G7 Rome Republic To Empire Reading Essentials

NAME__________________________________________ DATE ______________ CLASS ________
Rome: Republic to Empire

Lesson 1 The Founding of Rome
ESSENTIAL QUESTION GUIDING QUESTIONS

How does geography influence 1. What effect did geography have on the rise
the way people live? of Roman civilization?
2. How did Rome become a great power?
Where in the world?

Terms to Know
PS
AL republic a form of government in
Po R
. which citizens elect their leaders
legion a large group of Roman
soldiers
Ad Se
ETRURIA
ria a
tic
T ib
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A PE
W Corsica
E
LATIUM
N
S IN
N
Rome
ES
CA
Sardinia M
Tyrrhenian
PA
Sea
N IA
Ionian
Me Sea
dit
err
an Sicily Strait of
ea Messina
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.
Carthage n
Se
a
AFRICA 0 100 miles
0 100 km
Azimuthal Equidistant projection
When did it happen?

1000 b.c. 750 b.c. 500 b.c. 250 b.c. 1 b.c.
DOPW (Discovering our Past - World)
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Chapter 11
Map Title: Italy, 500 BC
File Name:
c. C08-03A-NGS-824133_A-RESG.ai
760 b.c. c. 509 b.c. c. 267 b.c.
Map Size: 25p6 x 26p0 c. 750 b.c.
Latins settle Greeks begin Rome becomes Rome controls
Rome
Date/Proof: Jan 27, 2011 - First Proof
settling a republic most of Italy
2018 Font Conversions: December 9, 2015 in
southern Italy
c. 650 b.c.
You Are Etruscans take
Here in control of Rome
History
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Lesson 1 The Founding of Rome, Continued
The Beginning of Rome

Italy is a peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea. It is shaped like a Marking
boot. The heel points toward Greece. The toe points toward the the Text
island of Sicily.
1. Underline two features
The Alps cross the top of Italy and separate it from the rest of of Italy's geography.
Europe. Another mountain range, called the Apennines, runs
down Italy, from north to south. Passes, which run through the
mountains, helped link people from different parts of early Italy.
They could trade ideas and goods with each other. Italy has a Making
mild climate, rich soil, and large, flat plains that make good Connections
farmland.
2. The Roman way of
Historians know little about the first people in Italy. Between
life was influenced by
2000 b.c. and 1000 b.c., groups of people settled in the hills and
Latin, Greek, and
on the plains. These people included the Latins. Historians think
Etruscan civilizations.
that a group of Latins tended herds and grew crops on Rome’s
How do other cultures
hills. Their community developed into Rome. The people living
influence your daily
there became known as the Romans.
life?
Rome was built along the Tiber River about 15 miles from the
Mediterranean Sea. The river could be used for fresh water,
transportation, and the shipping of goods. Its location meant that
sea-going pirates could not attack the city. Rome was built on
seven hills. The hills made it easy to protect the city from
attackers.
Identifying
Tiber River Seven Hills
3. Which river was the

15 miles from Mediterranean Protected city from attacks city of Rome built
Sea along?
Used for fresh water, Latins settled here
transportation, and shipping
Roman history does not just involve the Latins. Around 800 b.c.,
the Greeks and the Etruscans came to Italy. The Greeks built many Listing
colonies in Italy between 750 b.c. and 500 b.c. They taught the
Romans to grow olives and grapes and to use the Greek alphabet. 4. List two items the
Romans also copied Greek sculpture and other art forms. Romans borrowed
from the Greeks.
The Etruscans had an even greater influence. They came from
the area north of Rome. Many Etruscans were rich miners and
traders. Others were devoted to art. They painted pictures and
created jewelry, tools, and weapons. When the Etruscans came,
Rome was a village with straw huts. That changed, however, after
650 b.c. when the Etruscans conquered Rome. They taught the
Romans to build temples, streets, and public squares.
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The Etruscans introduced togas and short cloaks. A toga is like

Reading a sheet wrapped around your body, with one end over your
shoulder. Most importantly, the Etruscans showed the Romans
Check
how an army could be more effective. Later, the Romans copied
5. How did the Etruscans the Etruscan army and conquered an empire.
influence early Rome?
Etruscan Influence Greek Influence

on Rome on Rome
Buildings rowing olives and
G
Roads grapes
Clothing Alphabet
Contrasting Art
Army
6. How did Romans rule
differently from the
Etruscans?
Becoming a Republic
The Etruscans ruled Rome for more than 100 years. The people
benefited from Etruscan culture and ideas, but they got tired of
Etruscan rulers. According to Roman tradition, in 509 b.c., the
Romans rebelled and set up a republic. A republic is a form of
Describing government in which citizens elect their leaders.
7. Assemble a Foldable Rome was still a small city when it became a republic. It had
booklet to be placed enemies all around it. Over the next 200 years, Rome fought
many wars. By 267 b.c., the Romans had taken over the Greek
along the dotted line.

At the top of a one-tab colonies in what is now known as Italy. By then, the Romans ruled
Foldable, write almost all of the Italian peninsula.
Republic of Rome. The Roman Republic grew because of its strong army. Roman
Glue a two-tab soldiers were well trained. At the beginning of the republic, every
Foldable behind the male citizen who owned land had to join the army. Men who ran
one-tab. Cut the tabs away, or deserted the army, were killed. This turned Romans into
Glue Foldable here
in half to make four loyal fighters.

tabs. Label the tabs— The Romans also thought of better ways to organize their army
Soldiers, Legions, in battle. At first, the soldiers marched next to each other, moving
Towns and Roads, and in one large group. They attacked their enemy from only one
Conquered People. direction. This way of fighting was slow. Then the generals
Write facts about each changed the style of battle.
category to describe
The Roman generals divided their armies into groups of
the early days of the
soldiers called legions. Each legion had about 6,000 men.
republic.
Legions were broken into even smaller groups of 60 or 120 men.
These small groups could move very quickly in battle.
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Roman soldiers used a short sword called a gladius and an

iron spear called a pilum. Each group also had a standard. Drawing
A standard was a tall pole with a symbol on top—sometimes an
Conclusions
eagle or other animal. One soldier would hold up the standard so
others could see it. This helped the group stay together during 8. How do you think the
battle. people conquered by
The Romans were also smart planners. They built military the Romans felt about
towns in every region they conquered. Then they built roads their new rulers?
between these towns. Soon their armies could travel quickly
across the land.
The Romans believed they needed to treat conquered people
fairly. They stressed that people would become loyal to Rome if
they were treated well. The Romans created the Roman
Confederation. It gave some conquered people full Roman Reading
citizenship. They could vote and be in the government. They Check
were also treated the same as other citizens by law. 9. Why were the Romans
The Romans made other people allies. Allies could run their able to expand their
own towns, but they had to pay taxes to Rome. Allies also had to control of Italy?
fight in Rome’s armies. With these procedures, the Romans
hoped to keep peace. If an area did rebel, Rome was ready to
squash it. As a result, the Roman republic grew stronger.
Check for Understanding

List four characteristics of Rome and its people.
10. Place a two-tab
1.
Foldable along the

dotted line to cover
2.
the Check for
Glue Foldable here
3. Understanding. Label
the anchor tab Roman
4. Civilization. Label the
two tabs—Rome and
Romans. Write at least
three words or phrases
that you remember
about each on the
front and back of the
tabs. Use your notes
to help you complete
the Check for
Understanding.
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Lesson 2 Rome As a Republic
ESSENTIAL QUESTION Terms to Know

patrician a member of the ruling class
How do governments change?
plebeian an ordinary citizen
GUIDING QUESTIONS consul head of government
1. How did conflict between classes change veto to reject or say no to
Rome’s government? praetors government officials who interpret the
law and serve as judges
2. How did Rome conquer the Mediterranean
region? tribune an elected official who protects the rights
of ordinary citizens
dictator a person given total power
civic duty the idea that citizens have a duty to
help their country
Where in the world?

When
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did it happen?
Chapter 11
Map Title:b.c.
500 Where in the world? 400 b.c. 300 b.c. 200 b.c. 100 b.c.
File Name: C08-11A-NGS-824133_A-RESG.ai
Map Size: 39p6 x 20p0
c. 509 b.c. Rome becomes a republic
Feb 23, 2011 - Second Proof
2018 Font Conversions: December 9, 2015
You Are 264 b.c. 218 b.c. 146 b.c.
Here in 458 b.c. Cincinnatus
appointed dictator First Punic Second Punic Rome
History War begins War begins destroys
Carthage
494 b.c. 451 b.c. Twelve
Tables adopted 241 b.c.
Plebeians go Rome defeats 206 b.c. Scipio
on strike Carthage attacks Carthage
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Lesson 2 Rome As a Republic, Continued
Governing Rome
There were two main social classes in early Rome: patrician and Making
plebeian. Patricians were wealthy landowners who held Connections
government offices. Most people were plebeians—shopkeepers,
1. How is the structure
artisans, and small farmers. Patricians and plebeians could not
of the Roman
marry each other.
government similar
All patrician and plebeian men were citizens and had the right to that of the U.S.?
to vote. They had to pay taxes and join the army, but only
Glue Foldable here
patricians could be in the government.

The Roman government had three parts. This was to stop any
one part from getting too strong. The top leaders were two
consuls who served for one year. One consul headed the army.
The other headed the rest of the government. Each consul could
veto, or reject, the other consul’s decision.
Comparing and
The Republican Government Contrasting
2. Place a three-tab Venn
Consul Senate Assembly of Praetors diagram Foldable
Centuries along the dotted line.
Head of Made laws Made laws Judges Label the top tab
military Patrician, the middle
Both, and the bottom
Head of Advised Elected Interpreted Plebeian. On the top
government consuls consuls laws and bottom tabs, write
Planned Led armies facts about the
buildings patricians and

plebeians that are
Rome had two legislative bodies, or groups that made laws. different. On the Both
The Senate was made up of 300 patrician men. They were tab, write what the two
senators for life. They passed laws and approved building groups have in
projects. The second group that made laws was the Assembly of common.
Centuries. It also elected consuls and praetors (or judges).
Roman praetors could lead armies and help run the government. Explaining
Over time, the plebeians became angry. They had the duties 3. How did the Council of
of citizens, but they could not be a part of the government. They Plebs change life for
wanted equal rights. As a result, in 494 b.c., the plebeians went the plebeians?
on strike. The patricians were scared. To prevent the collapse of
the republic, plebeians were allowed to set up the Council of
Plebs. It elected tribunes. The tribunes told the government what
the plebeians thought about issues. The tribunes could also veto
government decisions. A few wealthy families, however, still held
most of the real power.
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The Roman Republic included dictators. Today, a dictator is a

Summarizing cruel ruler who controls everything. In early Rome, dictators were
chosen by the Senate to rule during emergencies. As soon as the
4. What was the job of emergency ended, the dictator's rule ended.
the dictators in the
early Roman Republic? Tribunes Dictators
• elected by the Council of • chosen by the Senate
Plebs • ruled during an
• told leaders what emergency
plebeians thought about • rule ended when the
issues emergency was over
• could veto government
decisions
Drawing In 458 b.c. the Roman army was attacked. The Senators chose
Conclusions a farmer named Cincinnatus to be dictator. He had been a
5. How do you think poor respected Roman consul. Cincinnatus gathered an army, which
Romans felt about the easily defeated the enemy. Afterward, he went home to his farm.
rule of law? Cincinnatus was famous for doing his civic duty by serving his
government when he was needed.
Plebeians demanded that Rome's laws be written down. That
way, everyone could know the laws and make sure the judges
followed them. In 451 b.c. Rome adopted its first written laws,
known as the Twelve Tables. They were carved on bronze tablets
and placed in the marketplace where everyone could see them.
The Twelve Tables were based on the idea that all citizens should
be treated equally under the law.
Reading When Rome began taking over other nations, they made a
Check new set of laws called the Law of Nations. The Law of Nations
listed principles, or ideas, for justice. We still use some of these
6. What was the
ideas today. For example, American law says that people are
emergency that
innocent until they are proven guilty.
caused Cincinnatus to
be appointed dictator? Rome’s legal system was based on the idea that everyone
should be treated equally. This is called “the rule of law.” Many
rich people did not like the rule of law. They were used to having
special privileges. In fact, many rich people were not used to
obeying the law at all. The rule of law changed that.
The Punic Wars

Rome continued to grow. It wanted to control the entire
Mediterranean world, but so did an empire named Carthage.
Carthage was a trading empire on the coast of North Africa.
It was the largest and richest city in the western Mediterranean.
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Carthage was built around 800 b.c. by the Phoenicians, who were
skilled sailors and traders. Identifying
In 264 b.c. Rome and Carthage both wanted to rule the island
7. What happened to
of Sicily. The First Punic War was fought between Rome and
Carthage after the
Carthage. This war lasted 20 years until Rome won in 241 b.c.
Third Punic War?
Carthage had to leave Sicily and pay a huge fine to the Romans.
Carthage then conquered southern Spain. The Romans helped
the Spanish people rebel. In 218 b.c. Carthage sent their great
general, Hannibal, to attack Rome. This started the Second
Punic War.
Hannibal sailed his army from Carthage to Spain. His men rode
horses and elephants across the Alps and into Italy. Hannibal’s
army beat the Romans at Cannae and began raiding Italy. In Reading
response, the Roman general Scipio captured Spain and attacked Check
Carthage. Hannibal and his army had to return home to defend 8. How did Hannibal lose
their people. Finally, Scipio’s army defeated Hannibal’s forces. the Second Punic War?
Carthage was forced to give up its navy and give its Spanish
territory to Rome. Rome now ruled the western Mediterranean
region.
Carthage was no longer a military power, but it was still a rich
trading center. In 146 b.c. during the Third Punic War, Roman
soldiers burned Carthage to stop it from getting stronger. Many
people in Carthage were enslaved.
In the 140s b.c., Rome conquered all of Greece. Twenty years
later, it took its first province in Asia. Romans began to call the 9. Place a one-tab
Mediterranean Sea mare nostrum, which means “our sea.” Foldable along the

Glue Foldable here
the Check for
Check for Understanding Understanding. Label
the anchor tab Conflict
Explain the role or importance of each group of people in
Between Classes.
Rome.
Write Changes in
1. consuls Government at the top
of the tab. Draw three
2. dictators arrows from the title
and list three changes
3. patricians that were the result of
conflict between
4. plebeians different classes in
Rome.
5. praetors
6. tribunes
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Lesson 3 The End of the Republic
ESSENTIAL QUESTION Terms to Know

latifundia large farming estates
Why does conflict develop?
triumvirate three rulers who share equal power
GUIDING QUESTIONS
1. What factors led to the decline of the Roman
Republic?
2. How did Julius Caesar rise to power in Rome?
3. How did Rome become an empire?
Where in the world?


When did it happen?
RESG
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Map Title: Where in the world?
File100 b.c.
Name: C08-46A-NGS-824133_A-RESG.ai 60 b.c. 20 b.c.

146 b.c. 82 b.c. Sulla 44 b.c. Julius Caesar is
Rome becomes dictator murdered
destroys of Rome
Carthage
27 b.c. Octavian
You Are becomes Rome’s first
Here in emperor
History
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Lesson 3 The End of the Republic, Continued
Problems in the Republic

Even though Rome’s armies were doing well in other parts of the Defining
world, Rome had problems at home. By 100 b.c., many plebeian 1. What is a latifundia?
farmers could not work on their farms because they were in the
army. Others had watched the Carthaginian army destroy their
small farms.
At the same time, rich Romans were buying land. They formed
large farming estates called latifundia. Enslaved people from
Carthage worked the land. As a result, the rich charged less for Identifying
their crops than the plebeian farmers did. This caused plebeian
farmers to go out of business. 2. What change did
Marius make to
Many farmers went to Rome's cities for work. Jobs were hard
the army?
to find and did not pay much. Roman politicians feared that the
plebeians might riot. To prevent a revolt, they offered poor
people cheap food and free shows, called “bread and circuses.”
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

Drawing
• Brothers
Conclusions
• Wanted to stop rich people from
taking small farms 3. Why do you think the
Gracchus brothers
• Asked the senate to return some of were killed?
the land to the poor
• 133 b.c.—some Senators killed
Tiberius

• 145 b.c.—Gaius was killed
Reading
Two brothers—Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus—wanted to stop the
Check
rich from taking small farms. They asked the Senate to return some
of the land to the poor. Many Senators were against the idea. 4. What was the purpose
In 107 b.c., a military leader named Marius became consul. of "bread and
Until then, only men who owned property served in the military. circuses?"
They did not get paid. So Marius paid the men who had no land
to serve as soldiers. He also promised to give them land. This
weakened the government. The soldiers felt more loyalty to the
general who paid them than to the republic. This gave generals a
lot of power.
In 82 b.c. General Sulla forced Marius and other generals
out of Rome. He made himself dictator. Sulla had shown other
generals how to use their armies to grab political power. For
the next 50 years, civil war tore Rome apart.
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The Rise of Julius Caesar

Defining By 60 b.c., three men emerged as the most powerful in Rome.
5. What is a triumvirate? They were three generals: Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar.
They formed the First Triumvirate. A triumvirate is a political
partnership of three people.
After Crassus died in battle, the Senators thought that Caesar
was becoming too popular. The Senators ordered Caesar to give
up his army. Instead, Caesar and his soldiers captured all of Italy.
In 44 b.c. Caesar made himself dictator for life. He also filled
the Senate with people who supported him. Caesar knew many
Cause and reforms were needed. He started new colonies so that farmers
Effect and soldiers would have land. He forced patricians to hire free
6. What did Caesar do workers instead of using slave labor.
after he made himself
dictator for life? 60 b.c.—Three generals formed the First Triumvirate:
Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar.
The Senators thought Caesar was too popular.
The Senators ordered Caesar to give up his army.
Reading
Check Caesar and his soldiers captured all of Italy.
7. Why did some Romans

oppose Caesar? 44 b.c.—Caesar made himself dictator for life.
Caesar’s supporters thought he was a strong leader who

brought peace to Rome. His enemies thought that he wanted to
be king. On March 15, 44 b.c., Caesar's enemies, led by Cassius
and Brutus, stabbed him to death.
From Republic to Empire

After Caesar was killed, civil war broke out. Octavian, Antony,
and Lepidus won the civil war. Octavian was Caesar’s 18-year-old
grandnephew. Antony and Lepidus had been Caesar’s best
generals. In 43 b.c. they formed the Second Triumvirate.
The Second Triumvirate did not last long. Lepidus retired from
politics. Antony fell in love with the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra.
The two made an alliance. Octavian thought they wanted to take
over Rome. Many Romans were upset by this news. Octavian
declared war on Antony.
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In 31 b.c. the navies of Antony and Cleopatra fought those of

Octavian at the Battle of Actium. Octavian’s forces crushed the Explaining
couple's army and navy. Antony and Cleopatra later killed
themselves. Octavian became Rome's only ruler. 8. What happened at the
Battle of Actium?
Julius Caesar’s death
Civil War
Second Triumvirate Reading

Check
Battle of Actium 9. How do you think
Cicero might have
reacted when the
Antony and Cleopatra die Senate named
Octavian the first
Octavian becomes Emperor emperor of Rome?
Cicero, a writer, political leader, and speaker, strongly

supported the republican government. Octavian, however,
believed that a republic was too weak to solve Rome’s problems.
He wanted power for himself. The Senate finally agreed to his
wishes and declared Octavian commander-in-chief.
Octavian took the title of Augustus. Augustus means “the
majestic one.” In 27 b.c. Caesar Augustus became Rome's first
emperor. 10. Place a two-tab

Foldable along the
dotted line. Label the
Check for Understanding anchor tab Conflict
Number the events in the order that they happened. and Change. Label the
1. Octavian became emperor. two tabs—Rome as a
Republic and Rome as
Glue Foldable here
2. Marius reformed the military. an Empire. On both

sides of the tabs, list
3. Julius Caesar was murdered. events that you
4. Julius Caesar declared himself “dictator for life.” remember occurring
during each time
5. The First Triumvirate was formed. period. Use your notes
to help you with the
6. Octavian fought a civil war against Antony and activity under the tabs.
Cleopatra.
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Lesson 4 Rome Builds an Empire
Terms to Know
ESSENTIAL QUESTION Pax Romana Roman peace; a long period of
What are the characteristics of a leader? peace and prosperity in Roman history
proconsul governor
GUIDING QUESTIONS
1. How did Augustus create a new age of
prosperity for Rome?
2. How did the Roman Empire become rich
and prosperous?
Where in the world?


When did it happen?
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Map Title: Where in the world?
File50 b.c.C08-44A-NGS-824133_A-RESG_2ndUse.ai
Name: a.d. 50 a.d. 100 a.d. 200

27 b.c. Octavian a.d. 96 Rule of the
a.d. 14 a.d. 180 Pax
becomes Rome’s Good Emperors
Augustus dies Romana ends
first emperor begins
You Are
Here in
History
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Lesson 4 Rome Builds an Empire, Continued
The Rule of Augustus

For hundreds of years, there had been fighting in the area Marking
around the Mediterranean Sea. Caesar Augustus (formerly called the Text
Octavian) ended the fighting. He took control of the whole area.
1. Underline how long
That brought Pax Romana, or “Roman peace.” This peace lasted
the Pax Romana
about 200 years.
lasted.
● Augustus wanted to make the empire strong and safe.
● He wanted Rome’s borders to be easier to defend, so he Defining
made the natural physical features of the land the empire’s
2. What was a proconsul?
borders.
● Augustus built beautiful buildings out of marble.
● Augustus handed out grain from Africa to the poor. He
believed that well-fed people would not rebel against him.
● The Roman Empire was divided into provinces. Augustus
appointed a proconsul, or governor, for each province.
● He changed the tax laws. He made tax collectors
government workers and paid them wages. Summarizing
● Augustus also changed Rome's legal system. He made a set 3. Place a three-tab
of laws for free men who were not citizens. Many of them Foldable along the
later became citizens. dotted line. Label the
Augustus ruled Rome for almost 40 years. He died in a.d. 14. three tabs—Augustus,
His adopted son, Tiberius, became emperor after Augustus. The Julio-Claudian
next three emperors—Caligula, Claudius, and Nero—were also emperors, and
relatives. They are called the Julio-Claudian emperors. Vespasian and his
sons. Summarize how
Not all of them were good rulers. Tiberius and Claudius ruled
each person or group

well. In contrast, Caligula and Nero were very cruel. Caligula
ruled Rome. Use both
killed many people, wasted a lot of money, and even made his
sides of the tabs.
horse a consul. Nero also killed many people, including his
mother and two wives. He finally killed himself.
Reading
Glue Foldable here
Check
The Roman Peace 4. How did Augustus
In a.d. 69 a general named Vespasian restored peace. Vespasian protect Rome's
stopped several rebellions. After he died, his son Titus ruled. Two borders?
disasters struck while Titus was emperor. First, the volcano Mount
Vesuvius erupted and buried the city of Pompeii. Second, a large
fire damaged Rome. After Titus, Vespasian’s other son, Domitian,
ruled. Both of Vespasian’s sons helped Rome grow and prosper.
From a.d. 96 to a.d. 180, a series of “good emperors” came to
power. They were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and
Marcus Aurelius. During their rule, trade grew and people had a
better life than before.
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The Five Good Emperors ruled wisely. All five built roads,
Comparing bridges, monuments, harbors, and aqueducts. An aqueduct is a
channel that carries water for long distances.
5. What did all five of the
Good Emperors build?
The Five Good Emperors
Emperor Good Works

Nerva • Changed land laws to help the
a.d. 96–98 poor
• Revised taxes
Identifying Trajan • Expanded the empire to its
6. Which emperor passed a.d. 98–117 largest size
laws to help orphans? • Built many new public works
Hadrian • Built Hadrian's Wall in Britain
a.d. 117–138 • Made Roman laws easier to
understand
Antoninus Pius • Promoted art and science
a.d. 138–161 • Built new public works
Listing • Passed laws to help orphans
7. Which emperors Marcus Aurelius • Helped unite the empire
improved Rome by a.d. 161–180 economically
building things? • Reformed Roman law
The empire was biggest in size when Trajan ruled. It spread
from the Mediterranean to Britain in the northeast and

Mesopotamia in the east. This made the empire too big to rule
well. Many rulers after Trajan pulled troops out of areas they
could not defend well. For example, Hadrian pulled troops out of
Mesopotamia. He made the empire’s boundaries at the Rhine and
Explaining the Danube Rivers stronger.
By the a.d. 100s, the Roman Empire was one of the largest
8. Why was Trajan's
empires in history. It had 3.5 million square miles (9.1 million
empire hard to rule
square km) of land. The empire was united because people
well?
thought of themselves as Romans. Even if they spoke different
languages, they had the same laws, rulers, and culture. By a.d.
212, every free person was thought of as a Roman citizen.
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Agriculture was the most important part of the empire’s

economy. Some cities became centers for making pottery, cloth, Listing
and brass. Traders came from all over the world to ports in Italy.
They brought silk from China, spices from India, tin from Britain, 9. List three products that
lead from Spain, and iron from Gaul. traders brought into
Rome's ports.
The Roman Empire had a good system of paved roads. This
helped trade grow. The Roman navy kept pirates off the
Mediterranean Sea. This made it safer for ships to bring goods in
and out of the empire’s ports.
By a.d. 100, everyone in the empire used a common currency,
or money. This made it easy to trade. It meant that a merchant in
Greece could sell to a person in Italy or Egypt. People also used Reading
a system of weights and measures to set prices, trade, and Check
ship goods. 10. Why were five of
Many people became wealthy. However, most people in the Rome's rulers known
cities and on the farms were still poor. Many other people were as the "good
still enslaved. emperors?"
Glue Foldable here
Check for Understanding

List at least one accomplishment of each Roman
emperor.
1. Augustus
11. Place a one-tab
2. Vespasian Foldable along the

3. Trajan the Check for
Understanding. Label
4. Hadrian the anchor tab
Characteristics of . . .
and write . . . Roman
emperors in the middle
of the tab. Make a
memory map by
drawing five arrows
around the title. Write
five words or phrases
about Roman
emperors. Use your
notes to help you
answer the questions
under the tabs.
144

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NAME__________________________________________ DATE ______________ CLASS ________

Rome: Republic to Empire

ESSENTIAL QUESTION GUIDING QUESTIONS

Where in the world?

When did it happen?

Rome: Republic to Empire

The Beginning of Rome

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Rome: Republic to Empire

The Etruscans introduced togas and short cloaks. A toga is like

Etruscan Influence Greek Influence

along the dotted line.

in half to make four loyal fighters.

Rome: Republic to Empire

Roman soldiers used a short sword called a gladius and an

Check for Understanding

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Rome: Republic to Empire

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Terms to Know

DOPW (Discovering our Past - World)

Rome: Republic to Empire

patricians could be in the government.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Rome: Republic to Empire

The Roman Republic included dictators. Today, a dictator is a

The Punic Wars

Rome: Republic to Empire

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Rome: Republic to Empire

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Terms to Know

Where in the world?

DOPW (Discovering our Past - World)

Date/Proof: Jan 27, 2011 - First Proof

Rome: Republic to Empire

Problems in the Republic

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Rome: Republic to Empire

The Rise of Julius Caesar

The Senators thought Caesar was too popular.

The Senators ordered Caesar to give up his army.

7. Why did some Romans

Caesar’s supporters thought he was a strong leader who

From Republic to Empire

Rome: Republic to Empire

In 31 b.c. the navies of Antony and Cleopatra fought those of

Second Triumvirate Reading

Cicero, a writer, political leader, and speaker, strongly

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

2. Marius reformed the military. an Empire. On both

Rome: Republic to Empire

Where in the world?

DOPW (Discovering our Past - World)

Date/Proof: Jan 27, 2011 - First Proof

Rome: Republic to Empire

The Rule of Augustus

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

Rome: Republic to Empire

Emperor Good Works

from the Mediterranean to Britain in the northeast and

Rome: Republic to Empire

Agriculture was the most important part of the empire’s

Check for Understanding

NAME________________________________ DATE CLASS