THE ROSENBERG SELF -ESTEEM SCALE

Circle one response for each of the following ten items

strongly agree disagree strongly

agree disagree
1. I feel that I am a person of worth, at
least on an equal basis with others
2. I feel that have a number of good
qualities

3. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a

failure
4. I am able to do things as well as most
other people
 5. I feel I do not have much to be proud of

6. I take a positive attitude toward myself

7. On the whole, I am satisfied with myself

8. I wish I could have more respect for

myself
9. I certainly feel useless at times

10. At times I think I am no good at all

Guttman Scaling:
The purpose of the Guttman Scale is to test whether or not a collection of attitude
statements will exhibit the characteristic pattern. It is not a method of construction
of attitude scale, but is supposed to be a method of evaluation of attitude scale. 。
Guttman applied this model in 1941 that each statement has an idea relationship of
one type or another with the exacting measurement of the attitude.

Study in investigating a youngsters attitude to career.

The item in the questionnaire which following.

1. Military career is an attractive and progressive career.

Yes no

2. Multinational companies pay a heavy salary

Yes no

Any set of items that produces a pattern of responses is called Guttman Scale
CONCLUSION

I conclude my topic that with the help of these different scales as rating scale describes the
observed skills and performance, checklist provides the list to steps performed and the
attitude scale assess the attitude of participant on a subject and these scales that can be
used and proven helpful in evaluating the different aspects to conclude a judgement,
 SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALES
A series of numbered (usually seven-point) bipolar rating scales.

Bipolar adjectives (for example, 'good' and 'bad'), anchor both ends (and poles) of the scale.

A weight is assigned to each position on the rating scale.

Traditionally, scores are 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2, -3. A rating scale in which
bipolar adjectives are placed at both ends (and poles) of the scale, and response options are
expressed as 'semantic' space.

Characteristics:

The scale has properties of an interval scale.

 Sometimes descriptive phrases are used instead of bipolar adjectives, especially

when it is difficult to get adjectives that are exact opposites.
 It is often used to construct an image profile.

Differential scale (LL Thurstone scale)/Thurston's method of

paired Comparision:

In psychology, the Thurstone scale was the first formal technique for measuring an attitude.
It was developed by Louis 1928, as a mea Leon Thurstone in 1928, as a means of measuring
attitudes towards religion. The Thurstone attitude scale, however, consists of statements
which have a range of weights from high (usually 11) to low (usually 1). Differential scales
are used to measure the social phenomenon.The researcher will collect varied number of
statements related to attitudes. Judges will determine the positions on the scale. The
position is determined by the method of equal appearing intervals. Judges will work
independently to classify these statements into 11 groups:

1st group: Unfavorable statements and so on.

2nd-group: The next unfavorable statements and so on.

3rd-group: Favorable statements (score-1).

4th-group: The point at which the attitude is neutral

5th: The scale value of a statement is computed as the mean or median position to which it
is assigned by the judges

6th: Avoid ambiguous, vague and irrelevant statements.

7th: The evaluated statements that spread out evenly from one to the other.

8th: At the same time of administration of the scale questionnaire, the respondents are
asked to check the statements with which they agree.

9th: The scale values are not shown in the questionnaire and statements are arranged
randomly. The mean or median of the scale values of the items are checked by respondent
indicates his/her position in the scale.

10th: A series of statements whose positions have been determined neutrally by the
judges.

11th: The scattered responses of an individual imply that the respondent has no definite and
organized attitude toward the phenomenon,

Subjects select the attitudinal statements they agree with most. Their scores result from
computing the average of the weights of the items selected. Use the following steps to
develop weighted items for a Thurstone scale.

1. Develop item pool: It includes developing an item pool of attitudinal statements that
range from extremely unfavorable to extremely favorable, as well as neutral statements. An
item pool of about 50 attitudinal statements is adequate.
2. Compute item weights: Compute a scale value (or 'weight) for each statement. This is
done by having a panel of 10 or more judges rank each statement. This is done by having
each judge read through all statements, and choosing the most positive. This statement is
given 1 point. Most negative? (11points). These statements are eliminated from the pool.
Choose the two next most positive (2 points each). Two next most negative (10 points). Four
next most positive (3 points). Four next most negative (9 points). After all judges have rank
ordered the statements, average weights are computed by adding up all the points from all
the judges for each item, and dividing by the number of judges. This average is the item
weight. The item with the lowest weight is the most positive, according to the panel of
judges. The item with the highest vyweight is the most negative.

3. Rank the items by weight: Rank the items by item weight, low (positive) to high
(negative).

4. Choose Items by Equidistant Weights: Compose the final scale by selecting 20 to 25

statements whose weights are approximately equidistant from each other through the
entire scale. If a 9-category favorableness scale was used by judges and if 22 items are to be
selected for the final scale, the items will need to be picked at scale intervals of
approximately 0.36. (There are eight units between 1.00 and 9.00; 8/22 = 0.36 ) .

In fact, since no items will have median values as low as 1.00 or as high as 9.00, a slightly
smaller interval size, perhaps around 0.33, should be used to select 22 equidistant items.5 If
two items have the same weight, choose the item with the smaller standard deviation. In
this way, the list of statements forms a range of weights, as determined by the panel of
judges.

5. Formatting the Scale: Place the selected statements in random order. Do not include item
weights on the instrument.

6. Administering the Scale: Direct the subjects to read all statements in the instrument and
mark those with which they agree. They may choose as many as they like.
7. Scoring: Compute the median (or mean) of the weights of the statements marked by the
subject. This is the subject's score which reflects attitude on the theme. These scales are
used to measure the social phenomenon. The researcher will collect varied number of
statements related to attitudes. Judges will determine the positions on the scale. The
position is determined by the method of equal appearing intervals. Judges will work
independently to classify these statements into 11 groups.

1st group: Unfavorable statements to the specified issue (score-11)

2nd group: The next unfavorable statements and so on.

11thgroup:Favorable statements (score-1)

6th group: The point at which the attitude is neutral.

The scale value of a statement is computed as the 'mean' or 'median' position to which it is
assigned by the judges. Avoid ambiguous, vague and irrelevant statements. The evaluated
statements that spread out evenly from one extreme to the other.

At the same time of administration of the scale questionnaire, the respondents are asked to
check the statements with which they agree. The scale values are not shown in the
questionnaire and the statements are arranged randomly. The mean ,median of the scale
values of the items are checked by respondent indicates his position in the scale.

A series of statements whose positions have been determined neutrally by the judges. The
scattered responses of an individual imply that the respondent has no definite and
organized attitude towards the phenomenon.
CONCLUSION

A summated rating scale is a set of attitude statements all of which subjects respond with
degrees of agreement or disagreement carrying different scores. These scores are summed
or summed and averaged to yield an individual's attitude score. The objective is to avoid the
use of only a single statement to represent a concept and instead to use several statement
as indicators, all representing different facets of the concept to obtain a more well rounded
perspective.
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3.Bhaskara Raj D Elakkuva.Nursing education made easy.first edition.new delhi.jaypee

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