T H E EL EM E N T S O F R A IL RO AD E N G I N EE RI N G

RAI LROAD ENG I NEERI NG

By W ILLI AM G . RAYM ON D

Railroa d Fi eld G eo m etry

1 6m o. i x p a ge s ,
2 42 1
3 8 fi gu res, lea th er
gi lt e d ge s . P ri ce

Elem en ts of Railroa d E n gi n eeri n g

8 vo .
405 x vi
pa ge s , 10 7 fi gu res , I 8 p la tes .

C lo t h ,

Railroa d E n gin eers Fi eld B o o’

k ( I n pr ep a r a t i o n )
 T H E E L E M E NTS

RA IL RO A D E NG IN EE RING

BY

W I L LI A M G . RA Y M O N D ,
C E . .
, LL D . .

M E M BE R A M E R I C A N S O C I E TY C I V I L E N G I N E E R S
, P RO F E SS OR OF

C I V I L E N G I N E E RI N G A N D D E A N O F T H E C O L LE G E

O F A PPLI ED SC IEN C E, TH E S TA T E

UN IVE R I ST Y O F I O WA

F I R S T E D I TI O N
T H I RD T H OU S AND

N EW Y O RK
JO H N W I L EY S ONS

LO N D O N : C H A P MA N H A L L , L I M ITE D

I I I
 C O PY R I G H T , 1 908 ,

BY

WI LLI A M G . RA Y MO

S t an hop e mu ss
F. H . G I L S O N C O MPA

B O S T O N. U . S . A .
 A RA IL RO AD wit h it olling t ock a d building con st it ut ess r s n s

a m nuf c t u ing p l a n t which it s own e

a a r
p e a t e in t h e m nu rs O r a

f ct u e d l e Of t n p o t t ion The l you t

a r an sa
“ ra s a ng e
r a . a
”
or arr

m t f a mod e n m nuf c t u ing pl n t i

en O r a much a i t em f r a s as an O

d e ign a i e ch individu l ma chin e o p oc

s s s a T hi book a r r ess . s

a t t mp t
e t o d e c ib
s t h e fi x d p o t ion
s r f e il o ad p l n t a d e r O a ra r a n

to g iv t he und e lyin g p inci p l Of t h d e ign f it l yout

e r r es e s O s a .

A p olicy do pt d in t h e p p a t ion Of t h e b OOk h

e b n to re ara as ee

tre a t b i fly d g en e lly t ho
r e an s ubj c t which a fully d
ra se e s re an

w ll cov e e d in p ci l volum e t o which t h e t ud en t i ef e e d

e r s e a s, s s r rr ,

d t g int o d t il in t h o e ub j t t e t e d only in book

e a f
'

an o o s s ec s r a s O

t h s m e cl
e a t hi ass a s s on e .

A ffo t h s b en m d t indic t at l t indi ec t ly t h t

n e r a e a e o a e ea s r a

t h e e a e o t h r m et hod Of doing t hi g
r r e t h n t ho e ps nt d n s a s rese e ,

an d t l d t h e tud nt
o ea d t t hink f ot h p o i b l
s e or rea er o O er ss e

w y s t h n t ho e d c ib ed in t he book
a a s es r .

Th e p l n Of fi t d e c ibin g t h e t hing an d t h en di cu s s in g it
a rs s r s s

desig n h s b een follow d P t I d e c ib t h e p m n ent

, a e . ar s r es er a

way in much d et il
as h b e n t houg h t wi ; P rt II d i
a as as e se a s

cu s e s t h e fundam nt l p incipl e g ov nin g t h d ign f t h e

s e a r s er e es O

g d lin
ra e W hil e P t II I d c i b e t h e m t hod of a pp lyi g
e, ar es r s e s n

th es e p inci p l es r to cu e t h e mo t e conomic se l loc rt ion d s a a an

con t uc tion P t I II l o con t i s m ny ugg t ion which

s r . ar a s a n a s es s

would h v e b n mo t w elcom e t o t he aut ho wh en h e w

a ee s r as

p l c e d in ch g e Of his fi t
a ar s id ency rs re .

N ot much p c e h b n g iv n t d i g m f t he di cu
S a as ee e o a ra s or s s

s ion Of locomo t iv e d g d p obl m b t th

an ut ho u ra e r e s, u e a r ses

di g r m s d b eli v in di g mmi g lmo t ll fo mul f

a a an e es a ra n a s a r as or a

t ho ou g h
r tudy f th ff e c t f v i t io i t h e v i bl
s O e e d O ar a ns n
-

ar a e s, a n

iii

$ 05 4 7
iv PRE FACE
he uggest s to in struc t o s u ing t hi book for cl ss wo k t h t
s r s s a r a

t h e y g iv e ot a li t t l e t im e t o g r p hic l
n ep e en t t ion Of t h e a a r r s a

p inci
r p l f P
es rt I IO A d di t ion a l x m p l f . t h pp lic t ion a e a es or e a a

Of t h e p incip l s m y b
es r fo mul t ed f om t h e d t pp e ing
e a e r a r a a a ar

on Pl t I t X I inclu ive
a es o s .

Th e ut ho h a t i ed t r u e few wo das a d to h v
r ll of
o s r s, n a e a

th m me n
e om t hi g i t h e d e i e t o cond n e i t o p op
a s e n ,
n s r e s n r er

p p o
r o t ion f
r b o d civil
or a e g i e inr a
g cou lmo t ll f t h n n er rs e a s a O e

fund m nt l p inciple f g t ubj e ct which m y b mpli

a e a r s O a re a s , a e a

fi ed much d i ed by t ho u ing t h e b OOk

as as es r se s .

Th wi dom f i cludin g
e s lo gO pp ndix
n pp e s m y so n an a e as a ar a

b qu t ion d
e es The u t ho h
e . f l t t h t t he v lu t t h e young
a r as e a a e o

en g in e e O f P rof o T ylo r p p es s d t h di
r cu ion on
a i t r s
’
a er a n e s ss ,

e v n t hough ome f t h e p incip l e di cu ed i t h e t xt a e

e s O r s s ss n e r

re p t d
ea e i g e , t e sou g h t wr a rr n t t h e n pp e nc f lmo t o a a a a ra e O a s

t h e whol m tt e N o t hin g i mo
a er . e ff c t iv in fi xing p in s re e e r

c ipl t h n a w e ll di cu e d e x m p l e f om p c t ic
es a -
s d th
ss a r ra e, an e

v i t y f viewp oi t
ar e O d s u gg e t ion in t hi s di cu ion will
n s an s s s ss

fu ni h m y id t o t h t ud n t r e d
r s an ea s e s e a er .

I nd dit ion t wh t h
a b o id Of t he ch em f t h b ook
a as e e n sa s e O e

as a whol it m y b p op e t c ll t t ent ion t s om e p t icul

e, a e r r o a a o ar ar

f tu
ea res o r
p o t ion r s .

I t i hop d t h t t h
s e qu c f a ng men t a d t he m et hod
e se en e O a rra e n

O f t e t m en t m y comm nd t h m lv s t o t h e st ud e n t
r a a e d e se e an

tea che I t h int oduc t ion t h e a e p e ent ed b i efly

r n e r d er r r s r an

f om comp l t ly w
,
.

t hou g h t t o be at ion l idea

'

far r h t e e , a Of a re r a s

ra il o d poli t ic l co omy Th p g ph o t he comp t iv

r a a e n . e ara ra n a ra e

wo t h f c o s t i
r O i t houg h t to b
r s -

es ound d t o fu ni h co e c t
s e s an r s rr

p incip l e fo e conomic inv e t i g t ion in o t h r di c t ion

r s r It i s a s e re s . s

ho ped t h t t he b i f di cu ion f t h locomot iv e

a r e a t ra c t ion
s ss O e as

e ng in e will b found v lu bl e d t h t t he t icl s on cu v

a a e, an a ar e r e

e i t nc
r s s a d t h e co t Of t h wo t cl
e an f i e s d f ll which e rs ass O r s an a ,

a re o i in al r will b e found co e ct T h e a t icl e on conn i rr

g , e . r r a s

sa nc e t im t e
e s d th t on t h e wo k of t h
a s, a n id ncy will p
a r e res e , er

h p b f vic e t youn g n g in ee on t h ir fi t wo k
a s e O s er o e rs e rs r .

Th e u t ho i ind eb t d t
a r M R y M o i fo c i t ici sm of
s e O . r. a rr s r r
 P RE FAC E

p or t ion s O f t h in t oduc t ion e d t o t h e following fo

r p e mi ion
an r r ss

to se cu t s
u m t t er : T t h e R i l d G t t
or a d M O B B a roa a ze e an r . . .

A d a m for cu t f om t h e R i l
s s d G
r tt d f om Th B l é a roa az e e an r e oc/

Sy t m ; t o t he Ram p o I on W o k
s e fo cu t
a f f og s dr r s r s O r an

s wi t ch ; t
es E gi i g N w fo cut f om t h at j ou n l a d
o n neer n e s r s r r a n

from Tr t m T d to M G W K i t t edg e C hi ef E g i
’
an s r r n
’
a 7 . . .
,

nee Of t h N ew Yo k C ent l d H ud on Riv R il o d fo

r e r ra an s er a r a , r

num e ou t nd d pl n ; t o t h e H all S ign al C omp ny f t h e

r s s a ar a s a or

el e c t o t y pe f
r Pl a t e ( p or to t h A m ic n L ocomot ive C m
. e er a o

p ny
a d t
an h e B ldwin L ocomo t iva W ok f le ct ot yp e s of e r s or e r

locomot iv es fo Pl t e I to X I I O t h ind ebt edn ses e

r a s . er es ar

not d in t he t ext
e .

E v e y a u t ho
r f a t ex t book t ea ting Of t h e e conomic s f
r O -
il r O ra

r o ad loc t ion mu st of n e c essit y b e ind ebt ed in g t m easu t o

a rea re

t h e l t e A M W e llin gt on
a . .d t h e aut ho of t hi book wi h e , an r s s s

to a cknowl dge t hi ind ebt edn e s a d t o ex p es his admi t ion

e s s n r s ra

fo t h e man who h s don e mo e t h an

r
y A m ica n if
a t r an er , no

mo e t h n a y ma t o i
r a n ilro d loc at ion f om t de t o a
n, ra s e ra a r a ra

p of e io
r ss n .

WI L L I A M G . RA YM ON D .

I OWA C TYI , I O W A, J a nu ary , 1

908 .
 CO N T EN TS

IN TR D U C T
O I ON

I n cep tion of a l
Ra i road En terprise
Formation of C ompa n y
Bon d s
E ngineer s E stima tes
’

C onstru ction
VOp e rat ion

Ra ilroad F ailure
O v erca p ita liz a tion

Stoc kW aterin g

Ra ilroa d V a lu a tion
The Railroad an d the Pu b li
c

T he En gineer s Duty
’

PART I

P ERMANE NT WAY

CHA PT ER I .

H oriz on tal Align men t

l l
V ertica A ignmen t

CHAPTER II .

M an u facture
C hemica l C omposition
T he F orm of the Rai l
The Life of Ra ils
l
Rai Spe cifi ca tion s an d I n spe ct ion
 C O N T EN T S
PA G B

CHAP TER
RAI L F AS T E NIN GS
Join ts
Requ iremen ts
Join t Action
An gle B a rs
B olt s
k
Spi es
H oo kh
-

ea de d Spi k e

S crew Spi k e

Braces
Tie P a tes l

CHAP TER IV .

CR OSS -
TIE S
M a teria l
Form an d Size
Tie M akin g
D ura ilit b y
Preserva ti v e Processe s
B urn et tiz in g
Wellhouse or Z in c Ta nn in Process
-

C reosotin g
C om parison s
Spi k e D owe l s

CHAPTER V .

B AL LAS T AND ROAD BE D -

B allast
Uses and M a teria l s

Requ iremen t
H OW O ta in ed b
Roa d B ed -

F orm
Slopes
D itches
C on stru ction
 C O N T EN T S 1X

PA G E

CHAP TER V I .

CU V
L ER S, T B RI D G ES , AN D M N R STRU CT UR
I O ES

St ru ct ures Used
C ul v ert s

Blin d D rain s
Wood Box C ul v ert s

Ston e B ox C u lv
erts

Pipe C u lv ert s

Arch C ul v e rt s

O penin gs
Area Of Water Way
Trest l es a n d Pile B ridges
T rest les

Pile Bridges
T im b er for T restles an d Pile Bridges
C on crete Pile Foun d a tion
S crew Piles
G irder an d T russ B ridges
T he M a son r y
Su pe rstru cture
B ri dge Weight s
E con om ica l Spa n s
M iscellan eou s M inor Stru ctures
Roa d C rossin gs
C a ttle G u ards
Fen ces

CHAPTER
TURN OU T S

G en era l Form
St u b Swit ch
Split Swi tch
Swit ch Pa rt s
The Wh a rton Sa fety Swit ch
Frogs
D ou bl e T urn ou ts
C rossin gs and Sli p s
M ov able Poin t F rog
G au n tlet T ra c k s

C ross O -
v ers

Layin g O ut
x C O N T EN T S
PAG E

CHAP TER VIII .

SID E TRAC KS AND YARDS

Side T ra c k s

Small Station Sidings

Pa ssin g Sidings for Sin gle T ra c k
Passin g Sidings for D ou le T ra c b -

kR oa ds

Relief T ra c k s

Sidi n g C on stru ction

Ya rds
C ar M o v em en t

Necessary T ra c k s

Swit chin g S ytm s e s

Yard D esign
Ya rd B u ildin gs
Passen ger T erm in als
T erm ino l ogy

Water Termin als

CHAP TER IX .

ELE VA TOI N OF TH E OU T ER

Rea son for C a n tin g t he T ra c k on C urves

C a n tin g Form ula s
C on n ectin g with T a n gen t
Speed to b e Assu med
M a xim um I n clin a tion
O u ter Ra il vs . B oth Ra ils
l
Resu tin g Pressu re on O uter Rai l

CHAP TER X .

SI G N ALI N G
D efi n ed
H O W Accom plished
T W O G en era l D i ision s v
Sign alin g E conomica l
Bloc k Sign a lin g
G en era Forms l Of Sign a ls
O pera tion of Automatic Bloc k Sy t m
s e

Sin gle T ra c
-
k Bl k Sig
oc n a lin
g
The Tra in Sta ff
Automatic Sign a l s, Sing e T ra cl -
k
 C O N T EN T S xi
SI GN A LIN G C on lon u ed
’

I n ter oc l ki n
g a Sin gle T rac -
k C rossing
C ross -

Ov er

D etector Ba r
M an ua M a chin es l
l k
Power I n ter oc ing M a chines

PART II

T H E LO C O M OTIV E AN D IT S WO RK

CHAPTE R XI .

TH E L O C O M O TV I E

G en eral Sta temen t

T ra cti v e E ffort Of Adhesion
Three L ocomoti v e Elem en ts
y
C linder T ra ctive Eff ort
V ariation Of T ra cti v e E ff ort with Speed
H orse power-

Q ua n tity of Steam
H ea tin g Su rfa ce
B oi ler Tra cti v e Effort
Three E qu a tion s for Tra cti v e E fi ort
St Lou is T est s
.

C ompou n d Locomoti v es

Lo comotive Types

CHAPTER XI I .

TH E WORK OF THE L O C O M T VO I E

T he Work C lassifi ed
T ra in Resistan ce
Resistan ce to M otion at C on stan t V elocity T rai n Resistance
Resista n ce to C han ge of Ve l ocity

Ac celerated M otion
T ra in Ac celeration
G ra de Resistan ce
G ra d e Resistan ce
C urve Resista n ce
G en eral Sta temen t
x ii C O N T EN T S
TH E WORK OF TH E L O C O MO TV I E C on ti n ued .

Rela tion of Wheel an d Ra il

Action Of a T ru c k on a C urve
T heory Of C ur v e Resista n ce
Resistan ces C om pa red
Sugge st ion s
Wid en in g G a uge on C ur v es

C u rve C omp en sa tion

V irtua l or V elocity G ra des
G rade of Repose

CHAP TER XIII .

L O C O MO TV
I E AND G RAD E P ROB LE MS
T o fi n d the T ra cti v e Effort of a Gi v en Locomoti ve

T o fi n d the M a ximu m Loa d the Locomotiv e ca n Ha u l on a Gi v en

G ra de at a Gi v en Speed
To fi n d the G ra de up which Two Similar Lo comoti v es can l
H au the
L oa d tha t O ne can H a ul on a Gi v en G ra de
To fi n d the Speed tha t can b e M a in t a ined on a G ra de Less than that
for which a Locom oti e is L oa ded v
T O fi n d the D istan ce Requ ired to I n crease the Speed a Gi v en Amou n t
o n a G i en G ra d e v
T o fi n d the L en gth Of G ra de Required to Red u ce the Speed from S 1 to
S2 M iles an H ou r
T o fi n d t he T ime Requ ired to I n crea se or D ecrea se Speed from O ne
Ra te to An other in a G i en D istan ce v 2 00

To Determin e the C ha ra cteristics of a Locomoti v

e Adapted to a Gi v en

v
Di ision of Roa d

CHAPTER XIV .

RAI LROAD E XP E N DI T UR ES

F ixed C ha rges
O perating E xpen se

\j CHAPTER XV .

EFFE C TO N O PE RA T G EX
IN CH G
P E N SE O F AN E I N TH E N UMB E R OF TRAI N S ,
TH E T ONNA G E RE MAI N I N GC T T ON S AN

The Pro lem b

C on sidera tion s Affectin g the E stima te
The Estim ate .
x iv C O N TEN T S
RE C ONN AI S SAN C E C on ti n u ed .

The E stim a tes

The T raffi c Estim ate
The E stima te Of C ost
Ea rt hwor k
C lea rin g an d G ru bbi ng

Short T u n nels
B rid gin g
Wooden T restles
Stone B ox C u lv e rt s

T ra c k
Ba lla st
Roa d C rossin gs
C a ttle G ua rd s
T ra c k and Ya rd S ign s
Side T ra c k a n d Ya rd s

Fen cin g
T elegraph
k
I n terloc in g Pla n ts
Water S tation s
Build in gs
Section H an d s D wellin gs
’

B ric k E n gine H o uses

T urn ta le b
T ra c k S ca l es

Ash Pits
C oalin g Sta tions
Right Of Way
E q uipmen t
E ngin eerin g
Lega l an d G en era l E xpenses Of O rga n iz a tion
I n terest
l
A C om p ete Estima te

CHAP TER XIX .

PRE LIMI N ARY SURVE Y

G en era l M ethod
T he Part y
G eneral D u t ie s
Sta k es an d Sta tion s
Cha in in g
An gle Work
 C O N T EN T S XV

P RE LIMI N ARY SURVE Y C on ti n u ed . PAG E

Le v elin g

M a ppin g
T he Profi l e

T he T o po gra ph y
T he G en eral Pro cedure
T he E stima te
Right Of Way

CHAPTER
T HE L O CA T I ON SURVE Y .

G enera l Sta temen t

v
De ices for Securin g Low G ra de
Pla n n in g the Loca t ion
C om pu t a tion Of N otes
Ru n n in g in C u rves
F ixin g the G ra de L ine
Some Prin cip l e s of Location

CHAPTER
C ON S R T UCT I ON SURVE Y S

O rgan iz ation : Short L in e

O rga n iz a tion : Lon g Line
T he Work Of the Residen c y
k
Sta in g out E a rthwor k
G ra d e L e el vs D a tumv .

T ermina Pyrami d l
C ompou n d Sect ion s
Em b km t T an en oes a n d Borrow Pits
St k i g
a t C lv t
n ou u er s

St k i g
a t T
n tl ou re s e an d Pi l e B rid ges
St k i g
a t T
n l ou un n e

B idg S v y
r e ur e s

Cl ifi ti
a ss ca on

H l au

CHAPTER XXII .

B TT RM T SURV Y
E E EN E S

O bj t ec

V elocity Profil e an d Power C u r ves

Locomoti v e D istri b u tion

xvi C O N TEN T S
B TT
E E RME N T SURV Y E S C on ti n u ed . m ax

E con omica l Sp d
ee

C han gin g D ivi sion Poin t

Ve l ocity Profile I n dica tion s
SM ple M ethod
Re loca t ion

I mpro v emen t G ra d ua l
C on clu sion
APPE N DIX
The Loca tion of t he Knox iv ll e, La FOllette,
'

Jelli co Railroad .
E L E M E N T S O F RA I L R O A D

EN G IN EE RIN G

I N T RO DU C TI O N

n cep tio of a Ra i lroad Ent p i

I n R il o d in Am ic a e er r se . a r a s er a r

built f S in gl
or a vow d pu po ; n m ly t m k mon y f the
e a e r se a e , o a e e or

p oj cto
r e rs .

Th ese p oj ecto s h v e v iou s id e

r ar to how the mon ey is to
a ar as s

b m d
e a In o e c a
e. p h p s t
nh m jo ityse f c es th y
er a e a r O as e

e x p ct to m k
e a su ffi ci ent p o fi t on th
a e bu in ss of g n e l t n r e s e e ra ra s

p t
or a t i t on
p y f i o t u n on
a t h e mon
a y inv t
a r re
e d in t h r
e o d e es r a .

In a noth e c se th y e xp ect to m a k e mon ey by the s l e of l nd s

r a e a a

own ed by th m The o d is built to th ou gh th l nd f om

e . r a or r ese a s r

som e im po t a nt comm r ci l c n t in o d e t m k e th l nd s
er a e er, r r o a e a

a cc es ibl e s d h nc t b ing th m into m k et a t p ic e u ffi ci nt

an e e o r e ar a r s e

to yi ld p o fi t on th co st f th l nd s d th e co t Of th o d
e a r e O e a an s e r a .

I n anoth er ca e the o d m y b p oj ct ed by a comp ny f m n

s r a a e r e a O e

o wni ng co a l i on or o th mi n for th pu p o e Of g tting the

, r , er es , e r s e

out p ut Of th min to th n e t or b t ma ket t mi nimum

e es e a res es r a a

cost I n this c e th o d m y b buil t if the stim t ed di ff

. as e r a a e e a er

e nc b tween th co t Of t n p o t tion by il n d the co t by

e e e s ra s r a ra a s

w gon oth er v il ble m thod i su ffi ci nt to p y int e t on

a or a a a e s e a res

the co t of t h s o a d a nd equipm nt I a noth c s a comp ny

e r e . n er a e a

O f me owni ng n d o p er ting ail o a d conc iv t h t a e xt n ion

n a a a r r e e a n e s

of the lin e into w t rritory o th e buildin g f a l t e l b a nch

ne e ,
r O a ra r

to some co mm e ci l a g icultu a l di t ict will wh eth it will

r a or r r s r , , er

be emun r tiv e in it lf
era ot b in g such an dd d volume to
se or n ,
r a e

th e bu in e s of the e xi ting o d which ddi tion al volume f

s s s r a ,
a O

bu in e can b e conduct ed wi thout much a ddition l xp n se th t

s ss a e e ,
a
2 IN TRO D UC TI O N

th e ul t f th lo if y f om th b nch i t lf d the
n et res O e ss , an ,
r e ra se an

g in
a t t h m
o in lin e will b a u ffi ci n t t yi ld
e f i t u n on t h
e s e o e a a r re r e

co t f th w li
s O e ne ne .

I o th e c
n r fort un t ly comp tiv ly f w
ases o d i
a e a ra e e a r a s

p orj c t e d d e om t im
an wh, sn t h fund
e bes , cu d c t u elly e s c an e se re , a a

b uil t f th e p urp o s of bl ckm il

,
or Th t i
e om viciou mind d
a a . a s, s e s -

p erson no t in g ,
th t xi st in g o d
a i doin
an e g h nd om bu in s r a s a a s e s es

a n d m kin g a imil r p o fi t conc iv s the id th t it own

a s a r , e e ea a s ers

will b e nxiou th a t h i bu in s h ll t b int f d wi th

so a s t e r s e s s a no e er ere ,

th t th y will b e gl ad to ff t a y o th comp ny p o p o in g t
a e O er o n er a r s o

build a p ll l line a sub t nti l bonu to k p ff ; d th t if

a ra e s a a s ee O an a

th ese own do t m k such ers no ff th p ll l li n e m y b

a e an O er, e a ra e a e

built n d t s duc ed O t d m g th xi ting comp ny t

a ra e re S as o a a e e e s a o

an e xt nt th t will b ing it t t m d comp l it t buy th w

e a r o er s an e o e ne

o d in s lf d efens Such p oj cts h v t u u lly b een ucc sful

r a e —
e. r e a e no s a s es .

F o m a tion of C ompany
r I n ny c if th o d i t b a
. a a se, e r a s o e

n w o
e ind p nd nt of y e xi ting o g ni tion the o d of
n e, e e e an s r a za , r er

p oc
r du e m y b re om wha t a s follow
e s s e a

Th e p son who conc iv er th e id of the o d s oci t wi th

e es ea r a a s a es

hims lf oth er p sons whom he m y b e bl t imp s with th

e er a a e o re s e

f ibili ty f hi sch em
ea s O d th y o g ni
s t h m lv es in t o a
e, an e r a ze e se

comp any corp o tion by fi li ng wi th th St t u tho iti es ticl

or ra e a e a r ar es

O f incorp o a t ion whi ch s t fort h th e p u p o

r of th corp o tion
e r se e ra ,

th e mount f c pit l st ock th t it i p op o d t i u e th e

a O a a a s r se o ss ,

n m s of th e fi t bo d f di ecto th e xt nt d loc tion of

a e rs ar O r rs , e e an a

th p o p osed lin e a d om e o t h
e r i t ems v ryi ng cco ding t th e
,
n s er ,
a a r o

requi em nt of th e St at in whi ch th comp ny is o ga ni d

r e s e e a r ze .

I t is not unu su l f comp ny t b o g ni d und e th l w

a or a a o e r a ze r e a s

of St t in which no o e f th e indi vidu ls fo ming the comp ny

a a e n O a r a

liv s d wi thin which no pa t f th p o p o sed lin e li

e an
’

T hi s
r O e r es .

is don e b c a u s Of som p ovi ion of th l ws f t h a t St a t e th a t

e e e r s e a o

t he o g ni r a thi nk p rt icul ly f vo
z ers bl e t th m
a ar a ra o e .

F o m ly r
p ci l n c t m nt f th l gi sl t u e w
er a s e a e a n c s a ry e O e e a r as e e s

to giv comp ny p ow t cond emn l nd f it pu p o s s N ow

e a a er o a or s r e .

in mo t S t t if t in ll thi p ow i confe d by general

s a es , no a ,
s er s rre

la w t comp ni es o g ni ed und e tho se l a ws

s o a r a z r .
 ST O CK 3

Th e ri ght to build d o p t o d i known an f anchi era e a r a s as a r se

or ch t d th a t i wh t t h com p ny
a r er, a n cu s f om th St t
s a e a se re r e a e .

It c i s wi th it th i ght to t k e uch l nd
a rr e e r m y be n d d a s a s as a ee e

for th p urp o s
e f the o d th com p ny to p y f
es O such l nd
r a , e a a or a s

a f i v l u e Thi v lu m y b
a r a . ng d by gr m n t b t w n
s a e a e a rra e a ee e e ee

th comp ny
e d th own
a Of th
an l nd t ken e in c se t h y ers e a a , or, a e

a re un bl e to gree th v lu e f the l nd i ttl ed by a cou t

a a , e a O a s se r ,

t h ou gh
r commi sion If cond m d by a commi ion th
a s . e ne ss , e

comp ny is e to pp d f om v u ing th p op ty f
a s e r y e er s e r er or an

oth th n th vow d pu po se f whi ch it w a cqui d

er a e a e r or as re ,

whil if th f i bt ined by d d th compa ny i not o

e e ee s O a ee , e s s

limi t d e .

Stock A tifi t f t ock i c ert ifying th at th

‘

. c er p p ca e o s s a a er e

p ers on in who n m i t i m d se t own a s t t d

e in t t in tsh a e ou s a a e eres e

c pi t l t ock f th comp ny i ssuing the c t i fi c t

a a s O e d such a a er a e, a n c er
“
t e con t i tu t vid nc Of m mb hi p in th comp ny ”
t ifi ca s es e e e e ers e a .

F om t h e bookk e p st nd p oin t t h e com p ny i i d b t d to

’
r e er s a a s n e e

t h e hold s f t ock in th e moun t f t h i holdin g

er O s d to t hi a O e r s, an s

e xt nt tock d bond a f th s m n tu ; but bond b

e s an s re O e a e a re s ea r

a d fi ni t t f in t t whil stock t k s wh t it
e e ra e O eres
g t in , e a e a ca n e

divid nd e s .

T he p son fo min g th comp ny g

er s r to t k ch c rt in e a a ree a e ea a e a

a mount f t he c pi t l st ock of th comp ny P on s who

O a a e a . ers se

s ub c i p tion s f
s r t ock a cc p t d or th s by b com tock a re e e ,
e re e e s

hold s i th comp ny Th comp ny is l g l nti ty th t

er n e a . e a a e a e a

do bu in ju t s individu l xc pt t h t it do it th ou gh
es s ess s a an a , e e a es r

o th s who
er ,
kn o wn it ffi ce a re It i u u l f a ch t ock
as s O rs . s s a or e s

hold to h v er vo t in th fi i of the comp ny f

a e on e e ch e a
‘
a rs a or ea

s h e of stock ow d h ld by him
ar ne or e .

T h e t ockh old s u u lly l ct bo d f m n g known

ers s a e e a ar O a a ers , as

the di c t o re d t hi bo d f di c t o
rs , a n l ct th g n l ffi c
s ar O re rs e e s e e era O ers

of th comp ny om tim p rt ly f om it own m mb hi p

e a , s e es a r s e ers .

T h bo d f di ec to
e ar d t mi n s ll m tt s Of gen l p oli cy
O r rs e er e a a er era ,

n ot qui in g c t ion by th t ockhold r a d th ffi c

re r a e s e s, n e O ers ex e

cu t its o d s b ing p on ibl f th d t il f the Op tion

e r er , e res s e or e e a O era s

und ta ken T hi s is the th o y I p ctice the bo a d f

er . e r . n ra r O
4 I N TR O D UC TI O N
di cto Often b ecom imply the ndo e Of the a ct s of its
.

re rs es s e rs r

e x cut ive commi tt e

e th e p id ent f the comp ny e or res O a .

I n m any bu t n t ll St t s th e comp ny do s not xi t in l w

,
o a a e ,
a e e s a ,

e v n thou gh it
e ticl h v b e n fi l d until sp ci fi d p o tion
s ar es a e e e ,
a e e r

of th c p it l tock h b n ub c ib ed a d p id for in c sh
e a a s as ee s s r n a a .

Th peo t ion not s ub c ib

r d by t h e o i gin t o s O f th sch m s r e r a r e e e

m y g in t o t he t su y f th comp ny t b sold f
a o fund
rea r O e a o e or s

wi th which to build While h ld b y th comp ny it i know . e

-

e a s n

as t u y tock
re a s r s .

I t is not n c ay n u u l wh n w com p ny is b ing

e ess r ,
or s a ,
e a ne a e

o g i d f the ub sc ib to th c pi t l tock t p y in full

r an z e ,
or s r ers e a a s o a

th p e v lu f th stock ub c ib d f ; ind d it i mo u u l
ar a e O e s s r e or ee , s re s a

f r th
o fi t ub c ib s to p y v y littl f
ese rs th i s t ock Th e
s r er a er e or e r s .

company hop to bo ow nou gh mon y t build d qui p the es rr e e o an e

o d d th a mount p id by th e sub c ib t th tock will

r a , an e a s r e rs o e s

u u lly b th di ff nc b t ween th co t f th o d d quip

s a e e ere e e e s O e r a an e

m nt d the u m the comp ny i ble to bo ow I t will f

e an s a s a rr . re

qu ntly b not mo th n enou gh to p y the co t of the p elimi

e e re a a s r

n y su vey nec a y t fu ni sh info m tion to th p ob a bl

ar r s ess r o r r a as e r e

a pp oxim t co t Of th
r o d I t i sometim s not S much
a e s e r a . s e O

a s thi d om t imes nothing t ll b eyond th l g l

s, an s equi a a e e a re re

m nt a d ft en w ys e found f v din g v n thi s Wh en the

e ,
n O a ar O e a e e .

mon y f con st uction is bo ow d th comp ny x cu t

e or r rr e , e a e e es a

mo tg g cov ing u u lly th f nchi e d n ti p o p t y

r a e er s a e ra s an e re r er .

B o ds nBond which lik no t a p omi ses to p y n d

. s, , e es , re r a , a

which efe t the mo tg g r cu i ty a i u d u su ally in

r o r a e a s se r ,
re ss e ,

35 1 0 00uni t in th moun t O f the mo tg g an d the l end ers

s, e a r a e,

of mon y c iving th e bond e re e id to b e pu cha e s of es s a re sa r s r

bond s .

T h e bond s a e of two g n e l cl a sses

es r gi t e d bond a d
r e ra , e s re s n

cou pon bond Th own hip f th fo m i k p t t ck f by s . e ers O e r er s e ra O

the t u t e or comp ny ; n d wh en a bond is sold by n e p

r s e on a a o ers

to a no th er the ch n ge f o wn e ship is gi t d o th t the

, a O r re s ere , s a

inte est wh en it f ll du may b e nt to th i ght own e I t i

r , a s e, se e r r. s

u u lly nt by ch ck Th cou pon bond h v coupon a tt a ch d

s a se e . e s a e s e

to them ea ch cou pon b in g a d a ft on the company for st ated

, e r a
6 IN T R O D UC T I O N

ta k es p e e
r c d nc
common t ock in th di t ibu tion Of a m
e e Of th e s e s r e

in g u p t s p ci fi d di vid nd
o a s t e e e ra e .

E n gi E stim t s Th co st f con t uct ion d quip

’
n eer s a e . e O s r an e

ment i u u lly t im t d by
s s a n gin e es ft a conn i ssa nc
a e an e er, a er re a e

s u v eyr p lim
,
i n y
or a u v y f t
reh p ro p o d ou t
ar e T h e s
es t i r e ,
O e se r .

m t Of p ob bl co t Of p tion a d ev nu e m y l o b mad e
a e r a e s O era n r e a a s e

b y him b u t is mo e u u lly m a d e by om
’
,
r f th p omot e s of
s a s e O e r r

th p l ne A comp t nt en gin e r hould b

a . bl t ma k e a ll th
e e e S e a e o e

es t im t e aIf th e p omo t
s . nd vo t bo ow mon ey th t isr ers e ea r o rr , a ,

flo t t h i bond th ou gh om w ll kn own t u t comp ny o

a e r s, r s e e -

r s a r

b an kin g hou such comp ny hou se m y h v it con ultin g

s e, a or a a e s s

e n gi n eer
g ov t h t im ot ubmi ert t d in o d
e es t t i fy i t s lf
a es s e , r er o sa s e

th t th y
a e on bly co ct a re rea s a rre .

I f th ngin who i mp loyed t m k e p li mi n a y tim te

e e eer s e o a a re r es a

m k it f om
a es co i nc only his wo k con i ts in going
r a re nn a ssa e ,
r s s

ov th t i to y b t w n th elect d te mi ni p in cip l p oin ts

er e err r e ee e s e r or r a ,

on foo t o ho b ck d
r t im tin g f om hi
rse a knowl edge of
, an es a , r s

wh t o th lin m l Si mi l ly loc t d h v e co t wh t
'

a er es ore Or ess ar a e a s , a

t hi li n
s lon g ou t e t h t h e s l ct will p ob ably co t The
e, a a r a e e s, r s .

e t im t
s S hould includ
a e th o d b d t ck b idg S id t a cks e e r a —
e ,
ra , r es , e r ,

w t t tion buildi g f ll kind

a er s a s, d o lli n g stock
n In o d e
s O a s, a n r . r r

to tim t th n c
es a ey ollin g stock he mu st h ve som ou gh
e e ess a r r , a e r

id f th bu in t b don which h e g t f om b e vin g th

ea O e s ess o e e, e s r O s r e

ch a ct f th e cou t y th p o pul t ion d n a tu e Of indu st ri

ra er O n r , e a an r es,

wi th p o ibili ti f d v lop m nt d comp in g th e f tu

ss es or e e e ,
an ar se ea res

wi t h t ho of ome xi ting lin se li n h ving n a ly s m y

s e s e or es a as e r a a

b e Simi l t ibut y t ito y H e fin d the bu in e don by th

ar r ar err r . s s ss e e

e xi ti g li n e o lin
s n d th ollin g stock qui d f om the
r es , an e r re re ,
r

a nnu l p ort
a f th re li n a yno p i f which ft n nou gh
s O ese es , s s s O , O e e
“
for hi p u p o s i fu ni h d in Poo s
r se , M nu l of R il o d s
s r s e r
’
a a a r a ,

or in th port of the St t R il o d C ommi ion

e re s th a e a r a ss ers , or e

t t i t ic l
s a s port s of the Int st a t C omm c e C o mmi s ion
a re Hi er e er s . s

es t im t e i of cou
a only ou ghly pp oxim t e
s, rs e , r a r a .

I f h e m k es p limi n y u v ey h
a a c tu lly l ys out lin e
re ar s r , e a a a a ,

a ft h vin g d termin d by
er a con i s nc whi ch Of v l
e e a re na s a e se era

p o ibl ss ou t i th b t t k le v ls long th li
e r es s e d con
es , a es e a e n e an
 P
O E RAT I ON 7

st ru ct s a pr o fi le
d w . O n t hi s h e
gra d e lin e from which ra s a ,

h compu t es t he p ob bl qu ntiti
e O f e xc a v t ion
r d mb nk
a e a es a an e a

m nt the l ngth s a d w i gh ts of i on b id g th moun t of

e ,
e n e r r es , e a

timb er f r t imb e brid ge th m son y t

o r d h nc i bl t
s, e a r , e c .
,
an e e s a e o

m k much clo e t im t f th p ob bl co st f th o d b d
a e a s r es a e O e r a e O e r a -

to ub gr de th t i und th t i
s -
a Sl a
p s t h
s, n h i er e es or ee er a e s

a ble to ma k by conn i nc only H e l o g in a mo x ct

e re a ssa e . a s a s re e a

knowled ge of the t f g d t h t mu st b u d a d h enc i ra e O ra e a e se ,

n e s

b ett bl e to e t im t the o pe tin g xp en se sinc e thi s i much

er a s a e ra e , s

a ff ct d by th
e e t of g d e ra e ra e .

C on stru t ion I f thc t im t es p ov e s ti f c t o y t h

. ewill es a r a s a r , ere

p ob a bly b
r li ttle di ffi culty in flo ting th bond ; d wh n
e a e s an e

th ese h v b n ub c ib ed f the wo k f fi l loc tion a d

a e ee s s r or, r O na a n

con truction m y b gi
s a e n .

Th e bond b int st f om th d t of i u
s ea r d d liv e y
ere r e a e ss e an e r ,

an d it is som t im e p ovid d t h tet h mon ys will b r dv nc d e a e e e a a e

to the comp ny only O f st a s th n gin a d p id n t h ll

S a e e eer a n res e s a

certify to the compl tion of wo k e r .

Wh et h e o not th whol e i u is d a win g int er t it i in v

r r e ss e r es , s a

ri bly wi se to build
a p idly po ibl t h t t h int t on
as ra as ss e, a e eres

non p oduct i ve c pi t l S h ll b e s sm ll p o ibl

-

r a a d th t a a a as ss e, an a as

soon a s m y b th e o d S h ll b gi n to e rn
a e om thin g I f it
r a a e a s e .

can b SO ea n g ed it i u su lly b st t o p n n y comp l t d p

a rr , s a e o e a e e or

tio n Of the ro d p o vid d bu sin

a ,
f th e com p l t d p o t ion
r e ess O e e r

wi ll w nt th unning Of t in s wi thou t w itin g f th com '

a rra e r ra ,
a or e

p l e t ion O f t h e whol lin e e .

Th e o d m y b buil t by c on t ct
r a a by d y l bo und
e ra ,
or a a r er

ch a rg f t h e n gin
e O u p int nd ent Th cont ct m thod
e ee r o r a s er e . e ra e

is u su a lly t he b t t T h chi f en gin ee wi ll h v

e er . n ti ch g e e r a e e re ar e

of th wo k f const uction d will wi th the i t nc f th

e r O r ,
an ,
a ss s a e O e

a t t o n ey f
r t he com p a ny or d ft con sult tion wi th th p i ,
an a er a e res

d nt d a w ll sp ci fi c tion
e , r a d con t ct f e th wo k a s an ra s or e r .

Ope a t ion r O t h com pl t ion f t h o d t h chi f n gin

. n e is e O e r a e e e eer

u su lly as i gn ed the cont ol of o d b d t ck b id g

a s d r r a -

e ,
ra ,
r es , an

buildin gs whi le a chi ef Of motiv p ow

,
mst m ch nic i e er, or a er e a , s

a s i gn ed cont ol of t h e con t ruc t ion o

s u ch a d m in t a se , n a e
r p s , r r
 IN T R O D UC T I ON

n nce of th olli ng stock B o t h Of th e Offi ce s ep ort to an d

a e r . es r r

a re und e a g n l m n g the g n l u p e in t end nt or the

r e era a a er, e era s r e ,

p id
res n t U eu ll y. t h g n l
s s u p rin
a t nd nt h a s cheg e f teh e era e e e ar O

mov m nt Of t ins d th h ndlin g of bu in ess Th e o g niz a

e e ra an e a s . r a

tion v i s in th di ff nt comp ani es a cco din g to the m gnitud

ar e e ere r a e

of the nt erp i e d th e id e s O f the m n gem nt

r se an th t is a a a e , a ,

t h p e id ent
e r s d bo d of di cto s an ar re r

T h f i ght g nt a tt nd to th curin g an d fo w rdin g of

“

e re a e e s e se r a

f i ght bu in
re Th e p a
s n g g n t lik wi e tt nd s to ecu
ess . ss e er a e e s a e s r

i g a d fo w din g p
n n r n g bu in
ar B oth f th e ffi ce s
a sse er s ess . O es O r

m ke kno wn t h i w nt
a to t i t th e offi c e in ch a ge
e r a s as ra n s o r r

of th mov m n t f t in
e e u u lly th g n e l sup e in t nd nt
e O ra s s a e , e ra r e e .

T h e m y b a u p i t nd n t
er a e ngin e of b idges d
s er n e e , or e e r, r an

buildin gs a d g n a l o d m t th l tt in ch ge Of tra ck
,
n a e er r a a s er, e a er ar ,

bo th p orting t th chi f ngin

re o g n l m n g or oth er
e e e eer or e era a a er

O fli cco din g t th o g ni tion Bo th f th o ffi c s should

cer a r o e r a za . O ese er

b und
e t h chi f n gi
er e e e n eer .

Th o d i o p t d by th v riou ffi c s a d th eir a ssi st

e r a s era e ese a s O er n

a n ts p um bly t th b t dv n t g
, res a oth y it th p id nt
e es a a a e as e see , e res e

u u lly b in g p on ibl f m tt of gen e l p oli cy d ll

s a e res s e or a ers ra , an a

s uch m t t e mu st b e f d to him H will kn ow wh t h n

a rs re erre . e a e ca

o d a d wh t h mu st f to hi bo d Of di cto s
r er n a e re er s ar re r .

ilk R ilro d F ilur

a a I f th e comp ny f il to p y th in t e est on
a e. a a s a e r

it bond a s it f ll d u e fo clo su e proc din g m y b in st i t u t d

s s, a s , re r ee s a e e ,

an d th e o d old to the hi gh est bidd

r a s u u lly om e ep er, s a S e on r re

se n tin g th bondholde s who will th n fo m n w comp any f

e r , e r a e or

t h o p e t ion f th e o d
e ra I p oin t of f c t
O comp ny i u SII lly
r a . n a a a s a

fo m d b fo th s l
r e e d is p ob bly th e only bidd
re e a e an Fo e r a er . r

clo u e p oc dings a e u su lly t ken only by qu t of m jori ty

s r r ee r a a re es a a

or l g numb
ar e f th bondhold s er O M o ov e uch a ction is
e er . re r s

g n e lly void d by th ppoi tm nt f

era a e c iv on the qu st
e a n e O a re e er re e

O f som e bondhold bondhold e A c iver i n Offi c of

er or rs . re e s a er

t he court pp oin t ed t t k e ch ge of th e o d an d o p a t e it
, a o a ar r a er

p ndin g som e
e n g m nt th t m y b e m d by comp ny nd
a rra e e a a a e a a

bondhold lookin g t
e rs, o g ni tion Of th comp ny on a o a re r a za e a

ne w fi n anci l b a i Som t im es the

a ceiver is bl to b in g th
s s . e re a e r e
 C P
O VE R A IT AL IZ AT I O N 9

o d b a ck t pa ying b a i wh n it m y b tu n ed t the o i gi
r a o a s s, e a e re r o r

na l comp ny Ag in wh en no
a . n g m nt i
a , iv d t h a rra e e s a rr e a , e

m y ll th
a o a d by o d er of th cou t th bondhold u su ally
se e r r e r , e e rs

buyin g it in t fo eclo u e l a r s r sa e .

Th a se v e
ere l reon f the f ilu ofra rea s il o d comp nys or a re a ra r a a ,

a y n mo of which m y c u th downf ll At l t t w
on e or re a a se e a . ea s o

of th ch g ble in g t m u
ese a re a r ea f qu ntly wholly rea ea s re re e

to th ngin e e e e r .

1 T h whol en t rp ri e i
. e e unwi e th b ing no n e d
s s an se on e , ere e e

of th o d in th loc li ty wh it i ; th t i ll th bu sin s th
e r a e a ere s a s, a e es e

loc lity n fu ni h t a y p o ible t will t p y th co t of

a ca r s a n ss ra e no a e s

op tion t y no thin g of in t t on th inv t d c pi t l

era , o sa eres e es e a a .

P oo loc tion ; th t i
2 . r th lin e i
a loc t d a to ch
s, e s so a e as rea

such bu in s th i t g t di dv n t g th by d is
s es as e re s a a rea sa a a e, ere

co u i
g g bu
ra in n s it i s loc t d
es wi t h
,
too
or h v y g d s d too a e ea ra es a n

sh p cu
ar v t u to r p mi
a t f e
re conomic l o per t ion T hi s c
O u e a era . a s

u u lly o p t s only in c
s a era e wh th is h rp comp tition a ses ere ere s a e .

3 P oo con t uction co tin g

. r s r much f ep i d s SO or r a rs an re

n w l
e d f o p tion w ll th t no p o fi t e ult Thi s i
a s an or e ra as e ,
a r r s s . s

iou diffi lty s th cond

'

no t so se r s a cu a e se .

4 B d m n g m nt i o p
. a a t ion
a e e n era .

5 Di hono bl fin
. s i i g in t nd d
ra e t ndin g to w ck th
a n c er n e e or e re e

comp ny t th p o fi t of th fi n nci
a o e r e a er .

6 B d m n g m nt in fi
. a a ai i g uch
e e und u ly inc in g n a n c er n , s as rea s

th ebond d ind eb t dn e e ov c p i t li t ion Thi i om

e ss , or er a a za . s s s e

tim s don wi th di hon t in t n t

e e d om t im
s hon tly by
es e ,
an s e es es

ch gin g to c pi t l ccoun t d bo owin g mon y on imp ov

ar a a a an rr e r e

m n ts t h t lly b u t w l whi h d d no t hin g t th e c h

'

e a a re rea ren e a s c a o as

v lua e nin g c p ci ty of th o d
e , or ar a a , e r a .

Ov c pita li tion
er a I t is a mo t f t l mi t k e to lo d a
za . s a a s a a cor

po tio wi th
ra nfi c ti t iou c p i t l in t hi w y
a a ds of the
a a s a n on e

mo st t oubl om di tinc tion s th m n g m n t h s to m k is

r es e s e a a e e a a e

th t b etw n xp ndi tu f c pit l d f l gi tim t o p tin g

a ee e e re s or a a an or e a e era

e xp n es L t it b u pp o ed t h t comp ny w
e s . e e s n fi v hund eds a a a O s e r

f ight c
re t wo hund d of which a
a rs , S O n ea ly wo r
re n t th t re r ou a

th y mu st be s c p ped an d tha t the company is ally in n eed of

e ra , re
IO IN T R O D UC TI ON
mo c s th n th fi v hund d I t m y buy th ee hundred n ew
re ar a e e re . a r

c a rs d ch g th co t of th th e hund ed c
an ar e e t o c a p it l
s e r e r a rs a ,

whil it m cl e see t onc t h t th co st of two hund ed S hould

s ea r a e a e r

b e ch g d t ar e n w l l git im t op tin g xp n
o re e a s, If th e a e a e era e e se .

ne w c of l g c p city
a rs a re of b tt fo m th n the ld
a r er a a , or e er r , a O

on p mi ttin g by th i u e
es , er duction in o p tin g xpen see r s a re era e ,

a p o tion of th e co t m y p
r h p b s id to b lon g to c pit l
s a er a s e a e a a ,

a d th
n sc pp d c
e h v a sm ll v lu
ra e sc
a rs p ; b u t uch fi e
a e a a e as ra S n

di tinction hould not b m d

s s s e a e .

Ag in if a il ,
wo n u t a d p l c d no p rt of thi s i t m
ra s a re r o n re a e , a e

b lon gs to capi t l but t o p t in g e xp n unl

e a ,
ind d theo era e se , ess , ee ,

n w e ilra h vis a re d conduciv t ea duc d co t of o p tion

er a n e o re e s era ,

wh m ind t min t p ort ion of t h i co t m y f i ly b p l c d

en s o e e er a e e r s a a r e a e

to w c pi t l ; bu t g in thi s di tinction is not in cco d ance

ne a a , a a , s a r

with wi a d con v tiv policy

se a n se r a e .

Wh n it h s b com e vid n t by duc d xp n

e a e d in c a ed
e e re e e e ses a n re s

divid nd th t v l uch i t ms h v inc

e s a se erad th v lu of the
s e a e rea se e a e

p op ty it will b p o ibl t inc se th c p i t l t ock to cove

r er , e ss e o re a e a a s r

thi inc s d v lurea se B ond ed ind bt edn ess should not b i

a e . e e n

c s d f t hi p u p o se
rea e or s r .

Stock W t in g I nc
a er sin g t he s t ock in thi
. w y is som rea s a e

tim es know tock w t in g

n as s d th l gi t im a cy of t h p a c t ic e
a er , an e e e r

i oft n qu t ion d on f it i to hid l ge divid nd s

‘

s e O es e . n e rea s or s e ar e

f om th publi c which u u lly d m nd t h t own

r e ,
of p ublic s a e a s a ers

u tili ti h ll c iv only wh t i d m d a f ir turn on th i

es s a re e e a s ee e a re e r

a ctu l inv tm nt O th o th h nd th co t of ducin g th

a es e . n e er a , e s re e

g d
ra es t h ou ghou t t h
r lin t p mit the h ndlin g of lon ge
e e , so a s o er a r

t in s d con qu nt ly f w of th m thu m t i lly ducin g

ra an se e e er e , s a er a re

th e exp n of o p tion d inc in g th v lu of th p o p erty

e se e ra an rea s e a e e r ,

i l gi tim t ly
s e ch g on c p i t l d it i igh t t inc e the
a e a ar e a a ,
an s r o rea s

c pi t l ccount t p y f it l thou gh th mo con v tive

a a a o a or ,
a e re ser a

comp ni s do t ch g uch wo k s t hi t th c pi t l ccoun t

a e no ar e s r a s o e a a a ,

bu t t o o
p ti g era
p Such con
n
'
v ti m i doub tl to b
ex en se . ser a s s ess e

comm nd d d it i no t bl th t th own e of th o d mo st
e e , an s a e a e rs e r a

p omin n t ly b fo
r e th e p ublic in th e p u u nc e of thi s p olicy in
e re rs a

c nt y
re e u ffe d l e th n tho se of lmo st a y oth e o a d
ea rs s re ss a a n r r
 R AIL RO AD VAL U AT I O N I I

du ing the p nic of 893 d th follo win g ye

r a If w t ock1 an e a rs . ne s

is i su d t o cov er sim p ly inc e s d va lu e d u e to p viou b ett

s e r a e re s er

m nt s cha ged to o pe tin g xpen se such stock Should b d i

e r ra e , e s

t ibut d g ti d p
r e t mong the stockhold e
ra s an ro ra a a rs .

R i lro a d V lu a t ion
a T h v lu t ion of
a il o d p ro p ty i. e a a a ra r a er s

o e of th
n mo t di ffi cul t t sk coming to
e s ngin e T h v lu a a s an e er . e a

tion m y b f o of v l p urpo es
a e or ne se e ra s .

I . d et min th p ic of pu ch e s l
To er e e r e r as or a e .

T d t e min t h p o p e di t ibu t ion of join t x p ndi tu

2 . O e r e e r r s r e e res

o c i pt s of t w
r re e mo e comp ni th i
o or l tiv ight in r a es , o r e r re a e r s

joint p o p ti r er es .

3 T . d e t e rmin toh e a llow bl c p i t li t ion in

e t ho S t t a e a a za se a es

cont olling thi m tt

r s a er

4 T d t min p o p
. o t fli
e er t e r er ra c ra es .

5 T . d et min o v lu f t x
er t ion e a a e or a a .

T he e r m a y b e t wo gen era l b a ses for v lu tion

a a

I v lu e of th p hysic l p o p ty wi thou t f enc to its

. Th e a e a r er re er e

ning c p ci ty
ea r a a .

T h v lu e of t h p o p t y a d bu sin
2 e a s goin g con e r er n ess a a

c n er .

d v nc d t h t t h fi t b i i th co ct e to u in
I t is a a e a e rs as s s e rre on se

ca a n d 3 a bo v
ses 2 n d t h a t th cond b a i s i p o p ly u s d in
e, a e se s s r er e

ca se a d 5 P o p t fli t h v no el tion t v lu tion
s I n . r er ra c ra es a e r a o a a

e xc pt that th minimu m t incom should b e at l t su ffi ci n t

e e ne e ea s e

to p y int e st on t h p hy ic l v lu tion
a re e s a a a .

The v lu e of oa
p p e rt y s a goin g conc ea n mu st includ
r t h a r e e

va lu of it s p hy ic l p o p rty which may

e sm y ot b
a t r e , or a n e a

an y gi ven t i m in good condition e .

The p e t v lu of th p hy ic l p o p rty i th a ctu l co st of

r se n a e e s a r e s e a

constru ction including th t p ortion of n w l th t h

, dd ed a re e a s a as a

to the v lu of th p o perty a s h a vi
a e ils ollin g tock d
e r , e er ra ,
r s an

brid g s sign a lin g equipmen t etc p lu the p ob bl co st of the

e , ,
.
, s r a e

ri ght of w y if the ro a d were to b e built n ow a d the present va lu e

a , n
 12 IN TR O D UC T I ON

of l nd an d buildin gs o t h th n igh t of way l s th e d ep ci ation

a er a r , es re

of p s nt t ck d equipm nt inc its con truction o p u ch a s

re e ra an e s e s r r e .

F xi sting o d s it is p ctic lly impo sible to d et min the

or e r a ra a s er e

o igin l co st d th ddi t ion s t v lu e th a t h a v b n m a d e

r a an e a o a e ee

f om tim e t t im h nc th p sent v lu of th phy ic l p op

r o e, e e e re a e e s a r

er t y of a xi tin g o d is d ete mi n d by estim at i g th co st of

n e s r a r e n e

r ep oducin g th e
r o a d b d st uctu s an d quip m ent wi t h th
r e r re e e
-

, , ,

n ce s ry ight of w y ddin g th va lu e of l nd an d bu ildin gs

e s a r a , a e a

o th e t h n th ri ght of w y a d d duct in g th d p ci t ion of the

r a e a ,
n e e e re a

p e en t t a ck a d quipm nt sinc e its con st uction o p u ch

r s r n e e r r r a se .

It i ubmi tt d t h t wh t xa tion i b a s d on p hy ica l v lu e

s s e a ere a s e s a ,

th e p ob bl co t of right of w y whi ch mu st includ

r a e s l d a , e rea an

im a gin ry d a m ge S hould not b e u ed b u t a th

a a th s,va lu e of s , r er e

th at ight of w y b as d on th v lu e of adj c ent p op ty F

r a e e a a r er . or

as c rt inin g p op c pit l v lu e th e p ob bl ctu l t p f th ‘

e a a r er a a a ,
r a e a a co s e

ri ght of w y hould b u d f T h t co t i lik ely t b f om t we to

a S e se a s s o e r e

fe t ir mo e tim th v lu of dj oinin g l nd Th d ifl
or r es will
e a e a a . e eren ce

no t b gr t in w wild co u t y of littl v lu
e ea ne d it m y b e
,
n r e a e, an a

con id ble in thickly ttl d t i to y l dy w ll v d by

s e ra se e err r a rea e ser e

e xi ti g il o ds
s n ra r a .

T h v lu of e il o d p o p t y a s goin g conc n i t h v lu e
a e a ra r a r er a er s e a

of it t nin g c p i t li d t om
s ne ea r um d p o p in te st
s a a ze a s e a ss e r er re

ra et Th . t ni g e ne t h gro rni ngs l th followin g

ea r n s a re e ss ea ess e

i t ms
e

I, 1 . M a in t en a nc e of wa y an d str uctu res , includ ing a s inking

fu nd f o r re n w l e a s .

2 . Ma in t n nc of qui p m n t includin g
e a e e e , a si nkn fund for
ren ew l a s

3 . Conduc tin g t n po ra s rt a t ion .

4 . G n e l exp n s
era e es .

5 . T x s
a e .

6 . R nt l
e a s .

Wh eth er or not inkin g fund s m ention d hould b includ d

t he S e s e e

d ep ends on the lengt h of tim t k n f ve agin g incom d e a e or a r e an

exp en se a d wh a t n w ls ch a ged to e xp n s of ma in t e anc

n re e a r e e n e
I4 IN T R O D UC T I O N

for conveni ence d c rt in ty of coll ction should b ass sed

an e a e , e es

a ga in t th corp o a tion th th n g in t th individu l hold

s e r ra er a a a s e a ers

of it bond d stock I
s s an s .

an d th e s ubj ect though ,

an int erest in g on e , will n ot be p u u d
rs e

fu t h e
r r.

Th e Ra il oad an d th Public r The il o d with som e m k d

e . ra r a , ar e

di ff nc i of th n tu of a t oll o d d fo it th S t t
ere es , s e a re r a ,
an r e a e

e x ci it i gh t of min n t dom in
er ses s r th i gh t to t k p iv t
e e a , e r a e r a e

p p o
r t yer f on
, bl com
or p n t
re a sion g in t th will of th
a e e sa , a a s e e

o wn e T h il o d i lw ys t som xt nt monop oly Th

r
. e ra r a s a a o e e e a . e

St t th e fo
a e, is n t i t l d t cont ol th e
re re , eil o d in om d g e o r ra r a s e e ree,

a d h s
n sum ed t
a ascont ol th mount of its c pi ta li tion th e
o r e a a za ,

s fet y a d e fli ci
a n y of it vic th en c on bl n of it t a iff s ser e, e rea s a e ess s r

r t a d th quity of its d ling wi th it num ou s p t on

a es , n e e ea s s er a r s,

in i ting th t th sh ll lw y b on y o e o a d qu a l t s
s s a e re a a a s e an n r e ra e

an d ffi ci ncy of
e vic f a ll bu in ss Off d u nd lik
e ser e or s e ere er e

conditions .

T x s w e at h fi t St t t as comp l t ly control c pit a li tion

e rs a e o e e a za .

T h con t ol of in t
e t t
r o d by the f d a l gove nmen t while
ers a e r a s e er r ,

undoub t dly wi h ngs on ve y S l nd th e d of int rp t a

e se , a a r e er r a e re

t ion of clau in th C n sti tu tion giving C on g s the cont ol

a se e o re s r

of int e t t comm c ers a e a cl u se th a t wa s fo mul a t ed b fo e

er ,
a r e r

ra il o d w t hou ght of
r a s ere .

N w Yo ke d M ichi g n h v
r ann ct d ( 9 7) wh t p h p
a s a e e a e 1 0 a a re er a

th mo t com p h n iv
e s d wi t l w con t ollin g co p o t ion s
re e s e an s es a s r r ra

th t h ve b een en a ct ed by any of the St t es I t should b e e

a a a . r

ma k d th a t in such la ws sp ci lly th wi dom a d f irn ess of

r e e e a e s n a

the x ecu t ion is of the fi s t impo t nc e

e r r a

It i sen t i l t h t th e i s u a nc e of c pit a l st ock

s es a a n d bond be s a a s

cont oll d in o d e th t a il o a d secu itie m ay b e given st abili ty

r e r r a r r r s

an d th innocent p u ch a er of th es s cu iti s p ot ct ed f om
e r s e e r e r e r

the s l fi h o di shono b le if not ill ega l

e s r cts of p ow ful fin a
ra , ,
a er n

cia l m ni pul to s who h a v e b een guilty of div rtin g to t h i

a a r e e r

own pock ets mon ey th a t mo st ri ght thinkin g p o p l b eli ve -

e e e

b longs to the st ockhold ers of the m anipula t ed prop erties in th

e ,
e
 T H E RAI L R O AD AN D T H E P UBL I C I S

s h of eith c h divid nd
ape erimp ov m n t in th phy ic l
as e s or r e e s e s a .

p orp ty er .

It i s n ti l f
s es e t h p ublic good t h t
a or il o d vic b safe a ra r a ser e e e,

an d m int in d t t h hi gh t p o ibl e p l n of efli i

a a e a ey con si t ent es ss a e c en c s

with th m gni tud of th bu in

e a It i ef ct th t il o d e s ess . s a a a ra r a

s vic in Am ic i
er e on bly ff ci nt b t it is n t
er a s rea s on bly a e i e ,
u o rea s a

s f a e. M uch mo t t ntion should b giv n to t hi s i t m of con

re a e e e e

t ol t h n to th e i t m of m ximum
r a t which hould in gen l
e a ra es , s era

be l ft to t k c
e of th m lve ; but qu l t f qu l e vic e
a e a re e se s e a ra es or e a s r

to a ll p t on hould b j lou ly gu d d th t th bu in
a r s s e ight
ea s ar e a e s ess r s,

p ivil
r g e d n tu
es , l d van nt g of p on
a d Ommu n iti s
ra a a a es , ers s an c e

m y b con
a vd
e ser e .

T he il o d a d ll o th corp o tion njoying the mi

ra r a s, n a er ra s e se or

wholly mono po li tic dv n t g of p ublic f nchi mu t b s a a a es a ra se , s e

cont oll d f th i wn p o t ction t h t i p o t ct ion of th i

r e or e r o r e a s, r e e r

s tockhold 4 b y the St t ; b t t h y hould b p ot c t d l o

e rs a e u e S e r e e a s

f om h a ty ill con id d l gi l tion th t t nd to inc e thei

r s ,
-

s ere e s a a e s rea s r

e x p en s s or di mi ni h th i
e ,
incom p ofit L gi l t ion ff c t
s e r e or r s . e s a a e

i g th e i t m s S hould b h d only f t
n es e th full es t inv esti ga tion
e a a er e

of hon e t an d comp t nt commi sion

an s e e s .

I t i ge n e lly a s umed by th public th t only f i r tu n on

s ra s e a a a r e r

th c p it a l ctu lly inv e t d S hould b

e a a a rn d by public co po s e e ea e r ra

tion enjoying f nchi

s T hi i doub t l s t u
ra b t it em in
ses . s s es r e, u r a s

to b d t mi n d wh t uch f i tu n m y b I
e e er e a s St t a a r re r a e. n on e a e

at l t it h b n fi x d t 8 p c n t I t mu t c t inly b mo
ea s as ee e a er e . s er a e re

th n a b c an li d f om e rea ving b nk a gov nm nt bond

ze r a sa s a or er e ,

el no
se will pu t his tim
on e n gy in to th d v lo p m nt of e or e er e e e e

th bu in
e sI t is t d wi t h om
ess .
p o i t iv n th t a f i
a s s er e s e s e es s a a r

retu n hould not b m

r s u d by th c pi t l c tu lly inve t d
e ea s re e a a a a s e ,

but in l g d g by th volum of bu in s don Som

a ar e e ree e e s es e . e

b nk tock
a s d ind d om il o d tock i wo th m ny
an , ee , s e ra r a s s r a

tim it p v l b c u of th m gni tud f th bu in don e

es s ar a ue e a se e a e O e s ess

on a m ll c p i t l T h i no
s a a on why the wi e d n
a . ere s rea s s . an e er

g teic m n g m nta of a a il oe d o
p p e ty S O lon g a s it s r at
raes r a r er ,
a re

ju t d s an on ble d itre a s vic f a d effi ci nt s hould not

,
an s ser e sa e a n e ,

p o fi t in ome m u in p o po tion to the m gnitude of the

r s ea s re r r a
I6 IN T R O D UC T I O N
bu in es it do s ; d ind d th i good
s s e an on why it S hould
,
ee , ere s rea s

so p o firt in t h e inc n t iv t h t i t hu s g iv en t i c e e teh e ffi a s e o n r as e

i cy
c en d xt nt of th bu in
an e e which m n dd ed p o p i tye s ess , ea s a r s er

t th e whol t
o i tory which it s v
e e rr er es .

Th e co t of vic the magni tud of the bu in s the bili ty

s ser e, e s e s, a

of the t ffi c to p y a d the f dom wi th which it mov s e

ra a ,
n ree e , ar

a ll f cto a to b con id e ed wi th th inv t d c pi t l in d t minin g

rs e s r e es e a a e er

th ju t
e d s on bl e t e fo
an rea s vic e a d a ju t d e ona ble
a ra r ser n s an r as

r tu n on th inve t ed c pit l
e r e s a a .

Th e con id e t ion of t hi g s rat subj ct in d t il like the m tt s rea e e a ,

a er

of t x tion is fo i gn t o th pu po of thi book a d th u tho

a a ,
re e r se s ,
n e a r

cont nt himself with th nnounc m n t of th fo goin g p in cipl es

e s e a e e e re r

for the con id ation of th tud nt d s er e s e rea er .

.

Th e E gin ee s Du ty Sho t b nch lin es xc p t d it is v ery

’
n r . r ra e e e ,

r e th t a ra il o d once built i b ndon ed ; f it i v ry a e

ar a r a
, , s a a or s e r r

th t a i built th t will not p y a t l ea st th o p

on e s a t in g xp n s a e era e e se

an d a li t t l ov t hou gh p h p s not nou gh to p y int est on

e er, er a e a er

its o i gin l co t
r aTh o d th t will do ju t this ho we v c au s
s . e r a a s , er, se

a lo to its o igin l own

ss who u u lly h ve to urrend it
r a ers , s a a s er ,

wi t h wh t v th y h ve pu t into it to th bondhold e who th en

a e er e a , e rs ,

o p at it f wh t t h y n get u t of it
er e or a e ca o .

I t i th bu sin s of the engin e th efo e t loc te nd build

e ess er, er r ,
o a a

t h ch
e
p t lin e th t will s f ly c
ea es y the expec t d t ffi c i re
a a e arr e ra ,
nc as

i g t he x p ndi tu
n e b yond wh at i n ece y to do thi s only wh n
e re e s ssar e

it canb e cl ly hown th t th inc e d expenditu will b e p of

ea r S a e r ase re r

it ble in i t lf
a d not v n doin g t hi if t h inc e
se ,
an d e p di
e e s e r ase x en

tu will nd ng r the ucc ful completion of th whol e lin

re e a e s ess e e,

including quipm nt and mo e or l s ext nd d p iod of u

e e a r es e e er n

p o
r fi t bl o a
p e tion
e I f t h com
ra
p ny an .cu ll t h mon ey e a c se re a e

n d d then he i to l ave no imp ov m n t in hi lin unm d e th a t

ee e , s e r e e s e a

he n concl uiv ely

ca how t b e a pro fi t bl im p ov m nt Wid
s S o a e r e e . e

ro d b d h vy b ll t d t ck d p m n n t heavy m on y
a -
e ,
ea a as an ra ,
an er a e ,
as r

an d b id g s r built for a a ur d t afli th t will p y the int t

e a re n ss e r c a a eres

on such con t uc tion but they e not wa nt d for a o d of

s r ,
ar rra e r a

p ob
r bly at hin t fli Th t ffi c will
ra d et minc. t h e a dvi sabl ee ra er e

e xpendi tu e for li ght g d es a d ea y curvature

r ra n s .
 PA RT I

PE RM AN E N T W AY

il o d pe m n ent w y i m d up of st l T a il
AME RI C AN ra r a r a a s a e ee r s

a bou t 3 3 feet lon g join d t o geth wi th o e of v l form of

, e er n se era s

joint b a s a d fast en ed by spikes to wood n c o ti

r ,
n sl p rs e r ss -

es or ee e

b dd ed in a b ll t of e rth ind e g vel

e a as b oken ton a , C rs , ra ,
or r s e,

res t in g on a o d b d m d by gr din g u p th hollows an d g a din g

r a -

e a e a e r

down th hi ll in th lin of th o d d such culv rt d brid g

e s e e e r a , an e s an e

st ructu es a sr n c ss ry f t m c o in g d d in g
a re e e a or s rea r ss an ra a e .

Ra il o d s
r a st nd d g u g b o d g ug
a re n ow g u g
a ar a e, r a a e, or a rr a e .

T h e g u ge is t he c o
a di t anc b etw n th in id of il h a d s
r ss s e ee e s e ra e .

St nd d g u g is 4 f t 8 5 inch e
a ar a Th
e a e v y f w b o ad
ee —
s . ere r er e r

g u ge
a o ads The e
r a good m ny n
. ow g u g o d s
r a re a a rr a e r a ,

mo tly in Eu o p South Americ

s r d A ia Th e comm on st
e, a, an s . e

n ow g u g a 3 fe t in N orth America an d met in

a rr a es re e 1 er

o th cou tri es
er n .

Ref e nc e book s fo P rt I r : C m p s
re N ot es on Tr ck
r a a e a
’
a ,

T a t ma n s
r
“Ra ilw y T ck a d T ckwo k
’ ”
F o st r s
a
“ Tr ra n ra r e
’
ea
,

ti on Wood n T stl e B id g s
se e d B g
“ Buildin gs
re d r e an er
’
s an
,

S tructur es of Am e ic a n R ilro a d s r a
 C HA P TER I

ALI GNMENT

H ori zon t a l Align m ent ho i ont l lignmen t of the cent e . T he r z a a r

lin of il o d con si sts of t ight lin s c a lled t n gen ts conn c t d

e a ra r a s ra e a , e e

by cu v to which th st igh t lin es

r es t angent A r il o ad lin e
e ra a re . a r

i con id ed to inc a s in l n gt h with the di ection in which it

s s er re e e r

is o i gin lly loc a t d

r aP oc edin g in thi di ec t ion th e b eginnin g
e . r e s r ,

of cu rve is c lled the p oint of cu ve bb vi t d P C , an d th

a a r , a re a e , . . e

e d of a cu v e is c a ll ed th
n p oint
r of t a n gen t a bbre vi a t e d P T e , , . .

Th curv es
e e c s of ci cles u su ally fl att n ed t the nd s into
ar ar r e a e

wh at a e ca ll d e ment cu ves o t an sition cu v s E s m nt

r e a se r r r r e . a e e

curves u u lly ome fo m of pi al th e many di ffe ent m ethod s

a re s a s r s r ,
r

of l yin g th ese out lw y esultin g in ss nti lly the s me cu v

a a a s r e e a a r e .

A fo m e m t hod still in limi ted us e of a sin g th p ssa g b etween

r r e , , e e a e

t an g nt d cu ve conn ects the m in cu v with th t n g nt by

e an r , a r e e a e

a sho t a c of r ci cl of g t
r diu th n th t f th e m in cu ve
a r e rea er ra s a a O a r .

S uch combin a tion of m in cu v n d tw cs of g e t

a diu s a r e a o ar r a er ra

is kn own a s th c n t comp ound cu ve If a m in cu ve

a ree -

e er r . a r

con i t s of an
s s of diu only it i c ll d a S imple cu v ;
a rc on e ra s , s a e r e

if of two or mo e cs of diff nt a dii a compound cu ve C u ves

r ar ere r , r . r

e kno wn b t Th d eg ee of a cu v e i the
”
fi d eg es
ar
y“ re . e r r s

a n gl sub t end ed
e a cho d of f et I f such cho d sub r 1 00 e . a r

t end 4 d g ees t the c ent er Of the ci cle of which the cu v i a

s e r a r r e s

p t
ar t h e cu v e i a 4 d eg ee cu v e
, r In th
s c nt e comp ound
-

r r . a ree— e r

cu v th en d a cs a u su lly a bou t h lf th d g e of the

r e e r re a a e e re

m in cu v bu t m ay b e a c f d g 3 minu t cu v
a r e, r s O O— e ree 0— e r es or

I d g e cu v
-

e r e
ga dl ss of th d g of th m in p ort ion
r es re r e e e ree e a .

T h p oint of junc t ion of t w

e c of di ff nt di i i kn own as o ar s ere ra s

the p oint of com p ound cu v bb vi t d F C C At this p oint r e, a re a e ,

. . .

th e two a c s h v common t n g n t th i dii li i th m

r a e a a e , e r ra e n e sa e

lin e I f a sp i a l a sem ent cu v e i u d it s b ginnin g m y b e

. r e r s se , e a

I 9
 O AL I G N M EN T

c ll d the p oint of pi l bb vi d
a e en d o
s junction
ra ,
a re a te ,
P S ; i ts . .
-

wi th th m in cu ve th p oin t of sp i l cu ve
e a r , th e junc e ra -

r ,

t ion of m in cu v ad clo in g p i l p oint of cu v

r e an pi l R O S s s ra ,
r e —s ra , ,

an d fin l d of p i l P S T
a en I n y sp i a l t h e d g
s ra of cu ve
,
. . . n a r e ree r

a t yp
an oint of t h p i a l i s p o p o t ion l to
e s th e di st a nc e f om t h e
r r r a r

P S ; it i
. . lw y d g s a t th P S
a s o a d inc
-

s s uniformly t
e ree a e ,
n rea e o

th d g e of th m in cu v it join But lit tl u s d in 1 880 the

e ree e a r e s . e e ,

s p i l i
ra now u d
s on lmo t ll A
sem ic a n ro a d s a s a er .

Th a diu of a d g e cu v i
e r s f et The a diu s of
I -

e r e r e s e . r

an
y cu v of d g e D i
r e found f om
e re t h common e xp e ion fors r e r ss

th l n gth of
e e cho d ub t nding giv n n gl Th l n gth C
a r s e a e a e . e e

of cho d ubt nding a a ngl of D d eg s in ci cl of diu

a r s e n e ree a r e ra s

R i giv n by C
s eR X in i D If C b feet t h n 2 s . e 1 00 , e

50
R S ince for sm ll a n gl sth a e e s in e m ay b e sa id to
S in %D
v y wi th th ngl the ra dii of sm ll d g cu ves wi ll va y
ar e a e, a e ree r r

app oxim t ly
r inv ly th i d g
a e e s I nd e d if t h e d eg ee
erse as e r e r e . e , r

w th n gl sub t nd d by a
e re e a of f t in ste d of a cho d
e e e n a rc 1 00 ee a r

of f t th dii would b x ctly inv s ly s the d g

1 00 ee , e ra e e a er e a e ree .

F or dy pp oxim t e compu t tion th

rea a diu of a d g e
r a a s e ra s I -
e re

cu v i a um d t b 5 73 f t d th t f D d g e cu ve
r e s ss e o e 0 ee , an a O a —
e re r

5 73 0 .
A I —
d eg ee curve
r is re a t l iv ly e a fl at curv e; a 10 -

d eg ree
D
cu v i l t iv ly a Sh a p cu ve ;
r e s re a to 8 d g ee cu ves a e i f
e r r 12 1 -

e r r r n re

qu ently found in th mot t in di t ict of the a st rn Uni t d e in a s r s e e e

S ta t s 4 d g cu v s i th Rocky M ount in s 4 d eg ee
—
e , 2 e ree r e n e a , 0 -

cu v in som il o d y d a d a 5 foo t diu i th m ll t

r es e ra r a ar s, n 0 -

ra s s e s a es

known to h v b n p m n n tly o p t d on st nd d g u ge
a e ee er a e era e a a ar a

ro ad M od m cou plin g d e vic s m k th op tion of curv s

. e e a e e era e

of l th n 9 f et diu s n e ly if not nti ly imp r ctica bl

ess a 0 e ra ar , e re , a e,

an d such a dii a found only in y d s or ci ty t a cks S t et

r re ar ,
r . re

c s ar o p t d ov cu v f 3 f t r dii wi th om difli cu lty

a re era e er r es O 0 ee a s e ,

b t uch cu v
u s m d wi th p ci l gu d il b n t by m chin
r es a re a e s e a ar ra s, e a

er y t t u cu v o r e r es .

V rt i c l Ali gnm nt
e Th
a lignm nt of ro d con id e d in a
e . e a e a a s re

v tic l pl n th ou gh th c n t of the t ck i c ll d th g d e
er a a e r e e er ra s a e e ra
22 ALI GN M EN T

g r e a t er in s ags of the g d e lin e th a n a t sum mit s ra I n s g th e . a s

len gth of th curve in fe t should be

e hund d tim s th ch nge
e on e re e e a

in inclin ation of joining g d e lines divid d by f om ra t e r o

an d on summ it s h a lf a long The on f th es

s y v tic l
. rea s or e ea s er a

cu v es i t les en the d ng of b e king t in in tw T h

r s o s a er r a ra s o . ere

is lit tl e d n ge of t hi a t
a rummit but in p ssin g a g th fo w d
s a s ,
a sa e r ar

en d of a t in b gin to slow do wn it ch th g d of l s
ra e s as rea es e ra e es

o a c endin g inclin t ion th

r s po tion c owd s h d p oducing
a , e rea r r r a ea , r

sl ck cou pl in g
a d s th c en t e of g a vi ty of th t a in r ch es
s, a n a e r r e r ea

t he l esst p o s ee sc ndin g g r d er a t h sl a ck com es out wi t h a

e a , e ,

g t
rea er o r l s j k T
es hi s i p ctic
er lly
. obvi t d if t h conn
s c
ra t in g a a e e e

cu ves chang inclin a tion no mo

r e p idly t h n f om to re ra a r

f et p hund ed which is secu d by th e ul giv n If d

e er r ,
re r e e . a e

s c ndin g
e 5 p e 0c n.t g d e i follow
r ed by a s c ndin g
ra
5 p
s r e an e 0 . e

c ent g a d e th ch n g in in clin tion i

r , e a p e c nt which divid d a s er e , , e

by n d mul ti p li d by
a giv s e feet th e p o p er
1 00 , e 200 0 as r

l ength of conn c ting cu v ; if th divi o i

e 5
r t h e
e cu v i 4 e s r s , r e s 00

f et lon g which i commonly con id d su ffi ci n t Th lon g

e , s s ere e . e er

th e cu v e the b ett e ; but

r ,
lon g cu v e u u lly m n s inc
r a d r s a ea rea se

ea rthwo k co t r n d th e jud gm nt i
s ,
a bit ily u d in d t e mi e s ar ra r se e r n

i g wh t h ll b e don e
n a s a The g t p t of xi st in g v tic l
. rea er ar e er a

cu v ( 9 7) a re much short th n th y hould b f w b eing

r es 1 0 er a e s e, e

mo e th n 4 00 feet long eg dl ss of th ch an g in conn ectin g

r a , r ar e e e

g di ent s
r a
 C HA P TER I I

RAI LS

Man uf a ctu r e . Rai ls

d sign at ed by th ei weight pe run
* a re e r r

nin g y d A 6 po und r il w igh s 6 pound s per running y d

ar . 0 -

a e 0 ar ,

a d ha
n a pp oxim a t ely 6 squ a e inch es in cro s sec t ion
s r r s -

R il s in u se in Am eric a a e mo t ly m a d e f om B essem er st e l
a r s r e ,

thou gh the t end ency is to the o pen h e rth p ocess Und e the a r . r

B e emer p oc es th e mol ten m t l i fi st c a st in in got s about

ss r s e a s r

1 6 inch es by 8 inch s by 4 % fe t T h es a e k ep t on en d in a
1 e e . e r

fu n ce kno wn s the o kin g p it until th ey a e to be oll ed T h ey

r a a s a r r .

a re fi t oll ed in t o b s b t ween 7
rs r d 8 inch es squ e known s
ar e an ar , a

blooms The ou gh end s of the bloom e cut off d the blooms

. r s ar an

a e r h eat ed in a furn a ce n d olled into ils o th ey m ay g

re a r ra , r o

imm di t ely to the rolls without eh atin g p assing th ou gh a

e a r e ,
r

succ s ion ofe s olls th t g du a lly b ing th em to the d esi ed fo m

r a ra r r r

a d dim en sion s
n Ea ch bloom m k s a il f om 3 to
. feet a e ra r 0 1 20

lon g cco ding to th ect on The fi n l roll put the m k s

,
a r e s i . a s a er
’

n a me d a t e of ro lling a d ometimes w i ght of th s ction on the

, ,
n s e e e ,

w b of th
e il F om th fi ni hing olls th il go es to the saws
e ra . r e s r e ra

an d i cu t i l n gth s of bout 33 f et 6 inch es

s n e I t is th en c m a e . a

b d in a c a mb ing m chin e ju t nou gh d te min d by pe i

ere er a s e , e r e ex r

enc e, tha t it m y cool st ight I t is th n t ken to the hot

so a ra . e a

b d t cool a d fte w d s t th t i gh t nin g p ess to be fi n ally

e s o ,
n a r ar o e s ra e r

st raigh t n d by p oc s known g ggin g d f th moo thing

e e a r es as a ,
an or e s

of th e ou gh nd l ft by the s w Th il which hould h ve

r e s e a s . e ra , s a

sh unk in coolin g to 3 3 f
r t is th n m u d the hol s f the ee , e ea s re ,
e or

join t bolts e d illed an d the il is dy f the stock p il

ar r , ra rea or e .

B c u
e a of occ ion a l imp e fect nd s sm ll p c ent ge of the
se as r e a a er a

ra il s m d f om 7 to 3 f et long va yin g by whol feet

a re a e r 2 2 e ,
r e .

F f ll d
or il fmu ll gy d m
et a f s o f il y g d w k
et a ur an a n u a c t u re o ra s, see a n oo or on

met a llurgy of iron a n d s t ee l or a n y goo d enc yc lo p e d ia .

23
24 RAI L S

T h ere is a t end ency towa d th u se of longe rails in o d e to r e r r r

m ke smoothe t ck with few joint Fo m ny yea s the

a r ra er s. r a r

st nd a d w s 3
a r f et A st and a d of 33 feet was a dop t d by the
a 0 e . r e

Am e ic n R ilwa y En gin ee in g an d M int en anc e of Wa y Asso

r a a r a

ci ti
a in 9 4 Rails from 4 5 to 60 feet lon g a e in r gul ar
on 1 0 . r e

or xp erim n t l u
e I t is v y d si bl e th t th ey should b a s
e a se . er e ra a e

lon g p ctic ble The p incip l di ffi culty with V ry lon g ra ils

as ra a . r a e ,

b esid s the difli u lty of h and lin g is the effect of ch an ge of

e c ,

t emp tu e The co fli ie t Of e xp n sion of st eel is a bout

era r . e c n a

which m ean th t 6 foot il touching a t 1 3 d e s a 0— ra s, 0

g r ees F would b e.{ ,

in ch a p rt a t th joint t 2 d 5g r ees F a e s a 0 e .

Ch em ic l C om po sit i o a The followin g ch em i c a l con stitu nt s n. e

o ccu in B ssem st e l a ils c bon silicon m ng n ese pho s

r e er e r : ar , , a a ,

p h or u s n d s ul
, p hu Ca bon m a k e th e a il h a d ; tr .much ar s r r oo

will ma ke it b ittle Am ican p ctic indic t th t th e e S hould

r . er ra e a es a r

b f om 3 5 to 5 5 pe c nt of c a bon acco din g to th w ei ght

e r o . 0 . r e r ,
r e

of th il the lower a mount co r p onding to the 5 pound il

e ra ,
r es 0 -

ra

a d th e hi gh er to a
n p und il F nch p r ctic p mi t 1 00 -

o ra . re a e er s

high e c bon Th t nd ncy in Ame ic a i to in c e se th

r ar . e e e r s r a e ca r

bon Silicon m ke the met l fluid d d en e p oducing solid

. a s a an s , r

ingot of fi e g in F om
s to
n p er c ent i p h p s a p o p
ra . r s er a r er

allo w nc a O f m n g n e which i
e . qui d in t h conv t er
a a es , s re re e er ,

chi fl y t o a b o b t h u plu oxy g e n f om t h e i bl t t h e

e s r e s r s r a r as , er

should b e f om to p e c nt
r Pho p horu s a d sulp hu e r e . s n r ar

inju iou s impu iti th a t c annot be wholly eli min t d The

r r es a e .

fo me p oduces b ittl n e s a d the l t ter m ay c au se the m t l

r r r r e s ,
n a e a

to b my N t mo e th n
e sea .
p c ent of ei th er hould b e
o r a er s

a llow ed thou gh a s hi gh a s
, p c nt of p ho pho u s is som e er e s r

times p ermitt d Sulphu Should b p a ctic lly elimin t d

e . r e r a a e .

Th e F o m of th e Ra il r Th e fo m of t h il is v y imp o t nt . r e ra er r a .

T he fo m in mo t gen e a l u se is th t
r comm nd ed by th e Am i
s r a re e er

c a n S oci ty of C ivil En gin ee s which body h s d si gn ed a s e i e

e r , a e r s

of ction va yin g by 5 p ound s f om 4 to

se s r p ound s r 0 1 00 .

Th e p inci p l s und lyin g t h d i gn a

r e th e : Rollin g the er e es re se

m et l at low t emp a tu e is V ry d i able as it t end s to m a ke

a er r e es r ,

it h a d nd clo se g in d Th erefo e the h ea d should b e small

r a ra e . r ,
 TH E F O RM O F T H E RAI L 25

an d s hould not much e xceed th fl n ge in m et al in o d er th at the e a , r

r il m y b olled a s cold a s po sible n d w p as li ttl a s p o ible

a a e r s , a ar e ss

i the cooli g
n Th top of the a il S hould b e b o d
n . e d n ea ly r r a an r

fl t ( om e not ed n gin
a s s would m k e it fl t ) th t the b a in g
eer a e a , a e r

O f th wh l on the il m y b u ffi ci ent The corn e hould

e ee ra a e s . rs s

b e ound ed f
r olling d the u ppe co m s hould b e olled to
or r ,
an r er s r

sm ll adiu con id bly l ess th an th diu s of th cu v joinin g

ra s, s e ra e ra e r e

th t e d a d fl ange of the wh l in o d tha t th e b e ing on th

rea n ee , r er ar e

co n h ll b e ma ll A cont y o pinion h p v il d to om
r er s a s . ra r as re a e s e

e x ten t ; n m ly th t th cu v of th co n hould fi t th cu v
a e , a e r e e r er S e r e

on the wh eel Wh en thi s is so th f iction b tw en wh l d

.
, e r e e ee an

rail i t only ollin g f iction b u t S liding g inding f iction d

s no r r ,
or r r , an

the a il w r p idly
ea rs rap ci lly on cu v T h , ction i p tly
es e a r es . e a s ar

S lidin g nyw y a d the ou t

a a ,il on cu v e v ntu lly w to
n er ra s r es e a ea r

fi t th wh el b u t thi
e e hould b p o tpon ed s lon g p o ibl
, s s e s a as ss e .

F orth s m e son t h
a id of th h d hould b v tic l
e rea e S es e ea s e er a

in tea d of wid en ing do wnw d l thou gh li gh t wid ning will

s ar ,
a a S e

do no h m T h ar hould b good b in g und th e h d f

. e re s e ea r er ea or

th e fi hin g join t s o
s p lic b a T h :

fl n gr hould
s b wid e rs . e a e s e e

enou gh to giv good b in g a d con id bl e i t nc to

ea r n s e ra e res s a e

ove tu ning Wi th t i p l t
r r . ot wid b i n ce y
a es n so e a a se s e essa r .

The w b n e d not b moe e th n bou t inch thick b u t th il

e re a a , e ra

should b e hi gh to giv ti ffn ,

A ti ff t ck qui much l
e s ess . s ra re res ess

p ow to ero p t e th n a fl
e ra
e xibl e t a ck M D udl y
a p i r . r . e
’
s ex er

m t show d f om 75 to
en s e ho p ow p mil v ed by
r 1 00 rse er er e sa an

8 p ound
0 -

il s comp d wi th 65 p ound il
ra a a re a -

ra .

Th ti ffn ess * of a
e s il y b m m y b s id t o v ry di ctly
ra or an ea a e a a re

wi th th m om nt of in e ti of it c o
e e ction which in turn in
r a s r ss— se , , ,

*By iff i m
st n essh v s f fl x ib ili y
ea n t h h d fl
t e i (d) f
re erse o e t : t u s, t e e ec t o n o

a s imp l b m e
pp ead p isu 1 i ort e
p d l d d w
oni h t t
o n ts d un ts a ar t , a n oa e t a co n c e n ra e
3
I F
we igh t of P u n it s , e qu als in whic h E is
48 El
t h e m o d u lu s of e la st ic ity of t he m a t eria l of t he

b ea m, and I t he m o m en t of i ne rt ia of t he c ro ss

B ea m s m a y b e s a id t o b e st ifi in in
sec t io n . v ers e

ro ort io n t o t h e ir d e ec t io n for a gi en loa d ;

p p fl v and

s in ce t h is de fle c t io n i s in v erse ly p ro p ort io n a l t o t he m o m e n t of i n e rt ia , t he b
eam

m ay b e s a id to b e stifi
‘
i n p rop ort ion t o it s m om e n t of i nert ia .
26 RAI L S

b m of imil a c o ss s ction is p rop ort iona l to the squ a re of the

ea s s r r -

e ,

a rea of th t c o s ection Sinc e th w ight p e u ni t of length

a r s -

s . e e r

i p op ort ion l t t h
s r of c o s section th tiffn s is p o
a o e a rea r s -

, e s es r

p o tion
r l to t h s
a qu a of th e w ei g
eht R a il s of ree t yp e but of . on

v yi g w ight e not Of e xa ctly S imi l section but a e so

ar n e s ar ar , r

n ly so s to ma k e the fo egoing st t em ent p ctic lly tru e

ea r a r a ra a .

In il of quiv l nt section the stiffn ss va ri es with th cub e

ra s e a e e e

of the h ight a d th fi t powe of the b adth Sinc th tiff

e n e rs r re . e e s er

th t e ck the l s th wo k of m in t n nc e an d th l ss the p owe

ra es e r a e a e e r

n e ce y t h ul t in th e is economy in h e vy hi gh ils
ssa r o a ra s, er a ,
ra .

Th economy c
e ot b S hown wi th a y p ecision but is ea l
ann e n r , r ,

n v rt h l
e e H w fa to g in th e p u ch e of h e vy ra il i a
e ess . o r o r as a s s

m tt of exp i nc T he fo c
a er er e ct in g on il se . in dete r es a ra a re r

min a t e T h w i gh ts c t in g t h ou gh th wh l of the olli n g

. e e a r e ee s r

s t ock m y b e known b u t th eff ec t of th blow li k lo d sudd nly

a , e e -

e a e

a pp li d e d t h ,
di st ibu t ion of t h
an u
e p p or t in g fo c
r s e x e rt ed by e s r e

th e r o ad b d through th ti
-

e wholly un know e es , a re n .

I n cco d ance with th fo goin g p rincip l th

a r il sec tion
e re es , e ra

S hown in Fig wa s re comm nd ed . 1 I t hi s s ction wh a t e v e th e e . n e ,

r

Fi g : Fi g . 2

w ight th e e i lw ys 4 per c nt of the m et a l in the h e d 2 1

e , r s a a 2 e a ,

p cent in th w b d 3 7 p e c nt in the fl n ge Th e b a se
er e e , an r e a .

wid th lw y qu l th h i ght ; th dii of the top an d corn ers

a a s e a s e e e ra

a e con t nt
r i th fi hin g a n gl e
s a , as s e s .
 F
T H E L I E O F RAI L S 27

T he A merica n Soci ty of C ivil Engin ee s section has b een e r

c i ticiz d by tho se u sing hea vy rails a s ha vin g a h ea d t thick

r e oo

a n d so out of p o p o t ion to the fl a n ge a s to p e v ent su ffi ci n t cold

r r r e

rolli n g Wh th er thi s i t u e
. th e s oft eni g of mod n h ea vy
e s r , or n er

r ils is due to inc e ed apidity of fini hin g at a hi gh e h e t th an

a r as r s r a

n ec es a ry in o d to p oduce mo
s ils di ss ti sfa ction p evails
r er r re ra , a r ,

a d a n ew s c t ion i
n b ein g e s

di scu ed ss T he Du d
ley r il de ign ed fo the
a , s r

N ew Yo k C n t a l Hud
r e r

s n
o Riv r R il o a d i an e a r , s

a tt mp t to co ct som e f
e rre O

the su pp o d d efect s of th e se

Am e ic n S oci ty of C ivil
r a e

En gin ee s sec t ion r I t is,

. m o en t a so

shown in Fig A si mi l . 2. ar

a t t emp t h a s b een m a d e in

th e R W H unt section
. .
,

shown in Fig 3 . .
F ig .
3
F li ght t affi c r il hould
or r ,
a s s

b e f om 7 to 8 p ound ; f
r 0 h ea vy t ffi c lin e 8 t 9 p ound s
0 s or ra s, 0 o 0

m y b l id ; whil f
a e lin es o p rt of lin e h ving p ticul ly
a e or r a s s a ar ar

h a vy a d f qu ent t a in a s l ge city t e min l 00 pound

e n re r s, ar r a s, 1 -

r il s should b u d
a e se

Th e Lif e of Ra il s T h life of a il s c nno t b giv n ; it is

. e r a e e

estim a t ed fo 6 to 8 pound ils all the w y f om

r 0 0— ra a r

ton of t affi c to
s r ton s ; p ound il m a y c ry 1 00 — ra s ar

ton s But thi s d ep end much on th di t ibu tion of

. s e s r

the ton s En gin es a re suppo sed to c u se a th

. mo e th n h lf a r er r a a

th e w a Ra il l asting se v era l y s in t h e m in t ck m ay b e “

e r . s ear a ra

worn u t comp let ely in a few month wh n p l ced t th ent ance

o s e a a e r

to a very bu y y d The life i som etime t t d by tr in s s

s ar . s s s a e a a

from to trains C ap t in R W H unt n autho i ty . a . .

,
a r

on a il
r an d st eel
s ys th a t trunk lin e a il ou ght to last bout
, sa r s a

t en y ea About h lf the h d i a v il a bl e fo wea but only

rs . a ea s a r r,

a bou t 1 inch should b e a llowed to b e wo n off in the m a in tra ck r .

28 RAI L S

Aft er this wea r the ra il should be pla ced in sidin g or ya rd servic e .

I t is a ec ent p c tic e to eh e t a n d reroll p a rti a lly worn ra ils to

r ra r a
,

g iv e th e m a p erf ect section of sli ghtly l ess th a n the o i in l w i ht

g g r a e .

I n v e y m any c a s s a il s a e remo v ed fo b ent o b a t t ed end s

r e r r r r er

b efo the full pe mi ssible a brasion has occu ed

re r rr

Rail Specifi ca tio s an d In spec tio

n Ra il sp eci fi c a tion s should
n.

includ e inferio nd su p e io limit for c a b on S ilicon an d ma

r a r r s r , , n

ga n es e ,d u pan ios limit s

erforr p ho sp horu s d sul p hu T h ey an r.

should st a t e w i ght fo m of section p e c nt ge of hort a ils

e , r , r e a s r

t b e llow ed sp a cin g
o a , d si of joint b hol a d th ki nd of
an ze ar es , n e

t t to b m et by a ccep t ble m a t eri al In gen e l p ci fi c a tion s

es s e a . ra , s e

should st a t e e ult s to b e secu ed

r s ther th an m ethod s of m anu
r ra

fa ctu e *
r .

R il s should a lwa y s b e in spect ed t the mill for th e purch a se

a a r

by comp et ent e xpe i enc ed n d reli able in p ecto

a , r , a s r.

”
F or c o m p let e sp ec ifi c at io n s se e M a n u a l of Recomm en d ed P rac t ic e, Amer
ic a n Ra ilway E ngi neeri ng and M aint en an ce of Way Association .
T YPE S 31
.

Fi g . 5

Fi g 6 .

Fi g .
7
 RAI L F AS T E N I N G S
Joint s a m d o pp o it re t gg a d ; th a t i th join t s in on
e s e or s a ere s, e e

lin of il
e o pp o i t th join t in th Oth lin
ra s a re sopp o i t
e e s e er e or s e

th c nt e
e of th il of th o th lin St gg d a ltern t
e rs e ra s e er e . a ere or a e

joint s t h mo a re u d Which of the two giv th f t ck

e re se . es e s a er ra

h s nev
a b n d t min d but ltern t joint s would s m to b
er ee e er e ,
a a e ee e

t h e b tt r f e w ll m in t in d t a ck ; whil f t ck not w ll
e or e —
a a e r e or ra e

b ll st d
a a lik ly to b p oo ly k p t u p o pp o i t join t
e ,
or e p e r e , s e s a re er

h ps s f giving h d blow on th joint

a a er, hould e t i b u t
ar er s e or s r es ,

l s oll t th locomo tiv

e s r o d ce es a n a rs .

J oin t Ac ti o If th e joint yi ldn. n d it u su lly do e s, a a es ,

th dv ncing wh e l jump s th d p es ion a d d eliv

e a a e blow on e e r s n ers a

th fo w d
e r il li ttl b yo n d th d O b v tion of lmo t
ar ra a e e e en . ser a a s

an y t ck willra how th ff c t of t hi
S blow on t h e il O in gl
e e e s ra . n S e

t a ck ll il will b h mm ed a t both nd O double t ck

r a ra s e a er e s. n ra

e cha il will b e h mm ed on
ra en d a er on e .

I f th il yi ld s und th lo d of th p a in g wh l
e ra e er d it e a e ss ee ,
an

u u lly do
s a a po tion of t h e lo d of th
es , p s in g wh e l com e
r a
~
e a s e s

on th joint b e I f the il has no su pp o t und its b ase the

ar . ra r er ,

fi hin g a n gl und r th h e d c u ses a l a t a l th u st t ndin g to

s e e e a a er r , e

fo c the b r out f om the ra il T hi s thru st is c i d by thebolt

r e a r . a rr e

h e d an d nut s to the bolt s Th continu l cu nce of thi s

a s . e a re rre

t h u st g a du lly loo n s th nut

r r a thu loo s ning th b an d se e s, s e e a rs

t kin g a w y the sup p o t und e th h e d of t h e

a a il T h fo e r r e
-

a ra . ere r ,

s om e fo m of joint su pp ortin
r t h il b se th th n t h r il ra a ra er a e a
g e

h d i d si a bl Thi u gg t th t some fo rm of b id g joint

ea s e r e. s s es s a r e

will b e th fu tu gen e lly u d joint if the p s nt T a il a d

e re ra se re e r n

c o s ti con st uction i t in d
r s -

e r s re a e .

An gl e Ba r Angl b s.e oll ed in lon g b an d sa w ed to

e a rs a r r a rs

r equi d l en gth Th ey va ry f om inch long wi th fou bolts

re s . r 20 es r ,

t o 4 8 i nch es wi th si bolt s Fo a u pp o t d joint the ngle ba x . r s r e a r

should b e bou t 4 inch lon g wi th fou bolt F a u p nd d

a 2 es r s . or s s e e

joint the b a s m y be f om 4 to 3 inch s long with four bolts

r a r 2 0 e ,

whil fo three tie joint s su pport d join ts th e b r should

e r -

e a s

b e f om 3 6 to 4 inch es lon g with S i bolt s

r 0 S om e ro a d s u se a n x .

a n gl e b a xtending ov e the b a se of th e il to a b ea rin g on the

r e r ra

tie .An gl e b a rs will wei gh from 4 5 pound s pe p a ir for 20 inch r -

 B O LT S 33

b s to a bout 70 pound s or mo
ar i for inch b Th y
re p e r p a r 40
-

a rs . e

should b e p o p o tion ed to t h
r r w ight of the il a d S hould b e e ra ,
n e

h ea vi er for a th tie joint th n f ree -

su sp nd d join t b c u a or a e e , e a se

when th joint tie of a th ee tie joint yi ld s the un su pport ed sp n

e r -

e , a

is grea t ert h n th t of a su pend ed joint

a a s .

B olt hol es in n gl e b a s a e p unch d p p oxim a t ly ov l in

a r r e a r e a

form to fi t the ov l po tio n of the bolts Thi k p the bol ts

a r . s ee s

from tu i ng wh en the nu ts a e b eing sc ew d hom

rn r r e e.

Angl e b a s e u su a lly m d e of soft

r ar st e l t h a n the ra il s but
a er e ,

the co ctness of thi s p ctic m y b e doub t d lthou gh it i

rre ra e a e , a s

endo sed by th
r Am eric n Soci t y f
e T tin g M t i l
a Sp eci e or es a er a s .

fi ca tion s should giv e th fo m of th b bo th p cin g a n d i ’

e r e a r, s a s z e,

limi t s in ch emic l com p o i tion ul tima t st n gth

a s d l stici ty , e re an e a ,

man n e of t estin g a d d fi ni te t t m nts of wh a t will c u

r ,
n e s a e e a se

rej ection of m t i l fini h d b s * a er a or s e ar .

B olt s . T h bol ts u s d wi t h an gl e b a s
e e m d e ov l und r a re a a er

th e h d Th y
ea . u u lly f om 5; t
e a re inch in di m te
s a r d o a e r, an

f om 3 % t 5 inch s long und the h e d T h bolt hould p

r o e , er a . e s ro

j ec t but li tt l e b e yond t h e nut wh n th latte i s t p Th nu t e e r s e u . e s

may b e qu e s h e x gon l Squ a nu t e g n lly u d

ar or a a . re s ar e e ra se .

N ut s a e h eld in pl ac e by om e fo m of u t lock
r sTh H v y r n . e ar e

grip th ea d bolt n d nut h a v e

r a t ch et t h d s so cut a s t j m ra rea o a
-

when set h d a g in t the joint b nd hold by f iction A bol t

ar a s ar a r .

Fi g 9 Fig . 10

and nut lock e ho wn in Figs 9 an d

ar S . 10 . B olt s a re S hipp ed in
k egs cont a inin g a bout p ound s 2 00 .

*
F 0r s p ec ifi c a t ion s see M anu al of Rec omm e n d ed Prac tic e, ”
Americ a n Ra i l
Wa y E ngi n e eri n a n d
g M a i n ten a n c e of Wa y A s s o c i a t io n .
34 RAI L FAST EN IN G S
PI KE S S

H oo k H eaded Spik e -
Ra ils h ld to c o ss ties by spik es
. a re e r -

Th o din y fo m of hook h d d spik i shown in Fig

e r ar r -

It ea e e s . I I .

i p oo r f a t en in g Ls a g s c ew p ik s an d v a riou ss . a r s e

fo ms of bolt s h a v e b een u d but gen l Am i

r se , era er

c op inion is th at y t no thin g b tt t h n the

an as e e er a

pik e h s b een d e vi d e conomy conv ni nc

s a se , , e e e,

d sa fet y ll con sid edan A imp ov ed fo m of a er . n r r

sp ik e is th e G oldi e grou d to a sha p point I ,

n r . n

d iving it t ea the wood l es t h n the o din ry

r ,
rs s a r a

fo m A b tt form of fa st enin g is d i bl
r . e er es ra e .

Fi g .
I t is doub t ful if th e Am e ic n p fer nc e fo th e
II
r a re e r

sp ik is ju st i fi d Sp ik es a in ch squ 9
e e re or 1 3 are
“ “
.

by 5 5% inch
or lon g m u e desund e t h h ea d
, a ho wn in
ea s r r e , s s

Fig . E xt
11 lon g pikes of 7 inch es a e m d fo u se wh e e a
. ra s r a e r r

long p ik i n c sa y s in the he db l k of
s e s e es r , a a oc s

switch F ou es p ik . driv e n
r sin t o ch t
es ie a re ea .

Sp ik s hipp d in k egs c ont ining

e a re s e p ound s a 2 00 .

S c ew Spik sr S c w sp ik e .
( ig
F ) a e re es . 12 r

v y l g ly u s d on th Eu o p n contin nt
er ar e e e r ea e

a d a e now b in g
n r xp im nt d wi th in Am ica
e e er e e er

Th eir co st i som wh t mo th an the s e a re

co t of spik
s d th co t of d ivin g t h em e v n
es , a n e s r e

by m chin xce d s the co st of drivin g spik

a es e e es .

H ol es mu t fi s t b e bo d in t he t ie
s r T h ey a e re . r

of a di met e equ l to th t of the sc w Sh ft t

a r a a re a a

th b s of th t h
e a e d Sc ew spik hold b ett er
e rea . r es

an d lon g th an o din a ry t a ck spike requi in g

er r r s, r

l s f equ ent espikin g T h i holdin g powe

es r r . e r r

i f om two to fi v t im s t h t of th e o din a ry
“

s r e e a r

sp ik th e,g ea t st a dv a nt ge b in g in soft
e r e a e

wood s n d the l st in k o th h d wood s

, a ea oa , or er ar .

T h y doe t t t h wood fi b
no of the ti s n o
ea r e er e , r
Fi g 12

c u se c a vi ti s f holdin g w ter T h e e ms
.

a e or a . er s e

to b good e son f do pt in g th m p rt icul ly f u e wi th

rea or a e , a ar or s

ch mic lly t ted oft wood ti es which w

e a rea s out b fo e they
-

, ea r e r
 TIE P L ATE S 5

dec y in o d e to g t th full va lu of th p e e v tiv

a ,
r r e e e e r s r a e

t t
ream ent * .

T h e e sc e w p ik es a s u sed in F nc
s r s d B lgium w ei gh bout ra e an e a

1 8 ounc es ea ch It i t im at d t h t th ey will co st f om 4 to 4 %
. s es e a r

c n t in the Unit d St at es
e s e .

B RA C E S
Ra il
bra ce ( Fig 3 ) of c a t o p
s d st l m ll bl i on
. 1 s r resse ee or a ea e r

a e u s d on cu v es
r e d a t swi t ch wh e the e is o m y b e
r an es er r r a

e xc ive l t e l p e su e on th il
ess a ra r s r e ra s.

P a ctic e v i es
r to the numb u ed
ar as er s .

I t is su gg t d th t th e es eb fou a re e r

b ces to e ch il on cu v of f om
ra a ra r es r

3 t 6 d g
o i b c s to ch
e rees , s x ra e ea

ra il on cu ves f om 6 t r d g ee r o 10 e r s,
F ig
d a b c e on v y a lt ern at tie . 13
an ra e er e

for s h a rp e cu ves th n r d g es B ces would m t b e

r a 10 e re . ra see o

n eed d on the out

e il only but th y a e f equ ntly pu t on the
er ra , e r r e

inn il a s well d wh en s pl c d
er ra p l c
,
d on
an t h e me o a e ,
a re a e sa

ti es th t c ry th
a out e b c s Th inn
ar e il b c b a ce r ra e . ese e r ra ra es r

th e rail ag in st the thru t of h e vy slow t a in

a d li e v the s a r s , an re e

s p ik h d f om
e eay p o ssibl e pull on the tie c u sed by th
s r an a e

t h u t on th e out
r s il er ra .

TIE P LATE S
M et a l tie p l a tes p l a c ed
b tw n th il d t i l n gth n the e ee e ra an e e e

life of a ti th t cu t d if p o p ly d i gn d i c
e a t he effi
s, an ,
r er es e ,
n rea se

c ie y of t h
nc p ik f t ni g in holdin g th
e s il t g ug e d as e n e ra s o a e an

t o th ti e e s

Th e wa v e mo tion of th il und th olli n g lo ds c u s a e ra er e r a a se

wid e ti t t nd t k in t h b ll t d thu wo k loo

‘

e o e o roc It e a as ,
an s r se .

a l so loo n s th pike Th e efo th b e t b in g would b a

se e s s . r re e s ea r e

For fu ll d isc u ssion of v a rio u s form s of s c re w s p i kes , m ac hin es fo r d ri i n g t h em v ,

a nd t h eir u se i n E u ro p e , p a p er b y M r H erm a n n
s ee . k
V a n S c hre n , B u lle t in N o .

50, B ureau of Forest ry, U S D ep a rt m en t o f Agr ic u lt u re

. . .
36 RAIL FASTEN IN G S
n ow top an d wid b
arr F t hi on ti p la t es Should be
e ase . or s rea s e

m d n ow on t p but wid e enou gh o the bottom to cove

a e a rr o ,
n r

th whol e wid th of a t i
e Tie p l t es e m d e f om 3 % to 6 e. a ar a r

inche wid s T h ey S hould b e sti ff enou gh to p re v n t b endin g

e . e

und er th lo d s T h y may b h eld fi rmly to the tie by lu gs or

e a . e e

r ib on th bo ttom to b e d iven into th t i T wo fo m s a e

s e r e e . r r

u d chi el poin t d lu gs d iv n into the ti c o s the g i a d

.

se , s -

e r e e a r s ra n , n

w dg h p d ibs d iv n wi th th g a in With a giv n thickn es

e e s -

a e r r e e r . e s

of p l te the ibb ed pl t s e stiffer but the chi el p oint ed lugs

a r a e ar , s -

g iv e th e g t t holdin g p ow r
rea es g a in s t l a t er a l di p l c m ent It e a s a e .

is po ibl e th t fl t bottom ed thick p l tes a e to b p efe ed

ss a a -

a r e r rr .

T he effi c a cy of th lu gs o rib i doub t ful e In Eu o p e th ey e r s s . r ar

li ttle u d The South ern Pa ci fi c a d Penn sylv ni

se . il o a d s n a a ra r

fin d fl at bottom ed p l t-
p ef ble a es r era .

Thepl a t es m a y h a v lu gs o ib on t p t o a s i st in holdin g the

e r r s o s

rail in pla ce Th som t im . l ngthwi with the il a d

ese a re e es e se ra n

s om tim s te n s v e T h y Should exi st in n e form or the

e ra ers . e o

o th e T h fl nge n eed s b a cin g on th e out sid a d holding

r . e a r e n

Fig . 14

down on the insid e Two fo m of tie pla t e a e Sho w n in Fig 1 4

. r s s r . .

E u o p ea n ti p l t s
r h vi e th an tho se u sed in Americ
e a e a re ea r a

Th th r il s t i p p d t ow d th c ent tha t the con ed wh e l '

ere e a a re e ar e er, e

t d m y h f i ly on th t p of the a il Th ti p l t e is
rea a ea r a r e o r . e e a

f hion ed a cco di gly T his is p ob ably good p a ctice an d

as r n . r r ,

might w ll b dopt d in th Uni ted St t s

e e a e e a e .

Th e u e of ti p l t es is r ec ent but is
s
p idly inc ea in g
e a T he , ra r s .

p c t ic e v ri es f om th i u se t joint s only joint s

ra a , r d h a lf r a il e r a , an
 C HA P TER IV

CROSS — TIE S

M at eria l. oss ti s u su lly ca lled simply ti es a e ma de of

Cr -

e , a ,
r

v iou s kind s of wood a d om etim s of st eel C oncret e ti es

ar ,
n s e .

an d ti es of einfo c ed conc et e
r e in e x p e rim ent l u
r r ar a se .

Wood for ti hould b e h d should hold a pike well should

es s ar , s ,

not ot r pidly d should b e f i ly st i ght g a ined While the

r a ,
an a r ra r .

wood should ha ve th se ch a a ct i tic the b est wood furni h d e r er s s, s e

by the count y th ou gh which the o a d is built i wh a t is f e

r r r s r

qu ently u d Wh e e no fo est s e xi st d ti es mu t be b ou ght

se . r r an s r

in the b e t wood obt ain ble fo th e mon y a v ail ble is u ed

, s a r e a s .

L on g l ea f S ou t h rn pin e i b in g l g ly u d on ro a d s in the
e s e ar e se

no the st e n Unit d Sta t

r a r White k is con id ed e of t he
e es . oa s er on

b t if n ot the b e t of woo ds f ti s C h estnut i con side bly

es ,
s or e . s ra

u d in the t e i to y wh e e it g ow n d m k s a good ti but

se rr r r r s, a a e e,

r equi es c r eful in sp e c t ion

ar a it i apt to b e un ound C ed a , s s s . r,

white pin e t m ck , d o the

a oft wood a u d t som
a ra ,
an r s s re se o e

e xt nt I th sou thwest Boi s d A i om wh a t u sed O n th

e . n e
’
rc s s e . e

P ci fi c co t
a dwood a d O egon pin (D ou gl s fi )
as re n u d; r e a r a re se

th e l tt e is h d
a r d du bl ar th fo m oft do e
an t s oon
ra e, e r er s , s no

d ec y but cut s und e th il n d th piking oon d st oy it

a , r e ra a e s s e r s .

Redwood ti with an o k b a ing p i ec h v b een t i d R d

es a e r e a e r e . e

wood wi th tie p l t m kes a xc ll nt ti a d will la t und

a es a n e e e e, n s er

fa vo abl condi tion f om twelv to fi ft en y

r e s r e e ea rs .

Fo m r d Si e an Wood en t i s z f om 7 to 9 f t long f
. e a re r ee or

o din a y t ck th sho t l n gth b ing u ed only in t t il

{

r r ra , e r er e e s s ree ra

way li gh t st a m o d t a ck T i s lon g r th n 9 f t
or e r a rus d . e e a ee a re e

for peci l wo k a on b idg a d at wi t ch

s a r , s Th e u u l len gth s
r es n s es . s a

a re8 f t a d 8 feet 6 i nch s

ee n T he c o s ction v i e with the e . r s se—
ar s

ch cte of th t ck d the p t of th t
ara r e ra i e of th t ee
an ar e ree or S z e r

from which the tie i cut T i s as S m ll a 5 by 6 inches a e s . e a s r

38
 F O RM AN D SIZ E 39

u sed in li ght street t a ck while ti es 7 by in ch es a re u ed in

r , 10 s

s om e h ea vy tr ck Th e common est si e i 6 by 8 inch

a . th e z s es ,

s m a ll er dim en sion b e in g t h e d p t h T ie kn own ol e s a re as

p . e,

q u a rt e r an d sl b a cco din g t o th e cut f om t he t e

,
a , r A p ol e tie r r e.

is c t f om a trunk ju st l a ge e nou gh to fu ni sh on e t ie ; the c o

u r r r r ss

s ec t ion i of t hi fo m s s A ccordinr to st and ard pec ifi a

n g o :
s c

t ions uch s t i should a

“ e N h ve p ll l fac es t l th n ‘
a ara e no ess a

6 in ch s wid e e A qu rt er t ie com s f om a t unk m kin g four

. a e r r a

ti e thus :
s, Such ti S hould b of full r qui d di a e e e re

m en sions . A l b ti i f o m l g givin g two t i

s a e s r a o es ,

thu s T h ese ti hould b full i es s e S ze .

As ti timb e i b comin g s c c e
e fo m a dop ted l a gely
r s e ar ,
a r r

in Eu o p e is ecomm end ed fo ti es to b e t a t ed by ch emi c l p

r r r re a re

s rv ti v
e a p oc e
esses Trhi s t ie h a a n ow t p a d wid e b ase s
. s a rr o n , a

shown in t h e fi gu e cont in ome s p wood n d i of

r a s s a , a s

a fo m p e mi t tin g t wo ti es to b e obt in ed f om a
r r t ick t h a t would a r s

g iv bute o e c t a n gul n t i e
re T h e n ow t p d
ar wid b a
. se a e a rr o an e r

th eo tic lly a d p ctica lly d i bl th wid b asedi t ibu ting

re a n ra es ra e, e e s r

t h lo d ov e a l a ge a
e a rof b ll st d th e n ow t p dimin i h
r rea a a , an a rr o s

i g th e t nd ncy to ock und r th w v a c tion of the

n e e r il Tie e e a e ra .

p l a t S
eshould b u d on a ll uch ti
e unlse t h il h s a v sy es ess e ra a er

wid b e Und e the h ea vy lo a d now u ov Am ica n ils

a se . r s r n er er ra

a b o d ti r a 7 inch se t hick i s d i bl e F conomy in t i p o es ra e . or e e r

duct ion unifo m cl a si fi c tion of ti es b a s d on dim n sion i

a r s a e e s s

d si bl Ti m y t h en b e go tten out by lumb men wi th

e ra e . es a er

e son a bl e c
r a t in t y t h t if of sound m t i l th y will m t the
er a a a er a e ee

sp ci fi c t ion of om
e a o d d m ay b e sold Such cl i fi c tion
s e r a an . a a ss a

a do p t ed by t h Am ic n R ilw y En gin ee in g
e er ad M a int en a nc e
a a r an

of W y A soci t ion M
a s ch 9 4 is
a , ar ,
1 0 ,
:
40
CRO S S TIE S -

Tie Mak in g i b e for ti s i b st cut in th p eriod when

. Tm r e s e e

th e p i
sa not sflowin g in t h ,
winast in n ort h rn l
e t i t ud s T ier s e a e . e

s
hould be tho ou ghly r s on d b fo ea sb in g u e d s th eir li f in re e se ,
a e e

th t e ck i
ra t hu m
s t i lly
s inc
a er a e d T h se on in g
rea s S hould not . e as

b el s th
es n X amon SI t h d n e d ns,t anxc eed tw lv e month s e o e e .

T i i
e t
es a re h h wn ero wn e A h
r sa wn t i a a. rul h s i g ul a
e r e s e a rre

e nd d u to cut tin g to l n gth wi th n

s e e Th nd s of all ti es a ax . e e

s hould b saw squ e n b in gin g the ti e to th sp cifi ed l ength

are , r s e e .

H win
e g
qui re b t t
res a s t ick ef woer kin g th a n sa win g or S a win g r .

Fi g . 15

mu st of n ce i ty b e som ewh t c o s the g a in an d if c a relessly

e ss a a r s r ,

don e m y giv a b dly c o g in d tie Sawin g l so lea v e a

e a a r ss -

ra e . a s

rou gh su fa c holdin g moi tu

r e F th ese a on s h ewn ti s
s re .
‘

or re s e

h v b n g n lly p ef d At l t e n gin r cla ims he

a e ee e era r erre . ea s on e ee

cu d b tt ult wi th wn th n wi th h wn ti s The
'

h a s se re e er res s sa a e e .

qu tion i a di put ed o
es s I f t he ti
s t
ne t d with a p e
. es a re rea e r

s v ti v
er th ey e u u lly wn a d e xc p ting f the d nge of
a e ar s a sa ,
n e or a r

c o g in ed tie b in g ove look d by the in sp ct o the obj c

r ss— ra s e r e e r, e

t ion tos win g dosan t hold fo t t d

o ti s S win g m a y esult r rea e e . a r

in economy of timb Ti hould b flat und th a ils and

er . es s e er e r

om im “ pott d th t i m d e s moo t h a d fl t wh e e a n a r
a re s t e e s e s a s ,
 D URAB IL IT Y 4 1

the r il is to b
a Sp eci l m chin s for doin g thi work h a v e
ea r . a a e s

b n d e vi sed A sa wn ti n d s no such t tm n t N
ee .
p e ee rea e . o sa

wood Should ppe in the body of ti I t c nno t lw ys b e

a ar a e . a a a

a void ed on th co n e on th sid of p ol e tie Aft cut

e r rs , n or e es a . er

t ing ti s hould b
, e c a fully p il d f easonin g The fo m of
s e re e or s . r

t h p il is imp o t nt
e e N tie should touch the g ound ; th y m y
r a . o r e a

b p il d on block s o on st in g p i c
e e T h ti r hould b w ll r e es . e es s e e

a p t t o p emit ci cul t ion of i ; th t p l y

ar r r of p il hould
a a r e o a ers a e S

fo m a roof to sh d w te A good fo m of p il e i shown in

r e a r . r s

Fig . T he ti es should b e p il d f s on in g in the wood e or ea s s,

th t th y m y not sea on too p idly R p id a sonin g c u s

a e a s
“

ra . a se a se

ch eckin g or pli ttin g Th in pecto e xa min in g th p il d ti s

s . e s r e e e

p u t s a ou d sp ot
r of p a int
n on t h nd of tho h cc pts d e e s se e a e , an
“
a c o r ss on tho e h j ct s which e known a s cull
s e re e , ar s .

Dura bi lity Wood en t i f il in e of th w a ys T h ey es a on ree : 1

und e the il 3 T h y b co m pik e

. .

“
d c y
e a T h ey cut
. 2 .
”
r ra . . e e e s
“ “
worn ( c ll d p ike ick or spik
a e s sS om wood s th t e e a

do not d ec y p idly a fi n lly uin d by r d ivin g of p ik

ra a re a r e e r s es .

Som e oft wood s d ec y a p idly

s ound th e sp ik a qui in g fre
r ar e , re r

qu ent r d ivin g which oon w

e r t h em out
, s ea rs .

I n the c se of h d wood s cuttin g und e th

a ar a il i not l , r e r s a rea

m ashin g of the ew wood of ti ; it is d to the vib tion of the

n a e ue ra

r il which w a s a w y p rt ly w th d r soft n d su fa c
a , e r a a a ea ere o e e r e,

e xp o sin g n ew surf c e to t h e a c t ion of th e w e t ha Wi th oft a er . s

wood th fi b e m y be a ctu lly c u h d C u ttin g i lmo t en

s e r a a r s e . s a s

ti ly p e v nt d by th u
re r e of p o pe form of t i pl t Ti s
e e se a r r e a e . e

f il mo st f equ ntly by d c y Th lif of ti d p nd on the

a r e e a . e e a e e e s

kind of wood the time of cu ttin g d g of s sonin g d the

, , e ree ea , an

climat e an d soil in which it is u ed Th ve ag lif i u u lly s . e a r e e s s a

p l a c d a
e t i g ht y s Th
e e followi n g t b
earl ] is g
. iv n S how i n g a e
L
e ,

th e v age life of v a iou s kin d of un t t d wood

a er r s rea e s.

From B u llet i n N o . 14 , B u rea u of Pla n t I n

d u st ry, U S . . D ep a rt m en t of Agri
c u lt u re , s ho wi n g F renc h p ra c t ic e .

TM r . Filib u rt Rot h in B u llet in N o . 1 0, Fores try Di visi on, U S Dep artme n t . . of

Agric u lt ure .
4 2 C RO S S TIE S -

Whi t e o ak a n d C h est n u t oa k

C h e st n u t .

B la c k
C h erry, bl k w ac a ln u t , loc u st
Elm
Red and bl k ac o ak s

Ash , b ee c h , a n d m a ple

C ypress a n d red c e d a r

T am arac k (l a rc h )
Lo n g lea f p i n e
H em lo c k
S pru c e

t lp l sts w ll fi ft n y s b ein g giv n a s its a v e ge lif

Ca a a a e , ee ea r e ra e .

It h s but
a cently ceiv ed much a ttent ion but h b n found to
re re , as ee

th iv e
r d g ow an pidly in the Ea st rn St t s Eu o pe n whit e
r ra e a e . r a

o k is a mo e du
a ble wood th an the a ve ag Am e ic n white o k
r ra r e r a a .

T hi s f ct mu st b e em emb ed in com p rin g p ubli sh ed ep ort s f

a r er a r o

Eu op e n
r d Am ic n p ct ic
a an er a ra e .

Ti u ed in th sou th n Uni ted S t a t e h a ve a hort e li f th n

es s e er s s r e a

tho u ed in the N o th e n St t
se s T hi s is l a gely d u e t o dif
r r a es . r

feren c es in moi tu e a d t mp tu e T i es l id in some po

s r n e era r . a r

tion of the w st rn t bl lan d s last many y s Thi s i du e to

s e e a e -

ea r . s

the an t i p tic ch a ct e of t he a lk li soil a n d the dryn ess of the

se ar r a ,

clim t G n ti s a hort liv d th an se on d ti s Acco d

a e . ree e re s er e as e e . r

in g to t h ch ct of th wo od w ll se on d ti s will l t f om
e a ra er e , e -
as e e as r

on e to th o mo e ye s lon g r th an t i e p l ced in the t ck

ree r r ar e s a ra

g n
ree .

T h e m a tt of the li fe of ti s is of g a t imp ort ance About on e

er e re .

sev nth of t he en t i e co t of m in t n nc
e of w y in the United
r s a e a e a

S t t e is f
a st ie en w l or T hi s i t wic e the co st of
r e il en ew al
a s. s ra r s .

With th cuttin g ff of the good timb er of th coun t y th co st

e o e r e

of ti es is in c ea sin idly A r t i th t could b h d a few y e a rs

g p ra . e a e a

s inc e f f om 3 5 to 5 0 c ent s will now ( 19 7 ) co st f om 5 to 8

or r 0 r 0 0

c ent s an d th e p ic is likely to inc e

, r e rea s

An y p c t ic o m t hod t h a t will l
ra e en t hr i t m of ti n w l
e e ss e e e re e a s

will ec iv clo tten tion of o p tin g m n g s Five g n a l

r e e se a era a a er . e er

w y of ducing this i tem m y b e u gge t d

a s re T e tin g the t i a s s e : 1 . r a e
 P RE SE RVATI VE P RO C E SSE S
with ome fo m of p s v tiv to p ev nt ea ly d ec y thu some
s r re e r a e r e r a , s

wh t l n gth nin g th lif of xp n siv h d wood ti

a e e nde lo e e e e ar -

es , a a s ,

wh t i of mo e impo tanc e g e t ly inc e sin g the lif of ch p

a s r r , r a r a e ea

s oft wood ti es
-
T h e u se of m ech ani c l d e vic s f
. 2 .
p o t ec tin g a e or r

t i s f om w ea r a s t i
e r pl te pik e dow l , c w pik te a s, s e s, s re s es , e c .

3 M d p o ssibl e by t he fi r t
. a e d s cond m ethod s mo e conomi s an e , r e

ca l m t hod e f cut t in g t i e f om the l g g ttin g t w t i

s o f om s r o , e o es r a

l g th t wi th p sen t m et hod s yi eld s but o e

o a re 4 U in g m t llic n . . s e a ,

conc et e einfo c d conc ete

r , r o th e ti s not subj ect to d c y
r e r , or r e e a

o r ra p id w ea 5 Buildin g n ti ly di ff nt fo m of t ck
r . . an e re ere r ra

su pp o t u sin g longitudin l conc t

r ,
info c d conc t su p a re e or re r e re e

p o t in g p i c s
r T h e fou t h e e d fi ft h m t hod
. s y t too r an e s a re a e

co tly t in t oduce g n lly but the fou th bid s fa i to b oon

s o r e e ra ,
r r e s

a do pt d d th fi fth will ul tim t ely p e v il

e an e a r a .

T imb e e x p o d t rlt n a te w t d d y condi tion s in the

se o a er e an r

p nc e of rt h d ec ys pidly on th out sid T hi s i the con

rese ea a ra e e . s

di tion of il o d ti b dd d in p oo b ll t in th e t n Uni t d
ra r a es e e r a as e a s er e

St t s a e I th e w t n hi ghl nd wh e th
. n oil i a lk lin
es e r d a s, er e s s a e, an

t h e moi stu e li tt l e d in th E st n S t t
r wh e e high g d
, an e a er a es , r -

ra e,

quickly d ining b ll t i u d th x t n l d c y i not

ra a p id
as s se , e e er a e a s so ra .

Worn sp ik hol s s v t hold w t e a d h a st en d c ay mo t h n

e .
e er e o a r n e re a

ra il b ing T imb ea r xp o s d to th tmo ph e bu t i d

. er e e e a s re , ra se

f om th g ound
r e b id g timb s d ca ys fi t on th in id
r , as r e er , e rs e s e,

sa id t b d e to fe men t tion of th s p Cov d timb

o e u r a e a . ere er, as

t h e un x p o d t imb e of cov d brid g s timb e in th d y i

se er e re e , or r e r a r

of hou p c t ic lly n e v
ses , d c ys M oi stu e is thu s n c
ra a y er e a . r e essa r

to t h d c y of t imb e
e e a Ti c nno t b k pt n ti ly f f om r. es a e e e re ree r

moi tu e T h y m y b om wh t p o t ct d f om the ff ct of
s r . e a e s e a r e e r e e

f m n tation by the int oduction of n ti s ptic ub t nc

er e O r a e s s a es . ne

o r bo th f th ults i th obj c t of t t m n t wi th p e v
O ese res s e e rea e res r a

ti v es Th . oft mo o p n g in d d l s du bl woods
e s er, re e ra e , an es ra e

ar e th mo e ily t t ed d giv l ativ ly b ett

e re as ults th an
rea ,
an e re e er re s

tre a e t d h d wood s ar .

Pr e erva t iv P o cesses
s Th e e a numb r of p oce s s for . er a re er r s e

t e tm nt kn own by th n m s of the inv nt o of the d vice by

r a e , e a e e rs e s

which the ti es a e t e ted or the ch emi c l u sed The co mmon est

r r a ,
a .
44 CRO S S TIE S —

p r ocesses are Kyan iz in g, Burn etti z in g,

nc t a nnin an d C r eo z i -

s ti g
o nKy ni in g con i ts in t
. t in g th e t imb
a z to b a th of
s s rea er a

co o iv ub lim t ( chlo id of m cu y) T hi s p oc ss is som e

rr s e s a e r er r . r e

wh t d nge ou s b c u of th poi sonou s ch a a cte of the ch mi c l

a a r e a se e r r e a ,

a d is not much u s d
n Wh n u sed howe v it yi ld e xc l
e . e , er, e s e

l nt e ults Bu m tti i g con si st of fo cin g chlo id of in c in t o

e r s . e z n s r r z

th e wood c ll T hi p oc ed t h e modi fi c t ion of it known

s . s r ess a n a ,

a s th e inc t nnin or W llh ou s p oc s a

z -

a ,
x t n ively u sed e e, r e s, re e e s .
‘

Th inc t nni n p oc s fi t t ea t the ti e to the chlo id of inc

e z -

a r es rs r s s r z

s olu tion th n t olu tion of glu

, e g l a t in
o a s a d foll ow thi e , or e e, n s s

wi th olu tion of t nnin Th glu e d t nnin fo m an in olu

a s a . e an a r s

b le l t h y ub t nc clo in g th p o
ea er s of the timb p ven tin g
s a e s e res er, re

th w hin g out of the inc s lt which is soluble Th glu is

e as z a . e e

s om t im e in t oduc d wi th the chlo id solu tion a vi ng o e o pe

es r e r , s n r

a tion C o o tin g con si st s in fo cin g d e d oil of co l ta ( com

. re s r a a r

mo u ly c ll d c o o te) in t o th po s of the wood C reo soting

a e re s e re .

i th
s mo st ff c tive but th mo t xp n siv of the p oc e
e e e , e s e e e r ess s

n m ed Z in c c o o t is the n m given a p ocess in which th e

a .
-

re s e a e r

z inc solution of th e Bu m ette m ethod is follow d by a inj ection e n

of d d oil of t
ea a r.

Bu m tt i in g Th e d t il of t hi s p oc ess v ry cco din g to

e z . e a s r a a r

th e ch ct e of th wood t e t d d the tho ou ghne of t e t

a ra r e r a e an r ss r a

m n t F g n ti th p oc i ess n ti lly a s follows : Th

e . or ree es e r ess s e a e

ti es a relo d d on sm ll c s which a e run into a i on cylind

a e a ar ,
r n r er

who e end s a th n h m tic lly clo d ; p rt i l v cuum is th en

s re e er e a se a a a a

c e t d in th cylind a fte which th cylin d is fi ll d with live

r a e e e r, r e er e

st m und low p u e Aft e fi ft n or twen ty minut es th

ea er ress r . r ee e

st mi pump d u t d a second v cuum c ted a d main

ea s e o an a rea n

t i
a ne d f a few minut s a f te
or which th cylind i a g in fi ll d e , r e er s a e

with live ste m und low p u a d thi condition i m in

a er ress re , n s s a

t in ed f
a ve l hou th e t i cco d ing t th kind a d
or se ra rs , r e o s x, a r o e n

condition of th timb e The st m i th n blown ff n d a thi d

e r
. ea s e o a r

v cuum c e t d a fte which th cylind r i fill d with solution

a r a e ,
r e e s e a

of chlo id of in c und a p su e of bou t

r z p ound s p er
er s qu e res r a 1 00 ar

inch which i ma int in ed f

, t w hou
s T he S olution is
a o r on e or o rs .

t h n wi t hd a wn the cylind
e op n e d
r the c s run out an d un
, er e ,
ar
46 C RO SS T IES -

The t ann in olution conta in s a bout 5 per cent of t ann in With

s 0. .

but two v cuums d a st e min g t hi p oc ss qui es a bout

an on e a , s r e re r

nin e hou s The co t has v i d f om t 5 c nts p er tie for

r . s ar e r 10 o 1 e

green ti es .

C eo sotin g
r I n thi s p oc ess d e d oil of co a l ta is g n e a lly
.
-
r a r e r

u sed thou gh wood c eo o te oil has b een u d t ome xt ent

,
r s se o s e .

Th e c eo o t e oil is a id t b l e
r s d en e oon w h ed out an d
s o e ss s , s er as ,

th e efo l
r reffi ci ent th n d d oil of t a r
ess e Th e oil i h ea t d to a ea . s e

a bout 7 d g
1 s F 0 f u
e e Th
ree p oc ss i s ss n.t i llyor S imil a s . e r e e e a r

to Burn tti ing xc ep t th a t the d d oil i u s d in p l ce of the

e z , e ea s e a

z inc olution Th st ea mi ng m y b double with th e v cuums

s . e a e re a ,

or s in gl wi th two o omi tt d a lt o g th
e d but o e v cuum
,
r e e er, an n a

c e t d follow d a t once by the in t oduction of th oil The

r a e , e r e .

p e u e u s d in fo cin g th Oil in to th wood is f om 8 to 1

r ss r e r e e r 0 00

poun d s p squ e inch Thi p u i m in t in d fo f om

er ar . s ress re s a a e r r

on e to two hou s lon g ; lon g if the wood i not st a m d

r or er er s e e .

With th e double st e min g th n ti p oc qui s eigh t n to

a e e re r ess re re ee

twent y hou F om to
rs .
p ound of oil p
r cubic foot of
10 12 s er

wood a e qui ed ; p ound p cubic foot giv bou t 7 p ound s

r re r 10 s er es a 2

p er t ie Th e. il w i g h s a bout O p ound p g aellon A bout s er .

3 g llon
a s p t i li tt
erl e mo e aee qui d W
a i t h o p n r r re re . e ,

p o our s wood s mo e il is r e qui d I F r nce d G erm ny a s

O re . n ra an a

much 3 pound p cubic foot i om times u ed Th e p ice

as 0 s er s s e s . r

of il v i but m y b v ag d t s y c ent p p ound Ten

O a r es , a e a er e a ,
a ,
1 er .

p ound p cubic foot of t imb would th n co t 7 c n t p r ti

s er er e s 2 e s e e

6 inch e by 8 inch s by 8 f et f il only F r l bo fu el d p

es e or O . o a r, , e re

c i t ion
a d p o fi t f om 7 to
,
an r c n t mu t be dd ed giving
,
r 1 21 e s s a ,

clo se to 5 c en t p r ti f t tment by c o oting C o o tin g

0 s e e or rea re s . re s

b ing a ckn owl dg d to b th mo t ffi ci nt m thod of t a tment

e e e e e s e e e re ,

eff ort s h v e b een m d e to

a duc th co t A m thod c ll ed a re e e s . e a

Rii pi g f om the n a m of th inv nto put s th e timb e fi t und er

n , r e e e r, r rs

p e u e in st e d of p rt i l v cuum t h n fo ces the Oil in t o the

r ss r a a a a , e r

cylind wi thout ducin g th p u e Aft

er re suit bl in t v l e ress r . er a a e er a

the p e u e is r eli v d th
r ss r oil run out of th cylinde a d a
e e , e e r, n

va cuum e t bli sh ed The ai fi t comp e ed i th wood c lls

s a . r rs r ss n e e

now e xp and s a d fo ces all surplu s oil out of the wood The
n r .
 C O M P AR I S O N S 47

sa vin g of oil is estima t ed at f om 5 to 6 pe c ent Thi r 0 0 r . s

would b in g the co t of the m thod down a lmo st to th t of th

r s e a e

z inc t nnin p oc s O nly tho ou ghly i d i d timb is u d

-
a r e s. r a r -

r e er se .

C o m pa i o s Du r bility f t
r s n t d ti
. T h chlo id of
1. a o rea e es . e r

z inc is solubl d in moi t soil o clim t oon w h s out of th

e an s r a e s as e e

t ie I n the d y West e n St t s B u m tti ed a p wood p in ti

. r r a e e z s e es

will l a t f om tw lv to fi ft n yea s a a a ve g I mo
s r e e ee r s n ra e . n re

moi t gion the lif will b e much l

s re s T h W llhou oe inc ess . e e se r z

t nnin p oc
a inc r t h lif in moi t clim t es
ess how much
rea ses e e s a ,

i not known
s b u t i p b b ly ot wo th the xt a co st fo t i s
, s
‘
ro a n r e r r e

u d in th d i We t n soil The life of c o sot d ti is

se e r er s er s . re e es

unkn own W ll t t d th y will b d t oy d by u a th e

. e rea e , e e es r e se r r

th n d c y C o sot d wood u s d f pilin g d b idg timb e s

a e a . re e e or an r e r

h s n unkn ow lif
a a ll t h t h b n w ll t t d in th Uni ted
n e, a a as ee e re a e e

S t t es b in g t ill in u
a e xc p t wh e e mov d f o th e ca u ses
s se , e e r re e or r

th n d c y
a I t i su pp o d to b e n
e a . ly ind est uctibl
s se ea r r e .

E c n my
2 . Th u o o of comp at iv ely p oo t imb for ra il
. e se ar r er

o d ti s a ssu es a l ngth n ed life fo the h d wood fo est s an d

r a e r e e r ar -

r ,

i thu s of a v alu e not di ectly mea u bl in mon y

s To d et er r s ra e e .

min wh eth t e tm nt i di ctly economica l four item mu st

e er r a e s re , s

b e con sid e ed : F i t co t of the ti es

r 2 L ife of th e ti es
1. rs s . . .

3 C o st of epl a cin g ti s
.
4 I nt e est a t e f
r mon y If imm e . . r r or e . e

di t xp nditu i th gov rnin g m tt

a e e e reimm di a t e m anin g
s e e a er, e e

e xp di tu e within t w
en r t h e y e s t he life of t h e ch e p t o or re ar ,
a es ,

poo t ti es res only el t iv fi t co t n e d b e con id d Bu t

, r a e rs s e s ere .

t hi is a ly good p olicy
s r re Th o th method of compa i on . ree er s r s

a resu gge t ed t h fi t of which i th

s ,
e commonly giv en t h
e rs s e on , e

se cond not u su lly st t d but b li v d t b e th s fe t of th

a a e e e e o e a s e

th e t re follow a d the thi d ppa n tly mo t clo ely in cco d

o ,
n r a re s s a r

wi th the a ctu l conditions a .

( ) T hI l t iv m i t
e re aof two or mo e t i a e com p
e d on
er s r es r a re a

b a i s of nnu l co st th t ti b in g th ch e p t which how th

s a a ,
a e e e a es s s e

l t nnu l co t The an u l co t i mad u p of

ea s a a s . I nt e t n a s s e : 1 . res

on fi t co st in th t ck
rs Annu l inkin g fund to p ovid
e ra . 2 . a s r e

for th co t of n w l t th xp i a tion of the life of th ti s

e s re e a a e e r e e .

While it would p h p b conomy to t bli sh a sinkin g fund er a s e e es a

48 C RO SS T IE S -

for ren ewals of p eri sh ble p ort ion s of il o a d p o p rty no

a a ra r r e ,

such in king fund is u u lly t b li h d Wh t v n tu a lly com s

s s a es a s e . a e e e

a bou t i a n w l ch y of bou t th a t p ort ion of the whole

s re e a ea ea r a

of the ti es th t i p n t d by th cip oc l of th li f of th
a s re rese e e re r a e e e

ti e s.If ti l st on an v g of s v n y
es a a bou t se v nth
a era e e e ea rs , on e e

ar e ren ew d nn u a lly Whi l e thi is not st ict ly t u e it is o

e a . s r r , s

n ly t ru e th t it is con sid d s f t d t min the el t iv e

ea r a ere a e o e er e r a

m e i t of two mo ti by th e followin g m ethod

r s or re es

( ) T 2h e l t iv m i t of t
re a w mo ti
e com per d on s o or re es a re a re

a b a i s of s u l co t whi ch i
a nn um d to b e m d u p of
a s , In s a ss e a e : I .

t est on fi t co t in th t ck
er rs F i t co t in th t ck divid d
s e ra . 2 . rs s e ra e

by th e life of th ti Th ult is p ob bly lw y mo fa vo

e e . e res r a a a s re r

a bl t th ch
e o p ti th n th t of th fi t m t hod t hou gh t h e
e ea er e a a e rs e ,

diffe nc is not g t T h e s cond m thod is comm nd d on

re e rea . e e re e e

th e t h o y t h t wh e e comp i son s m d
e r a on unc rt in d t a
r ar a e e a a

d p nd in g on fu tu conti g nci
e e clo e it i u u lly f to
re n e es a re s , s s a sa e

a dop t the a t icl p oc dur invol vin

e or
g t h l t p sent xp ndr e re e ea s re e e

itu re .

(3) l iv m e i t of tw
T he re a t mo t i e e comp r d on a r s o or re es a r a e

b i of to t l co t f
as s d efinit bu sin p iod th to t l co t
a s or a e ess er , e a s

b ein g s umed t b th ul tim te a moun t of th fi t co t t com

a s o e e a e rs s a

p o u nd in t st d ch ren w l t th m t t th xp i
ere , an ea e a a e sa e ra e , a e e ra

t ion of th giv n p iod e Th p e iod hould b

e hort ; p ob bly
er . e r s e s r a

n t much in
o xc of th lif of th mo t du bl ti in the com
e ess e e e s ra e e

p i on
ar s d c e rt,
inly
an ot mo e th n p iod
a qu l t t h e l t
n r a a er e a o ea s

comm on multi pl of th e e ve a l liv Th e di ff

e nc in to t l s r es . ere e a

co t di scoun t d t th p n t t im how th p nt dv n t g
s e o e rese e s s e rese a a a e

of th e tie of l t t o t l co t I f ti t h t will l t v n y s
ea s a s . a e a as se e ea r

co t 4 c ent s a d mon y is wort h 4 p c nt d it i d i d t

s s 0 ,
n e er e ,
an s es re o

k ow how much m y b e p id f
n tie th t will l s t th
a y a or a a a ree e a rs ,

th e fi t a d thi d m t hod s of com p ri on will gi v e id n t ic l

rs n r e a s e a

r ul t th s con d
es s, ult om wh t l g th th o th tw
e e a res s e a a r er an e er o,

an d th fo it i b li v d on th id e of f tyfi
ere re , s e e e , e s sa e
<

T he su m S t o w hic h a gi v en p ri n c ip a l P wi ll a m ou n t if p la c ed for n years at

c om p o u n d i n t erest o f ra t e r is

S P(1
 C O M P ARIS ON S 49

If t h e co m p ou n d ing is t t im es a ye ar, t h e form u la b ecom es

( 2)

T he s in ki
fu n d F t h at mu st b e d e pos it ed a n n u a lly a t t h e e n d o f t he yea r
ng at

c om p ou n d i n t ere st of ra t e r to d isc h a rge a gi e n s u m S i n n yea rs , is v

Sr
”
(1 r )

v
T he p rese n t a lu e P of a su m S t o b e re a liz e d
yea rs hereaft e r i s t h a t a m o u n t
n

whic h p la c ed a t c o m po u n d i n t eres t w ill a m o u n t to t he

gi e n su m a t t he e p ira v x
t io n of t h e st a t ed p erio d , a nd he n c e , from ( 1)
S

(I r )

If a v
gi en princ ip a l P is p la c ed a t c o m p o u n d i n t erest for a p erio d of 13 yea rs,
a n d at t he g b
e i n n i n g of ea c h s u c c e e d i n g p erio d o f 1
3 yea rs a n e q u a l a m o u n t o f

prin c ip a l i s a d d ed t o t h e who le for n su c h p erio d s , t h e t o t a l su m a t t h e e p ira t io n x

of the n p erio d s of k yea rs will b e

and t h e p resen t v a lu e of t h is su m is

f
( x + r)
. [( r o I ]

co m p a re d
’
I f t wo t ies, o r a ny ot h er t wo t h in g s , la st i ng n an d n yea rs, a re to b e
b y t h e fi rst or t h ird m et hod s m ent ioned a bvo e in t h e t e t , x and t he c ost of o n e is
d esired i n t erm s of the c o st of t h e o t h er, t h e t wo c ost s to b e su ch t h at fo r t h e g i v en

li v es t h e t wo t ies m a y s ho w t h e s ame v a lu e, t h is cost is fou n d from t h e fo llo win g

form u la , in wh ic h a is the c ost of t h e t ie la st ing n yea rs a n d c th e c ost of t h e t ie last in g
’

’
n years,
I

'=
1 + r ) —
1
C C '
n n
+ )
r (1 + r )

To c om p a re t hese co t s b y t h es sec o n d m eth od gi v en

B y t hese two formu las t h e su m s t h a t m a y b e p a id for a t ie la sting t h ree yea rs, if

on e la st ing se v en yea rs cost s 40 c en t s a n d m one
y is wo rt h 4 per c e n t , a re respec t i e ly v
and c en t s .

Th e e qu at io n s for c
’
a re b ase d on e qu a l a n n u a l c ost .
50 C R O SS T IE S -

If t e t ed tie co t s 8 c ent s in th e t a ck an d last s sixt een

a r a s 0 r ,

y a s while an un t t ed ti co ts 5 c ent an d l sts ight y s

e r ,
rea e s 0 s a e ea r ,

mon ey b ein g wort h 4 p c nt th e elati ve v a lu es by th e t h e er e ,

r re

m thod a e as follows
e s r
‘

1 F irst c o st

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

D iff ere n c e i n f a v or o f trea t e d t ie , pe r yea r .

C a p it a liz ed e x ce s s v a lu e of t rea t ed t ie ,

2 . I n terest
F irs t Co st life

Diff eren c e i n fa v or of trea t ed ti e , 80 . 00 0 5 p er year .

C a p it a liz ed e x c ess v a lu e of tr ea t ed ti e , a p ra c t ic a l b a la n c e .

3 . F irst c ost at c o m po u n d in t erest for si xt ee n

yea rs . 351 -
4 98 $0 93 6
O ne re n e wa l for eig ht years

D ifferen c e i n fa v or of t reat ed t ie ,

T h e p resen t v a lu e of whi c h is

If th e t reat d tie i t co t 8 cents the unt ea ted tie to how

e s o s 0 , r S

th s m v a lu mu t b h d in th t a ck f 46 c n ts by th 2
e a e e s e a e r or 1 5 e e

fi t
rs d t hi d m t hod s a d fo
an 49 r cent s by the s con d e ,
n r 15
7
e

m thod
e .

P ci ion in uch
re tim t
s is imp o ssibl f st hou gh th e m th es a es e, or a e

m ti l fo mul
a ca m y b en t i ly cor ct wi th t h i ve l b a se
as a e re rre e r se ra s

of umption th d t
a ss e of n c s i t y b u ts, t im a t e Thee a a ar e e s es s . re

i
s a lw ys ind t mi n t l m nt of co t in th an oy nc d
a an e er a e e e e s e n a e, e

l y t c involved in t ck ch n g s B c au se of th d st uc tion
a s, e .
,
ra a e . e e e r

of fo ts ti s res con st n tly inc in g in co t I t is p ob able

, e a re a rea s s . r ,

th e efo e th t if th mon ey is v il bl e t o p u cha th longe

r r , a e a a a r se e r

liv ed t ie wh n t h e comp i on by
, y m t hod show n e ly qu l
e ar s an e s ar e a

va lu es it is the tie t buy ; wh

, if the p en t income i sma ll o erea s res s ,
 S I P KE D O WE L S 5I

with a p o spect of futu e inc e se the ch e per tie should be

r r r a , a

pu ch d r a se .

Spik e Dow l s Th i w nt for an y d e vic e of reason ble

e . e re s a rra a

co t tha t will inc

s th w in g life of a tie th t ha b een ch em
rea se e ea r a s

ic lly t
a t d to p se v e it f om d ec a y
rea e Ti p l a t es p ti a lly
re r r . e ar

se v e thi
r p u p o ; sc w pik es a e u seful
s r T h mo t rec ent
se re s r . e s

d vic is the sp ike dow l l g ly u s d in Eu o p T hi i a

e e e ar e e r e . s s .

c w p lu g of fin e gr in d c o ot d wood (b ch o bi ch )
s re -
a e ,
re s e ee r r

sc w d in t o the tie to ec eive an d hold the spike The plu g is

re e r .

Fi g . 16 Fi g . 17

much la ger t h an the spik e A hol e fo the Sp ike i bo ed th ou gh

r . r s r r

t h c nt
e e of the dow l Th holding p owe of th pik in the
er e . e r e s e

dow l i g e t e t h n in the ti th w a of the tie bou t th sp ike

e s r a r a e, e e r a e

i p v ent ed a d th dowel m a y b
s re , ep l c ed wh n worn out
n e e r a e .

T h e co st of S i such dowel s in tie (th Eu op ea n p a c tic e is to

x a e r r

us i spik es in st d of fou t a ti ) i
e s x st im t d a t
ea 6 c n ts r o e s e a e 2 e .

At t hi s p ric e it is doub tful conomy to p u t th m in ew ti e but e e n s,

a lmo t c e t in
s conomy to pu t th m in t e t d ti es so soon s
r a e e r a e a

sp ik s b egin to w
e loo Th e life of th t i will b e p e h p
ea r se . e e r a s

doubl d at a f a ction of its fi st co st Sp eci l tools a e u sed f r

e r r . a r o

p ep in g the tie a d in e tin g the dow l

r ar n s r e .
 C HA P TER V
BALLAS T AND R OA D—
BE D

B ALLAS T
Us es an d Ma t eria l s
ll t is th m t eri l in whi ch the . Ba as e a a

ti es a r e emb dd d It p d th lo ds ov th mo e yi eldi g
e e . s rea s e a er e r n

ea rt h of th o a d b d h lp hold th t ck in p l ce a d e v e
e r -

e , e s e ra a ,
n s r s

as a d ain t c r y w y w t f om ound th ti
r o a r aIt i in d
a a er r ar e es . s C ers

or g r v eal bu n t cl y or furn ac l g
r b ok en st on e a cco di n
org e S a or r , a r

t
o th mount of t fli co t of th m t i l loca l con di tion s
e a ra c, s e a er a , ,

an d fi n nci l condi t ion of th

a a o d In asc ndin g o d of sui ta e r a . e r er

bili t y th m t i ls ee bou t
a er a n m ed Wh no b all st is
ar a as a . ere a

u d th e ti i b dd d in e rt h which i imp op e ly c ll d mud

se , e s e e a s r r a e ,

dirt ,
rth b ll a t B ll t i s c ll ed by son of the e ly
or ea ,
a s . a as s o a rea ar

u se in En gl nd f this p urp o of the gra v l b ou gh t by ship as

a or se e r s

b ll t
a as .

Requir m ent A good b ll t m t ri l i f ee f om du st

e . a as a e a s r r ,

p cks
a ou d th ti w ll d y t d in s i tself quickly an d thor
ar n e e e ,
an e ra

ou ghly l vin g no w t to oft n it t f

, ea o to ot the tie
a er s e , o reez e , r r .

B ok en st on e should b e b ok n to p ss t h ou gh a 2 inch rin g

r r e a r -

b tte er a inch ring in all di ction s Fu n ce Sla g Should be

—
,
re . r a

s imi l ly b oken ; gr vel S hould b e co e f e f om a rth an d

ar r a a rs ,
re r e

fin nd d wi thou t l g st on
e sa ,
an G v l t n tu lly of th is
ar e es . ra e no a ra

kin d should b e sc n ed ree .

Th e b ll as t hould a t b l t h n 6 inch s d p und r th e tie

s no e ess a e ee e ,

i
s no t u su lly mo e t h an a inch es an d n d not b e mo e th an
r 12 , ee r

1 6 inch es f th e h a vi e t t affi c
or e s r .

B ll st th t d in quickly lik e b ok en t on
a a a ra should b e fill ed
s ,
r s e,

t th t p of th e t i t h ou ghout its l en gth an d for a foot or so

o e o e r ,

b yond the e d a d th n Slo ped dow to the ro a d b d B ll st

e n ,
n e n -

e . a a

t h t do es not d ain so well S hould b e fi lled to the top of th e t ie

a r

52
54 B ALL AST AN D R O AD BE D -

fo mr s a re S hown in Fig 9 Th dv nt g of the Wh itt emo e

. 1 . e a a a e r

fo m r is t bili t y th
s a ,
co e ct ion b ein g th a t which will b n atu
r ss —s e e

r lly
a as sum d by th
e ea th if it is ori gin a lly built in th e mo e u su l
e r r a

T
HALF S EC IO N IN HALF S EC IO N IN T
EMBANKMEN T V T
EXC A A IO N

Fi g . 19

fo m T m int in the u su l fo m wi th its S h a rp corn rs will

r . o a a a r e

re qui e much mo e l bor th n to m int a in th n tu lly ound d

r r a a a e a ra r e

cu v s of the Whit t more section G ssin g is m t i a l aid

r e e . ra a a er

t
o m in ten nce I t co st om thing a d may be omitt ed in th
a a . s s e n e

b ginni n g if mon y i c ce a d p ob ble t ffi c doub tful bu t

e e s s ar n r a ra ,

it is p ob bly wo t h ll
r a mo th n it co st s if it a b e fford ed
r a or re a c n a .

Fig . 20

Anxc v ation in ock th t i cove ed with l ay r of ea rth is

e a r a s r a e

t k n ut
a e hown in Fig 2 a b e m
o as S S h elf b ein g l ft b etw e n
. 0, r e or e e

th foo t of th
e t h lo p e d the top of t he rock cuttin g
e ea r s an .
 C O N ST RUC T I O N 55

l
S opes — id e slo pe of th o a d b ed d ep end on the m t e
. . Th e s s e r -

r i l
a of w ch it i m d the minimum lo pe in su ing t bili ty
hi s a e, S r s a

b in g u sed With o din y e th thi s is a bout v e tica l on %

e . r ar ar I r 1
“
ho i ont l In Ame ic n p ctice thi s Slop is c ll ed % to
rz a . r a ra e a I I ,
”

th e tio of the ho i ont a l to the vertic l E mb ankm ent s of th

ra rz a . ea r

will ly st nd fo v en a b i f p iod a t a t epe slo p

ra re a r e d r e er s e r e, a n a re

p a ctic a lly lwa ys m d e

r on a T h sid f a th xc v tion
a 1 e es O e r e a a

will st nd f a time t t eep slo p an d f economy in fi st

a or a s er es , or r

co st re frequ ntly t k n out a t t

a e T hi is unwi e if the
a e I o I . s s

mon ey fo the b ett e S lo pe is a v ilabl The st eep slo p e i

r r a e . er n

s u e an increased co st of maint nance or with ineffi ci ent main

r s e , ,

ten a n c e , a p oo t ck Th th lou gh down fi llin g the

r ra . e ea r S s ,

di tch thu ob t uc tin g th d in g which oft n th o d b d

es, s s r e ra a e, s e s e r a -

e .

S om e a nd a n d som wet cl y s equi e much fl tt e S lo p es whil e

s e a r r a r ,

r ock mb ankm ents m y b m d s st p s on

e Rocka e a e a ee a I I . ex

c v ti n s
a a u su lly ta k n ou t wi th v rt ic l id e o a S lop of
o a re a e e a S s r e

1 on a d some d y cla y n d h d p n seem to st nd b st r s an ar a s a e

wh en cut down vertic lly I a y e vent jud gm nt is equi d a . n n , e r re

to d t mi n th slo pe
e er e e s .

Dit h s An e xc a v a tion th ou gh ea th slo pin g a c o s the

c e . r r r s

li n e of th o d S hould b p o tected by a su rf ce ditch on th

e r a e r a e

high S id e f om 6 to
er feet or mo b ck f om the ed ge of
r 10 re a r

th e cut t in g unning p ll l with the xc av tion a d disch gin g

,
r a ra e e a n ar

into a dj a c nt ho llow Such dit ch n d th e S id e di t ch es th ou gh

e s . es a r

t h e xc a v t ion hould n e v e b e l ess t h n

e a foot d p wi th ound d
s r a 1 ee ,
r e

bottom s an d id lop e d ep nd ing on the m at ia l T he t p

, s e s s e er . o

wid th will v y with the d pth a d id e slope Di t ch es S hould

ar e n S .

b e giv en a gr d of not l s t h a n p ea c nt e If t h o ad b d e s 1 r e . e r -

th ou gh the u t is le vel th ditch may f ll f om th c nt

r c , e es a r e e er

tow d ea ch en d ; if the o d b ed i on g d e th e di t ch s will

ar r a —
s a ra ,
e

fa ll f th mo t p t with th o d b ed I f th cut i long d

or e s ar e r a -

. e s an

the g d li gh t ra
p ortioen of t h e ditch n a,
t h
a e u pp e r en d m y e r a

f ll g inst th gra d e of the o dwa y

a a a e r a .

C on tru tion s Ac o long l ev l t etch of count y

c . r ss il e s r es r a ra

o d o d b d will b e in low mb nkm ent thu p ovidin g tho

r a r a —
e e a , s r r

ou gh d in g d f eedom from snow d ift

ra a e an T he m t ri l
r r s . a e a
56 B ALL AST AN D R O AD B E D -

for this emb ankment i u su ally obt a in ed a lon gsid e f om sh llow s r a

dit ch es known bo ow pi ts S f a p o ssibl th ese S hould

as rr . o ar s e

b giv en a g d e a d op n d to n i ghbo in g st ea ms to p o vid e

e ra n e e e r r r

d in age a d p v nt pools of stagn n t w t e I f the sub soil is

ra n re e
'

a a r .

p o ou
r s g v el thiras m tt e r,
will u u lly t k c a e O f it elf
a T he s a a e r s .

bo ow p it s S hould not app o ch n e e tha n 6 feet to th e foot of

rr r a ar r

the b a nk an d th S id e n e xt th e b an k should h ve a st bl e S lo p e
,
e a a .

Th e s p c e b at w n t hee foot of t h
ee e b a nk an d the ed ge of th e p it

i c ll d
s a eb e me * a r .

T h b nk is b est built in l ay e s S li gh t ly hi gh e a t th e sid es th a n

e a r r

in th mi ddle I t i n t u su l to emove the sod f om the surfa ce

e . s o a r r

on which an emb ankm nt i to b e p l a c d but Sod or oth er e s e ,

p i
er s h bl a m t e iea l S hould b e e xclud ed f om th e b nk
a r p a ti u r a , r c

l ly a low b nk T h e b ank m y b built by c stin g ; th a t i

ar a . a e a s,

shov el ed by h nd f om pit to b a nk by d a r
g c p e s by wh eel , ra s ra r ,

sc ra p s or by g a din g m a chin e
er ,
r the la st n a m ed th ou gh s, r

p i
ra r i e count y b in g t
rh e mo s t conomic
e l E mb a nk m ent s m d e e a . a

by c stin g or g ding ma chin s e loo e will settle con id

a ra e ar s , s

e a b ly a d mu st b e built f om
r ,
n to 5 p e c nt high e th an r 10 1 r e r

the fi ni sh ed g d is to b e ra E mb nkm en t built with s c ap e s

e . a s r r

or wagon s a d tra v l d by th t e m d awing th ese tools a re

,
n e e e a s r ,

mo e comp a ct an d will settle but little n llowanc e of f om

r , a a r

3 to 5 p er c ent p ob a bly b in g su ffi ci ent M ny v ery high

r e . a

emb nkm ent s a e of n ec essity m a d

a r by dumping ove th end s e r e .

I n hilly rollin g coun t y th e emb ankm ent s will b e m a d e S O far

,
r

a s p o ssibl e f om t h e a dj a c ent e xc v a tion s

r Wh en th ese a re in a .

su ffi ien t the
c ddi tion l mate i l necessa ry may b e obt ain ed f om
, a a r a r

bo ow pits long ide the emb ankment s but is b ett er thou gh

rr a s ,

s ometim s l ss ch e ply ob ta in ed by wid ning the e xca va tion s

e e a e .

I t i d esi abl e to h a v e wid e e xc v a tion s a d und sir a bl e to h a v e

s r a ,
n e

und a in ed pit s long the emb nkm nt H w to p oceed in such

r a a e . o r

cas d pend s on the av il able mon ey The occa iona l a ddi

es e
“

a . s

tio al co st of u in g m t e i a l f om wi d en ed cut s is d u e to the

n s a r r

* Alo n
g a c an al, t he sid e o p p osit e t h e t ow p a t h i s
-
c a lle d t he b erm e or b er me
S id e.
 C ON STR UC T I ON 57

n ecessa ry long h a ul The p ic p cubic y d ec iv d by a

er . r e er ar r e e

cont cto f g ding is u su a lly b s d on

ra r or ra p ci fi d of
a e a s e e

h ul ; if thi limi t i xc d ed
a s ddi tion l p ic i p id f wh t
s e ee an a a r e s a or a

i c ll ed ov h ul
s a T hi is u su a lly f om
er a . s to cent pe cubic
r 1 r

ya d p e 1 feet ove h aul ed

r r 00 r .
 C HA P TER V I

C ULVE RTS , B RI DGE S, AN D MIN OR STRUCTU RE S

tru ctu e Us d
S Wh en a t e m i to b e c rri ed und er a
r s e . s r a s a

ra il o d
r a of the followin g t uctu es is u sed
on e s r r

A blin d d in fo in signi fi c n t p ing hollow

ra r an a s r or .

A box i
pp culv e torf s m ll t e m
e hollow wh e e w a tre or a a s r a or r r

m y coll ct in t im of to m o m l t in g now
a e e s r r e s .

A o p n in g
n st in g
e b idg f ,
o p nin g mo th an 4 f t
or r er r e, or an e re ee

a d n ot e xc edin g
n 6 fe t wid in low emb nkm en t
e 1Such o p n e e a s . e

in g m y a l o b e u d wh e the b nk i too low f box o pipe

s a s se er a s or r

culve t r s .

A ch culv t fo
r imil o p nin g o l g on und hi gh
er s r s ar e s r a r er es er

emb a nkm n t e s .

T st l b id g
re of wood f tempo y st uctu a c o ss d p
e r es or ra r r res r ee

ra vin i th dry wi th t m in th bo tt om As
es , e er or ve ge s rea s e . an a ra

such t tl res ch p in fi t co t th n rt h mb nkm en ts

es a re ea er rs s a ea e a

wi th culve t s wh en the h ei gh t xc d f om 5 t
r fe t e ee s r 1 o 20 e .

T est l e b id g s of t l f
r r p m n n t t uc tu
e c o ss d e p
s ee or er a e s r res a r e

r a vin es go g in moun t in wo k
or r es a r .

Pil e b id g s f t mp o y d p m n ent structu es a c o

r e or e ra r an er a r r ss

t id l e tu i e
a s m h l k s a d mod e te Si e soft bottom
ar s, a rs es , a e ,
n ra z ,
—
,

s lu ggi h st m s rea s .

Gi d r b id g s f o p nin g of o e mo p n f om 6 to
er r e or e s n or re s a s r 1

75 f t i th ee f
, t e m o d c o in gs
er or s rea or r a r ss .

T u b idg fo o p nings of o o mo p n ov 7 5 f t
r ss r es r e ne r re s a s er ee .

T h s limi t of l n gt h
e e s t b olu t Gi d
e b id g builta re n o a s e . r er r es a re

of mo t h n re foot pan s a d t u b id ges occ sion a lly l

a 1 00 -

s ,
n r ss r a ess

t h n 7 5 fe t
a e .

Wh en a c ttl p s i to b buil t und a il o d the u su l fo m

a e as s e er ra r a a r

i
s a s r t in g o p ni g er e n .

Wh n highw y i c i d c o s
e a il o d a t g a d e o d
a s a rr e a r s a ra r a r a r a

58
 WO O D BO X CU L VERT S 59

cro ssin g is equi ed ; a d if the hi ghwa y is in the count y wh e

r r n r er

s t ock i likely t b e d iv n c a ttle gu d a e equi d C attle

s o r e , ar s r r re .

gu d s
ar d o d c o in gs will b e u d f
an r a numb of y s tr ss se or a er ea r o

com bu t will e ventu lly di ppe with the boli tion of all
e, a sa ar a

g d c o ssin gs
ra e r .

CULVERTS

rain s
Blin d D A blind d a in con i t of cobbl e o l a rge brok en
. r s s s r

s ton s c e fully la id O th a t w t e in m ll qu n ti ti e c n fin d its

, a re S a r s a a s a

wa y b t w n th em a n d thu s und
e ee t h b a nk A b ett c st ru c er e . er on

tion f th s m pu p o e is a lin of vi t i fi ed rt h n p i pe or
or e a e r s e r ea e

c a st i on p ipe f om 4 inch es to foot in di m te l id wit h

-

r ,
r 1 a e r, a

h a d w ll of ou gh m son y o conc et e at the end

e a s r a r r r s.

W oo d B o Cu lv ert s xB o culve rt s a e built of wood . ton ; x r or s e

of wood in n w con truction und e low emb ankm ent s wh e e stone

e s r r

Fi g . 21

is very xpen sive wood ch p d the i tem of fi t co st a im

e , ea ,
an rs n

p o t
r a n t W ood culv
on e e t. con i st of c t n gul box e a s lon gr s s re a ar s

a s t h wid t h of t he bottom of th e emb nkm en t

e d a e u su lly a ,
an r a

built of h ea vy timb er as shown in the p l n Fig A p o tion

s, a ,
. 21 . r

of the cov timb s a notch ed down to hold the id apa t or

er er re s es r ,

p l a nk e n il
s ar d to t h e und er S id e of
a om
e e of th cov er st ick s s e .

T h e timb s a re f st en d to geth er with d ift bol ts

er a bo t spikes
e r or a .

D rift bolt s a e si m ply lon g pi ec e of round or squ a e iron som e

r s r ,
60 CULV ERT S B RI D G E S , , AN D M IN O R ST R UC T URE S

time p oint d d wi th o withou t h ead B o a t spikes a e squ a e

s e , an r s. r r

s c t ion d
e long chi s l p oint d n il fo ged r th th n cut
e e e a s, r a er a
-

.
, ,

D ift bolt s
r u su lly d iv n into hol e bo ed f th em Bo t
a re a r e s r or . a

S p ik es m a y b e d iv en without bo in g but th e borin g is som et im s

r r , e

don e .

V e y ch ea p sm a ll box culv e t s of I o 2 squ a e fe t in sec t ion

r ,
r r r e ,

m y b built of
a eto 3 inch plank the Sid b ein g p l nk on d ge
2 -

, es a s e

a n d th top a n d bottom sho t p i ec es n a il ed a c o ss

e Such st u r r . r c

tu e m y b e built f t empo a y u but a not a dvi sed f

r s a or r r se , re or

st ea m c o s in gs
r T h ey ma y b e u sed for S id e d in a ge wh
r s . ra ere

f ilu n d pl cin g do s not int f with the t ck

a re a re a e er e re ra .

Ston e B Cu lv ert St on e box cul ve t wa ll s a

ox built of
s . r re

r ou gh fl t ton th pa vin g is of cobbl s b ok en ston e on e d

,
a s e, e e or r n ,

a d th e cov
n of l ge thick ston e Th w ll s a d end s Should
ers ar . e a n

b e l a id in c em nt mo t th p vin g ton e c a efully l a id clo se

e r a r, e a —
s s r

to gethe a d g ou ted with c m ent g Ut Th e length is d et e

r n r e ro . r

min ed by the width of emb nkm nt nd should b such th t t a e , a e a a

th n tu l lo p th e
e a th will fa ll a ound th e d wa ll not qui te
ra s e e ar r e n s

to th o penin g a d S hould ea ch the top b a ck edg Of the p arap t

e ,
n r e e

wall .

Such culv e t s a e p ctic a lly n e v e built wh e e the sp an is

r r ra r r

mo th an 4 f et owing to the di ffi culty f secu ing an d h andlin g

re e , O r

st on e of uffi ci ent i
s d st en gth fo the cove s ; but doubl e
s s z e an r r r

boxes e som times built ar e .

T he S id e w a ll s e som tim es st p p d down a t th e S lo p e of

ar e e e

the b ank .

Th box culv t is not now much buil t th e pi p e culv e t wi th

e er , r

conc t e n d w lls
re th e conc te b l culv e t t kin g its
a ,
or e re a rre r a

pla c S om wid e box culv t

e . built wi th old il n d con
e er s a re ra a

c t cov s
re e er .

Pi pe C u lv ert s A pi pe culv t con i st of n . mo lines er s s o e or re

of vit i fi ed e th en pipe
r c a t i on pi pe with h e d wall of
ar or s -

r , a s

ma son y at the end s The m on y i ubble o conc et e V it

r . as r s r r r .

rifi ed p i p m y b e h a d in l n gth s f f om
e a to 3 feet n d in e o r 2 a
,

di m t a f om 4 to 3 6 inch
e ers r C st i on p i p e i o din a ry es . a -

r s r

wa t e pip e for low p essure und er low emb ankm ent s nd for
r r ,
a
62 CUL VE RT S B RID G E S , ,
AN D MIN O R STR UC T URES
high p u e und high emb nkments I t is ma d e in l en gths
ress r er a .

of 1 f t 2 d should b e co t d with the u su l p es v a tive

ee ,
an a e a r er

co ting Th length s m y b u t t m t th equi em ent s of

a . e a e c o ee e r r

a y n mb nkm n t Th pip hould b fi mly mb edd d in the

e a e . e e s e r e e

o igin l g ound in p p ed found tion if th o i gin l g ound

r a r , or a re ar a ,
e r a r

is not uffi ci n tly olids d th e h d w ll giv n

e good f u d
s ,
an ea a s e a o n a

t ion w ll b low th e p i p
e T h joint s should b e p ck d with
e e . e a e

o kum h mp y n d c m n t mort
a or e ar an e e ar

C i cul conc ete culv rt h v b n c n tly built with su c

r ar r e s a e ee re e

c s d m y oft n b u d wh gr v l i ch p D i gn s f
es , an a e e se ere a e s ea . es or

vi t i fi d p ip
r e d conc t culv rt a e hown in th fi gu es
an re e e s re S e r .

( Fi g s 3
. d 22, 2 ,
an

Ar h C lv rtc A ch culv rt s sin gl

u e or multip l
s . qui e r e , e e, re r

much c in d i gn d it would b fo ign to th p urp o e of

a re es ,
an e re e s

thi book t g in to th th o y of th e d e ign of th o penin g

s o o e e r s ese s.

A g n el p l n f mod a t e p an i hown in Fig 5 R in

era a or er s s s s . 2 . e

fo c d conc ete ch a
r e
p idly
r p l cin g m on y a ch es
ar es re ra .
re a as r r .

Th e win g w ll u u lly fl d on th u p t e m d n d m y
a s a re s a a re e -

s r a en , a a

b i th fl d
e e t i ght on th e do wn t
er a re m d The len gt h
o r s ra -

s rea en .

of culv t is govern ed by th e h eight of b nk the S lo pe of which

er a ,

S hould ju t c tch t h u pp r b ck d g of the p p t ston e or

s a e e a e e a ra e

w ll d S hould follow down th lop of th win g w lls

a ,
an e S e e a .

Op ni g e A O p enin g
n s o p n culv t
. st in g n brid ge , e er , or r er ,

con i t of tw bu tm nt which a d si gn ed s ret in ing w lls

s s s o a e s, re e a a a ,

on t p of ch of which li
o ea p l nk 3 by inch s c ll d a wall es a a , 12 e ,
a e

pl ta e, on which t th nd of the t in g s th t c ry th t ck res e e s s r er a ar e ra .

Th bu t m nt s
e a ith c i d out st i ght (in which ca they
e a re e er a rr e ra se

a re a slon g th mb nkm nt i wid t the b ) o th p ort ion

as e e a e s e a a se ,
r e

ou t id of th o d b d i t u n ed t an n gl of
s e e r a to 3 5 d g es
-

e s r a a e 1 20 1 e re ,

a s shown in Fig 8 p ge 7 4 Th wing wa ll . t igh t en d

2 , a . ese s, o r s ra

w lla ith e lop d dow wit h th mb nkm nt

s , a re e r s e st pp ed e n e e a e or a r e

dow I f of m on y th y e u u lly st pp ed ; if of concret e

n . as r , e ar s a e ,

th y e p h p g n
a re lly lo p d
er a s e era s e .

Wh n built of m on y the butm nt s a e of ra ndom a nge

e as r a e r r

m onry wi th ubbl b cki g ; a e not le s th an 3 f et thi ck at

as r e a n r s e

th t op e d t the bo t tom not l ess th n {a of th e h eight

, an a T he a .
 O P E N IN G S 63

f rule i t m k the bo ttom thickn h lf th h eight T he

s a er s o a e ess a e .

win g w lls n eed t b e mo th n % f t thick on top The f ont

a no re a 2 ee . r

Fi g . 23

wall m y b v tic l b
s a e er a or a t t e re d 1 i ch t th foo t Th b ck
n o e . e a

of th e wall m y he st pp eda e or b a t t e re d b t hould n e v b ve

,
u s er e r

0 P a ra pe t s th e re a r

lowe r

Cl a ss D

55 S EC T IO N O N C ENT ER LINE
'

i
HA F SE CTION .
HALF

Fi g . N Y C 85 H R.
24 . . . . .

R R S t a n d ard 2 X 2 Arc h
v
. .

C ul ert

PLAN

tica l A portion of th wa ll
. e m ay b e c i d u p a bov
a rr e e th e b id ger

S e t to hold th
a b ll t e a a s , o r a n en d p l nk m y b u d
a a e se a t t h e end s
64 CUL VE RT S B RI D G E S
, ,
AN D M IN O R ST R UC T URE S

' '

NV ld d IV H

Ij oe i i 30 3 11 11
‘
 O P EN I N G S 65

of t in g
th e s r C o p in g ton eers hould b u d foot thick
. s s s e se 1 ,

p roj c t in g
e f om 3 t 6 inch
r s b yond t h f c o of t h e w ll e e e a e a .

C onc t i now much u s d f

re e s ll l es of il o a d m on y e or a C a ss ra r as r .

T h clo e t tt n tion t m ate i l p op o t ion

ses a e od m ni p ul tion r a s, r r s, a n a a

i n ec
s y t o good wo k ; bu t wh n p o p ly m d conc t
essa r r ,
e r er a e, re e

fo ms r xc ll nt sub st i tu t f m on y w ll I t i u su lly
an e e e e or as r a s . s a

ch p ea p incip lly b c u it m y b e built by un kill d

er, r a e a se a s e

l bo I t i doub tful if it v p n t qui t

a r. s g d n pp e er rese s e so oo a a ea r

a nc fi t cl ss t on m son y
e as rs —
a d whil unqu t ion b ly V y
s e a r ,
an e es a er

du bl it i y t to b p oven th t it i
ra e, s e du bl e t on
r a s as ra e as s e

m son y I combin tion wi th t l info cin g b it m y b e

a r . n a s ee re r a rs a

u d wi t h economy f v y fl t ch b id g oft n in pl c
se or er a ar r es , e a es

wh e h d oom i in uffi ci nt f
er ea r hi gh ch d t in f
s s e or a ar ,
an no re

qu n tly th ch fo m i nti ly omi tt d the cov of culv t

e e ar r s e re e , ers er s

of con id bl wid th b ing m d e p fec tly fl t

s era e e a er a .

F ch p h ty con t uction pil m y b e u d f th bu t

or ea ,
as s r , es a se or e a

m en t f t ing o p nin g T h y will b b ck d wi th 3 inch

s O s r er e s . e e a e -

p l nk
a t hold t h
o mb nkm n t d m
e y b e sh th d wi th
e a e ,
an a ea e

p l nk on t h e t
a m id Th y will b of is re a S d fo m
e . e e S z es an r s

m n t ion d l t und t tl b idg

e e a er d will b c pp d wi th
er res e r es , an e a e

12 by inch c p to c y the t in g
12 -

a s A doubl e w of p il s
a rr s r ers . ro e

p l c d
a e t 3 f
2 e t p t
o m y b ne c e y if at h armb nkm n t a e e ssa r e e a e

is high
Th e st in g will v ry in i
r ers cco din g t th p n Th a s ze a r o e s a . e

s p a n S hould b S fi x d t h t ecomm ci
O l l n g th e f t imb will
a er a e s O er

fit .Th u u l t in g e ssec t ion f

a o p nin g of f om 4 t 6
s r er or e s r 1 o 1

f t i 8 by 6 inch e whil 7 by 6 in ch es d by 6 in ch
ee s 1 s, e 1 an 10 1 es

are n ot uncommon F ou i ei g h t t in g s m y b u
. d
r, s x , o r s r er a e se .

Wh n th e fou t in g
ere a re th y e p l c d in t wo dou b l
r s r ers, e ar a e e

r ow pa c d 5 f et ap rt c nte to c ent e e ch doub l w b ing

s s e e a e r r, a e ro e

p a d by % t 4 inch wood p ckin g block s c t i on p cking a or as r a

—
s re 1 o -

w h s d h ld t o g th by m chin bolt to g inch in di m

as er , an e e er a e s, a

et er, an d ccomp nyin g w h a T h e st in ge

a m y b e h ld t
as ers . r rs a e o

lin on th a butm nt by a fi lle p l nk pik d t th w ll p l t

e e e r a s e o e a a e .

Wh n Si st in g s e u d th e ddi tion l st in g r m a y b e pl c d
e x r er ar se a a r e s a e

3 f t f om th e c ent e of th doubl e
ee r w to t h out sid e of ou tsid
r e ro e e
66 CUL VERT S B RI D G E S , ,
AN D
‘

M IN O R ST R UC T URE S

st r inge twr, orow of thr st ing o r ch th t in ge of ea ch

s ee r ers e a , e s r rs

ro w b in g s p e t d by p ckin g block
e a ra e w h m y b e la id a s or as ers , a

wi th th mi ddl t ing of th t w ows 5 f t p t c en ter to

e e s r ers e o r ee a ar ,

c nter a s hown in Fig 7 T h e e e x ct dim n sion s a re not

e , s . 2 . s a e

in va i ble E ig h t t i g
r a . e u u lly in t w set
s r n of fou e rs ar s a o s r.

Sa wn b idg t i 6 inch e by 8 inch

r e es by f et p c ed fro m s es 12 e , s a

4 t 8o inch in t h cl es l id on t h e t in g d om e
ea r, a re a e s r ers , a n s

t im e no t ch d
s cl pp d on t h m
e or inch G u d il e p l c d
a e e 1 . ar ra s ar a e

on the ti d l o n ot ch d
es , an d pp d in ch T h e gu d
a s e or a e
“

1 . se ar

ra il s l
a re
p c d ou t id e t h t
a e ck il ; a d if ou t id
s t rin g e ra ra s n s e s ers

a re u d hould b e p l c d ov th m T h y hould b e of 6 by
se , S a e er e . e S

8 inch stu ff bol ted t h ou gh t i

-

,
d st in g t v ry fou th t
r e an r er a e e r o

e i ghth ti a d spik ed wi th bo t pik s t th e m ining ti

e, n a s e o re a es .

E t im t es of co t
s a m d by tim ting th lumb includ
s a re a e es a e er,

in g t h t i e by the thou nd f t bo d me u e t
es , a ssum d
sa ee ,
ar as r , a an e

or known p ic p thou nd in p l c ; an d th e spik bolts etc

r e er sa a e es , , .
,

a re es t im t d by th p ound a e e .

P m n n t o p eni ngs h vin g st l I b e m s f

er a e tring s wi th a ee a or s er ,

buckl e t ou gh , p
r l in p l t s su pp ort
or i n g b ll t in whi ch the
a a e ,
a as

ti es a r e l id i t yp of o p nin g x p n siv e in fi t co t b u t g in
a , s a e e e e rs s , a

in g in f vo s ind ed i th
a r, aso lid b ll t d floo f ll o din ry
e s e a as e r or a r a

ra il o d b idg
r a r es .

A rea of Wa t W y T he er of w t w y qui ed in a
a . a rea a er a re r

culv t d p ends on
er e M ximum t d du tion of
,
I . inf ll a ra e a n ra ra a .

2 . Ch ct of d in g
a ra er t ibu t y t th culv e rt
ra a I ch a
e a rea r ar o e . n r

a c t e of dr in g ra i includ d th v g t t ion t h soil t h

a e a rea s i e e e e e a , e , e s z ,

th e incli tion na d th h pe A st p hort a mphi th te

, an e s a . ee , s , ea r

li k e will d eliv it w t q uickly d f om ll p rt s at onc e

e ar a er s a er an r a a ,

whil a fl t d much lon g t ed a will d li v it w t mo

e a an e a a re e er s a er re

S lowly d t h e d eliv y f th whol a e f a giv en s to m wi ll

'

, an er or e e r a or r

n t o reach giv n poin t t e in st nt

a e a on a .

Th e flow f om d p soil d d timb e d a will b e mo e

r a ee -

e an re a re r

regula t h n f om ocky b en
r a r which will yi ld a fl shy
a r ,
a rr a rea , e a

flow v y l g in time f storm o melt in g now very sm ll in

, er ar e O r s ,
a

p eriod of d y w th s r ea er.

Th e jud gm n t mu t b u ed in d t mi nin g th n ec es ry
e s e s e er e sa
 T RE STLE S 67

w t er way The jud gment will b a id ed by M ye s o T albot s

a . e r
’
r
’

fo mula The fo m is
r . r er ,

A ea of wa t er way in s qu a re feet
r C l/ D a in a ge Ar in Ac es ; r ea , r

the la tt e r is ,

of w t er way in qua f t C 1/ ( D in g A in Ac s)
4
3
A rea a s re ee ra a e rea , re .

Th e fi st i s id to giv e t
r sl a g wat e w y f
a m ll d in ge oo r e r a or s a ra a

a ear d th
s, a n econd giv e w a t w y th a t will me n occasion l
e s s er a s a a

di sch a ge und a h e d the wa t e b a ckin g up till the n ece

r er a r s

sa y h e d h a s b
r n ob t in ed
a ee a .

The C of bo t h fo mul s is v i a bl efli ien t d epending on

r a a ar e co c

th ech a ct e i tics of th d in g
ar r s a F M y s fo mul a e ra a e a re . or er
’
r

C v a ri es a s follow F g ntly oll in g p i i C s: ; for hilly

or e r ra r e 1

g ound
r 5 ; an
,
d fo 1. mount inou s a d ocky g ound
r 4 N a n r r , . o

a ccount is t a ken of th h pe of th d in g e which hould e S a e ra a e ar a , s

b llowed f in th co ffi ci nt Fo T lbo t fo mula C m y

e a or e e e . r a
’
s r ,
a

b t k n s follows F
e a e st
a p a d rocky g ound : to ; for or ee n r ,
I

rollin g g icul t u l cou t y u bj e ct t o flood s f om m ltin g snow

a r ra n r s r e ,

an d of v a ll ey l n gth s of th or four tim t h i wid th s i

e ree es e r ,

(p lu f sa S hort
or v ll y minu s for a lon g o )a; for v e
e ry lon,g ne

v ll eys an d n o a ccumula tin g snows g to or less

a ,
.

TRE STLE S AND P ILE B RIDG E S

r stles
T e A t e tl e b idge con i t of
. floo syst em like tha t
r s r s s s a r

for s rt in g b id g t in g on t e tl e b en t in t
er r es d of t inin g
res r s s s ea re a

w ll a butm nt
a d pi Th e b nt f
e s ingle t a ck con i t s
an ers . e or S r s s

of Sill on which t four p o st s two v tic l p lumb p o t s

a , res ,
er a or s ,

a d two b tt
n p o t T h sa p o ter
s c y p s s T h
. e ill t s e e s a rr a ca . S res

on found tion con i ting of n or mo mud ill s of 6 by

a a s s o e re s

12 inch p l nk und a ch p o t ma on y pi s solid th ou ghout

-

a er e s ,
or s r er r

th e l ngth of the ill or p a t e und e ch p o t , on pil s

e s , se ra r ea s or e .

S lid m a
o y pi s a e u d on solid g ound
son r er d p il r wh e se r an es er
’

th g ound is oft fo a con id e bl d p t h

e r s T h e h ei ght of th
r s ra e e . e

b n t is f om the top of th c p to th bo ttom of th sill T he

e r e a e e .

h tt
a p
ero t h v k s s b tt of
a 3 inch t
e a ra t h foot l s e or a er es o e or es .

Th e l ength of the S ill d ep end on t h h i gh t of th e b ent T he s e e .

68 CUL VERT S B RI D G E S , , AN D M IN O R STR UC T U RE S

p o t
s s m y b mora t i d einto t h e sill se d p a d t n il u ed sa n ca ,
n ree a s s

t h ey m y b no t ch d d d ift bol t d
a e e d ift bolt d lone
an r e ,
. Or r e a ,

t h y m y b dow l ed ; t h y m y b join d by p lic p i ec s on th e

e a e e e a e e s e e
“
S id m king
e, a p l t ajoin t ; p ci l i on
a s er jo int pl te m y b e
”
s e a r -

a s a

u d o p li t c p d ill Th l st tw m thod s a e the mo t

se ,
r s a s an S s . e a o e r s

mod e n d pp ov d
r an a r e .

S w y b cin g
a ra p l nk di gon lly on e ch id e of th e b ent
,
on e a a a a S ,

should b e 3 by inch e 3 10 by 2 i nch es bolt ed p ik ed to

s , or 1 , or s

S in g le Dec k

T RA SV N V
ERS E ELE A IO NS O F BEN S T T

”
1231 12

LONG I TUD V
INAL ELE A IO NS O F BEN S T T

Fi g . 26 . Tres t l e B ent s

t he ch p o t d th S ill I t is not a b solut ely n ecessa ry

c a p , ea s ,
an e .

t h t th ey h o
a uld xt nd o v the caps a d sill s but it i b ett r
s e e er n ,
s e

th t t h ey S hould
a .

Wh n the b ent e xc e d 8 to 3 f t in h ei ght th ey a m a d e

e s e 1 0 ee re

t wo p a t s d th b id ge is known a s a doubl d eck b id ge

r , an e r e -
r .

I f th h ei ght is gr ea t e th a n 4 to 5 0 f eet sp eci a l d esi gn s a e u s d

e r 0 ,
r e .
70 CUL V ERT S B RI D G E S , , AN D M IN O R ST R UC T URE S

n c ess ry Th p il
e a . hould b p l d b efo d ivin g The
e es s e ee e re r .

N Y C H R R R st a nd d p il b idg is S hown in F ig 7
'

. . . . . . . ar e r e . 2 .

The e a v iou ul
r f d t ermi nin g wh n a pil i u ffi ci n t ly
re ar s r es or e e e s s e

d iven All of th rul

r . fo mul h ve emp irica l con tant s
ese es o r r as a s ,

an d b a d on the up po sition tha t th e work don by the d e

a re se s e

s c ndin g p il
e g in st the e i t a nc e of the su oundin g ea th a t
e a a r s s rr r

a S ingle t oke of the d iving hamm er equ l s the wo k don by

s r r a r e

t h t h mm e in its f ll
a a T h eo t ica ll y the p il e should b e driv n
r a . re , e

un til the d et e min d e th resi tance with the p op a fety f c

r e ar s r er s a

tor equ l th p e u e li k ly to com e u p on th e pil

a s e r ss Wh e the
r e e . er

d pt h of compa a tively oft soil is s g t th t piles m y s m

e r s o rea a a ee

in gly b d iven ind fin i t ly p h p

e r of th ese ul s m y b e
e e , er a s on e r e a

u d d wh t is kn own the E gin ri g N ews formula is given

se , an a as n ee n .

I t is

Sa f lo d
e a

in which t o is the w eight of the h a mme in pound s h is th r , e

fa ll in feet an d s the pen etrat ion of th p ile in inch es und e

,
e r

the l ast blow The a rbi t r a y con st a nt

. a dd ed to s i to llow r 1 , ,
s a

for the s t tling of the th a ound th pil b t w n blow ;

e ear r e e e ee s

wh th blow a e apid
ere e in th t a m d iv th bi t ry
s r r ,
as e s e r er, e ar ra

con t an t m y b e duc d t 1
s a re e o
1—
0
B u t und e o din y ci cum t a nc s p il
r r m y b e d iv en t
ar fu a l r s e es a r o re s ,

oft n tim in v ry d p a d compa tively soft soil und e th

e es e ee n ra ,
r e

blow of a p ound h mm 2000 —

e d o i
pp gn f e t Th e d i d a r r 20 e . es re

mi imum pen et tion of p il f

n blow of the h mm may not
ra a e or a a er

be rea li d long th d ivin g is con tin u ed ; b u t if th d ivin g

ze so as e r e r

b di con ti u d f
e s t im n the et of th e m t e i l
e or a ound the e, s a r a s ar

p il e m to give ddi tion l u pp ort ing fo c

see s d the p il es
a a s r e, an

m y b sa fe thou gh not
a e li in g th full equi m nts of th
, rea z e r re e e

fo mul
r Th as. ngin r should not a cc pt uch p ile d ivin g
e e ee e s r

unl ss ex p i nc in t h vicinit y h t u ght him it

e er e e f ty e as a s sa e .

If ock is known to b wi thin

r ch of o din y p il l n gth the e rea r ar e e s,

d ivin g should b e to th ock but c

r hould b t k n t t e r ,
a re s e a e no o

d iv the pil ft it ha s ch d th ock I t i u u a lly economy

r e e a er rea e e r . s s
P ILE B RI D G E S
72 CUL VER T S B RI D G E S , ,
AN D M IN O R ST R UC T U RE S

in driving to u e h mm in which th h a mm e is not t ipp ds a a er e r r e ,

but c i the op down wi th it ; but th e t t blow hould b e

a rr es r e es s

m d wi th h mmer th at t ip s ince b tt r blow i thu in u ed

a e a a r , s a e e s s s r .

Pil e se ut arff t th e p o p c l vl to c ive the p I f

a r er e e o re e ca .

b dly b oom d
a r sp lit th p il e mu t b
e or d wn a d a noth r , e s e ra n e

d iv n I d t minin g th l n gth of p iles om a llowanc for

r e . n e er e e s s e e

b oomin g mu st b e m d e T he bu tt
r uu lly b v l d ff
a . d s a re sa e e e o , an

f qu ntly im of i on i d iven on to p ven t b oomin g d

re e a r r s r re r an

s p li t t in g .

Fil e p u ch sed by t h
es a r lin al foot d the d ivin g is p id
r a e e , an r a

for by the lin l foo t d iv n C eful e x min a tion should b e

ea r e . ar a

m d e of the i te of p il b idg by soundin g with g p ip od

a s a e r e as -

e r s

or bo in g tool in o d th t p il of the p op e l en gth m y b e

r s, r er a es r r a

o d ed I sp cifyin g dim n ion of p ilin g it i w ll t d m nd

r er . n e e s s s e o e a

p il es not l s t h n es inch in di m t a und t

12 h b k in t h e es a e er er e ar

middl th
e , ra t h n som d fin i t er i t th but t th a t th t p e
a e e e s ze a e , e a r

S h ll b unifo m d th p oin t not l th n in ch e in di m t

a e r an e ess a 10 s a e er .

F orpil b id g eon cu v s th p il e e cut ff t un qu l

r es r e , e s ar o a e a

h i gh t t give th p o p slop t the c p

e s o e r er e o a

Tim b er for T e tles an d Pil e B i dges r s F the t in ge nd r . or s r rs a

ti es of t stl re p il brid g es s ou
e or t h e n lon g l f
e p in e D ou gl fi ,
r ea , as r,

commonly known O gon p in good as whi t k re suit e , or a

‘

e oa a re

a bl ; f pil s y of th timb
e or e , an sp u c G ood whi t p in e
ese ers , o r r e . e

o r s p uc e will n sw e for c ap gu d a il
r a wa y b a cin g p ckin g
r s, ar r s, s r , a

block t but not inf qu ntly o k is s e sily obt ined an d i

s, e c .
,
re e a a a a s

of cou e p ef bl rs r era e .

T imb e xc p t in p i lin g
er, is estim t d by th thou a nd f et
e , a e e s e ,

bo d me su in p la c in th t uctu e which u u ally mean s

ar a re , e e s r r , s

including th i on which is e tim t ed by th p ound

e r , s a e .

C onc t Pil F o un d tion

re e A l t t yp of p il f
e found ation
a . a e e e or

f or t stl e o b id ge m on y i th e conc t p il m d in p l c e
re s r r as r s re e e a e a

by d ivin g a coll p ibl t l tub e wi thd win g it d fi llin g th

r a s e s ee ,
ra an e

hol with conc t e o ma d with einfo cing b of st e l to b

e re , r e r r a rs e e

d iv n a s wood n p il s
r e d iv n e e a re r e

Sc ew Piles
r Fo om p ci l st uctu s scr w p il
. r s e u sed e s e a r re e es a r .

Th ese con i st of c n t a l sh a ft with v y b o d thread ,u su lly

s a e r a er r a a
 THE M AS O N RY 73

m d e of c st i on d s unk by t wi t ing in t o t he s oil Th e

a a r an s . se

p il e m y b e ev
s l f e t in out id di m et
a sd e b t in t e
e ra e s e a er a n ar u r

q u n t ly u e d wh ere t h e e i g eat d ep t h of com p

e s t iv ly oft r s r a ra e s

b ot t om .

G I RDE R AND TRU SS B RIDG E S .

*

In ding wh a t follow it mu t b und e tood th at p ctic

rea s s e rs ra e

va i es con id e a bly on ith e id e of the mea n figu e given

r s r e r s r s ,

a cco din g to t he jud gm n t of t h

r d e igning ngin ee th mon ey e e s e r, e

a v il bl e a n d t h e sp eci l
a a , qui ement s of the sit of th t uctu a re r e e s r re .

Th e Ma son r y F double t a ck bridg the b t fo m of

. or -
r es es r

a bu t m nt is a win g wa ll r t a inin g wa ll Th e m a in w a ll will b e

‘
e e .

fro m 4 to 6 f t thick unde the co ping an d will h a v thickn e s

ee r , e a s

of not le s than s the h ei ght a t an y point b elow T h e foo ting .

cou ses will b e 5 to 8 in ches thick an d will p oj ect f om

r 1 1 ,
r r

6 inch es to foot b eyond the ba se of the wall Th a me p oj

1 . e s r ec

t ion p ert a in s to wh a t e ver sort of found tion mu st b e buil t b low a e

t he footin g co u rse I n a t e m th t p of t he footin g cou

. s r a e o rse

S hould not b e a b o v e low w t e T h e b a ck p o tion of th w ll a r. r e a

is c i ed u p in wha t is c a lled a p a r p t w ll to et a in the b ll st

a rr a e a r a a ,

an d sin gl e l a ge sq ua e ton es ma y b e l a id on the co p in g f

r r s b idg or r e

s ea t s Pi e s will b e from 8 to
. r feet long by f om 5 to 7 feet 1 22 r

thick und r the co pin g which will b from to 4 inch e thick

e , e 12 2 s .
‘

Th pi e s will b e b a tt red a d on th u p s tr m id e will h a v e

e r e ,
n e -

ea s

an ice no e a s sho wn in F i s , g 29 Wh no i e fo ms th u p . ere c r e

s t ea m en d ma
r
y b e ound ed an d th b est lookin g p i r i on e in , e er s

which abo ve high wa t r both end a e ound ed Th ese pi e s e s r r . r ,

if of maso n y hould b e built of fi t class masonry ; m any e

r , s rs -
ar

now built of concret e .

Anoth er form of p i er con si st s of st eel cylind ers sunk in the

r iver a round a clu t r of p ile a d fi ll ed with conc et e O e s e s n r . n

cylin der is u s d fo ea ch tru ss an d the two conn ec ted with la t era l

e r ,

It i p t f
s no t h p p f
art h i b k t
o k p t
e h b j
ur f b id
ose o g d ig s oo o ta e u e su ec t o r e es n,

b ut m gso el t t i en era gi v i t h b i i
s a e n e n t s a re
g l t i g typ en to a ss s t e e nn er n se ec n a e

of b ridge a nd t o est im at e it s c ost .

74 C ULVERTS BRI D G E S
, , AN D M IN O R ST R UC T URE S

' '
E) JO I D
od or
s 30 dB

"
M 0
‘

O 3° I
 T HE M ASO N RY 75

0
a
o
3 H S s p19 $
u $a v m
e
fi 3
m5
t o 0 ° u
2 £ n
6 n
8
9
a

0 n
8 < 2 a
0
a
c cc
F 3 s 9 o
B a
c x s

n o o c 5
5 m n g fl m c o
3 3
e
o m fl a w
mo
fl :

6 3 2
k d
m 3 a 1

o m : 8 O
w 8 cm 9
m e
— 20
n m fi 2
m a

n
b 0 3 S d
B
m5
m
a
h m o
—
a
m
o
S o
o
h a

OQ
X J GQ

ax mm
76 CUL VERT S B RID G E S , ,
AN D M IN O R ST R UC T URE S

b cin g of pl t
ra ngl Such p i s m y b u d wh
a es or a th es . er a e se ere ere

i con id
s sbl d p th of fi m bo tt om to hold th pi
era e e g in t r e er a a s

flood d i an d wh n th n c
ce , an y bottom i w nting th e e e essa r s a e

cylind s may be b dd d in c ibwo k fi ll d with ton

er e e a r r e s e or

conc t re e .

F ort mpo ry wood n b id g in w count y p il butm n t

e ra e r es ne r , e a e s

an d pi m yb u d
e rs a e se .

Su p t u c tu
ers r F ho t p n
re . wh mo e th n
or S r s a s, or ere r a on e

s p n
a i qui
s re d d ck b id
re g i ,
conomy
a if t h
e i h d oom r e s e ere s ea r

for th n c e y w t w y T h d pth of th t u
e ess a r a er gi d a . e e e r ss o r r er

will be f om 6 to } of the p n F p n und

r 1
1
; f t s a . or s a s er 20 ee

oll d I b m s m y b u d b t w n 2 0 d 1 0 0 f t pl t g i d
_

r e ea a e se e ee an ee , a e r

e ; b t w n 1 00
rs e ee d 2 50 f t iv et ed l at t ic e g i d ; ov e 2 5 0
an ee , r r ers r

f t p i con ct d t u
ee ,
n ne Th fi gu
e p r nt bout v
sses . e se res re rese a a er

a g pe n t p
rese c t ic but t h
ra e i t o g t nd ncy t
e, m k ll er s a s r n e e o a e a

b t v y lon g t u
u er of th riv t d typ Which whil mo co tly
r s s es e e e e, , e re s ,

a re s ti ff F . v y lon g pan s 5 t ove 6 f t th c n ti

or er s ,
00 o r 00 ee , e a

l v
e t l
er, s ee ch d u p n ion b idg
ar ,
an e th e typ t u e
s s e s r es a r es o s .

B i d g W i gh t
r e T h w i gh t O f st l in th v iou fo m
e s . e e s ee e ar s r s

of b idg m y b tim t d with su ffi ci nt p ci ion f om th

r es a e es a e e . re s r e

followin g fo mul t k n f om John on B y n a d T u m u

r a a e r s ,
r a ,
n ea re s
’

“
F m d St uc tu
ra e I th
r fo mul W is th to t l w i gh t of
re s . n ese r as e a e

th p
e s n of al n gt h l b u t in
e p l t g i d l i , th l gth ov ll a e r e rs s e en er a

P T LA E G I RD E RS
D ec k pl
g ird er
a te

T hro u gh p la t e gird er, iro n oo r fl syst e m

T hrou gh p la t e gird e r, la rge t ies on s h e lf or

g fl an e an
gles W= 9} Z2 150 1
T hro u g h p la t e gird er , so lid iro n fl oor W= 1 2 12 800 1

RI V E T ED LA TT C B
I E RI D G E S
k b id g
D ec ti
r t p h d
e , c ro s s -
es o n o c or

Th g h b id g
ro u i fl y t m
r e, ro n o or s s e

PI N C CTONN E B S ED RI D G E

D k p ec ti
s t p h d
a n , c ross -
es o n o c or

D k p ec i fls
y t m
an , ro n oor s s e

T hro u gh sp a n , iro n fl oor sys t e m

7 8 CUL VE RT S B RID G E S , , AN D M IN O R ST R UC T URE S

C attle G uard s ca ttle gu a d is structu e in tended to

. A r a r

pre ven t c ttl passing from a hi ghw y c o ssin g t th e right of way

a e a r o

of th ilro d I t Should b
e ra a d e ign d a to ma k e th e p assage
. e so s e s

so diffi cult un p l s n t th t no hoof d nim l will c o ss it an d

or ea a a e a a r ,

yet i t mu st t c t ch t h anim a l a d hold it if it a tt em p t

no a e to m k e n s a

th c o sin g
e r s T h mod ern form of gu a rd is a surf c e gu a d on e
. e a r ,

ELEV AT IO N

PLAN

Fi g .
30 . S urface Ca t t le G ua rd

form of which is Shown in th fi gu e The typ e is c alled surfa ce e r .

gu a d t di st in gui h it f om th old
r o comm on typ e of pit gu a d
s r e er r ,

whi ch w s pit a bou t feet d p c o ss d by the ra ils on strin ge

a a 2 ee r e rs ,

a d o t h rwi se o p en on t op o
n e p t ly cov e ed by t ri a n gul ar sl a t s r ar r .

S ec t ion of f nc e l n gthwi s of the t ck an d r t in g a t a n in

s e e e ra es

cli nati on th end s of the c o ss o wing fence e ve to keep

on e r r s s r

sm ll a t ock f om get t in g a ound t he

s r nd of the win g fenc es r e s .

C tt l e gu a d will di pp a wi th th
a r s boli tion of grad e c o sings
sa e r e a r s .

F enc es Th e i gh t of w y of Am e ic n
. r il o a ds is fenced a r a ra r

b etw n st tion s but a s a rul e ot wi thin the limit s of an y to wn

ee a ,
n

or ci ty T he f nce s ves only to ma k the bound a ies of the

. e er r r

ri ght of way an d to keep ca ttle from the tra cks I t is not d esign ed .
 F EN C E S 79

to be f ctive in k pin g m f om t pa ssin g A ff c tive

ef e ee en r res . n e e

f nc a d p olic e vic would p v n t p ob bly two thi d th

e e n se r e re e r a r s e

d th s now d ue to o p tion of t in d would do much t o

'

ea era ra s, an

e limin t e the common t mp I t is g n lly u ppo d th t

a ra . e era s se a

Am ic n o d c n ot ff o d t hi
er a r a s d equ t p o tection I t will
a n a r s a a e r .

p ob bly b
r a co gni d v n tu lly a n c es ity
e re ze e e a as e s .

F r p o nt co gni d n d th b e t f nc i a ga lv ni d
re s e re ze ee s, e s e e s a ze

wi fence 4 % f et hi gh of bout nin st nd s clo p c ed n

re e ,
a e ra , se s a ea r

t h bo tt om t o tu n s m ll
e nim ls The v t ic l t y wi
r a a
e a . er a s a res a r

sp c d 1a e inch e p t d th hori on t l wi s 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 s a ar an e z a re , , , , , , ,

9 , d 9 inch
an B a b d wi es hould not b u d Th p o t
. r e re s e se . e s s

m y be c d
a Ch t nut bl ck locu t o
e a r, o th du bl wood
es ,
a s , r er ra e .

T h y should h v e
e min imum ction qu l to th
a a of ci cl se e a e a rea a r e

of 4 inch di m t es d hould b 8 f et lon g

a e er, T h y hould
an S e e . e s

b e sp c d f
a e om 6 % tor33 f ee t p t 1a cco din g to t h e ch c t a ar ,
r a ra er

of th e g ound d th s vic lik ly to b e qui d an d t not

r an e er e e re re ,
se

l th n 3 f t in the g ound wh e thi i p ct ic bl E d

es s a ee r er s s ra a e . n

p o t a
s s d g nt p o t l
a e g d lon g hould
s s a re b s t not l
a r er a n er, s e e ess

t h n 4 f t in t h g ound
a ee d t ho ou ghly b c d g in t th e p ull
e r , an r ra e a a s

of the f nce d th c o t in of th e op n d g t The wi

e an e r ss s ra e e a e . . re

i u su a lly st run g on th e S id of th p o t a w y f om the t ck

s e e s s a r ra ,

e xc p t on cu v wh e it is s pl c d s to put th wi t in
e r es , re o a e a e re s ra

a g in as t t h po st e .
 C HA P TER V I I

TURNOUTS

l Form
G en era Wh en t ck b nch f om a noth er it
. on e ra ra es r ,

do s so by wh t i c ll d tu nou t Th e ch an g f om m in
e a s a e a r . e r a

t ck to tu nou t i ccomp li h ed by in t oducing two mov ble

ra r s a s r a

rail ith r bo th m in lin e il ( tub witch )

s, e e a m in lin a il ra s
“

s s ,
on e a e r

an d on e turnout ra il ( p lit witch ) or both turnout s ils ( Wh a s ,

ra r

ton safety swi t ch ) .

S tu b Swit ch T h e s tub swit ch i S hown in F ig 3

. Th e s . 1.

mov ble m in lin e ils P H a d A8

a a c ll d switch il
ra n a re a e ra s .

Th e ils mo v d es ra a re e

t H a d B f om a n r

m in lin e to tu nou t a r

an d b ck by m e n of a a s

mg a .
l v e
3,
L conn e c t d to e r e

th e ils by od The ra r s .

ra ils th emselves h eld to geth er by tie ods The out e il

a re r . r ra

a d th e turnout cu v e of t h
n m in lin e il c o s t F t which
r e a ra r s a ,
a

point wh t i c ll d a f o g i in t oduc d t p ovid ch nn l f

a s a e r s r e o r e a e s or

th e p ssa ge of th e wh l fl
a
g a c o th in t e ectin g il
ee an es r ss e rs ra s .

Th e witch s il p ik
ra d to t h ti s for a p t of th eir l n gth
s a re s e e e ar e

f om P d A tow d H d 8
r an th t wh en p ull d ove t H
ar an , so a e r a

an d B to th t u nout il end s t h y b nd to
e r l tic cu ve which
ra e e an e a s r

in c lcul tion s i
a a um d t b i cul r
s a ss of diu s qu l t
e o e a C r a a rc ra e a o

t h t of t h t u nou t cu v
a e r d th e f e l n gth of switch r il i
r e, an re e a s

compu t d on thi u pp o sition Th e di t nce mov ed t H an d B

e s s . s a a

i known a th th ow
s s Gu d e ils G a e p l c d o pp o sit e th
r . ar ra r a e e

f o g to hold th wh eel clo a g in t the ra il o ppo it th f o g t

r e s se a s s e e r ,
o

gu a d ga in t th e p o ibili t y of th e fl n g of th e wh el n e xt t h
r a s ss a e e e

f o g t iki g it point d runnin g u p on it wi th d n g of d il

r s r n s an a er era

m nt T h ese gu d il s re u sed wh a t e ver the fo m of wi t ch

e . ar ra a r s ,

80
82 T URN O UT S

h l of wi t ch d t
ee
h l
s
n gt h of an e e th e mov bl a e ra i l th e length of
h lw y xt l g nd
,

i ar e a
swit ch At th p oin t of wit ch
.
t e s ere s a a s an e ra

h d b lock t th p oin t of f o g
ea — o e
m u d by om m k
r
lon g ,
ea s re s e a ers a

th t i gh t
e s ra il d y o h b tra s an
lon g t h cu v d il i c
er
ll d t h
a e r e ra ,
s a e e

ob ly ch ic lly h di t nc lon g t h cu v d il a e r e ra
l d P
ea b t r n a t
,
e a ,
e s a e

lon i ht il would b
.

h t t e er
i ths l de d t h
ea di t
,
nc
an g te
t g
s a e a e s ra ra

b kno
e w n t h f o g diast nc e r s a e .

nd d fo m of i t ch i hown in F i 3 T h pl t e a es
A t s a p
arl t Swi r s g 3 s s . .

hown t d 6 c ll d f ic t ion
an p l t an d th e
a re a e r a es ,
s 3 4 5
a , , ,

Fi g .
33 . S pl i t S wi t ch

swit ch i f equ ently m d p r i lly

s r t u t om t ic by sp a
in g e
rr n g e
a a a a a r a a

ment a tt a ch d t th e fi r t conn ct in g d
e o
c ll d t h h a ds
d e
-

ro ,
a e e e ro ,

by mean of which unl th swi t ch i th o op n by w n t h l v e

s r e e e r,
s ess e
,

k m in l n but h e t in m e
nt t h e
m i
a n er
it i ep t
s t i n t h i
se
t e y a e, ra a

f the wh e l s will th ow e r

ll tu n the movabl e °

re r
 FRO G S 83

poin t to pla c a t once a ft e the wh eels h a ve p ss d O e m thod

s e r a e . n e

of angem nt is shown in Fig 3 3

a rr e . .

A S witch is a fa cin g p oin t wi t ch to t in s t v lin g t he m a in

—
s ra ra e

t ck in the di ction swit ch f o g d t iling point wi tch

ra re r , an a ra -

t t in s t a v elin g th e m a in t a ck in th di ec tion f o g
o ra r swi t ch r e r r —
.

T h e l tt e a e th e sa fer
a r r .

Th e Wh a rton Sa f et y Swit ch T hi s switch p ovid s fo . r e r a

continuou m in lin I t i a p lit switch bu t wi th mov b le il

s a e . s s ,
a ra s

in the turnout in st e d of th main lin the wheel b in g lift d on

a e e, s e e

a n inclin e so th a t th e fl n ge will c o ss ov th m in lin e il a r er e a ra .

Al thou gh a do p t ed to om xt nt thi s wi tch i not in common s e e e , s s

u se .

o Fr gs F o g w e fo m ly m d qui t
. r ho t a d of c t
s er r er a e e S r n as

i on wi th t eel point a d top p l t s T h ey e now a lmo t al to

r s s n a e . ar s

g th
e e r m a d e of il of th e a m e p tt e n
ra th t u d on t h m in s a r as a se e a

Fi g 34

Fi g 35

line of the o a d Th two g n l cla ses sti ff f o gs n d

r . ere a re e e ra s ,
r a

sp in g r il f o g O o din y form of ti ff f og is shown in

ra r s . ne r ar s r

Fig 3 4 .d in F ig 3 5 th n m
,
an of p t giv n . Th a e e a es a r s a re e . ere r

s ev l method s of con t ructi on Fi gu 3 4 i bol t d fro g ; some

era s . re s a e

f o gs a e fast ened to geth with yokes an d a re ca lled yoked or

r r er
84 T U RN O UT S
cl mped f og ; oth e s h a ve
a r s r

t he il rivet ed to thick
ra s a

s t eel p l a t e F i gu e 3 6 is . r

a sp in g ra il f o g
r T he r .

mov bl win g il i h ld
a e ra s e

g a in t a t h f o g p oint by
s e r

sp in gs a t
r S thu s givin g ,

con tinuou m in t ck s a ra .

Th fl n g ofe wh l of
a e a ee

a c t a ki n g the s idin g
ar or

comi n g f om the idin g r s

th ow the p in g il ov
r s s r ra er

a d n p asses th ou gh the r ,

sp in g brin gin g t h e win g

r

ra il b ck t onc ft the a a e a er

wh el h s p ass d
e a e .

F og r know by th eis a re n r

numb e which is th e l ength r,

f om point to h l divid ed
r ee

by the h e l sp d G e rea . en

e lly the l en gth i t k n

ra s a e

a long th middl lin m k e e e, a

in g th e numb qu l h lf er e a a

the c t n g n t of h lf th
o -

a e a e

f og an gl e Som m ke s
r . e a r

u e th e l en gt h
s long the a

g g u
a e id in which cs e e, as

th numb r qu l s h lf th
e e e a a e

c o c nt of h lf th f o g
-

se a a e r

a n gl E xp s d equ
e . re se as a

tion s ,

Fi g 36
.

T h ere e m ny p t tern of f o gs
ar a a s r an d s wi tch e an d d vic for s e es

op eratin g th em d th tud n t i f
,
an e s e s re erre d t f o g ma k e s c t lo gs
o r —
r
’
a a
86 T URN O UT S
to b e t vel ed When po ssible th frog F an d F a e m ade of
ra .
e s r

e qu a l ngl a T h f og F
es wi
. ll a lw y s b e
e a gr
r ea t e a n gl ’
e an d a r ,

is known s th e a

c otch f o g With
r r .

F d F equ a l the
an ,

numb er of F i ’
s

t i m e th s e

nu mb of F er .

Sp lit switch es c a nnot b e m a d e three th ow f om on e p oint r r .

T h ey e a ng d by u sin g tw compl et e witch es e b eginnin g

ar rra e o S ,
on

b eyond the h eel of the oth er c a lled a t and em a angement or as ,

rr ,

Fi g . 41

sho w n in Fig 4 in w hich o .e se

1,t of p oint s is a dv a nc e dn a bout

2 feet b eyond th Oth e I eith c ase bo th witch es m y b e

e r
. n er S a

o pe at ed by sui t bl conn ctin g od s f om e st and

r a e e -

r r on .

C o in
r ssg s an d S l i ps W h n e t ck
. c o sse noth e re t h e on ra r s a ,

a n
a g
rr m ent eof il i kn own a rac so sin g n d fou f o g s a e s a r ss ,
a r r r

requi d I f th c o s in g i t igh t n gl s th e f o g e a ll
re . e r s s a r a e ,
r s ar
 C RO S SI N G S AN D SL I S P 87

90 d
— e ree
g f o g ; but if th c o sin g i at
r s e r s s an y o th n gl
er a e, t wo ;

fro gs r
a e a cut e an d two a obtu e angl d re s e . Th e m ka e up
-

of

SE C T IO N

th e c o sin g
r s is s hown in
i
F gs 4 2 to 4 5 A 90 d e
. .
-

hown gree r ssi g is s co n

in
c o in Fig 4 2 . A r ss g for
.

lect ic t t lin e ov e e r s ree s r

t e m lin e i S hown in s a s s

Fig 4 3 but f h vy .
,
or ea

F ig ,
in te u b n elect ic c o s r r a r r s

in g with ste m lin e a s a s

t nda d stea m il o d c o ing i d i abl

s a r ra r aF t he li gh t t eet
r ss s es r e . or s r

a d st e m lin e c o
n a ing the stea m lin e il
r ss e sim p ly no t ch d ra s ar e

ECTION T HRO UG H SI REEW BQ AD RAILS

‘
.

S EC TIO N T HRO UG H S TEAM RO

AD RAILS
-

SEC TLON B

F ig 4 3
88 T URN O UT S
 U
T RN O U T S

by conn ect in g o d d b ell cran k s f om the

-

r s an r

s me t and th at con t ol the swit ch move “

a s r s

men t
G un tl t T ck s
a e It i om time n e
ra . s s e s c es

sar y tha t a doubl t ck o d S h ll b e con e -

ra r a a

fi n ed for a ShO rt di t nc e to bout the sp c s a a a e

o ccu pi d by e ingl t ck ; a f in t nc
s e ra a s, or s a e,

wh n e id of a doubl t ck b id g i
on e S e e ~
ra r e s

t mp o ily disa bl d
e ra r wh e t ck i e , or re on e ra s

t mp o ily equi d f u in conn ction

e ra r r re or se e

wi th impro v m nt I n t d of in t oduci g
e e s. s ea r n

s witch in such ca
es the two t ck s u s es , ra a re r n

to g th ( s indic t d in Fig
e er a u in g two a e . s

fifro gs but no wi t ch
, Such s n gem nt es . an a rra e

is known a a g un t l t t ck s a e ra .

C o ss Ove s
r -
Wh en two p ll el t c k
r . a ra ra s

are to b e conn ected thi s i a ccomp li h ed by , s s

pu ttin g in wh t i c ll d c o ov e con
a s a e a r ss -

r,

s i t in g of two turnout
s a d ho t con ect in g s n s r n

t r ck which m y b e t i ght b twe n f og

a a s ra e e r

p oin t cu v d wi th
s or v
r e cu ve t th a re e rse r a e

mi ddle of th e c o ove Th l tt fo m i r ss— r. e a er r s

u d wh en it is d esi d to ma k th to t l
se re e e a

l ngth sho t e th n would be po s ibl e wi th

e r r a s

st ra ight t ck b etw n f og p oint

ra ee r s .

C o ov s b tw en p ll l m in t ck
r ss — er e e a ra e a ra s

S hould b e p l c d so t m k t ili na e
gp oin t as o a e ra -

ra th th n f cin g point wi t ch
er a a f th m in —
s es or e a

lin t ine ra in F ig 4 9
s , as . .

La yin g Out Wh n a turnout . co e or r ss

ov i t b e put in som e o
er s o poin t in it ,
ne

will u su lly b e fi x d ith a bit ily by e e er ar ra r or

som e loc l condi t ion ; a nd wh p oint is a e n on e

fi x ed th e o th, p oint s a e d et e min ed by

er r r

compu t tion Thu s if th e p o si tion of th

a .
, e

Fis 4 7 po in t of switch is known the f o g di st nc e ,

r a
 Y
L A IN G O UT 9I

d et ermin es the di t anc e of the poin t of f og a d vi v

s r ,
n ce ers a

Wi th a stub switch t he numb er of the f o g an d t he g u g of r a e

F ig .
48

t he t ck d t e min the adiu of th tu nout cu ve th f o g

ra e r e r s e r r , e r

dist ance n d the l ngth of switch il With th p lit S wi t ch

, a e ra . e s

t he l engt h of switch ra il is a um ed or fi x ed an d th a t t o get h er

ss , ,

Ma in L in e

Fi g .
49

with the gau ge an d the numb e of f o g d et e min e th a diu s r r , r s e r

O f t u nou t cu v
r d t h f o g di st anc
r e an T h ese el em n t
e r d e . e s an

th e di st a nc e b etw een p a ll el t a ck s d et e min e th e l en gth of a

ra r r

c o ss over
r -

Th numb r s 7 to
e includ t he commonly u sed fro gs Seven
e 10 e .

is p ci fi ed by t he Am eric n Railw y E n gin

s e ing d M aint n anc e
a a eer an e

of W y Associ ation th minimu m numb to b e u d in y d

a as e er se ar

d i gn Sp eci al t ack d e igns at st ation s or el sewhere equire

es .
‘

r s r

S p eci al f o g r s .
 C HAPT ER VI II

SIDE TRACKS AND YARDS

id e t ck
S u d t t tion t p mit c s t b e l ft lon g
ra s a re se a s a s o er ar o e a

s id a d po t pl tfo m or
e e mill a f c to y
r d to p ovid
,
a or a r ,
an r e

fo m eetin g or p a ssin g t a in s
r For m eetin g or p a ssin g t a in sid e
r . r s

t cks m y b e equi ed b etw n st ation

ra a r r ee s.

Y d e a ea s cont aining coll ctions of sid e t a cks and n eces

ar s ar r e r

sa y buildin gs
r t t e min a l divi sion or junction poin t s Th eir
a r , , .

u
p p orses to p ovid e hou
a re in g for idl e loc omotiv es ep a i
r hop s s , r r s

fo c a s a n d locomo t iv e
r r sto ehou ses of v a iou s kin d s s,St o a ge r r , r

t cks fo t emp o a ily idle c a s an d to fa cilit te the ec iving

ra r r r r , a r e

a n d d e p tchin g of f ei ght
s a The ea own d a n d u sed by the
r . ar e

ra il o d com p a ny a t
r a st tion i known a s th e y a d a a s r .

T he p o po tion of sid e a d y a rd tra ck s to m a in lin e tra ck is

r r n

a bout a s follows For sin gl t a ck ro a d s of li ght t a ffi c 1 5 p er

: e -
r r

c ent ; the p o po tion va i es for increa sin g t ffi c up to o ver 1 0

r r r ra 0

pe c ent f
r v y h ea vy tra ffi c ; for g ea t trunk lin es of f om two
or er r r

to fou t a cks 333; to 5 0 p e c ent of the sin gle t a ck mil eage

'

r r —
r r .

T hi s p o p o tion is inc
r s in g a
r bu in ss incre ses Wh en for
rea s s e a .

a ny o d it b com s n e c ess ry to p o vid p a ssin g t a ck s e very

r a e e a r e r

fi ve mil es to hold th ee or four t a in s a n ew throu gh tra ck is

r r ,

d si able
e r .

SI DE TRAC KS

Sm all Sta tio Si din gs T h po si t ion of S id e t ck s a t a sm ll

n . e ra a

st t ion will d e end on th e

a lignmen t a d the loc l top g phy
p a ,
n a o ra

an d condi t ion T h e st a tion buildin g if th e e is but on e an d

s .
,
r ,

th sid t a ck S houl d b so loc a t d

e e r ,
l tiv ly as to cu e a mini
e e re a e se r

mum f t a ck c o ssin g by p assen g s or t ms and a cl a Vi ew

o r r er ea ,
e r

of the m in t a ck s At th sam e t ime economy of a r an d t in

a r . e c ra

movement is to be consid e ed If the o a d li es on on e Sid e of the r . r

92
94 S ID E T RA CK S AN D YARD S

so loca t ed that th ere n e d b e no c o ssing of t a ck by t ea ms I f e r r s .

th e e r ev al
a re uch t ck s th ey hould b stub t ck s th e
s er s ra , S e ra ,

s p a c s b etw n th m f w gon s b ing ch d f om the end s

e ee e or a e rea e r ,

as sho wn in F ig 5 T h e t ck should
. b in p i ea ch
2. ra s e a rs ,

p i
a r sp c d 5 f ee
a et c nt e to c ent
2 a d th e t ra ck
,
of
e ch p i r er, n s ea a r

12 f t c n te t c en t
ee , e I n g e a n d g ss m y b e p ovid ed a t
r o er . r ss e re a r

bo th ends if p o ibl e ss .

Pa ssin g Sidin gs for Si gl e T ck O in gl e t a ck ro a d n ra . n s -

p ass in g S idin gs will b e lon g enou gh to hold f om two to four r

tra ins as the bu i , s

n ess requi s O re . n

li ght g d
Fi
ro d s a -
ra e a
g .
53
t in i f equ en tly a ra s r

h alf mil mo long A double Siding ch sidin g holdin g

e or re .
, ea

on e t in i ra b tt e th n ingle S idin g holding two tr in s I t

, s e r a a S a .

i l id out a s in Fig 5 3
s a . .

If two tra in m et e t ak th e sidin g a n d the oth er the m a in

s e , on es

lin ; if two t in s m e t d e to b m et an d p a ssed by a thi d

e ra e an ar e r ,

e ch of th e fi st two t a in s t k es
a r idin g whil th thi d t ra in
r a a s e e r

k e p th m in t ck Th
e s e a n gement of Fig 5 3 int oduc es
ra . e a rra . r

two a ddition l witch e but p e mits e ch of the two S ide t ck ed

a s s, r a -
ra

t a in s to p oc eed without d el y ind p end ently of

r r ch oth e a s a , e ea r,

soon a s the o a d is cl e a d the mo t ion is a ll fo wa d ,

r a r, ve y n r r a r

d si ble condition If n y of th switch es a e to b e op e t ed

e ra . a e r ra

f om a towe by in te locking d evices the tow e hould be t the

r r r ,
r s a

middl swi t ch s Th ese may b e th l aving poi ts or the entry

e e . e e n
~

p oin t ; if th e l a vin g p oint s the t ow er m y c e t a in ly control

s e ,
a r

th le vin g of th t in s I f th middl witch es are nt erin g

e a , e ra . e e s e

p oin t the t a in s n eed not sto p b efo e nt in g th e sidin g th

s, r r e er , e

tow m n th owin g t he
er a wi t ch an d the l ea vin g of th t ains
r s ,
e r

m y b e cont oll ed by si gn l
a r t th l e vin g nd s op e a t ed f om a s a e a e , r r

th e tow e a n d int e lock d with th switch which i too f r a way

r r e e s a

to b thrown by th towerman I f the switch es a re power

e e .

Op era t ed th ey m a ll b e thrown from a th e tow e r

y, .

P ssi g S i din gs f r Dou ble T ck Roa d s

a n oF or doubl e t a ck -
ra .
-
r

ro ad s the p as in g S idings may lie outsid e the ma in tra cks or

s
 S I D IN G C O N ST R UC T I O N 95

b etween th m I f b etw n th m th m in t ck mu t b sp d
e . ee e , e a ra s s e rea

an d th lignm nt in t f d wi th Fi gu 5 4 how bo th
e a e er ere . re S s ar

ra ng m n t the mi ddl wi t ch b in g the le ving p oint s I f

e e s, e s es e a .

th e S id in g a re b et w n th e m a in t ck s t h ey may b e conn c ted

s ee ra , e

Fig .
54

an d a ddi tion l swi t ch pu t in t th xt me end

a es ho wn by a e e re s, a s S

t h e dott ed lin t p mi t t mp o rily doubl in g t h

es , o iding c p
er e ra e s a a

ci ty i o di ection t th e xp n se of th t in th o th
n ne r , a e e a e er .

Wh n th e idin gs e ou t id th m in t ck th do tt d c o ss
‘

e S ar s e e a ra s, e e r

ov m y b p t in to p mit th e u of th e m in t cks f idin g

er a e u er se a ra or s

in em g nci s but it is a doub tful xp edi ent involving som

er e e , e , e

d ng I t wil l b not ed th t th m g ncy c o ov which

'

a er . e a e e er e r ss ers ,

a re u ppo ed to b of inf qu n t
s s e p l c d s t giv re e u se, a re so a e a o e

t iling point swi tch t the xp n e of b ckward mo tion of th

ra es a e e s a e

t in u ing th m
ra s e

Reli f Tra ck s
e O ro a d s of h ea vy bu sin ess th e e p assing
. n s

S idin g m y b e lon g enou gh to p

s a mi t th continu l unning of er e a r

th id t ck d t in while the f t t in p s
e s e -
ra e ra T h t ck i as ra a ses . e ra s

th n Virtu a lly a thi d fou t h t a ck d is kn own

e r orli ef r r , an as a re

t ck
ra .

Sidin g C o tru c tio n C omp ns d with th m in lin S id e

. a re e a e,

t ck e pt t b of inf io con t uction ; old light il

ra s ar a o e d er r s r , ra s an

O ld cull ti s
or u d with poo b ll t a d urf cin g; P s
e a re se ,
r a as n s a as

in g idi n gs p rt icul ly
s li f t cks hould b e of p c tic lly
, a ar re e ra , S ra a

th es m e con t uc t ion
a s t h e m in lin e
s r th old ils d ti a a , e ra an es

b ing u sed on unimp o t nt tation mill d g v l sidin g o

e r a s , ,
an ra e s, r

sp u s r .
96 SI D E T RA CKS AN D YARD S

YARDS

Car M ovem ent T h e p inci p l p oint to b . con id ed in r a e s er

d e ignin g
s y tem of y d t ck i conomy of mov ement of
a s s ar ra s s e

c s Y d t ck
ar . ar t p im ily t o ge t
ra ck bu t ortin g
s a re no r ar s ra ra s, S

t cks on which t in
ra to b c ived b ok n u p m d u p
ra s a re e re e , r e , a e

a g ina d d ,p t chand in th e hoes t t p o

a s ibl e t im e t t h e l a t s r es s e a e s

p o s ibl es x p n e O e N w Een gl nds o d

. s t h p n n
ge ca e a r a e a sse r -

s wi t ch in g i bout o t n th of the whol h nc th y d t cks

s a ne e e, e e e ar ra

should b d ign d fi t f the f eight t ffi c T hi do es n t

e es e rs or r ra . s o

m n th t conomy in h ndling th p a en g c
ea a e hould b a e ss er a rs s e

n gl ct d F igh t divi ion p oint a d y d s occu mo f e

e e e . re s s n ar r re r

qu n tly th n p n g divi ion p oint

e a a sse d y d er s s an ar s .

A l ge p o tion of th c
ar h ndl d by y il o a d e c iv ed
r e a rs a e an ra r ar re e

by it t t mi n l junction p oin ts f om o th
a er a or il o d T h y r er ra r a s . e

ar e c iv d in t in s port ion s of t in s m d up by th d li v
re e e ra ,
or ra ,
a e e e

e in g
r o a d in th e w y mo t conveni nt to i t lf O
r a o d of s e se . n a r a

two o mo e di vi ion t i to g th e whol of o divi ion bu t

r r s s, ra n s o e ne s ,

to b di st ibu t d in th e cond divi ion m y b m d u p at th

e r e se s , a e a e e

t min l wi thout
er a fe nc t the o d of di t ibu tion on th n xt
re re e o r er s r e e

divi ion V ying rulin g g a d s on di ff ent di vi ion m y e

s . ar r e er s s a r

qui e the b a kin g u p of th ou gh t in s a t divi ion p oin ts At

r re r ra s .

a l g t min l p oint m ny c a
ar e er a lo d d om wi th th ou gh a rs a re a e , s e r

f eight d om wi th loc l f ight F i gh t t h t i to g th

r an s e a re . re a s o e

en t i l ngth of th e o d or divi sion c n b mo st conomic lly

re e r a a e e a

h ndl d in th ou gh t in doin g no wi t chin g n r u t L oc l

a e r ra s s e o e . a

c s c n b mo t conomic lly h ndled if th y a e a an ged in

ar a e s e a a e r rr

th e t in in st t ion o d
ra ; t ho s to b e d o pp d fi t n
a r t th er e r e rs ea res e

locomo tiv I t is ch p e to do th n ec essa y sortin g in th f

e . ea r e r e or

w din g y d th n u t on the o d T h fo c s c iv d
ar ar a o r a . ere re, ar re e e

o rlo d d t a t e min l
a e a o t d d m d e u p into con veni nt
r a a re s r e an a e

t in b fo
ra b in g fo w d d C thu c iv d m y b e divid d
s e re e r ar e . a rs s re e e a e

in t o cl s a d sub cl a sse for in ta nc

n -

a sses , s e

C
1 . t g t h ou gh the full l n gt h of th e o d o divi sion
a rs o o r e r a r .

C s to b di t ibu t d a t loc l t t ion on th e divi ion

2 . ar e s r e a s a s s ,

includin g c s t b d li v d to o th er lin es t junction poin ts

ar o e e ere a .
98 S I D E T RA CK S AN D YARDS

an d h ou gh c s T h s m y b e ho t th an a t ain
on e for t r ar . e e a S r er r

l ngth wh n dv nc t cks a p ovid d

e , e a a e ra re r e .

3 L oc. l o d t ck s on which
a t h cl r i fi ed c er p l a c d in
ra ,
e a ss a rs a re e

st t ion o d e
a T h e e a e ho t t ac k s holdin g f om fi ve to t en
r r. s r S r r r

c s ch
ar ea .

4 Adv nc e t a ck s on which th e
. a sso t d c s a e p l c ed in
r ,
a r e ar r a

t in
ra dy to b e t ken ut by
s rea ngin comin g by the ho t t a o an e e S r es

p o s ibl sout f eom t h e oundhou

r se Ae set of dv
r nc t ck s r . a a e ra

may b n g d f fast f ight only Adv nc t ck mu t b e

e a rra e or re . a e ra s s

a tr a in l n gth lon g -

e .

5 R p. i t ck on
e which c
a rs n din g p
ra i s a e p c ed
lsa ar ee re a r r .

6 StO ge t a ck s fo
. mp ty c s t empo ily idl a d fo hold
ra r r e ar ra r e, n r

c a rs .

7 M i sc ell n ou s t a ck s to co l in g st tion s t n fe p l t fo m s
. a e r a a ,
ra s r a r ,

sho p s d p o t , t e s, e c .

8 If th p olin g sy tem of switchin g is u d t h e will b e o e

. e s se , er n

o rtwo poling t ck ra s .

w ytm
S it ch in g S Th th systems of witching in
s e s . ere a re ree s

u s : t il
e wi t ching d illin g p olin g d g vi ty swi t chin g
a s or r , ,
an ra .

B y th e fi t y st m th switch en gin e is t t ch ed a t th
1 . rs s e e a a e rea r

of th t in who c s a to b ort d p u sh s the t in h ead

e ra se ar re e s e , e ra a

a d udd nly st o p ;
n s e mo e c s t the fo w d d d ti ed
e s on or r ar a r ar en , es n

to ome p rticula cl s t a ck h a ve b n p viou sly uncou p l d

s a r as r , ee re e ,

a d wh n t h
n t in sto ps contin u on th i w y to th i p l c e A
e e ra e e r a e r a .

c a r, or sev al c s to g t h e
.
t a t d in t hi w y is c ll d
er ar cu t e r, re e s a , a e a ,

an d is idd en by swi t chm n who s to p s it

r t th p o p apl c a a e r er a e .

Aft th fi s t cut is s nt h e d th e t in i d wn b ck
er e r d a g in e a a , ra s ra a an a

p u sh d f wa d t e hunt a second u t ; the o p tion is p t d

or r o s c era re ea e

t ill the t in ha s ll b en sort d ra T hi s sy st m involvin ga p t d e e . e ,

re ea e

j e kin g n d la g mov m nt of the t in b ckwa rd a d forwa d

r a r e e e ra a n r ,

i in d c
s sin g f vo
e rea a r .

Polin g is ccompli h ed thu

2 . T h switch n gin a un on a s s: e e e r s

t ck p a ll l t o th a t on which th t r in t b e sort ed t nd ; th
ra ra e e a o s a s e

se vera l Cu t a uncou pl d ; the ngin is st a tion ed b ehind the

s re e e e

fi st cut an d th ou gh
r pole or st a ke pla c ed again st the co m er
, ,
r a
 S WI T C H IN G S YSTE M S 99
b l ata nt

i on of th re
r pu h th u t
e ar c a r, s es e c
H ome

a h d t ill it h u fli ci n t p d to c y it
ea as s e s ee a rr

t it p l c ; th
o s n gin th n tu n f th
a e e e e e re r s or e

s cond u t
e d s on till th t in i o t d
c , an o e ra s s r e ,

wh n no th t in i p l c d on th t ck
e a er ra s a e e ra

an d th o p tion p t d Som tim a

e era re ea e . e es

sp ci l s m a ll p olin g c
e a i tt ch d t th e ar s a a e o

e n g in A swit chm n id a ch c t t o it
e . a r es e u s

d e t in t ion O t h fo w d c of c t
s a . n e r ar ar a u

t h e numb of t he t ck t o which it g o i
er ra es s

ch lk da c ded d on t he
e or ar of t h , an rear e

c ut t h e t a ck of t h e followin g ou t
r Th e e . s

num b e in t uc t t h e wit ch t end wh t

rs s r s -
er a

s wi t ch t et es o s .

F i gu 55 s how
re s a typic l p ol in g y d a ar

d sign by M W L D
e involvin g the
r. . . err,

t ckra l dy m nt ion d a d lmo t no

s a rea e e n a s

sli p wi t chs N such y d is v

es . lik ly
o ar e er e

to b built b ec u s th e loc l condi tion s i

e a e a ,
n

cludi g t ffi c top o g phy a d a v il bl

n ra , ra ,
n a a e

l nd will ff ct th d i gn bu t th fi gu
a , a e e es , e re

giv s egood ida of wh t i qui d ea a s re re .

3 I th thi d y t m g vi t y wi t chin g
. n e r s s e ,
ra s ,

th y d f om c ivin g t ck t a dv nc
e ar r re e ra s o a e

t ck
ra is s con tinuou dow g d
on e s n ra e, so

t h t th c m y b e run fo w d with t
'

a e a rs a r ar OII

a y n gin e
n e An n gin i om t im n d d
. e e s s e es ee e

to st t the cu tar d it s v s t im t s, an a e e o u se

a n e ngin e to b ing b ck th m who h v r a e en a e

r idd n th cu ts I f such a y d i on
e e . ar s a

n a tu l g d t in f bo th di ction
ra ra e, ra s or re s

mu st b ec ived t th e s m
e r e d of th a a e en e

y d d the so ting d m kin g mu t

ar an r an re a s

p oc
r ee d in e di e c t ion only
on t hu in v lv r , s o

i g b ckwa d motion t h ou gh th
n a r y d r e ar

for ll t a in runnin g a g in t th g d
a r s a s e ra e .
I OO S I D E T RA CK S AN D Y ARD S

G ra vity y d s e in pidly inc in g f vo in th Uni t d S t a t es

ar ar ra rea s a r e e ,

wh m ny c ll d hump y d
ere a so b in g l id out Th y d
-

a e ar s a re e a . e ar

i a hump y d wh n th g d
s are in t oduc d by con t uc t d
e e ra es a r r e s r e

ea r t hwo k th e t o p o g p hy
r ,
t p mi t t in g n t u l g d Such
ra no er a ra ra es .

y d m y b e hump d t bo th nd p ovidin g only fo w d

ar s a e a e s, r r ar

movem n t f t in in bo t h di ction The c ivi g t ck of

e or ra s re s . re e n ra s

on e s t will b e high th n th o pp o si t dv nc t ck s of the

e er a e e a a e ra

o th t P ob bly
er se . b tt w y is to pu t th e hump in th c n t e
r a a e er a e e r

of th y d th me hill vi g wi t chin g mov m n t bot h w ys

e ar , e sa ser n s e e s a .

Such hump y d i t h t d ign d by M H M N o th C E

a ar s a es e r . . . r , . .
,

for th D u p o y d of th e M i ou i P ci fi c R il o d
e ar d shown ss r a a r a , an

in th fi gu e Th b nc e of loc l o d t cks d the l ge

e r . e a se a r er ra an ar

p por o t ion of hold

r t ck no t ic bl ra s a re ea e .

Y d D i gn
ar Wi t h es in gl t ck o d a ll y d t ck s S hould
. a S e -

ra r a ar ra

b one id of th m in lin e to p v n t c o in g the m i lin e

on e s e e a ,
re e r ss a n

for y d wo k F th s m
ar r son it is b e t t
.
p d
or t h m in e a e rea s o s rea e a

t cks of double t ck o d d p l c ll y d t ck wi th hops

ra a -

ra r a ,
an a e a ar ra s s

d buildin g b t w n th e two m in t ck
'

an s e ee a ra s .

T d i gn o y d the n gin e hould know th followin g f cto s

es a ar e er s e a r

in the p obl m r e :

Th e m xi mum l n gth of incomin g

a d outgoin g t in in
e ch an ra s ea

di ction th numb of f i gh t cl i fi c tion to b m d for

re , e er re a ss a s e a e

t h ou gh
r d loc l c an d th v g numb of c s a d y of
a a rs , a n e a era e er ar a

e ch cl s
a
p o p ct
a s, s t inc r s in numb of y class
e s a o an rea se er an ,

wh th e t f t f i gh t i to b
er or n o p t d th numb er of c
as re s e se a ra e , e ars

a w k to b h ld for o d e s v e g numb e of c a s a d ay f
ee e e r r ,
a ra e r r or

th t t ion wh
e s a the y d i th m ximum numb
ere of crippl d ar s, e a er e

ca rs , e mp t y c d pa ng c to p ovid f
a rs , a n O e xi tin g sse er a rs r e or . n s

lin s thi s in fo mation i

e ily cu d by conf nc of the
r s ea s se re a ere e

d ep rt m nt s involv d but on n w lin e the judgm en t of the engi

a e e , e s

n e mu t be e xe ci d
er s r se .

I n a ddi tion to p o int l dy m n tion ed the following point s s a rea e ,

should b ob s v d in th d ign of y d S lip swi t ch s should

e er e e es a ar : e

b e as few p o ibl con sid bl numb i u su lly a e vi

as ss e, a era e er s a n

d nc of p tchwo k in
e e old y d
a in su ffi ci ent study in a
r an ar or

n ew y d ar .
1 02 S I D E T RA CKS AN D Y ARD S
 YARD D E SI G N 10 3

t r cks an d conn cted wi th th em by sli p switch e but neh con

a e s, S

s r t uction should b e a void ed S f a s po ibl O ar ss e .

Wh th e
ere m ny cl i fi c t ion t ck th n t ing d
er a re a a ss a ra s, e e er en

S hould b e w ed g h p d to conc n t ate the witch a d to a ve

e s a e e r s es , n S
-

wea of f o gs a d wi t ch es an d to short n the l d N t mo

r r n s , e ea s . o re

t h a n ighte t body t ck should l d ff f om o le d o

or en . ra s ea o r ne a r

la dd e t ck Som of the a dv nt ges of the sm ll numb e of

r ra . e a a a r

bod y t a cks fo e ch le d t ck a shown in Fig

r r a a ra re .

Automa t ic sc l s hould b p ovid d on th t a ck conn c tin g

a e s e r e e r e

r e c eivin g a d cl ssi fi c t ion t

n cks O th e sc l c s e
a a ra . n es a es ar ar

wei gh ed a th ey p ss o v s De d t ck should b e p ovid ed clo

a er . a ra s r se

t
o th e c a l e t a ck for p s in g c a
s r not to b weigh d th t th a s rs e e , a e

s c l s n eed b e u sed no mo
a e th n n c y The d ea d t cks re a e essa r . ra

m y b e u ppo t d on p o t set in th sc l e pit

a s r e s s e a

At imp o t nt st a tion s wh r a much bulky d h ea vy f ight e re an re

is to b h a ndled b etween c a s
e d wa gon s t u cks on e mo e r an or r , or r

c n es should b e p ovid d con ve ie t to e o mo e of the t e m

ra r e n n '

on r r a

t ck s
ra .

T l g a phic t l ephonic or b ll i gn l comm unica t ion should b e

e e r , e , e -

s a

e t a b li h ed b etw een t h e t a in d esp t ch o ffi c d oundhou

’
s s r a er s e an r se,

y d o ffi ces a d block t tion s A t lephon u ppl ment d by

ar ,
n s a . e e, s e e

b ll si gna ls op e a t d und e a cod e is p h p th b est me ns of

e r e r , er a s e a

communic ation .

Ya d to be u s d at night should b w ll light ed El ct ic

r s e e e . e r

li gh ts a e b est but mu t b c
r , fully p l ced wh th y will b s e a re a ere e e

of mo t se vic ve y high f o m the g ound

s r e, r d not n y r r , an ea r a n

si gn a l ; th ey e p l c ed hi gh t oar duc the Sh dows Elect ic

a re e a . r

light s m ke the b t swit ch light

a es s .

M in t a ck ya d switch s hould b e o p erat ed f om a c ent a l

a -

r r e s r r

st a t i on a d int e lock ed wi t h m in t a ck
n r ign als a -

r s .

W te c n es should b e loc a t ed t the en gin e hou se a t poin t s

a r ra a -

wh e wi t ch en gin e wo k at co a l p ockets if f r f om the en gin

er s s r ,
a r e

hou s e, an d a t t h e out go in g nd s of th y d A m in wi th hy e e ar . a

d nt s a bout
ra feet pa t should b e loc t ed long the ceivin g
2 00 a r a a re

F m
ro
“Th Th y f D ig e f R i lw y F igh t T m i l
eor o v l bl
es n o a a re er n a s,
”
a a ua e

p
a per b f h
e ore W S i
t e y f E gi b y H
est ern M N t h C E
oc et o n n eers , . . or , . .
 I O4 S I D E T RA CK S AN D YARD S

t cks fo the u se of c in specto

ra r d th e should b e w a t e a t
ar rs , a n re r

c ttl p en s T h Should b fi hyd an ts n e imp ort ant build

a e . ere e re r ar

ings a d n ea sto ge t a cks

n r ra r .

Ai ho a d an a i b
r se k e t estin g plant should b e pro vid d fo
n r ra e r

d p rtu e
e a dvanc t a ck
r or a e r s

Ya r d B u ildi n gs O din a y y a d buildin gs will con si st of

. r r r

roundhou se i e hou e ya d Offi c e a in p cto s st tion sign al

,
c -

s ,
r , c r s e r
’
a s,

s tation s s nd hou e p i hop a d a buildi g for the u se of

,
a -

s ,
re a r s ,
n n

t h e t inm n w i tin g fo t in
ra e B in s holdin g link s an d pin s ma y
a r ra s .

b e p l c d t conv ni nt p oin t
a e a T he found t ion s of buildin gs
e e s . a

n t a cks mu t b c fully looked ft e an d m d e fi m Stand

ea r r s e a re a r a r .

ar d clock s hould b f t n ed t o m a sonry pi e s rea chin g fi rm

s e as e r

found tion d en t i ely d t ch d f om floo of buildin gs I cin g

a s an r e a e r rs .

st t io s a
a n eed d a t all divi sion t min als ; they Should be
n re e er

pl ced n e the out goin g d of th f t f ight tra ck s on a sepa

a ar en e as -

re

ra et t a ck a cc e ibl a lik
r ,
to incomin g an d outgoin g t ain s n d
ss e e r , a

so ng d th t the in comin g o d en gin e m y t ake ca rs to b e

a rra e a r a a

ic d di ctly to the icing t tion wh e e th e u tgoin g train m ay

e re s a r o

t k t h m on
a e T h utmo st c a
e a d tho ou gh
. in und er d in
e re n r n ess ra

i g u f c d inin g
n , s r a d b ll st in g a y a d will b e high econo m y
e ra , an a a r .

Pa ssen g Te m in a l s should h a v e
er s r i s of cro ss overs ou tsid e a er e -

th t tion t o p e mit mov m nt f om n e t ck to an o th e ; t h e e

e s a r e e r o ra r r

S hould b e mo t ck th n e ab olut ely n c e sa ry to a llow for

re ra s a ar s e s ,

sp ci l t a in
e t g t n incomin g t in out of t h w y of th p a ss
a r s, o e a ra e a e

a ge f it s n gin to th e en gin e hou se a d to p erm i t m a kin g u p

O e e -

,
n

t ain s at the tation wh n n ec e a ry Wh n th e e is a c n id

r s e ss . e r o s

e ra bl subu b n s vic e p ovi ion mu st b e m d e a s on el e v t d

e r a er ,
r s a , a e

an d oth e p id t a n i t
r rao d s to S hift t h e locomo
r t iv e s f om e r a ,
r on

e d of th e t
n in t the o th e O ra p id t nosit o a d s it is ne e r . n ra —
ra r c s

sa y to do thi s quickly
r I f th t ck s com in t o t h e t e min a l . e ra e r

t aigh t the t ai mu t sto p f nou gh f om the end to p mit

s r ,
r ns s ar e r s er

th p l cin g an d o p e a tin g of c o ss ov s t h a t th e en gin e may get

e a r r -

er

b a ck to the oth e n d of the t ain Wh e e it i p o sible to in tro

r e r . r s s

duce it the loo p t min l is the mo st sati sf ctory p lan a s it a llows

, er a a ,

th mo ste pid mov em nt of t in s wi th l e t mov m ent of en gin es

ra e ra as e .

The en gin e i not uncoupl ed from the t a in ; no switchin g is n eces

s r
106 S ID E T RA CK S AN D YARD S

Wa ter r At import n t co a st t ermin l s p rovi sion

Te min a ls . a a ,

mu st b e m d f t n hipment to d f om vessels nd at
a e
“

or ra s s-
an r ,
a

such p oin ts a N ew Yo k C ity a ctu a lly ch ed by the f eight

s r ,
rea r

t a ck
r of but two il o d syst ms while the o ppo i te J sey
s ra r a e , s er

Sho e is e ch ed by many mo e p ovi sion mu st b e ma d e fo t an s

r r a r , r r r

E stab li shed Pier and Bu lkhead Lino

Ha rlem Ri ver

F ig .
58 a

fer c o the sepa a ting body of wa t er The m ethod of t an s

a r ss r .
r

S hi p m ent d p end On th e commodity L ight me ch andi e is

s e .
r s

u u lly unlo d d f om lo d d into ca s un out on a p i e in sid e

s a a e r or a e r r r

o r along id e a f ight h d in which the me cha ndise is sto ed

s re S e r r

f orlo din g to c a s v s els G in is h ndled th ou gh ele v

a r or e s . ra a r a

to di ectly f om bo at s to c ars o vice versa or it is h andl d

rs r r ,
r ,
e
 WAT E R TER M IN AL S 107

throu gh flo a tin g el ev t o s o li ghters whi ch m y lo ad to the V l

a r r a e sse

in the st e m O th P ci fi c co t gra in i h ndl ed in sa ck

r a . n e a as s a s

in st e d of loo se a s in th E st e n St tes
a e a r a .

F ei ght f
r N ew Yo k
or c eived on the J e sey co ast i t n s
r re r s ra

f red a c o the iv on b ges or flo t s the c s b ein g u on

er r ss r er ar a , ar r n

t an d ff the flo a t s ov
o o t a n sfer b idge who e inclin ation may
er r r s s

b v a i ed to suit the s t a t e of the tid e

e r Sm a ll ya d s a n c ess ry . r re e a

on the N w Yo k id e T h eir sh ape n d i will d ep end on the

e r s . a s ze

a va il ble land an d a mount of bu sin ess to b e don e Th ey will

a .

u su lly consist of a set of t ea m tr cks a rran ged in p i s with a

a a a r ,

sc l d a c a n e a t p o p e point s a n d a f i ght sh ed for t em p o

a e an r r r re

ra ry sto ge of f eight rec iv d in l ss th n c lo a d lots O n e

ra r e e e a ar -

d si gn for such a t ermin a l is S hown in Fig 5 8

e . a.
 C HA P TER IX

ELEV ATI ON OF THE OUTE R RAIL

Rea so n for Can t in g th e Tra ck rves Wh en t in l av on Cu . a ra e

i gn t n g n t en t
a a fl t cu v
e it is fo c ed to t k th e curv d
ers a a r e, r a e e

p at h by t h in duc ed p eu of t h e ou t e r r il on t h e fl an ge
ress of re a s

th ou t wh eels This d vi t in g fo ce is communic t d to the

e er . e a r a e

car body th ou gh the t u ck d c n t pi B ec u s of the in e ti

r r an e er n. a e r a

of th c thi s fo c p oduc e
e ar ov tu nin g mom nt me u d
r e r s an er r e as re

by th p oduct of th fo c
e r d th e di st a nc e f om th e il to the
r e an r e ra

c n t of g vi ty of th
e er ra T h g ea t er th p d of th t a in
e ca r . e r e s ee e r ,
‘

o r th e sh p the cu v e th e g
ar er t th e l a te l fo c e a n d o v
r ,
rea er ra r er

t u nin g mom nt
r T h t th c e m y b e in no d n ge of l vin g
. a e ar a a r ea

th il o d t oyin g th t ck fl at cu v mu t b t a k en t
e ra s r es r e ra , a r e s e a

ve y low sp eed I f the sp ed i t b con id bl th n c ry

r s . e s o e s era e, e e essa

d vi ting fo c mu st b b t in d by c n tin g th e t a ck
e a r e e O a e a r .

Can ti g F o m u l n Th e condi t ion s t h t xi t

r a s. hown in a e s a re s

Fig 5 9 . An induc ed c nt ifu g l fo c e m y b e

. id to a ct ho i
e r a r a sa r

z o t lly
n a t th c nt a of gr vity
e e er a

of th G a vi t y m e su d by
e ca r . r a re

th e weight of th m ay b e ca r e

s a id to t v tic lly t h ou gh th e
ac er a r

s am p oin t
e It i qui d th t
. s re re a

th e ul t nt of t h
e r s t w fo c s
a ese o r e

S h ll a b no m l t the t n
e r a o ra s

ve s u f ce of the t a ck Und
r e s r a r . er

this condi tion th c n b e no l t ere a a

e l p u d u t the c e t ifu
ra ress re e o n r

g l fo c e
a T h e fi gu
r . hows th a t F
re s
ig 59
thi s condi tion i cu d wh en
.

s se re

the t n gent of th e a n gl e of inclin tion

a qu l c en t ifu g l fo c a e a s r a r e

divided by w eight Thi is th m ech nic l v lu of th t n g n t . s e a a a e e a e .

1 08
I IO E LE VAT I O N O F TH E O UT ER RAI L

rea son of th u se of feet f g u g in te d of

e f et Th e or a e s a e .

o din y fo mula i om times giv en in t ms of the d g o f

r ar r s s e er e ree

cu ve in t d of th
r diu s the l tt b in g a umed to b e
s ea e ra ,
a er e ss

5 73 D 0 U in g t h con t.nt d s r e p e c t iv ly
e s a s an s e ,

educin g t inch es th e ults S D inch z

an d r o ,
re res 6 es

an d 66 5 D inch
e which pu t into
0 0 00
. sim p l
2
rul es , , a e e,

giv s e

R U LE The d i fieren ce o f level i n i n ches o f the two ra ils o fa

cu rved track of s tan da rd f
ga uge i s rom two thi rds to seven ten ths
of on e on e -

thou sa n dth f
o the s qu a re of the s peed of pa ssi ng tra i n s

multi pli ed by the d egree o f the cu rve .

Th e diff
nc e in l v tion esultin g f om th e fo mul
ere e e a r r se r as

a moun t t o mo th n
s inch fo high pe d s T hi i n pp e
re a r s e . s s a a r

ci b l
a diff nc T ck inclin d a cco ding to fo mul ( ) will
e e re e . ra e r r a I

secu mooth p ss g of c wh en the sp ed qu l S Whil

re s a a e a rs e e a s . e

th e fo mul is a wkwa d t h t ckm n a lw y wo ks from a

r a r , e ra a a s r

t ble which should b comput d on igid b si s

a e e a r a .

C o ec tin g wi th Tan g t
nn Th e p a c t ic e in c n t in g the t cken . r a ra

va i s I t will b e e vid nt th a t Sinc the cent ifu g l fo ce i ih

r e . e , e r a r s

t
s an t lygen t d to its full a mount t the b ginnin g of th curv
era e a e e e,

th t ck S hould h v e it s full th o t ic inclin tion

e ra a t t hi point e re a a s

an d hould b l e v el c o ss
S infin i te im l di t nc a w y on the
e a r an s a s a e a

t n g nt
a e m nif t imp o ibility Wh no spi ls a e u d
,
a a es ss . e re ra r se ,

it i common to b gin th in clin a t ion on th e t n g n t

s e di t nce e a e a s a

f om th cu v found by llowing f om 5 to5 feet f ea ch inch

r e r e a r 2 0 or

of di ff nc in il l e v l th full inclin ti on b in g a tt a in ed at
ere e ra e s, e a e

t h b ginnin g of th
e e cu v Wh en spi ls u sed Since th y
e r e . ra a re , e

v y in d g e di ctly with th i length the inclin tion b gin s

ar e re re e r , a e

a t th e p oint of p i l d inc s s unifo mly to th e m in cu v

s ra an rea e r a r e,

wh it i the full th o tic a mount Th inclina tion by thi met hod

ere s e re
“

. e s

ve ywh e wh t it hould b Th e p op length of sp i a l

'

i
s e r er a s e . r er r

cu ve is u su a lly d t e min d by con sid e ing t wh a t te the i cli

r e r e r a ra n

n tion i t a ck may b e obt in d with comfo t to p en ge s I f

.

a o r a e r a ss r

t h e inclin t ion is secu d by low in g th inn e

a il d re mg er e r ra an ra l s

th ou t
e il k ping the c nt lin t g d th full inclin tion
er ra , ee e er e a ra e, e a

may b e secu ed in l es di st nc e th a n if the mo e common p a c tic

r s a r r e
 P
S EE D T O BE A SS UM E D I I I

is follow d ; n a m ly ke ping th in
e il t g d
e d
, i ing e e n er ra a ra e an ra s

th ou t
e il th ou gh th full di ff nc in l v l T lbo t thi k
er ra r e ere e e e . a n s

th e t e ofra cu ing the inclin tion hould b t t d o n tim

se r a S e s a e a e,

ra th th n er di t nc b i ; th t i it hould b f t p uni t
a a s a e, as s a s, S e n -
ee er

of t im th th n f t p uni t of di t nc e d t h t t h fo
e ra er a n ee er s a ,
an a ere re

th d i t t d con qu nt l n gt h of p i l cu v will v y
'

e c s an e ra e a n se e e s ra r e ar

wi th th p d Thi i doub tl t u b u t th n tion

e s ee . s s ess r e, e se sa s a re s o

s light th t it i p ob bly unwi t con id mo th n tw t

a s r a se o s er re a o ra es ,

f
on e low p d t in or y mil -

s hou ee d f
ra s, sa ,
20 es a n r, a n on e or

hi gh p d y 5 mil
s ee hou F th fo m
s , sa ,
0 t of es an r . or e r er a ra e I

in 3 i mpl 00 d fs a th l t t doubl th t will c t inly b

e, a n or e a er e a er a e

s u ffi ci nt T hu e cu v . qui ing 6 inch inclin tion f

s, a r e re r es a or a

g iv n e low p d would
s qui sp i l
ee 5 f t lon g ; W hil re re s ra s I 0 ee e a

cu v h vin g th m l v tion f
r e a hi gh p d would qui
e sa e e e a or a s ee ,
re re

s p i lra s3 f t lon g T h
00 T ck eeC ommi tt of t h A m . ic n e ra ee e er a

R ilw y En gin
a a in g d M in t n nc of W y A oci tion
eer an a e a e a ss a

a dvi t f inch in 6 f t f
s es a ra e O g l ul 1 T h u tho 0 ee or a en e ra r e . e a r

b li v
e inch in 5 f t u ffi ci n t L th n thi i mpl f
e es I 0 ee s e . e ss a s s a e or

good lin m in t n nc e a e a e .

Sp d to b A u m d
ee T h fo mul indic t
e ss th t th e in li . e r a a es a e e

n ti n v i s wi th th qu of th p d N t ll t in on y
a o ar e e s a re e s ee . o a ra s an

o d t v l t th
r a ra m p d T h p ctic v i
e a e sa t th e s ee . e ra e a r es as o e

sp eed u d f th fo mul O om o d
se or v g p d
e r a . n s e r a s an a e ra e s ee

is as sum d d ll cu v e inclin d f thi p d ; on o th th

,
an a r es e or s s ee ers e

a v g of th p n g t in p d i
e ra e e um d d ll cu v
a sse er ra s ee s s a ss e an a r es

inclin d f t hi p d ; g in th f t t p d i
e or s s um d ; on
ee a a , e a s es s ee s a ss e

s om o d di ff n t p d i
e r a s a um d f c nding d d
ere s ee s a ss e or as e an e

c nding g d f ibl only on multip l t ck o d ; on om

s e ra es , ea s e e ra r a s s e

o d v i t ion i m d
r a s a b tw n cu v on o din y g d
ar a s a e as e ee r es r ar ra es ,

sa y und, p c n t er d cu v on t p g
er d ; d e on ,
an r es s ee ra es an a

f w o d c
e r a i t k n t no t th p o i tion of
s a re s ch cu v in th
a e o e e s ea r e e

t a ck t h e sp d t which it i t b t k n by t h f t t in u in g
r , ee a s o e a e e as ra s s

th t e ck d t p p inclin tion t bl f t ckm n cco d

ra , an o re a re a a es or ra e a r

in gly T hi l t n m d p c tic
. s i undoub t dly p oduct iv of
as -

a e ra e s e r e

th b t
e ult A cu v t to ppin g poin t n d li ttl
es re s s. nor e a a s ee s e or

l v tion
e e a cu v on ,
c nding g d will b t ken low
a r e an as e ra e e a S er
I IZ E L E VAT I O N O F THE O UT ER R AI L

t h n ona a d c ndin g g d of th m t N
es e ummit s of
ra e e sa e ra e . ea r s

lon g g d ra es th p d will
e sb l t h n in
ee n th low p oin t ; e ess a or ea r e s

th ou gh y
r ar d v n thou gh t sto pp in g p oi t th p d will
s, e e no n s, e s ee

b l e th es s a n on th op n o d it will on c t in lon g hi gh
e e r a ,
as er a ,

b idg ;
r es an d o d p tt y much ll cu v will b o p t d t
a r a re a r es e era e a

l
ess p d s ee th n an ly ll t n g n t E ch cu v hould b
on e ea r a a e . a r e s e

numb d ere and tudi d by i t lf

s d ui t bl t bl
e p p df se ,
an s a e a es re a re or

t ra c k m en
’
s u se .

Max im u m I nclin a tion ob bly b t t inclin e th . I t is p r a es o e

t ck f
ra th o din y p d of
or e f in u in g it p t
r ar s ee t h e a st est t ra s ,
u o a

m ximum of 8
a 9 inch s f t ck u d onlyor f p ng e or ra s se or a sse er

s ervic d to bou t 6 inch

e, an f f i ght t ck a t ck u d es or re ra s or ra s se

f orbo th f ight d p n g re vic N p ticul d m g an a sse er se r e . o ar ar a a e

i lik ly t occu f om t ki g
s e o cu v t li gh t ly g t p d
r r a n a r e a S rea er s ee

th n th t f
a which it i inclin d bu t th xc
a or p d do n t s e , e e ess s ee es o

e xc d 5 t 7 mi l p hou wi th f ty A low movin g f i gh t

ee o es er r sa e . S —
re

t in on
ra xc iv ly inclin d t ck i lik ly t hu g th inn
an e e ss e e ra s e o e er

ra il t h d d ov tu ning of t p h vy lo d on th e in id e
oo ar , an er r o —
ea a s s

of th cu v is t un known d xc iv W of t h in n
e r e no il ,
an e ess e ea r e er ra

i comm on on cu v s lw y t k n t low p d by h vy t in
s r e a a s a e a a s ee ea ra s .

Ou t R il v B oth R il s
er a Eu o p n p c t c
s . t h ou t a . r ea ra i e ra i s es e er

ra il d low th inn
an il k pin g th c n t lin t g d
e rs e er ra , ee e e er e a ra e .

Am ic n p c t ic g n
er a lly follow t hi ule f
ra w con t uc t ion
e e e ra s s r or n e s r ,

b t in u f cin g xi t in g t ck k p t h inn
u s r a il t g d
e s d ra ee s e er ra a ra e an

i the ou t a il th ou gh the whol qui d di ff nc Thi

ra ses er r r e re re ere e . s
“
p c t ic doub t l
ra
g ev i to t h e t m l v
esst ion of t h ou t
a e r se er e e a e er

ra il Th Eu o p n p c tic i dvi d f Am ic n o d
.
”
e r ea ra e s a se or er a r a s .

T h Am e ic n p c t ic in t oduc
e r a ho t g d t th b ginnin g
ra e r es a s r ra e a e e

of th cu v T hi g d i un p le s n t wh n t ken t high p
e r e . s ra e s a a e a a as

s en g p d d m y in t oduc e
er s ee limi tin g ff ct wh n t k n by
,
an a r a e e e a e

a low movin g f i gh t t in on ulin g g d T hu if th full

S -

re ra a r ra e . s, e

el v t ion i
e 6 inch
a th e c n t s lin i 3 inch ; d if thi i es, e er e r ses es an s s

a ccomp li h ed in 5 f t g d of s 3 p c n t 5 f t lon g
1 0 ee , a ra e —
er e 1 0 ee

i in t oduc d on
s r l vl dd d t
e
y xi t in g g d a T hi
e e or a e o an e s ra e . s

a ddi tion mi gh t sily t ll h vily lo d d locomo t ive ju st a bl

ea s a a ea a e e

to a c end th nomin l g d
s e a ra e .
 C HA P TER X

SI GNALIN G

Defi n ed t m in il o d in g si gn alin g m n s info min g

. As a er ra r a , ea r

th e en gin m n of t in wh th h is to p oc d
e a a ra to p S om e er e r ee or s . e

t im om ddi tion l info m tion i giv n

es s e a which of s v l
a r a s e ,
a s, e era

t ck h e is t
ra s t k but th d fi nition giv n i
o a e, n ti lly co ct e e e s esse a rre .

S i gn lin g is s in tim t ly con ect d wi t h wi t ch mov m n t t h t

a o a e n e s e e s a

th es e ,wh con t oll d by a i gn lm n a t ow

ere r e includ d S a a In er, a re e

in th g n l t m i gn ling
e e era er S a .

H w Accom pli h d
o T h info m tion is giv en in d y t im by
s e . e r a a e

th p o i tion of
e s bl d m p ivo t d n
a a d on a v t ic l
e or a r e ear on e en er a

p o t s ,d t
an ni g ht by coloa d li g h t T h bl d o m S ign l i re s . e a e r ar a s

c ll d a s m p ho
a e B id e th
a m p ho di k i gn l s
re . es es e se a re , s s a a re

s om wh t u d ; th con i t of a di k m d t tu n i th e it d g
e a se ese s s s a e o r e r s e e

or b o d id t ow d the en gin man m de t

'

r a s e ar pp d di e , or a o a ear a n s

a pp b hind th gl s window of
ea r e enclo in g c s T h i
a s an e s a e . e r

di dv nt g i th t th y e s nti lly colo y t m Wh n a

sa a a e s a e ar e se a a r s s e . e

se m pho i u ed if th m t nd t i gh t n gl to th p o st
a re s s , e ar s a s a r a es e ,
“
th indic t ion i d ng to p if th m is d o pp d some ”
e a s a er, s e ar r e
“ “
6 d g it m n ll i gh t h d om tim th ” ”
0 e rees , g a ea sS e a s ee r , o ea . e r

p o i tsion a e ss um sd i ghrt n ga l t o p ; incli

e n d go h ea d
: r a es s e a

und cont ol xp cting t b e sto pp d ; v tic l go h e d

er r e e o e er a a a .

O p inion s v y a to th d i bi li t y of t h ar s po i tion d th
e es ra ree s s, an e

gen l Engli sh p ct ice i to give two o d e s only Wi th di k

era ra s r r . s
“
si gn l th e e d g
a s o b nc of th di k me n t ck cl e
e, r a se o e e s a s ra ar
g
a h d while the b o d id e
ea ,
”
app e nce of the di sk me n s
r a s or a ra a
“
d ng a st o p
er T h colo ch me f light s at night v ri es
.
”
e r s e or a
“
on diff ent o a d s The En gli sh p ctice i ed fo d n ge
er r . ra s r r a r
“
sto p d g een fo cl go h e d I n Am e ic a the p e
” ”
, an r r ea r a a . r r

va iling p a ctic is d for to p ; g n f caution go a h ea d

r e re s ree or

un de con t ol ; and whit e for cl e

r r
g a h e a d ar o .

1 14
1 16 S I GN A L I NG

Sign a lin g E co omi ca l I t will pp

n th t th chi ef obj ect of
. a ea r a e

a ll i gn lin g is f ty but it is lso tru th t by p v n ting cci

.

s a sa e ,
a e a re e a

d nt th t c u e d l y d mon y lo s n d by givi g dv nc
e s a a s e a an e s ,
a n a a e

info m tion to n gin m n t h at wh n th lin i cl

r a e e e as i
so e e e s ea r s

th u su l c
e a th y m y k p u p hi gh p ed ven pp o ching
a se e a ee s e , e a r a

g d
ra c o
e s sin g r d by conc nt tin
s , an g numb of sw i t h l v e ra a er c
'

e ers

a t p
on e oint i gn lin g an d int
, s lockin g ga t ly x p di t t h f er rea e e e e sa e

mov m n t of t in
e e d in c r se th t ffi c c p ci ty of th
ra s, an od ea e ra a a e r a ,

a d h nc
n xp ndi tu f sign ls is n t only th p ic of s f ty
e e e e re or a o e r e a e

b t is
u l conomy ven f lin s of comp tiv ly thin t ffi c
rea e , e or e a ra e ra .

B lo ck Si gn lin g B lock i gn lin g m y b

a .
pp li d to i th er s a a e a e e

s in gl doubl t ck but f single t ck it i not o simpl e s

e or e ra , or ra s s a

for doubl t ck T h e ra e th e p inci p l m ethod s of o p

. ere a r ting re r a era

block ign al s “T l
g ps: hic I C ont
. oll d m nu
e e ra l 3 A u t o . 2 . r e a a . .

m tica .

L t doubl t a ck b fi st su pp o sed
e a e r By thet el eg p hic m thod
e r . ra e

of o pe tin g block ign l th ign lm n in th tow t th e e

ra s a s, e S a a e er a r ar

o r ent ing d of block in forms th t ow rman t th fo w rd

er en a e e a e r a

or l ving d wh n a t in en te th block d th fo w d
ea en e ra rs e ,
an e r ar

t ow m n info m s th e e
er a m r wh n the t in h p ssed out of r ar an e ra as a

t h block
e Th a. t ow m n will not giv th
e re rcl ign l to
er a e e ea r s a

an pp ao chin g t
r a a in un t il t h fo w d mr n h a s told him t h e l s te r ar a a

t in t h ou gh is ou t of th e block
ra r .

T h e si gn l s a e wh t c ll d m ch nica l th t i wo k d ”
a r a a re a e e a ,
a s, r e

t h ou gh l v e s by h nd a d th no m l p itio is d n ge th e
'

r e r a ,
n e r a os n a r,

si gn l b in g cl
a e d by th ign lm n f ea re ch pp o chin g t in e S a a o r ea a r a ra ,

p ovid d h l a n s th e block i cl
r e e e r Th i gn l i su pp o s d to s ea r . e s a s e

b h ld cl
e e till th t in h ea r p d it d in to th block wh n
e ra as a sse an e , e

it i t onc sto d to d ng
s a e re T h info m t ion f om
re a t ow er . e r a r on e er

t o a no th i gi v n by t l g aphic cod
er s e b ll cod bo th
e e r e or a e e , or .

I the con t oll d m nu a l m t hod th

n r si gn l
e wo k d by
a e e a s a re r e

h and a s in th t l g phic m thod b t the ign a l l v

, e e e ra e l c e ,
u s e ers a r e e

t i lly int lock d

r ca th a t t he fo w d o p
er e , to mu t unlock the
so r ar era r s

l v s in th
e er t owe b fo e th
e rea r tow m n c n mov th r e r e rea r er a a e e

s ign ls to th cl po sition T he lockin g m ch ni m i Wo k d

a e ea r . e a s s r e

by anlect ic ci cui t O the pp o ch of t in tow d y

e r r . n a r a a ra ar an
 G E N ERAL F O RM S O F SI G N AL S I7

block the towerma n a k th e tow m n a h ead t clea r him ;

, s s er a o
”

if the block is cl th e fo w d t ow e m n p u sh es a but t on o

ea r, r ar r a r

p lun ge an d unlockr t h e e o p t o l v a fst e which t h t

r ar e ra
’
rs e ers , r a

o p e tor c giv the cl ea ign l T he a dvance t owe m n h v

ra an e r s a . r a a

i g on c unlock d th e l e v e s of th e t ow e a t th e n t ing e d
n e e r r e er n ca n

not g in do un til his own ign l h s b e n cl ed d g in

a a so s a a e ea r an a a

s t e t d ng
a which will not occu un til th t i n h e ha dmitt ed
a er, r e ra s a

to th block sh ll h v
e p d his own taow T ha m thod is
e a sse er . e e

s a f e th a n t he t el g
r p hic in th t it qui es a p o sitiv ction o n
e ra ,
a re r e a

t h p t of two m e t o cl
e ar a si gn l which h vin g b en cl
n d
ea r a ,
a e ea re

a n d mov ed ga in to d n g c n o t b e g in cl ed ti ll the block

a a er a n a a ea r

it cont ol i cl r T h no m l po si tion of t h
s s ea r . ign l i d ng e r a e s a s s a er .

I t he utoma tic m thod a

n a l ct ic b at t y i p l a c ed n e the
e n e e r er s ar

fo w d e d of block d t he cu ent is run th ough th il

r ar n a an rr r e ra

a d th ou gh
n l y which s long s th cu nt flow compl et s
r a re a , ,
o a e rre s, e

a ci cui t f o m a second b tt e y th t o p e
r r t e th si gn l m ch n a r a ra s e a e a

i m
s Th e d e vic e i so
. ng d th a t a ccid en t to th pp a tu
s a rra e n a e a ar s

would send th ign al s to d ng h enc e th e u t om tic sy t m

e s a er, a a s e

mu t lw y b e p mi iv sy t m ; th t i the n gin ema n fi d

s a a s a er ss e s e a s, e n
“
in g si gn a l t st o p do es n ot know wh th b ec u s of a
”
a a it i , e er s so a e

t a in in the block a h ea d b ec u se of d e n g ment of th m ch an

r or a ra e e e

ism ; h e th efo e st o p s a p sc ib ed t im
er r d t h n go es a h ea d re r e, a n e

with c ution I n the non a utom tic syst m Si gn lm n is l

a .
-

a e a a a a

way p esent to t ll the en gin em n wh eth

s r e not h m y g h d a er or e a o a ea

a t p e d un d
s e cont ol o not t ll ; n e ve th l es the a utom tic
,
er r ,
r a a r e s, a

s y t em is in g owin g f a vo
s r r .

F i g 60.

Ge n ra l F o m s of Sign l
e F i gu 6 r hows the l tion of a s. re 0 s re a

a se m pho e sign l d the t ck it gove n s T h e bl a d e i a lwa ys

a r a an ra r . s
rI 8 S I GN A L IN G

to the i ghtr of a pp o chin g t in ; if

n t tah l eft
r a no a t t en t ion ra o e ,

i p
s a id t it b c
o a u it gov n e mov m n t
se in t h e o pp o i t di
er sc t ion e e s e re .

H i th hom si gn a l D t h di t n t si gn l a d T th tow e
s e e ,
e s a a ,
n e r .

F i gu e 6 is a t nd d hom s m p ho
r 1 s a so c ll ed b ec u se it
ar e e a re , a a

i loc t ed a t th e b ginnin g of th block it gov e n s n

s a e th sig e r ea r e

na l c bin a t ow e ; Whil Fig 6

or i di t nt i gn l
r e c ll d
. 2 s a s a s a , so a e

b ec u se it i loc ted t some di stance f om the home si gn l tow d

a s a a r a ar

F ig . 6x Fi g 63. Fig . 64 F i g 65
.

o ching t in The di t anc i not so g t t p ven t

a n a pp r a ra . s e s rea as o re

o pe tion f om th sa m e c bin s y 5 t
ra r efeet The a , a ,
1 00 o 2 0 00 .

di t n t si gn al is lwa y in th m p o si tion a th co e ponding

s a a s e sa e s e rr s

hom i gn l d i u d t t ll the engin m n in a dv nc wh t

e s a ,
an s se o e e a a e a

info mation h m y p t to fin d t th home sign l s t h t if

r e a ex ec a e a , o a
“
it i cl
s h n d not educ e sp d f
ea r
”
ea po ible to p ; an d
ee r ee or ss s
“
if it is t op he may pp o ch the hom sign l und e con t ol
s ,
”
a r a e a r r .

B i th bl d p ivo t d t t h p o st t O ; S i
s e a e f a m e c yin g a
e o e a s a r a rr

red gl ss a d i
a c ll d the sp cta cle A l mp i
,
n s a the b a ck et
e e . a s on r
. I 20 SI G N ALI N G

commonly on e p o st p oj cting in o pp o si te di ction

, on ,
r e re s,

a lw y t t h e i ght of t he a pp o chin g t a in t h y g ov e n
a s o r r a r e r .

Fi g . 66 Fi g . 67 Fig . 68

t o of Au toma tic B lo k Syst em

Op era i n Th g n l m thod c . e e era e

of o p tion of the u t om tic block y t m m y b xp l in d

era a a s s e a e e a e

wi th th id of Fig 69 WE i a block of a
e a tbound t a ck
. . s n ea s r .

Fi g 69

T he ngem ent would be du plica t ed for a westbound t a ck

a rra r ,

h enc d e c iption will n w e f bo th T is th t ck b t t y

e on e s r a s r or . e ra a er ,

on e or two g vi ty c ell loc t ed a t the forwa d d of the block

ra s, a r en ,

th e two pol e b ein g conn ec t d th ou gh th e two r il s n d a

s l y e r a a re a

R a t th e a r or ent e rin g e d of th
re block While the cu nt n e . rre

flows th e r l y is n gi d d its m tu e m d to clo s

e a e er i
ze
.
an .
ar a r a e
‘

e a c r

cuit includin g the S ign l b tt y 8 d l ect om gn t M A a a er an e r a e .

p i of
a r wh l a y conducto
e e s , or joini n g thntwo ils wi thin th e r, e ra

block S hort ci cui ts th cu n t d e e gi es the l y d b k s

,
r e rre , e n
'

r z re a , an rea

th e si gn l b t t y ci uit Th l c t om gn et M whi h i t
'

a a er rc . e e e r a , c s a

t h d to th e i gn l p o t
ac e ith e di ect ly indi ect ly cont ol the
S a s , e r r or r r s

movem ent of th e S ign l I f the i gn l is moved by clockwo k

'

a . s a r ,

it t a t s thi clockwo k which run s f

s r s qu t turn of th e ig
r , or a a r er S

na l (di k t yp ) s d to p ; if by comp
e an ed i o liquid g
s th e
s ress a r r a s,
 O P E RAT I O N OF A TO U M ATI C B L O CK S YST EM 121

l ct omagn et o p n s th va lv a dmi ttin g th u pply t th yli

e e r e e e, e s o e c n

d e con t inin g t h p i st on which mov s th si gn l ; if by

r a e lc e e a an e e

t ic mo t o
r th el ct om gn t m a k s the n c s
r, e e r a y ci cui t clo u
e e e e sa r r s re

for th e mo to C lockwo k si gn l s thou gh till in u e a

r
. r no a , s s , re

long mad ; t h t end ncy is to th e p owe s mapho e b ec u e

er e e e r e r , a s

a p o i t ion
s ign l as di stin guish d f om a colo sign l i co g
s a e r r a , s re

i d
n ze th e mo s t
as sily vi sibl e und er ll condi tion s of w e t h
ea a a er .

If eon mo e id t cks o c o s ov l v th e m in t ck
or r s e ra r r s— e rs ea e a ra

wi thin th block th y m y b e includ ed in th il ci cui t f

e , e a e ra r as ar

a t he foulin g p oin t F
s th a t p i of wh eel b etween F a d th
, so a a r s n e

p oin t of witch S would ho t ci cui t t h e cu n t ju t a s if on the

s r r rre s

m i t ck ; or ci cui t b e k e m y b e conn ct ed with the wi tch

a n ra a r r a r a e s ,

wh e by if the switch i s t f th sid in g th ci cuit is b ok n

re s e or e e r r e

a d th
n S ig e l S will g to d nge
na o a r .

Th fo egoin g d e c i p t ion in t oduc es no di t a nt S i gn l

e r s r a d r s a s, n

in e ly a u tom tic blocking th w e non e O ve l ps d i t nt

ar a ere er . r a , s a

si gn al d t h ee p o si t io
s, an ri gn l a e now u sed By ove l p is
-

n s a s r . r a

m nt th t ho t po tion f t ck e t of E
ea a a s r r y ofe t'

ra as sa , 2000 e

is a lso conn ect ed with l y R d con t ols i gn l S which will re a an r S a ,

not go to cl till the t in h as p ed b yond the o v l p T h

ea r ra a ss e er a . e

co mmon m thod of a rr nging di st n t S ign a l is to pu t the di t n t

e a a s s a

s ign l of o block on th sa me p o st wi th th home i gn l of th

a ne e e s a e

p rec e din g block t h di s t nt S,

i gn l b ein g b elow thae hom si gn l a e e a .

Ano t h er d vic e is th th e p o s i t ion s i gn l

e do in g w y wi th
ree -

a ,
a a

t he cond bl de Th e in gl bl d in ho i on t l p o i tion ig
se a . S e a e a rz a s s

n ifi es t o p ; in
s n in clin d po si t ion
a Sto p t th e n xt block ; —
a e e

v rtic l
e a ll cl in the imm di t a d followin g block s
a ea r e a e n .

I n t h e e x mp l e giv en a bo ve th ig ls h ve b n u ppo d a e S na a ee s se

to b no m lly t le
e r a to g t a d n g wh n t in i in th
c a r, _
o o a er e a ra s e

block go v n ed f om a y d ang m nt of th l ect ic cu n t

er or r n er e e e e r rre s .

Pe h p t hi s i t h mo e u u l t yp e b t t h
r a s s e r lect ic y tem m y
s a ,
u e e r s s a

b s a
e o ng d th t the i gn l
rra e a no m lly t d ng a s in ll
s a s a re r a a a er , a

m nu a l sy t ms a sign l b ein g cl a d by th e n t nce of a t i

a s e ,
a e re e ra ra n

in th p c din g block (p ovid d howev th t th gov n d

e re e r e ,
er, a e er e

block i cle ) d tu n d t d n ge by th ent nc of th

s ar ,
an re r e o a r e ra e e

t in in t o t h gov e n ed block a d h ld t h e
ra e r in spi t of t a in n e re , e a r
I 22 SI G N AL IN G

in th e p rec edin g block , so lon g a s t he gov ern ed block is occu p i ed

or its ci rcui t b roken by an a ccid en t
Sin gle T a ck Block Sign a lin g E xc p t t t e min ls wh
-
r . e a r a ere

th e re e v e l t cks S ingl t ck o ad m y g n e lly b

ar se ra ra ,
e -

ra r s a e ra e

di vid d in t o l g block th n doubl t ck o d s b c u e of

e a r er s a e -

ra r a , e a s

th ei u su lly f we t a i thou gh f a equ l numb of t in s

r a e r r n s, or n a er ra

th e block hould b e ho te T h block m y b th whol e d is

s S S r r . e a e e

t nc
a b tw n st tion wh n th imp l t l g phic system
e e ee a s, e e s e e e ra ,

h ndl d wi thou t y egul ddition t the st t ion fo c

a e an r th ar a o a r e, or e

t in t ff yst m will b e th mo t economi c l Th e con t oll d

ra s a s e ,
e s a . r e

m nu l modifi d f in gl e t ck m y b u d but som e fo m

a a , e or S ra ,
a e se , r

of u t omatic ign l will b found mo st s ti f ct o y fo ro d of

a S a s e a s a r r a s

much t ffi c F qu n t ly t th whol li but only d n ge

ra . re e no e e n e, a r

ou s b ec u c ook d
— a bu y p o tion s a si gn l d T he
se r e —
or s r re a e .

t in st ff m y b e u sed f hort c tion s imp ort nt b id ge

ra a a or S se s, a a r

c o ing wh e b solu te as di tin gui sh ed from p mi s iv e ig

r ss s, er a , s er s , s

n lin g mu st p va il
a re .

Th Tra in St ff
e T h t a in t ff i a
p culi r
. d vic con e r s a s a e a e e

si stin g of t wo hold e s t ch d of a block con t inin g a r ,

on e a ea en , a

numb of Short cylind ica l b s of wood m t l d s con

er r ar or e a ,
an o

n ec t ed wi t h l ec t ic locks th t ft ee b r c ll d a st ff a a r on e ar a e a

h as b n mov d f om
ee re hold no mo e b a s c b r mov d
e r on e er, r r an e e e

f om i th hold t ill the e emov ed h s b n tu n ed t

r e er er on r a ee re r o on e

or t h e o th of th hold s Th numb in ch hold i u p

er e er . e er ea er s s

p o ed ts b su ffi ci n t to p ovid e f
o e y p o ibl t m
e p o y r or an ss e e ra r

in qu li ty in t in mov m n t in th tw di ct ion s T h n gin e

e a ra e e e o re . e e

m an e nt in g block is given a t ff which he giv u p t the e d

er a s a es a n

of th block N n gin m n h
e . i gh t t b in a block wi thou t
o e e a as a r o e

a ta ff unl
s ,
by p mi ion giv n which is som tim e n c e a y
ess er ss e ,
e s e ss r

t p ovid f
o r unu su lly h vy t ffi c in
e or di c tion P mi s
a ea ra on e re . er

sion is giv en by wi t hd win g peci l p mi ion t ff which is ra a s a er ss s a a

k ey t box on th m achin cont ining numb e of t bl et s I f

o a e e a a r a .

sev l f ei ght t in
era r t follow no th e in clo se succ ion
ra s a re o on e a r ess ,

a t bl t m y b e giv en ea ch en gin em a n to th
a e a l st who mu t b , e a , s e

giv en ll th e a m in in g t bl t d th p e mi sion st ff f n ei th e
re a a e s an e r s a , or r

ma chin e hold a b unlock d un til ll the t bl ets d pe

or er c n e e a a an r
1 24 S I GN A L I NG

a u tom tic ign l n d ov l p p mi t t in to p oc d only

a S a s a er a s er a ra r ee

wh n th p c di g t in i t l t in the s cond block a h e d

e e re e n ra s a ea s e a .

S hould mo t o m n und rt k to u by a ign l et a t top n

a r a e a e r n s a s s ,
a

a u tom tic t ck d vi c will n g g v lv e on his

a ra e l in g e e a e a a car, re ea s

th i of th
e a r i b k d th e e i t nc e of th b a k
e a r ra st o p
es , a n r s s a e r es

p gin t h e wi ll t h cu
caren t t t h mo t o s
ru n hi gh th t th e rr o e rs o a e

a u t om tic ci cui t b k will a t d t t th cu nt thu s so

a r rea er c an cu ou e rre , ,

f ar as p o ibl min gly voidin g d p nd nc on the hum n

ss e, see a e e e e a

l men t fo afety Th ubw y doubl t ck d

e e r S . e s a is e ra e .
,
I
1

'

I t lock i g
n er Si gl T a ck C o in g
n aTh fi gu how
n e-
r r ss .
-

e re S s a

S i gl
n t ck g d
e ra c o s in g of two o d ra D indic t
e rdi t n t s r a s . a es s a

Fi g .
70

S ign l ; H hom si gn l ; S d e i lin g wi t ch ; th numb e s

a , e a th , ra s e r a re e

num b of th l v ers ctu tin g th ign l

e e d swi t ch s t h
e rs a a e S a s an e , e se

l v b ing conc n t t d in in gl f m in th c bi
e e rs e e ra e to w a S e ra e e a n or er

C . Th l v e in t lock d in th f m e th t if th d il
e e rs a re so er e e ra a e era s

of on e lin of t ck y EW e clo d d i gn l
ra , sa d t ,
a re se an S a s 2 an I se

a t cl th
ea r, d il l v e s of lin NS
e era lock d o p n d ll
e r e a re e e , an a

o th ign l
er S lock d t d ng th ign lm n in th tow
a s a re e a a er, e S a a e er

b in g un bl t ch n g th m un til th cl d ign l h v b n
e a e o a e e e ea re s a s a e ee

re s to d t re d ng d th d
o a il s of EW o p n ed T h no m l
er a n e era e . e r a

p o i t
s ion of ll i gn l in t
a hi c b
S in g d n ga s t h l v s a se e a er, e e ers a re

sa id to b no m l wh n holdin g th ign l in th i no m l p o i
e r a e e s a s e r r a s

t ion a d
, v e d wh en holdin g th m cl
n re rse S th d il e ear . o e era s

wh en o p n a no m l wh en clo ed v sed L et t in com

e re r a , s , re e r . a ra e

f om E th i gn lman fi t
r : e S ev l ve 5 clo sin g bo th
a ,
rs —
r erses e r ,

d il on EW d u tom tic lly lockin g 6 no m l ; econd

era s , an a a a r a s

rev es cle in g th e si gn l a d u t om tic lly lockin g 9 no m al

ers 2, ar a n a a a r .
 C RO SS O VE R -

125

a nd 5 ve s d ; thi d
re v s cl in g the di t n t ign al
r e r —
'

re erse I , ea r s a s

an d lockin g v d T h e t in m y t h n p oc d u
2 re erse of . ra a e r ee , s re

no confli ct wi th t in f om i th di c tion on NS a o ppo

a ra r e er re or n s

in g t in on EW if th e en gin m n of such
ra , t in ob y hi e a a ra e s s

s ign l Th
a s. l v mu t b e tu n d te no m l in v d
e rs s e re r e o r a re ers e

od r er, — t u n in g unlock
re r which b in g tu n d locks I , s 2, e re r e I

no m l d unlock 5 d 9 d 5 b ing p t no m l unlock 6

r a an s an , an e u r a s ,

an d t h sy t m i e dy t b set f
s e t in in
s rea y di c t ion o e or a ra an re .

Th n g m n t of the numb s t th id i c ll d th locking

e a rra e e er a e S e s a e e

ch t th fi gu in ci cl indic t ing the v l of th co

ar , e re s a r e a re e rsa e rre
“
sp on d i g l v ; t hu s t h
n e cond lin
er d v d lock 5 e se e rea s, 2 re erse s

ev d 9 no m l O nly th e lockin g f in mov m n t

”
r ers e , r th t
a . or e ra e e

illu t t d i giv n T h tud en t m y comp l t th ch t

s ra e s e . e s a e e e ar .

C o s Ovr s -
A c o s ov b tw n p ll l m in t ck s m y
er. — r s -

er e ee a ra e a ra a

b con id
e d If the f m e of the m chin in th c b in i in
s ere . ra a e e a s

S t
e s of fou l v th will b e
r e pers ,l v ; d inc bo th ere on e s a re e er an s e

swi t ch m y b t h own by
es a l v l t th p l v b N 4
e r on e e er, e e s a re e er e o . .

LO C KING C HART
5 3

Fig .
7:

T he i gn l s 5 d 6 lw ys gov n ing low mo tion into the c o ss

s a an a a er s r

ov dw f ign l th o th e s hi gh ign l I t i
er a re ar s a s, um d th t e r S a s . s a ss e a

th i n v e high sp d w tw d on th stbound t ck nor

e re s e r ee es ar e ea ra ,

t w d on t h e w t bou d t ck h enc e no di t n t i gn l s f
ea s ar es n ra , s a S a or

5 and 6 equi d T h e
a re rbl ck t i n gl s in dic t
re by t h .i lo pe a r a e a e e r s

th no m l p o si t ion of th e swi t ch which in t hi c

e r a is t f th , s a se se or e

m in lin L t it b e su p po ed th t t in comi ng f om th w st
a e . e s a a ra r e e

is t o b e sto pp d d mov d ov th e c o ss ov e t
e an th e w s t e er r -

r o e
I 26 S G I N A L I NG
bound t ck Th e swi tch ra .e found s t f the m in t ck an d es a r e or a ra

a ll i gn l a t d n g
S a s F i st S i gn l i cl
a d th n i gn l
er . r ,
a 2 s ea re , e S a I ,

a d th
n t a in p s to the t of the swi t ch ; ign l s
e r a sse d ea s s a I an 2 a re

t h n p t no m l S wi t ch 3
e u rv d ign l 6 cl d d the t in
a ,
re erse , s a ea re , an ra

p asses th ou gh t h e c o
r ov If t h mov e m ent h r ss
s b n f
-

th er . e a ee or e

p pu o
r e of llowin
s g f ta t bound t in t p ss t
a h e t in und
a s er ea s ra o a ra er

con id tion th t t in m in on th we tbound t ck p ot c t d

s era ,
a ra re a s e s ra r e e

by ign l 7 d 8 ; ign l i tu n d t d n g
S a s an Swi t ch 3 t a s re r e o a er, S se

no m l d ig l
r a , an d v d t p mi t the f t t in to
s na s 2 an I re erse o er as ra

p a ss , aft e which ign l s r d t no m l S witch 3 i

a I an 2 a re se r a , s s re

v d Sign l 5 v d n d th fi t t in llow d t pa on
erse ,
a re erse ,
a e rs ra a e o ss

t o th e tbound t ck
e as ft which ign l 5 is t no m l wi tch
ra ,
a er S a se r a , s

3 no m lr d t h a t ck
,
i
an dy f no th t in in y di c tion
e ra s rea or a er ra an re .

D t ec to B
e O r impo t nt djunct of in t lockin g i
ar . ne r a a er s a

long h e vy te l b 8 8 t clo g in t the ou t id of th e il

,
a , s e a r, , se se a a s s e ra

in po it ion l ti ve t th wi t ch hown in Fig 7 T hi s b

a s re a o e s S . 1 . ar

is soconn ct d wi th the l v th t it is i d littl h e d of

e e e er a ra se a e a a

th m e ov m nt of th wit ch d u l it c b e s i d th e
e e e s , an n ess an o ra se

swi t ch c nnot b e th own a I t p urp o e is to p v en t th r ign l . s s re e s a

m n f om th owin g a wi t ch und e th wh l of a p
a r r sin g t in r e ee s a ss ra ,

which will lw y h v a p i of wh l ov th e d t cto b

a a s a e a r ee s er e e r a r,

p ven tin g it f om i in g
re r r s .

Man u a l M chin es The a tw typ s of m nu l int lock

. re a re o e a a er

in g m chin es th a t in which th locki n g b s

a , a n ged in a e ar a re a rr

ho i ont l p l n e n d th t in which th b s a e
r z a a , a n ged in
a ese ar
‘

r a rra

a v t ic l p l an
er a T h S xby Fa m e m a chin e is th e
e . e p e a r r re r

se t a ti ve of th
n fi st t yp hown in Fig 7 a d th e G n l
e r e, s . 2 n e era

R ilw y Si gn l C omp ny s tyl e A m chin e is rep

a a a nt ativ e of
a
’
s a rese

th e se cond t yp S hown in Fig 7 3 Th e l v e s will b e vid nt ;

e, . . e r e e

th e l a tch a t t ch ed to e ch cont ol
es th e lockin g b
a o th t a r ars , S a

wh en a l ev e i to b e v s d its l tch mu st fi st b e lift ed a d

r s re er e a r ,
n

thi s locks such l v r a s a e to b lock d by e versa l of the e e s r e e a r

l v in qu tion b efo e th a t le v
e er es n b ve ed T hu s in the
r er ca e re rs .
,

l ast diagr m Fig 7 liftin g th l tch of lever 5 locks l ve 3

“

a , . 1, e a e rs

a d 6 b efo e l ev er
n
5 is rev e ed
r T hi s i known as prelimin a ry rs . s

From Un ion Swi tch and S i gn al C omp a n y s

’
c at alog .
 I 28 S I GN A L I N G
ow er In te lo
P i When a l ge y rd is to b e
r c k in g Ma ch
‘

n es . ~
ar a

int lock d m nu l in t lockin g b com to low d qui

er e ,
a a er e es o S an re res

a l ar
g e numb of m P ow in
ert lockin g h b n d vi d ten . er er as ee e se o

ov com the diffi culti

er e Pow se m chin e of t h typ es . er a es a r ree es ,
“ “
l c t o pn um t ic pn eum tic or ll i
e e r -

e a d, ll l c t ic a a a r,
”
an a e e r .
”

Wi th the fi t com p ed a ir a t a bou t

rs , 7 pound is u sed t move
ress 0 s o

t he witch es a d i gn l by m ean of cylind ers a d p i ton s a t t a ch d

s n S a s s n s e

F ig .
73 . v
Le er V ert i ca l Loc i n g k Ma ch i n e

to th l pe e S ee ign l po st s th v lv f th cylind b i g
rs or S a ,
e a es or ese ers e n

cont oll d by l ct om gn t ctu t d by a cu n t of l c t ici ty

r e e e r a e s a a e rre e e r

con t oll ed by th int e lock d l v

r l ct ic wi tch
e in th
r e e ers e e r s es —
e

Si gn l c bin I th cond typ ai at p e u of bout 5

a a . n e se e, r a r ss re a I

p ound is use d to mov witchse a d i gn l s n d th e con e s s n S a ,

a

t ol of th
r v lv i th ou gh s cond su pply of comp e ed ai
e a e s r a e r ss r

at bout h lf the p essu e of the m in sup ply an d which i con

a a r r a ,
s
 P O WE R I N T ERL O C K I N G M AC H IN E S I 29

trolled by the interlock d levers lid e va lve e in the i gn al s s S

c bin
a .

I the third typ e electric motor of a bout

n ,
ho s pow r mov s I r e -

e e

the switches an d moto , of bout ho power the sign als th

rs a rse -

,
e

current for th b ein g cont oll d g in by th in t lock d levers

ese r e a a e er e

in the c abin
In all of th s po wr m a chin es the l v
e e e S c ll d e ers —
o a e a re

s m ll
a an d
,
qui v y littl st ngth for th i o p tion ; the
re re er e re e r era

m nu l l v v y f qu n tly p ticul ly for di t ant signal

a a e ers er re e ,
ar ar s s,

requi e bout ll th st ngt h of an a v ge m

r a a e re era an .

T he all a ir syst m i not so quick a th

e sll l c t ric but is su fii s e a e e ,

c ie tly quick for a ll ordin ry work wh ere th

n di t ance i not too
a e s s

grea t .

In the power m a chin e the lockin g is pr li min a ry a s in the

s e ,

manu al ma chin es n d th complet mov ment of the switch l v r

,
a e e e e e

i impo ssibl e un t il th e swi t ch h a b een thrown so th a t if the re

s s ,

v l of th l v r i b egun an d th switch does not move the

ersa e e e s e ,

v al c annot be completed and the op erator knows somethin g

re ers ,

is wron g .
 C HA P TER X I
TH E LOC OM OTI VE

ra l Sta t em ent
G en e T h locomotiv e con si st s essen ti a lly of a n e

int e n lly fi d boil

r a d pre i of im p l er a n t wo p i s of a a r S e, or on e o r a r

compound st m cylind s moun t d on f me which ts on

,
ea er , e a ra res

a t uck d th ou gh yst m of qu li ing l v lik p l tfo m

r an , r a s e e a z e ers e a a r

c l on th d iving wh e l a xl e T h d iving wh l co p ond

s a e, e r -

e s . e r ee s rres

t o th fly wh el of
e st t ion y n gin e n d the t a ck co rsp ond
e a a ar e ,
a r r e s

t th e b lt
o T h b lt b in g fi x d a n d th e en gin e f e t mov
e . e e e e ,
re o e,

th r ul t of the ffo t of the cylind e to tu rn the d iv e wh e ls i

e es e r rs r e s

mo tion of th ngin e long th t ck e e a e ra .

T c ti v e Effort of Adh sio

ra The would b no such mo tion e n. re e

if th e e w e e no f iction b tw n th wh l
r r r d th il ; the e ee e ee s an e ra s

wh ls would sp n ound on the t ck Thi pinnin g oft n

ee i ar ra . s s e

occu s wh n th n gin is too h vily lo d ed wh n th t ck i

r e e e e ea a , e e ra s

S lipp ery wh n th en gin m n op n the th ot tl too quickly

, or e e e a e s r e

a t t t in g
s ar I t i b c u s of t hi f ic t ion th t th locomo t iv i
. s e a e s r a e e s

a bl t mov d pull lo d d th ultim t e t ctiv fo c th t

e o e an a a , an e a ra e r e a

it n x t qu ls th e w i ght on the d iv multip li d by the

ca e er e a e r ers e

co ffi ci nt of f iction b tw n wh l d il T h t is thi s i th
e e r e ee ee an ra . a , s e

i t nc e it o ff t liding lon g th e t ck ; n d if the cylind e

res s a ers o s a ra a r

p ow e i rqu l to
s ethi th en g in a
e will mov e g in t
s, a fo c p
e a a s r e a

p i
ro x m t i g thi a
s i tnnc A g t e i t in
res s a g fo c e pp li e d eto . rea r res s r a

it will c u th d iv to lip if th cylind p ow i u ffi ci nt

a se e r ers S e er er s s e .

Th r Locomot iv
ee E l m nt s I th locomo tiv th
e e a e . n e e. ere re

th l m nts a y e of which m y d t min it c p ci ty t

ree e e e ,
n on a e er e s a a o

do wo k rT h boil. st e m m kin g l m nt
I . e T h cyl
er or a a e e e . 2 . e

ind or ste m u ing l ment 3 Th w i gh t on th d iv

er a s e e . . e e e r ers

an d co ffi ci nt of f iction
e e wh t m y b c ll d th dh ion
r ,
or a a e
“
a e e a es

l m n t I f th boil r c p ci ty b m ll th qu n t i ty of t am
e e e . e e a a e s a ,
e a s e

g n t d t t h e e qui d p u in uni t of time will b e ma ll ; ‘

e era e a r re ress re a s

I
33
 34 THE LO C O M O T I VE

the t m mu st th e efo e b e u s d Slowly n d the result wil l b e

s ea r r e a

Slow sp e d v ry light lo d s qui in g lit tl t m for t ctiv

e or e a re r e s ea ra e

effo t I f th e cylind
r . c p ci ty b sm ll th e ngin will be un bl
er a a e a , e e a e

to h aul th lo d indic t d by th t ct iv fo c of dh sion while

e a a e e ra e r e a e ,

u sin g st m t full p u ea T h t c t iv fo c of a dh ion is

a ress re . e ra e r e es

limit d by th w ight th t it is f to conc n t t on th d iv

e e e a sa e e ra e e r ers

an d mov ov th t ck
e er e ra .

C ylin d T a ctiv e Eff ort

er Wo k i fo c e multi pli d by th
r . r s r e e

di t nc th ou gh which it a cts I f w gon i pull d f et wi th

s a e r . a a s e IO e

a fo ce of 5 p ound 5 foot pound s of wo k i don Th e wo k

r s, 0 -

r s e . r

th t can b don e by cylin d t

a e doubl e t ok th t i a er a on e s r e a s,

o e n e volu t ion of th
r d iv s i giv n by multip lyin g th p e r er s e e res

th p i t on by twic it t ok Sinc th tw cylin d

‘

su ore n e s e s s r e . e ere a re o ers

in simp le locomo tiv th wo k th t

a b don a t S in gl voe, e r a c an e e a e re

lu ti n of th e d iv s i t wic th wo k don e by on cylind e

o r er s e e r _
e r.

Wo rk in foo t pound s of bo t h cylin d ers du rin g

—
on e re vo
lu t ion of d iv s r er uni t p u in cylind (pound p
re s s re er s er

s qu inch ) X
a re a rea of pi t on ( qu inch es) X 4 ingl e
s s a re S

s r t ok ( f et )
es e

T hi wo k dv nc th locomo tiv on th t ck l n gth qu l

s r a a es e e e ra a e e a

t th ci cumf
o nc of th d iv
e r
g in t th i t nc t mo tion
e re e e r ers a a s e res s a e o

of th t in d locomo t iv which i t nc mu t b qu l d by
e ra an e, res s a e s e e a e

th t ctiv ffo t of th locomo tiv

e ra e e r e e .

Wo rk don e in foo t p ound s in movin g —

t in di t nc
a ra a s a e

qu l t th ci cumf nc of th
e a o e r ere e e d iv rt c t iv
ers ra e

ffo t of th
e locomo tiv (p ound )
r e e s ci cumf nc of
r ere e

d iv (f t )
r ers ee .

T h e e is light lo in ov comin g th f iction of the movin g

r a S ss er e r

p t of th ngin v iou ly tim t d d shown b y t t t b

'

ar s e e e ar s es a e an es o e

f om 5 to
r
p e c nt of th indic t d p ow
10 of th cylind
r e e a e er e e rs .

N gl c t in g thi lo
e e th wo k don e in th e cylind
s qu l th t
ss , e r ers e a s a

don in movin g the t in T hi b ein g s if th e ff ctiv p u

e ra . s o, e e e re ss re

in th e cylind e th ea a d t ok of th pi ston a d the di m t r

rs , e ar n s r e e ,
n a e e
1 36 T HE L O C O M O T I VE
with th e sa me st oke d 6 inch d ive s a sp eed about 20 miles
r an 0 -
r r

p e rhou only 6 5 p
r, e c nt of t he boil p essu e c an b e rea li d ;
r e er r r ze

while with p i ston Speed of a to fe t p er minute givin g 1 1 00 1 2 00 e ,

wi th 7 8 inch d ive s bout 60 mi l s p e hou ath e le th an

-

r r a e r r, r r ss

30 p e c nt
r of t h e boi
e l p e u e a n b e e li d a s mea n eff e ctiv e
er r ss r c r a ze

p e su e in the cylinde s
r s r r .

E v y st e m boil
er n d en gin e combin a tion
a er a
p op e ly p o p or r r r

ti
on e d i d esi gn d to d e v elo p som e d fin it e ho se powe
s e A e r -

r.

ho se pow is a peculia r compound unit quiv l nt to a fo c e of

r -

er e a e r

pound s ctin g th ou gh sp c at the t of I foot pe min

a r a e ra e r

ut e ,
or 5 5 foot p ound of wo k p e cond I f such wo k is
0 —
s r r se . r

p e form ed for an hou th re is p oduc d wh t is ca lled ho se

r r, e r e a a r

pow e hour Within c rt in p ctic l limits th p ow f a st m

r . e a ra a e er o ea

plant m y be u ed to ove com g e t si t nc at S low speed

a s r e r a re s a e

or littl e resi st nc e a t hi gh sp eed a S lon g s th e wo k fo c e . o a r ,

r

times di st ance don e in a unit of time ema ins con stant the
,
r ,

fa cto s fo c e d di t nc e may b v i ed a t will within limit s

r . r an s a e ar , .

A locomotiv e is such a st e m boil er an d en gin combin tion a e a .

I f a giv en locomotiv e b e d e i gn d to d e v elop I H P ho se p ow e s e . . . r -

r,

th e work it will do in a minu t e is I H P foo t p ound s ; in . . .

-

on e h our it will d o 6 X 3 I H P foot p ound s or

0 . . .
-

I H P . . mile p ound s
-

Ifthi s p owe is xp end ed in dr win g a t in equi in g t a c

r e a ra r r a r

t iv effo t of T p ound s t a sp e d of S mil es p

e r hou the wo k
a e er r, r

don on th t in in o e hou is TS mil p ound s d thi mu st

e e ra n r e -

, an s

e qu a l th e wo k d e v elo p ed in th e cylind e s of th e locomoti ve

r r , or

So long oduct TS th t is th wo k don e in a unit of

as the p r a , e r

tim em in
e con st n t th f cto T d S m y b e v i d t
r a s a ,
e a rs an a ar e a

Will th t i a h ea vy t in m y b e h ul d t low p ed o a li ght

, a s, ra a a e a s s e , r
 H O RSE — P O WER
7

t in
ra at high sp ee d the t a ctiv ff ort th a t
, r e e th e locomotive ca n

e x rt
e a t a n y sp e ed b in g giv en by
e

60 X
I H P
. . .

5 2 SO S

3 5
7 I H P . . .
for »
!

T hi s n er l fo mula a pplica bl t ll mo to who se p ow e

is a ge a r e o a rs r

c p ci ti es e kn own
a a ar .

Sin c e a sm ll p o tion of th ylin d e p owe of the locomo t iv

'
'

a r e c r r e

i lo t in in t ern l f ic t ion it i p ob bl e th t th e n t
s s a rv il ble , s r a a e a a a

t ctive ffort of y locomo tive i mo e n e ly giv en by

ra e an s r ar

T h se qu ation s a true only wi thin limit s If S is so m ll

e e re s a

th t T e xc ed ith the ultim t cylind e t ctive ffo t the

a e s e er a e r ra e r or

t ctive effort of a dh e ion the equ ation fa il inc e T c nno t b

ra s , s , S a e

g ea t e th a n i t h
r r of th e e qu ntiti a d which ve is th m ll
e er s a es , n e r e s a er

fi x e th e ultim t e t a ctiv effort of t h e locomotiv e

s a r Ag in the . a , ere

i a p c t ic a l limi t to th e sp e d of the p i ton t a v el

s ra d t v y e s r , an a er

much high sp d s th n th locomo tive is d ign ed fo th

'

er ee a e es r, e

st e m will not flow

a p idly nou g h th ou gh t h e s t
rae m pas g e r a sa es

a d v a lv s to
n ea li e th
e fu ll p ow of the locomo tiv Th
r z e er e e
‘

fo mula i good wi thin the wo king n g of a ny p rt icul loco

r s r ra e a ar

mo tive T h fo mul l t w i tt n will give u ffi ci ently clo

. e r a as r e s se

re sul t s f mo st p obl ms comi n g t the engi

or r of p e m n ent
e o n eer r a

wa y .
*

Ho s Pow r e I n d escribin g locomo t iv s it is u u l to me

-
er . e s a n

t ion tot l w i gh t w i ght on d iv e

a e h e tin g u f c gra t e a e
, e r rs , a s r a e, r a,

di m t of d iv
a e er e a d t ok
r of pi ton boil p ssu e
ers , ar a n s r e s , er re r

c ri d d va ying numb of o th f tu e d pendin g on the

ar e , an a r er er ea r s e

Th d t h ld p l
e st u h env fb hf m l
“

s ou x fT dS ot t e c ur e o ot or u as on a es o an .
138 TH E L O C O M O T I VE
comp let en ess of the d c i ption but th ho se p owe of th es r , e r -

r e

locomo tiv i n ev m n tion d a it i in d e c ibing st tion y

e s er e e , s s s r a a ar

t m p lant
s ea .

Th e ho ow oduc d by m n in du in iv n
.

p e p rse -

y t e g r e r g g e an s ea r a e

p e iodr qu l s t h wo
e k don in
a t h cylind e p e m i nut e divid d
r e e ers r e

by Th wo k don qu l the p oduct of the m n

e r e e a s r ea

eff ec t iv p s u e p
e s qu inch
re s on t h rp i t on th
er e e a of t h a re e s , ar e

p i ton in squ
s inch s th l n gth of th t ok i f et d th
a re e , e e e s r e n e ,
an e

numb of S ingl t ok in er min ut ; th fi t two f cto s

e s r es on e e e rs a r

givin g t o t l p e u d th l st two di t nc e th ou gh which th t

a r ss re a n e a s a r a

p ressu c ts re a .

E xp s d a s a fo mul e y to em emb er
re se r a as r

I H P
. .

I H P
. m e n s indic t d ho p ow P th m
. . a effe c t iva e rse— er, e ean e

p su
res d t min d by in t um nt known
re e er indic ato L th
e an s r e a s an r, e

len gth of th t ok A the of the pi ton a d N the numb

e s r e, a rea s , n er

of st oke in o minut
r s ne e.

I a imp l locomotiv e t h e e
n S two cylin d
e th p i t on of r a re ers , e s

e ch m kin g
a doubl t ok f e ch volu tion of th d iv er
a a e s r e or a re e r s,

h nc th N of th fo mul a is fou t im th volu tion p minu t

e e e e r r es e re s er e .

At slow p ed of 5 6 mil shou the cylind m y c eiv

e or es an r, er a re e

st m th ou ghou t p ctic lly th full st ok of th p i t on d th

ea r ra a e r e e s , an e

m n ff ctiv p s u in th cylind
ea e e m y pp oxim t 9
e re s re e ers a a r a e 0

p er c nt of th boil p u
e Th oth e p c nt i t k n
er ress re . e er I O er e s a e

u p by c t in s m ll f iction l lo
er a s in t h t m p sgs u
a r a sse e s ea as a e ,
n

a void bl b ck p e u a e t a r ss re , e c .

I comp u t in g ul tim t cylind

n t c t iv ffo t th m n ff a e er ra e e r e ea e ec

t iv p e u i u u lly
ress um d tre8 5 p s c nt of t
s h a boil a ss e a er e e er

p u
res s * re .

Q u nt it y of St m
a Bu t no p c tic bl boil could k p
ea . ra a e er ee

up u pp ly of t m t hi gh p u if cylind full w u d
a s s ea a ress re a er ere se

E igh y p m d b y th P ylv i R il d xp t th S t L
* t t er c e n a ssu e i e en n s an a a ro a e er s a t e . ou s

l
oc o m iv ot e t est s .
14 0 THE L O C O M O TI VE

w t per hou th n e ch qu a e foot of h atin g surfa c e will pro

a er r, e a s r e

duc {i} or
e f of cylin d r ho se p ow e T he hor e p ow e of
t
1 e r -
r
. s -

a locomo t iv e boil m y th e efo e b e giv en by erX s qu a e fe ta r r r e

of h eatin g surf c Wh a t m ay b e c ll ed the boil e t ctive ffo t

a e . a r ra e r

m y b e d t rmin d by sub ti tu t in g
a e e H H b ein g qu e fe t
e s , s ar e

of h atin g u f ce for I H P in equ t ion s ( ) n d

e s r a , p ge . . . a 1 a a

1 35 givin g
,

375 X O 43 H
os
.

Gr s
S

3 4 0 X H
S

Three E qua tio s fo Tra ct iv Eff ort n r e . T he t h ee e xp ssion s

r re

d eriv ed in the fo egoin g p g ph s f r a ra ra or th e t a ct iv e effort of a

r

locomo tive a e r

T ra ctive efi ort of a dh esion , Ta iW

H H
B oiler t a ctive effort
r ,
T5 1 61 Gr o ss , 146 N et .
(2)
S S

C ylin d er t ctiv ra e ef fort , Tc

c iv ffo t of dh ion do es not vary with p e d but

Th e t ra t e e r a es s e

only wi th condition s of the il n d drivin g wh ls ff c t in g th e ra a ee a e

co effi ci nt 7 of f iction b etw n th em Und

e , , r y s um ed con ee . er an a s

d it i s thi
on ffo t is con t nt
s Und o din ry summ e condi
e r s a . er r a r

t ion s f i ; in win t it m y b umed s ; with nd n d 1

er a e a ss a 15 sa a

a dry il $ 7 h
raa s b een ea li ed bu t if th e d iv b gin to lip r z ,
r ers e s ,

d op s to p ob ably l es th n
r r T i giv n in poun d s wh en s a 15
1
.
0 s e

W the w i gh t on the driv e s is sta t ed in p oun d

, e r ,
s .

T he mod ern t nd ency to h vy t in s h a s d em a nd ed h ea vy

e ea ra

locomo tiv es The w i gh t on a sin gl e d rive is limi ted by th

. e r e
 ST . LO UI S T E ST S 14 1

t ngth of the su pp orting t a ck a d st uctu es Whil e much

s re r n r r .

d p end s on th p tt n of th il a d the cha r c te of it u ppo t

e e a er e ra n a r s s r ,

it i cu t om ry t y th t ch p ound p y d of st el a il
s s a o sa a ea 10 s er ar e r

s c t ion in good Am
e ic n t ck will s fely u pp ort 3 er u da ra a s
p 0 00 o n s

of conc nt t d lo d By thi ule 7 pound il hould c y

e ra e a . s r 0 -
ra s S a rr

sin gl d iv lo d s of t exce ding

e r er a
p ound ; whil no e s e 1 00

p ound il will p mit d iv lo d of

ra s p ound
er M od n r er a s s . er

locomo tive g n e lly n ge b etw n s e ra nd p ound s

ra ee a

p er d ive ; r
good m a ny h v e l e s w i gh t
r a a d a few a s e s n

h v g e t e weight s B l nced compo u nd locomotiv s e

a e r a r . a a e ar

f qu ntly built wi th h vy d ive w ight b c u e th b lancing

re e ea r r e s e a s e a

of the engin e educ e th blow giv n by the count erweight s of

r s e e

s imple unb a l nced n gin e a e s .

B oil e t c t iv e effort i giv n in p oun d the h ea tin g su f c H

r ra s e s, r a e

b ein g giv n in qu e fe t a d th sp ed S in mil e p hou

e S ar e ,
n e e s er r .

C ylind t c t iver ff ort i giv n in p ound

ra e wh en the m n
e s e s, ea

eff c t iv e p e u e P is in p ound
e r ss th e di m et e of th e p i ston d
r s, a r ,

t h e l en gt h of st ok e L a d th e di m t r of the d ive D ,
n a e er r rs , a re

a ll in inch e L d D m a y b e in feet
s . o th e lik units but
an or r e ,

a re u u ally giv n in in ch es N eith er the boil e t a ct iv ffo rt

s e . r r e e

nor the cylind t ctive ff ort c n v e xc d th e t ctive eff o t

er ra e a e er ee ra r

of dh esion thou gh the boile d cylind e m y both b c p bl

a , r an rs a e a a e

a t low p d of
s d ve l
ee m
p g a t c t iv e ff o t in e xc es of th a t of
e o ra e r s

a dh esion T h e e ult s of a tt em p tin g uch d v elopm nt would

. r s S e e

b t o S lip th e d iv e s
e r r .

St Lou is Test s
. Th e P n sylv a ni R il o d C omp a ny est a b
. e n a a r a

li hed a locomotiv e t est in g p l nt t th e L oui i a n Pu ch se E xp o

s a a s a r a

S iti on in St L oui in 9 4 a d ma d e a se i es of t t on severa l

. s 1 0 n r es s

types of locomotives The d esign of the pl ant followed th a t of .

Profe or G o ss of Purdu e Univ e i t y

ss T h e e ults of the t st s are rs . r s e

p ub li sh ed in a volum e by the Ra i lr o d C omp any T hi s v olum e a .

,

a d a mo e r ec ent p ublic a tion by Profe

n r or G o s * S hould b ss s ,
e

con ulted for the mo st reli bl an d complet e d at a known concern

s ,
a e

in g Am eric a n locomotive p erform anc e an d the eff ect of va ria tion

of d etails of d esign .

L m ti v P f m o co o e e r or anc e.
I42 TH E L O C O M O T I VE
following gen l conclu ion e t k n by pe mi ssion f om
Th e era s s ar a e r r

th e Pen ylva ni C omp ny s public tion ubj ct to the ’

ns a d e a a ,
an ar s e
“
limit tion pp lying t
a
“
s ay summ a y n m ly A y t t mp t to
o an r , a e , n a e

summ i e mu t n c s ily p s ov imp o t nt f ct s d mu st

ar z s e es a r as er r a a an

in some ca se involv t t m nt s which b c u s of th i in m

s e s a e e , e a e e r co

e not en t i ly f e f om obj ction N t ll th con ”

pl t e en es
s , ar re r e r e . o a e

clu sion s giv en ; only tho se th a t seem p e tin ent to thi s di s cu ssion
a re r .

B OI LE R P E RF OR MAN CE
At maximum power, a m aj orit y of th e b oilers t ested , d eli v ered 1 2 or more
poun d s of stea m per square foot of h eatin g su rfa ce per hou r ; two d eli v ere d

more than pou n ds,

14 a n d on e , the sec o nd in p oin t of siz e , d eli ered v
p ou n d s . T hese va lu es exp re ssed in term s of b oiler horse power p er -

squ a re

foot of hea tin g surfa ce are 0

34 , an d . respe c t i ely v .

T he eva porat ive effi c ien cy is gen era ll max imum when the power de i ered y lv
is ea st l
Un der con di tion s of ma ximu m effi cien c , most of the oilers t ested
. y b
v
e a pora ted b et ween 1 0 an d 1 2 pou n d s o f wa ter per pou n d of d ry coal . The
effi cien c y f ll
a s as the ra te o f e v
a pora t ion in crea se s When the power de . v e lo
ped
is greatest , its value common ly li b es et ween imits l of 6 an d 8 poun ds of wa ter
per poun d of d ry coal .

TH E EN G IN E

The in di cated horse power o f t he modern simple freight locom oti e t este d
-
v
may b e a s great a s 1 000 or 1 1 00 ; tha t o f a modern compou n d pa ssen ger lo c omo
ti v may ex ceed 1 60 0 horse power
e -

T he maximu m in d ica ted horse power per Squ are foot of gra te su rfa ce lie s, -

for the freight locomoti es, etween the lim it s of v an d b for the

p a ssen ger lo comot i es, v b

etween th e im it s o f 3 3 5 a n d l .

The stea m con su mption per in di ca ted horse power hou r necessarily depen d s -

U pon t he co n d ition s o f spee d a n d cu t off For the Simple freight ocomoti e s -

. l v
v
t ested , the a era ge min imu m is 2 3 7 The consu mption when de elopin g . . v
m aximum power is 2 3 8 , . and when u n der those c on di ti on s wh ich pro v dte o be
the lea st e ffi cien t ,
The c ompou n d l o co motiv es teste d , u sin g sa t u ra te d s t e a m, con sum e d from
to 27 pou n ds of stea m per in dica ted horse power hou r Aided b y a -
.

su p erhea ter,
‘

o
the m in imu m c n sumption is red uce d to pou n d s o f sup er
heated steam per hour .

I n gen era l, th e steam con sum ption o f sim ple l o co m o ti v es d ecrea ses with
in crease of spee d , while tha t of the com pou n d locomo tiv e in creases . F rom
this sta teme n t it a p pe ars tha t the rela t i e a d v v a n ta ges to b e d eri v ed from the
u se of the com pou n d dimin ish a s the S peed is in creased .
14 4 THE LO C O M O TI VE

T he cylin d ers a re so p o po tion ed th t the wo k don e in on e r r a r

e qu l a s n ea ly a s m y b e t h a t don e in th oth
a s r Sinc e th e wo k a e er . r

don in bo th cylin d is the sa me the cylin d t a ctive p owe c

e ers , er r r an

b comp u t d f om E qu a tion
e ep g 3 8 by
r u sin g th e d im a e 1 , en

s ion s a d p ssu of ei th cylind e I t is u u l t con sid the

n re re er r . s a o er -

high p e su e cylin d an d b eca u se of the n ec e s y b a ck p essu e

-

r s r er, s ar r r

on th e xh u ting sid e of the p iston h e d to a s ume two thi ds of

e a s a , s r

th boil p es u e in comp utin g th e ultimate cylind er t a ctive

e er r s r r

e ff ort T o d et e min th cylind

. t ctiv e ffort und e wo king
r e e er ra e r r

condi tion the p es u e mu st b d t ermi n ed by an indica to

s, r s r e e r .

Fou cylind e comp ound locomo t iv es h v e a p ir of cylind s

r -

r a a er ,

high p es u e an d low p essu e on e ch id e The

r s r ng ment r r ,
a s . a rra e

of the cylind s va i es A p a ir may b e t ta ch d to th sam con

er r . a e e e

n e ti gc od n o e a bov e th e oth e
r ,or t and m
n th t i o e in r, e ,
a s, n

f ont of the oth

r th ey may b e o e in id e nd the oth er
er, —
or n s a

ou t id e th pl n of the driving wh eel s tta ch ed to c anks a t

s e a e a r

qu a t in g a n gles p ovi ding wh a t is c ll d a b a l nc ed locomo

r er , r a e a

tive * T d et mi n the ultima t e cylind e tra ctive eff ort of the

. o er e r

fou cylind er compound locomotive Equ a tion

'

r p a ge 3 8 is 1
-

, ,

u ed with the hi gh p essu e cylind er dimen sion an d p essu e s

s -

r r r r a

in the two cylind er class an d the result multip li d by ;

-

,
e 2 or

b tte the sa me fo mul is u sed wi th two thi ds boile p e u e

e r, r a r r r ss r

f
or th e hi gh p ressu e cylind e a d o e fourt h boil e p essu e f
-
r r n n r r r or

th e low p e u e cylind er a n d t he esult s a dd ed

-

r ss r ,
r .

Loc o mot ive Typ es T h mod ern d em a nd for h ea vy tra in . e s

a n d hi gh sp eed e qui s g ea t boil r c a p a city a d th e efo e h a vy

r re r e ,
n r r e

locomo tives The effo t s to d ign h ea vy locomotives for bo th

. r es

f st an d slow p eed s h av e e ulted in a numb er of diff ent typ es

a s r s er

di tingui h ed by the di ffe enc e in a an gem nt of the unning

s s r rr e r

gea r T h e e m y b e two or four f ont truck wh eel s f om two

. r a r , r

to ten d ivin g wh eels n d S ingl e pa ir of t a ilin g wh els suppo t

r , a a r e r

in g t h fi e box b ehin d th d ive s

e r The f ont truck wh e l s a r e r r . r e e

w nting in a few typ a s in locomo tive u sed fo S witching and

a es , s r

known a s y d shifting engin es an d th e trailing wh eel a e a

ar or ,
s r

recen t a ddition A locomotive with two f ont truck wh eels

'

. r ,

See Plate X I I follo wi n g .

 LO C O M O T I VE T Y PE S 14 5

fou d ivin g wh l
r r d p i of t iling wh l b e id h vin g
ee s, a n a a r ra ee s , s es a

ty p n m will b known (tw fou t wo) t yp Th

'

a e a 4 e, e as 2 - -

2 o -

r— e . e

p inci p l t yp in common u f t in vic

r a es se or ra ser e a re :

AM E RI C AN T YP E 4 4
— —
0 F or m a n y yea rs t h e st a n d a rd p a sse n ge r a nd

fre ig h t t yp e .

C O LU M B I A 2— 4 — 2 A no t v e rv c o m m o n rec e n t p a sse n g er lo c o
mot i v e .

A st an d a rd m o d ern fa st p a s s e n g er t yp e .

D esig n e d fo r fre ig ht a n d p a s se n ger ser ic e v .

A m o d e rn p a ss e n ge r t yp e .

A st a n d a rd fre ig h t t yp e so m e t im e s u s ed fo r

p a sse n ger s e r ic e v .

P A CI F I C G e n era lly u s e d fo r p a sse n ge r s er ic e o n v

v
h e a y gra d e ro a d s ; u se d s o m e wh a t for
freigh t ser vi ce .

2— 8 — 0 v
H ea y fre igh t ser vi ce .

v
H e a y freigh t s er vi ce .

H ea v y fre igh t s er vi ce .

b k
3

S o m et im e s u i lt wit ho u t t ru c wh ee ls
freig h t se r vi ce .

S AN T A F E 2— 1 0 — 2 v
H e a y fre igh t s er vi ce o n m o u n t a in gra d e s .

B es id
h s th i the Sh y locomo t v
es t e e ere which ll the s a i e , In a

wh l d iving wh l th ngin b in g v tic l n gin on

ee s a re r ee s, e e es e er a e es

th id of th locomo tiv d iving h ft which i conn ct d wi th

e s e e e, r a s a s e e

th wh l by b v l g
e ee s in g T hi locomo ti v
e e i
e in limi t d u
ea r . s s e se

on a f w t p mount in g d e
e s ee a ra s .

A v y c nt locomot ive is t h e M ll t t icul t d com pound

er re e a e ar a e or

dupl x locomo t iv A fi t b il t i t hi count y f h vy g d

e e . S rs u n s r or ea -
ra e

s er vic t h B l t imo e
e on d O hio R il o d t hi locomo t iv h d
e a r an a r a , s e a

t w lv d ivi g wh
e e l i t w t of i ch t h f on t t
r n ee s n wi o se s S x ea , e r se on a s v

e li g t uck d p t d b y t h l w p u cylind t h e
n r an O e ra e t e o -
res s re e rs , rea r s e

r ig id ly p ll l wit h t h locomot iv e xi d p t ed by t h high

a ra e e a s an O era e

p res su e cyli d r R c n t modi fi c t ion h v

n e rs . ul t d in t h fol
e e a s a e re s e e

lo wi g wh ln n g e m en t 2 4 4 2 2 6 6 2 0 8 8 0 2 8 8 2
ee a rra s: — - -

,
— — —
,
— — —
,
— — —
,

2 6 8 0
— —
d 4 4 6 2
—
, T h l t t A m ic n locomo t iv ( 1 9 1 1 )
an — — —
. e a es er a e

is a fou cylind b l nc ed im pl 4 4 2 t y p
r-
er I t i p ovid d
a a s e — —
e . s r e

wi t h up h t
a s d i erid t o ho w high d g of ffi ci cy
ea e r a n s sa S a e ree e en .

M o t of t h t yp na m d e ho wn in t h f ollo wing illu t t io

s e es e ar s e s ra ns .
 —E
T II L OC O M O TI VE '
14 8 TH E L O C O M O TIVE

N N

'

c c c:

Q ‘ CD O
LO C O M O TIVE T Y PE S 14 9

C C CI
1 50 T HE L O C O M O TI VE

N N
sr‘ C
'

W N N IO
152 TH E L O C O M O TI VE

lfi v- “
N

Q ‘O fi “

3
m 5
0 5
2

> 6
M a Q
m
m
0 a
o

2
! f
m
.
»

M m
.

M
O
Z
M L

m
A
G
m G
< Q
m E
O m N

M U
O 0
H m >

> 0
m 8
0
a
> 0
fi H
0
m H 4
c
.

O E m
H m w
> o
H t a
O te uw
mo
a
U s mo
u
o
O } a
z
Exo
A
d b
;
fi
w m
m n
o

fi
w
H
O
m
U
<
m
1 54
.
TH E L O C O M O T IVE

V 10 0]
THE L O C O M O T I VE
 C HAPTE R X I I

TH E WORK or TH E LOCOMOTIVE

Th e W ork
la ifi ed I d win g a t in a locomot ive
C ss n ra ra

ov com e i t nc by x rt in g t ct ive effo t qu l to th

er es r s s a e e e a ra r e a e

e i t nc
r s s a if the speed b e con st n t som wh t in xc
e of a , e a e ess

th e e i t nc if th p d b cc le t d a d som wh t l ess
r s s a e e s ee e a e ra e ,
n e a

t h n th
a i t nc e if the p ed b e t d d o n ega tively ccel
e res s a s e re a r e r a

era t ed .

Th e fi rs t condition unifo m v loci ty is e sily und e tood ; th

,
r e , a rs e

second condi t ion e xi t in t tin g a t ain r in inc in g it

s s s ar r o re a s s

sp e d a t an y p oin t
e xc pt on down g a d e wh e the ct ion of
e e a r er a

gra vi t y s i t in
a s s g t h locomotiv m y m k e th n c s a y t c t iv e
e e a a e e e s r ra

effo t of th
r locomo tive no g e t th n th a t n ec
e y f uni r a er a essa r or

fo m motion
r e v en non e a t a ll ; a d t h e thi d condi t ion m ay
, or n r

e xi t on a
s up g n d wh n gra vity ctin g ag in t th locomo tiv e
ra e, e a a s e

in c ses th e i t nc e to b e ove come b yond the tra ctive

rea res s a s r e

powe of th locomo ti v
r e d s et d the t in p oducin g wh t
e an o r ar s ra , r a

m ay t chnic lly b c ll d n g tiv e a cc el tion I f such an u p

‘

e a e a e e a era .

gra d e b e l o n g nou g h t h et ain will com t t nd till n d th n

e r e o a s a s a e

st a t b ck downhill a g in s t t h
r a ffo t of t he locomotiv unl e s
a e e r e s

b k es b e et to hold the t ain ; but if the g d b e ho t the only

ra s r ra e S r ,

eff c t will b
e to r duc th pe d which n b g i inc e sed
e e e e s e ca e . a a n r a

on the succeeding mo f vo a bl g d ,
re a r e ra e .

I f a down g a d b su ffi ci ently St p a d lon g th e sp d will

r e e ee n , ee

inc ease b eyond wh t i f u l s th e ffo t of th e locomo tive

'

r a s sa e n es e r

cea se , a d b n ke b e a ppli ed to i c a th e i t nc un til it

ra s n re se res s a e

e qu l a s th e fo c e of g a vi t y down th e g d
r r wh n the sp e d will ra e, e e

re m in unifo m un til th g d e i p s ed Wi th p ow r b k
a r e ra s a s . e ra es

t hi c nnot b p c t ic lly don e S inc e no s t i sf c t o y ty p e of b k

s a e ra a ,
a a r ra e

has b en d vi d to fu ni h v yin g p u t the will of th

e e se r s a ar ress re a e

j
15 8
1 60 TH E WO R K O F THE LO C O M O TI VE

tion of th t ck ed wi th th in si t n t w i gh t
ra , an d i li tt l e s e e , an s e

a ff c t d by v loci t y ch n g s
e e e Rolli g i t nc d journ l
a e . n re s s a e an a

f ic tio n t o g th e
r sum d
e t f om
r a re a s t 3 p ound p n et t n ine a r 2 o s er o

mod n xp ion f t i
er e res s i t nc s or ra n res s a e .

R i t nc d
es s a t o cill tion d concu sion is unkn ow in
e ue o s a an s n

a mount i b li v d t b v y m ll d p ob a bly v i e wi th
, s e e e o e er s a ,
an r ar s

th e qu s of th v loci ty
a re e e .

At mo p h ic s i t nc h b n mo t tho ou ghly inv tig t d

er res s a e as ee s r es a e

by P of o G o r es s r t th Pu du l bo to y M uch d p nd
ss a e r e a ra r . e e s

on th fo m of th c s d th m k u p of th t in A f eigh t
e r e ar an e a e -

e ra . r

t in of box c s movin g th ou gh t ill i

ra ar m t b e i t d by r s a r see s o res s e

a fo c giv n by th xp sion A
r e e e e C )S C b in g res
2
, e

th numb e of c
e in th t in F th n gin e d t end lon
r a rs e ra . or e e an er a e

A = th t in lon A
2
S 0 I I
. d f an or l e C )S ra a e -
2
.

F or p s ng a set in th co ffi ci n t of C i t b doubl d At
er ra s e e e s o e e .

o din y f i gh t t in p d th whol qu n ti ty is m ll bu t
r ar re ra s ee s e e a s a ,

a t hi gh v loci t i th e i t nc i con id bl con umin g f om

es e res s a e s s e ra e, s r

10 t p
o 20 c n t of t h
er t c t iv
e fo c of t h locomo t iv
e Th era e r e e e .

fo goin g v lu
re f a mo tion th ou gh till i A h d wind
es a re or r s a r . ea

of v loci ty qu l t th t of th t in would inc

e e a o th
a i t nce e ra rea s e e res s a

fou tim r S id es , wind would h v

a e unk own ff c t which a e an n e e

would b qui t l g e e ar e .

Summ i in g ll w k ow of t in
ar z a i t nc e it i p ob bl
e n ra res s a , s r a e

t h t th whol m y b
a e ep esen t ed by
e a equ t ion of th
e r fo m r an a e r

C
R = A + BS + + 125 W + M5 2
,

(S + K )
2

in which R is th to t l i t nc e in pound A B C D K n d
e a res s a s, , , , , , a

M co ffi ci n t om of which m y b ,t b e d t min d by
a re e e s, s e a e 0 o e er e

exp im n t W th w igh t of th t in in ton s d S i th p d

er e , e e e ra , an s e s ee

in mil p hou es I f M5 b
er omi tt d th n inc W i
r .
2
e e ,
e ,
s e s

exp d in ton th p n th i giv th si t nc in p ound

resse s, e a re es s es e re s a e s

p t
er of tonain which i t h u u lrw y of st t in g it
,
s e s a a a .

T h common e fo mul s f
e t in e i t a nc e re much imp l er
r a or ra r s s ar s

th an th t ju t giv ena s .
 RE SI ST AN C E T O M O TI ON AT C O N ST AN T V EL O C ITY 161

The B a ldwin L ocomo t iv e Wo rk s fo rmula is

in which R is esi st anc in pound

, r e s p er ton of tra in an d S is s pe d e

in mil pe houes r r .

T h e E gi ri ng N w fo mul
n n ee e s r a is

T h e e formulas ma ke no llow nc e f th fa ct th t lo a d ed train s

s a a or e a

h a ve a l ess e i st nce p t th n emp t t in a d th ey l o

r s a er on a y ra s, n a s

p ob bly in clud
r a the m chin e f iction of th
e locomotive Ina r e .

u sin g th ese fo mul s in conn ect ion with the boile t ctive effort
r a r ra ,

the undimin i sh d v lu e of the tr ctive eff ort S hould b e u sed

e a a ,

1 61 H 3 75 I H P
n m ly
. . .

a e ,
S S

F o mu l th t a p h p b tt f f ight t in r i stance e
r as a re er a s e er or re ra es ar

those de vi d by M Sanfo d L C lu t t to fi t the cu v s of the la t e

se r . r . e r e

M r A M Wellin gton ; th ey
. . . a re

70
For e mPt Y t ra i n s Rt 5 4 S + 2

(5 +

Fo r lo d d t ms R
a e ra : S + 2

(S

T he formul give esult s p ob bly mu h too g e t fo high p ed s

as r r a c r a r s e ,

an d po ssibly som ewh a t too hi gh fo a ll p eed s Th followin g r s . e

mo di fi c tions are su ggest ed an d while less simp l e th n th E n

a ,
a e

g n e ri g N e
i e n ws or B a ldwin formul s th ey a re b eli e v d to f i ly a ,
e a r

well fi t frei ght tra in re i t anc e cu ves not in cludin g m chine

s s r , a

friction a d a e a ppli ca ble for sp eeds of from 0 + to a bout 3 5

,
n r

mi l es an hou r.
1 62 TH E WO R K O F T H E L O C OM O TI VE

)
2
(S I

E mp ty t ain r R, 5 2

Th ese formul will su ff c for wh t m y b e c alled norm l con

as i e a a a

d iti s on T h ey do not includ e th

. ff ct of h vy h e d wind s uch e e e ea a s

as m a y p e v a il for con sid e

r ble p e iod on th W te n p l i s n
ra r s e es r a n ,
or

do th ey how diffe enc es f diff e n t l n gth s of t in xc p t s

S r or re e ra e e a

thi is t k n c e of by the w i ghts of mpty n d lo d d t in

s a e ar e e a a e ra s .

F comp tiv ely S hort t in s with

or a ra p ound c p ci t y c
ra a a a rs ,

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 36 38
’

S p e e d M il es p er H ou r
-
.

Fig .
74

the i t nc e would p ob bly b e slightly le s th an th fo rmul s

res s a r a s e a

indic t but th unc t in ti

a e, e e so g e t er a th e unknown d
es ar r a ,
an

unknow ble condi tion s nume ou th t it i b eli eved the ult

a so r s, a s res s

of th e fo mul s m y b u ed with con fi d nc if p o p e in t

r a a e s p ol tion e e r r er a

b e m d e for p ti a lly lo a d ed t in s
a ar d jud gm ent llow nc be ra ,
an a a es

ma d e for tr in s wo kin g und a bno m l condition The di

a r er r a s . a

g arm o f thi s e qu tion for lo a d d t a in s will b e found conv ni n t

a e r e e

fo ef e nc
r r A second cu v is hown t th l eft of th e minimum
re e. r e s o e

point of the ma in cu v e to b e u sed wh en th e low p eed i the

r ,
s s
16 4 THE WO R K O F T H E L O C O M O TI VE

emp ty go dol cn a a rs for which t he f om l v l

r u a a u es S h u o ld b e di mini shed a bo ut

on e p o un d for a ll sp eed s . The la st t erm of th e f om r ul a is u sed on ly for low

S p eed wh en starti n g . I n t he f om lr u a W is th e a verage weigh t p er c a r of t ra in .

Thi s l
a rt ic e a n d su b seq u en t c hap t ers d ep en di n g on i t Wi l b el rewri t t en in
th e n ex t edi ti n of o this book .

2 . RE S I S T A N C E TO C H AN G E OF VE L O C IT Y
lera t ed Moti on
Ac ce T he si t nc o ff ed to ch an ge of
. re s a e er

sp e dei s a d fin i t e qu a nti tey t h t c n b d e t e rmin ed wi t h p ci ion a a e re s

T h e d et e m
.

in a tion d p end s on c rt a in
r impl e prin cipl es of
e e s

m ch anics which will b e sta t ed

e .

By th e p o p e rty of in ti a r ll bodi es t nd to st a y in th a t con

er , a e

di tio n of mo tion in which t y in t n t th y m y b e An a cc l a an s a e a . e

era tin g t di n g, re a r d vi at ing fo c e mu t b e pp li ed to ch an ge

, or e r s a

th e condi tion of motion s t v eloci t y o di e ction a o r r .

I t is known th t con st n t ly pp li ed fo c e of giv en m agnitud e

a a a a r

will p oduc a unifo mly ch n gin g condi tion of motion on an y

r e r a

giv n m a sse T he t . of ch n ge is c lled th e cc l tion an d

ra e a a a e era

may b e p o itive o n g t ive ( et d tion )

s r I t is kn own a l o th a t
e a r ar a . s

th e a c c l t ion of a giv n m a ss i p o p ort ion a l t th e m gni tud

e era e s r o a e

of the con st nt unb al nced fo c e a ctin g T hu if b e th weight

a a r . s, to e

of body th t is the me su of the fo ce of gra vi ty a ctin g on it

a , a , a re r ,

a d g b e th e
n cc ele ation d u e to g vi ty d if P b e y oth r
a r ra ,
an an e

fo c e p pli ed to the body the a ccele ation a produc ed by P will

r a , r , ,

b e giv en by
a P

g 10

f om which the fo c e P n ec es a ry to p oduc

r r s r e the a ccelera tion a in
a body of w ei ght is to

Thi fo c e s r P m ay b e con sid e ed r the r sist ance

e to c h an ge of

veloci ty f or th e a e r t of ch nge a a .
 AC C ELE RAT E D M O TI O N 1 65

Und th influ enc e of the fo c of g vi ty th v loci ty of f ll

er e r e ra e e a a

i g body inc
n g f t pe cond g h vi ng v lu e v yin g
rea ses ee r se ,
a a a ar

wi th th di t nc f om th c en te of m of th e t h d wi th
e s a e r e r a ss e ar an

l titud e b u t u u ally s um d f m ch nic l p oblem

a , s a s e or e a a r s as

I f th body t t f om
e t it will h v
s ar v eloci ty of g f t t th
r res , a e a ee a e

en d of th e fi t s cond ; it v g v loci ty f th fi t cond will

rs e s a era e e or e rs se

h
t ere fo re be i feet which will a l s o , b e th e sp a e c cov ere d in th e
2

fi rs t se cond . At th e en d of 15 se cond s th e v locity will

e b e tg f eet

t
cond th e v era ge v loci ty will h ve b n i an d th e sp a e c
p e r se , a e a ee ,
2

tg
p a sse d ov er Wi ll th ere fo re be —
X t fe et . If 71 be v loc ty
e i
2

in f t p
ee er se cond , t be t im e in se cond s, a n d h t he sp ac e or h igh t
e

of f lla ,

2)
S inc f om
e r (3) t s ub st tut on
i i in (4 ) g i ves
g

Per fectly n logou s to th e equ tion s if

a a se a , P be fo c e a c tin g on
a r

a body a n d p oducin g n cc le tion of

r a a e ra a feet pe second f t r ,
or

second s cov e in g a sp a c e of Z f eet

,
r

v :
1 66 TH E WO RK O F TH E L O C OM O TI VE

If a body b unifo mly cc l t d in di t nce of Z feet f om

e r a e era e a s a r

res t t v locit y of f t p s cond the ccel tion f om ( 8 ) i

o a e 7) ee er e , a era r s

2 7 ( 9)

an d fo c
th e r e P n eces sa ry to p r oduce thi s a cc le a tion
e r , g i ven by
s ub ti tu ting f
s or a in it s v lu f om
a e r is

P
2 gl

v elocity e xp resse d in miles p er hou r S

5 2 8 0 S

3 600

w 5 28 0S 2

X
2 g! 3 60 0

If th e wei gh t i s e xp resse d in ton W of s 2 00 0 p ound s

to 20 00 W
WS 2

Tra in Acce l e a t io If a t in b e the body P i the t a ctiv

r n . ra , s r e

effo t in p ound s t
r b e x ted by th locomotiv e on
o e t in of W
er e a ra

t on includin g th e locomo t iv e t p oduc e th

s veloci ty of S mil ,
o r e es

p hour
er in t h di t nce of 1 f t st tin g f om e t
e s a ee ,
ar r r s .

B t u t only is th
no t in given velocity of t n l tion th e
e ra a ra s a ,

wh e l e giv n veloci ty of o ta tion qui ing P t b l a ge

e s ar e a r ,
re r o e r r

t h n indic t ed by th e fo egoin g xp s ion by

a a mount d ep nd
r e re s an a e

i g on the el tiv m
n r of
a d wh l
e th p a tt rn of th
a sses c a r an ee s , e e e

wh el s d the v lociti s Fo
e , an y g
e iv n et of con
e di
. t ion s th e r an e s

a ddi tion t P m y b d t min ed by comp in g th en gy e

o a e e er ar e er r

qui ed to ccel t e the a wh eel in th ei motion of ro ta tion

r a e ra c r s r

wi th tha t requi d t giv th e ultin g motion of t n l tion to

re o e e r s ra s a

th a s a whol N g e t p eci sion n b e a t em p t ed for a

a
e c r e .
t o r a r ca
1 68 T HE WO R K O F TH E L O C O M O T IV E

If th efo ce b e known a d it is d esi d to det ermin e the di st ance

r ,
n re

requi ed to inc ease the velocit y f om S to 8 miles per hour

r r r , 2 ,

W 2 2
I SI )
-

If thedi st anc e an d a v ila ble fo ce re kn own an d it is d esi ed to

a r a , r

kn ow how g t lo d c n b e c a ri ed with the required cceler

rea a a a r a

ation A or B is solved f
, W givin g or

Pl
2 2
70 (5 2 5 1
-

If W ,
P , l, an d S, a re kn own an d 5 2 is d esired , A or B is solv ed
for S 2 givin g

2
+ 5
.

In d et ermining 1 sin ce P can n e ve b e con st ant no ven a p p rox

, r , r e

im a t ely con st ant th u gh a n y con sid e bl e cha n ge in sp e d it i s

,
ro ra e ,

not uncommon to fin d 1 f a ch n ge in peed of mi l pe hou or a s 1 e r r,

u sin g succe siv ely S S

s S et c
I ,a s initi l sp eed s until
I 1, I 2, .
, a ,

th e r quired ch an ge is ea ch ed wh en th e su m of th e se v e a l
e r ,
r

v lu es of 1 will b e the di stanc e equi ed If S

a S 1 E qu a r r .
2 I ,

ti on (B ) b ecomes
W
l = 7o — —
(2 S I + 1 )
I

The lo a d W in an y p oblem likely to a ri se would b e kn own or

r

estim a t ed . T h e a v a il a bl e t ctive eff ort P mu t b e estima t ed

ra s

by subtra ctin g from the estim t ed tot a l t ctiv e effort of th loco a ra e

motive the esi stance du to uch g a d e the t in m y b e on

,
r e s r as ra a ,

a d the
n ordi n a ry t a in es i s
rt nc e E q u tion
r A
( )g iv es t
a h e es i s t. a r

a nc e due to a cc e l e a t ion o r ch a n ge of sp e d ,
wh a t
r i s t h e s m e e ,
or a

th in g th e force n ecessa ry to p oduce a cceler tion

,
r a .
 G RAD E RE S I S T AN C E 1 69

3 . G RA D E RE S I S TAN C E

Gra de Res stan c e

i

i nc to the pro gress of a t ain

. T he res sta e r

o ff e ed by a g d e is d u e to th a ction of g vi ty which t end s to

r ra e ra

pull the t in down the hill ra The wo k don in lift in g a t a in . r e r

th ou gh
r y numb ranof v t ic a l e er

feet r qu l s th weight of the

, e a e

t in times the numb er of f t

ra ee

lifted The wo k is the s m

. r
:
a e

wh eth er th t in b lifted ve ti
e ra e r
ig
F 75
c a lly or on an inclin of l en gth I
.

e .

Sinc e the wo k is th e sa m e r th t is th wo k of lifting not a , e r

includin g th e wo k of o llin g lon g the t ck n d inc wo k is

r r a ra ,
a S e r

fo c e time di t nc the fo ce R qui d on th g d times

r s s a e, r
3 , re re e ra e,

the l en gth of th e g a d e equ a l s th e w ei ght tim es th e i s ;

r r e or

Wr Rg l

r
wh enc e 7
In ilro a d gra d es the gra d e angle i sm ll a d th b a se l n gth of
ra s a n e e

the g a d e do s not di ff
r much f om the inclin ed l n gth ; d
e er r e an

S inc e it is th b e len gth th a t i obt in ed in surv ys it i cu stom

e as s a e , s

a ry to sa y th a t

Wh en b is on e s a t tion , 1 00 f t
ee , r t
is th e ra e p er c ent of the g a d ; r e

and if W be e t of on on 2000 p ound t h e n s, R

g
in p ound s p er ton
ma y b e e xpressed by

2000 X r a te p er c nt of
e g ra de
1 00

R, 20 X t
ra e p er c nte .

T hi s is the tand a d fo mula f

s r r or gra d e res s a i t nc e a nd g ives pound s
resi st nc e p r ton of t in on
a e ra an y gra d e .
1
7 0 TH E WO R K O F TH E L O C O M O T I V E

4 . CU R E V RE S I STA N C E

ne a l St a t m ent
Ge r Cu v e i ta nc i th i t nc o ffe ed
. r e res s e s e res s a e r

a t th d w b e t mo t ion
ra -

lon g a cu v ed t ck ov
ar o d a bov a r ra er an e

th t o ff
a d by t ight t ck
e re a s ra ra .

N n ti ly s ti f c to y th o tica l di cu sion of cu v r i st
o e re a s a r e re s s r e es

a nc h b n publi h d E xp im n t h v b een m d e S howin g

e as ee s e . er e s a e a

t h t wi th hi gh d g
a cu v the e i st nc e i bout
—
e ree
p ound r es r s a s a

p er ton p e d g f Am e ic n bo gi t uck of a bou t 5 feet wh e l

r e ree or r a e r s e

b a se t low p e d ; th t it i
a s con id bly mo th n thi s f
s e a s s era re a or

cu ve of m ll d eg ee a d lon g i gid wh l b e ven re chin g

r s s a r n r ee as , e a

p ound p t p e d g ee
s er T h e u u a l a llow nc e m d e by
on r e r . s a a

loc tin g engin e in Am ic is f om

a e rs of a pound to p ound er a r 1

p er t p ond e g e Terhi s i p e h p r e t much . too l g f low s r a s no ar e or

d g cu v is c t inly not too l ge f a lon g wh l b on

e ree r es , er a ar or
‘

ee a se

a cu ve of low d eg e but i too l g for 5 6 foot t uck on

r re , s ar e _
or r s

S h p cu ve O b e va tion h s eem d to how th t th e esi st nc

ar r s. s r a s e S a r a e

p er d g e is g t r on fl t cu ves th an on h p cu v
e re rea e A a r S ar r es . n

a t t m p t t o di cu ss th a c t ion of a t ruck on
e s cu ve a d to d e velo p
e a r n

a ra t ion l th eo y for cu v r esi st nc e th t S h ll a g e with b se

a r r e a a a r e
-

o r

v tion will b m d e
a e a .

Rel tio of Wh l an d R il
a n C ar wh eel s a
ee lightly con d a . re s e ,

12
;
1
inch in g inch e the t d join s th fl ng by a fi llet curve
2 s, rea e a e

Fi g . 76

of g inch diu s th fl n g i not

-
ra , e a e s s t ra i ght at n y poin t but is
a ,

cu ved T h fi t of n ew wh el
r . e a e and ra il is S hown in Fig 76 . .
1 7 2 TH E W O RK O F THE LO C OM O T I VE

come gain st th out e il wh en the e i t nc R wi th an equ l

s a e r ra ,
r s s a e a

fo c e comp on ent of P t th c en t p i t nd to k w th e t uck

r , ,
a e er n e s s e r

a c o ss th t ck d b in g th
r e ra inn wh l a g in st th inn r
an r e rea r er ee a e e

r a il H ow f
.
ov th inn e wh e l is d wn m y t b kn own ;
ar er e r e ra a no e

a pp
ntly
a re t h e fl ng do es ot w a g in st t h
e id e of t h n il ea r a a e s e ra .

T h twi t in g mov m ent is

e s si t d by t h e norm l p
e u s Q re s e a ress re .

I f th t ruck is hort
e d th d eg e of cu v Sm ll th whol
s , an e re r e a , e e

t ruck will b on th e cu v b efo e th e ou t

e il b e on th ou t
r e r er ra a rs e er

f ont fl n g but if the t uck r a e, r

b lon g or the cu v h p e ,
r e s ar ,

th e fo w d wh e l will st ik r ar e r e

th e out il while the er ra rea r

wh e l s e till on th e t e ar s an

F g
ig
ent .
A
77
umi g t h t t h e . ss n a

whol gau g pl y is u d u p e e a se

in sk win g the t uck d th t it v i f om t g inch th

e r , an a a r es r 1 3;
3
o , e

a n gl b etw en th il d fo w d wh l will b e f om d g
e e e ra an r ar ee r 0 e ree

12 minu t s t d g e 4 min u t e wh n a 5 foo t t uck i wholly

o 0 e ree 2 s e -

r s

on d g ee cu ve bout twice th e v lu s f
a I -

e r r , a d eg es a e or a IO -

ree

cu v n d th times f
r e, a d g ee cu v If th ou t
ree or a il 20 -

e r r e ; e er ra

be g in t t h e fl n g of th e f on t wh l t
a rs a a s a
p oin t in
e t h e v r t ic l r ee a a e a

t h ou gh th a xi s of th e wh l t h
r e ea r a xl e should t nd di l
ee , e r s a ra a

wh n the n gl ub t nd d by a cho d of twic e th wh l b i

e a e s e e r e ee a se s

s u ff ci n t to give middl o din t fo th ou t er r il equ l to the

i e a e r a e r e a a

g g p
au l y ;
e d bo t h ou
a t e wh an l hould b ind on t h ou t r il ee s S e er ra ,
’

th e xi s of th e t ruck b in g th en
a cho d t th cu ve wh en th e e a r o e r ,

a n gl ub t nd ed by cho d of the wh e l b se giv s middle

e s e a r e a e a

o d in te qu l to th g u ge p l y Bu t th e b in g p oint i not
r a e a e a a . ea r s

in v tic l th ou gh the a xi s d it c nnot b

a er a r dily d t min d an a e rea e er e .

T h e f ont rd t uck s p ob bly do not

an rea r t rlik e S in c e th r a ac a , e

fo c ppli ed to th i
r es a
p c t iv e c en t e p in p ob
e r res bly m k
e e dif r s r a a

fe e t n gl s wi th t h t uck x
r n a e T h fo w d t uck only will
e r a es . e r ar r

b con id
e d d the e t uck a umed t p oduc e n qu l
s ere , an r ar r ss o r a e a

e i t nc e As th t uck is dv nc ed by th p ull P it mu st b e
‘

r s s a . e r a a e ,

tu n d bout some c en te th ou gh the c en t l n gle of the cu ve

r e a r r ra a r

t ve ed I t m kes no diffe enc e wh t th t c nt is f

ra rs . a r a a e er so ar a s
 T H E O RY O F C U R E RE S I ST AN C E V 73

the res ult of

di scu ssion is concern ed an d it will be a ssum d
the ,
e

to b the e inn er wh eel O f course it is the c ent e pin bout

e r ar . r a

which the t uck tu n but a t a y in stant the c en te m y b s

r r s, n r a e a

sum d to b e t h
e e i n e wh eel Sin c the c n t p i is moving
e r ar n r , e e er n

with the t uck I f th e e is no f iction b etween wh l t d n d

r . r r ee rea a

r a il a n d if th e p eed th ou gh t h
,
cu ve is th t f which the t ck
s r e r a or ra

is c a nt ed th e will b no cu v e esi st a nc sin c e th c antin g of

'

er e r r e, e
,

th e t ra ck would count e a c t t h e c ent ifu ga l fo c r d th e truck r r e an

would roll a d lid e a ound th cu ve with littl fl n ge p e su e on

n s r e r e a r s r

th e out er r il B u t th e
a is fric t ion b twe n r il n d wh l t ea d
. re e e a a ee r ,

a n d the truck mu st b e twi st ed g in st thi s f iction T hi s twi t ing

a a r . s ,

with the lo sses in t an mitting m ch ni m c u ses curve r si st nce

r s e a s , a e a .

Th eory of Curve Resi st a ce C u v e e i st a nc ri s s f om

n . r r s e a e r

the slip p in g of the wh eel s on the ra il T he tot l slipping for a n y . a

cu v is th a t d ue to twi tin g the t uck th ou gh a an gle equ l to

r e s r r n a

th e ch a n ge in di ction th t i th c n t l a n gl of th cu v e
re , a s, e e ra e e r .

I f th wh e l w e
e loo on the xl s th ey could tu n in d e
e s re se a e so r

p nd
e ently of o n noth e th e ou t wh
e a e l volvinr,g f a t th n er e , re s er a

th e inn e wh eel could t

r vel th e g e t l n gth of th e out a il
, ra r a er e er r

while the inn e wh eel should u th less l ngth of the inn r ra il

r r n e er e e ,

t he xl e b ein g a t ll times a di l t th cu v
a a a d th e rwould be a o e r e, n re

no longitudin a l Sli p But th wh ls e ri gidly tt ch d to the

. e ee ar a a e

a xl e a n d on e can turn no mo e th n th
,
o th e ; h nce in ce the r a e r e , s

r a il s a re of un equ l l en gth t h out e wh l mu s t li p for w d

a , e r ee s ar ,

o r th e inn e wh e l mu st lip b a ckw d

r e both mu t S lip a tot a l
s ar ,
or s

a mount equ l to the di ff enc in the l ength s of the a ils I f bo th

a er e r .

a xles w e e in dep endent d could swiv l ea ch a bout its wn

r an e ,
o

c ent e to ma int in a adia l p o i tion a d if this di l p o i tion

r a r s ,
n ra a s

could b e ma int in ed the e would b e no la t e a l Sli pping c o ss

r

a , r r a r

th e r a il s B u t th
. xl s a e h ld p a a llel in rectangul f me
e a e r e r a ar ra

which mu st b e e volved an d the ci cula r mo tion of the f me

r , r ra

will p oduc a l t e a l Slip a s will b e e vid ent In moving f om

r e a r , . r

A t B Fig 7 8 the truck fra m e mu st mov e lon gitudin lly th ou gh

o , .
, a r

t h di st a nc e I
e a ( a ma y b e n egl c ted ) a d mu t t wi t th ou gh e , n s s r

th e a ngl e A I f the truck b e consid e ed to b e re volving at e ve y

. r r

in st ant a bout its e r inn er wh e l the ea out er wh eel will b e

r a e , r r
1 74 TH E WO RK "

O F TH E L O C O M O TI VE

slidin g longitudi lly wi th f enc to th t ck the fo w dna re er e e ra , r ar

o ut er wh eel bot h lon gi t udin lly a d l a t e a lly ( di a gon lly ) an d a n r a ,

the forwa rd in n er wh l only la t era lly The rea inn er wh eel ee . r

will b twi stin g on its il T he fo ce di ectly re p on sible f

e ra . r r s or

tu nin g the t uck is the p essu e of the out er a il ag in t the f ont

r r r r r a s r

out wh eel flan ge a d thi s fo c e is induc d by th p ull on the

er ,
n r e e

d wbra Wh t ha s p c ed ed conc nin g th fi t of wh el n d

-

a r. a re er e e a

ra il the unc t in gau g p l y a d i gul i ti s of t ck condi

, er a e a ,
n rre ar e ra

tion s will ma k vid n t the grea t di ffi cul ty not to y imp ssi

,
e e e , sa o

b ility of compl et ely a n ly in g

, d following a ll th e fo c es a z an r

involv ed in th fi n a l forc t th d w which m y b c lled

e e a e ra a e a

cu ve i st nc The p in ci ple of qu l wo k will th e fo be

r res a e . r e a r re re

u ed the wo k don e in lidin g th wh eels b in g equ t d to the

s ,
r S e e a e

wo k don e in ov comin g cu v e i tance th ou gh th e l n gth of

r er r e r s s r e

th e cu v d th t r i t anc d et min ed I
e, an di n th e n gl
a res s e er . n ra a s a e

1
A an d an y p oint movin g th ou gh r an e qu l n gl wi th
a a e a ra diu s
R
l
of r will move th ou gh r a n a rc of r X Th e two ou t er wh l ee s
R I
will th e efo r re S lip lon gi tud in lly th ou gh a r an a rc of G X
R
which is th di ff e ere nc in l ength of th
e e two ra il s, a n d th e two for
l
w d wh l will lip th ou gh
ar an a rc of a X On e h lfa th e
R
ee s S r

l
weight of t uck an d lo d th a fo li p G fe et , a n d on e h lfa
R
r , e re re , s s

l
s i ps a feet T he resi st a nc e to l
S i ppi ng is th e we ght l pp ed
i S i
}
.

At tem p t s t o a n a lyz e th e forc es for loc o mot i v

wh eel syst em s , t o ge t t h e p re ssu re
e

on t he o u t er ra il, ha v b e een m ad e by t he N ew Y o r C e n t ra l k
H u d so n Ri er v
Ra ilroa d gi
enn eers a n d b h
yt e e dit i l t
o a s a
r fl‘
of t h e Ra i lroa d G a zelle . S ee Ra i lroa d
G a zelle, M arc h 1 5 a n d 2 2, 1 90 7 .
1 76 TH E WO R K O F TH E L O C OM O T I VE

f iction
r , th e p ress u will
ob bly va y with the wh l base d
re pr a r ee , an

m y b e f om
a t
r 5 p ound
2 20 p t n of to ta l lo d th sma ll
o 2 0 s er o a , e er

p ress u f a
re foo t
or wh l b s e
20— T hi p e u e time som ee a . s r ss r s e

co ff ci nt of f ic tion is a fo c e t b e ove com T h S lidin g h e e

e i e r r o r e . e r

is no t lon gi tudin l lon g th e il but is v tic l o inclin ed g ind

a a ra , er a r , r ~

i g down th co m
n id e of the il Ju t how much the lidin g
e er or s ra . s s

is c a nnot b told b u t it occu s a t a p oin t a lit t l in a dv anc e of a

e , r e

ve tic l th ou gh th c ent e of the wh el d the r i tin g fo c e

r a r e r e , an es s r

m yb a id to ct with a l ver a m of thi s light dv nc e n d to

e sa a e r S a a , a

b ov com e by a fo c e c tin g t th c nt e of th e wh eel which

e er r a a e e r ,

fo c would b lmo t equiv lent to th t p o tion of cu ve e i t

r e e a s a a r r r s s

a nc d u e to thi c a u
e T h l ve s m of the f iction a l esi t nc e
se . e e r ar r r s a

c annot b e xa c tly d et min d o will it b a lw ys the s m e

e er e ,
n r e a a .

I t is p ob a bly r ot l ss th n inch n mo th an i i ch with

n e a or re n

33 inch
-

wh l s I f it eeis s um
. d t b d t h e co f
fi ci
asen t e o e Tg
3
an e

of f iction be ssumed a t
r a th e S lip p in g is much f st
1 5
15 3 , a er

th n th t c o th il n d h enc e a sma ll co effi ci nt should be

a a a r ss e ra , a er e

u d se th,
sul tin g cu v e
e re esi ta nc d u t thi fl n g f ic tion
r r s e e o s a e r

m y b e f om
a r pound p ton f a 5 foo t wh l b se to s er or -

ee a

p ound p ton fo
s er foot wh l b e I t will b e ob s v ed th a t
r a 20 — ee as . er

thi i t nce i ind epend nt of the d eg ee of th cu v Wh a t

s res s a s e r e r e .

m y b e con id
a d quival nt to n inc se of the f iction co ef
s ere .
e e a rea r

fi i t will p ob bly
c en ult f om inc e e of th angl e b etw en
r a res r an r as e e

wh el d il I t h b een st t ed th t thi a n gl f
e an ra . as d eg ee a a s e or a 1 0 -

cu ve i bout t wic th t fo
r s a d g e cu ve If it b tim t ed
e a r a I -

e re r . e es a

t h t th f iction is inc
a e r d in p o po tion to the inc se in this
rea se r r rea

a n gl v lu be u d f d eg ee curves th en f
1 5
a d th
e, n e a e 15 5 se or 1 -
r , or

an y cu v e thi s it
r e m of esi t a nc e is g iv en by r s

y for 5 foo t t uck r D

-

y fo r 20 foo t t uck
-

r D .

on id e ing the ve y la g lem n t of unc ert inty in the friction

C s r r r e e e a

co effi ci nt nd th e le v a m of the fo c es it will b e su ffi ci ent

'

e , a er r s r ,

to say th a t fo a ll t uck r r s

y D .
 T H E O RY O F C UR V E RE S I ST AN C E 17
7

ummin g th two i t m of cu v
S e e s r e res st a i nce d v lop d the e e , ere

re ul t for cu v
s s i t nc in p ound r e res s a e s p er t on of t o t l lo d a a
I

R6 x y a )D .
(I )

For se v era l ound numb wh l b

r clo ly er ee a s es , se a pp r x o ima tin g
st a nda d r p ra ctic e th i t nc would b
, e res s a es e

Wh eel B a se Resistan ce
fee t p ou n ds p er to n

The m te ia lly g e te si t nc e of locomotives is seen from

a r r a r re s a

t hi t bl e
s a I t will l o b e se n f om t he in t oduc t ion of th e con
. a s e r r

st nt t e m t h t t he
a r e i t nc
, a p d g e i l ss wi
r s s a t h sh a p th n
e er e re s e r a

wi t h flat cu v Th ult s ob t in d by th u e of th se fo mul s

r es . e res a e e s e r a

a g re e v ry w e
e ll wi t h t h e ul t of x p im en t both fo
e r s i gn an d
s e er ,
re

Am ic a n
er .

T h fo mul
e o mi t
r
y inc as ea s d u t obliqui
an t y of t c t ion
r e e o ra

b c u th e i no uch inc
e a se er s f om o ca t no th
s rea seIt r ne r o a er .

i t u th t th e a x es of cou p l d c
s r e a do n t lie in the s m lin e a rs o a e e,

b u t t he junc t ion poin ts of both cou p l e s moving in the s me r a re a

lin which t y in t n t is t an g n t to cu ve conc ntric wi th

e a an s a a e a r e

th t ck cu v e d f S li ghtly g diu s T he pull a nd

’

e ra r ante o rea r ra .

res si tanc h e th e fo e a e in thi s tan gen t lin e I t is tru e th t

e er re r r . a

thi s pull cting t th followin g c nt pi is not in the lin e of

a a e e er n

a c tion of th esi t nc e a t th e wh eel but thi s ha s b een con sid e ed

e r s a ,
r
1
78 TH E WO R K O F T HE L O C O M O T I VE

in th e t si st nc e in t he equ a tion of work from which

fi rs it em o f re a

t h t n g n t i l p ull was d iv d a d in the se cond is p esum bl y

e a e a er e ,
n r a

includ d in th f ic t ion llowa nc e which inc e s

e e r wi th the d g a ,
r a es e ree

of the Cu v T h l g whe ls of th locomotive p ob a bly do

r e . e a r er e e r

not duc the cond it m of esi t nce b c u it is p ob bl

re e se e r s a , e a se r a e

th t bo th l e v a m
a inc s d in th a me tio
er r s a re rea e e s ra .

I t i p ob bl e t h t th
s r sul t of th e fo mul s
a hould b om
a e re r a s e s e

wh t inc ea d fo v y low v loci ti s d p o ibly dimin i h d

a r se r er s e e , an ss s e

for ve y high v loci ti since the c efli cie t of lidin g f ictio

r e es , o n s r n

va i s with the velocity of slidin g The lidin g p ent ed by

r e . s re res

t he t e m va ri es in sp eed with th speed of n gul mo tion

x r e a ar ,

a d n t a con st a nt speed throu gh the cu ve is ten tim a s f st f

a .
r es a or

a Io d g e cu v a f a I d gree cu ve d it lso va i e wi th
-

e re r e s or -

e r ,
an a r s

th e p e sd t h ou e
gh t h e cu v e F
r or hi gh sp e d p a ssen ge t i r .
-
e r ra n s

it m ay b e worth whil to ff ct the fo mul s given by e fli i t a e r a a co e c en

for va i tion in sp d n d the following fo m is su ggest d C

r a ee ,
a r e ,

b ein g the p a en th e i of Equ tion ( ) r s s a 1

R, (p a ssen ger t a in s)
r CD) 1

Whil e i t nc e doubtles v i s wi t h ll t in
th e res s a d wi th s ar e a ra s an

a ll sp d th v i ation is thou ght t b e t

ee s, e unc e t in to wa n t
ar o oo r a rra

a y a lt er tion of the formul a fo

n a f i ght t in s r re ra .

T hi s di scu ion divid es the S lip of th fo w d out e wh l

ss e r ar r ee

into two p t I t is really bu t o e S lip di gon lly on th

ar s . n , a a e

round corn of the a il but it h b e n divid ed in the di cu

er r , as e s s

sion to t y to S how th p ob a bl e fo m of the cu v

r e i t nc e r r r e r s s a e

e qu a tion I t i b eli e v d th
. form i pp oxim t ly co ct
s e e s a r a e rre ,

thou gh e xpe im nt m y in di ca t o th v lu f th con t nt s

r e a e er a es or e s a .

Th e di scu ssion n egl ct th mom en ta y l t e l p su Occu i g

e s e r a ra res re rr n

a t th e b eginnin g n d e d of a curv e a n .

Resistan ces C om p ed I t is conv eni nt to com pa e the v i

ar . e r ar

ou s e i st a nc es with gr d e
r s si t nc the mo st d efi ni t e an d rea dily
a re s a e,

d et ermined of the several resist an ces .

1 80 T HE WO RK O F THE L O C O M O TI VE

t
Su gges ion s T h com p i son of e i st nc s t o b e ov com
. e ar r s a e er e

by th locomotiv e l e d t th e followin g u gg stion s

e a s o s e

1.S inc e th e minimum t in esi st anc e occu t p eed s of

ra r rs a s

f om 5 t 7 miles an hou a speed W i thin th ese limi t would seem

r o r, s

t o b e th p o p er sp e d to u se in c limbin g rulin g g d es bo t h in
e r e ra ,

p arc t ic e d in comp utin g

an T en mil s is th e s e d mo t com
p . e e s

m o ly ssum d for compu t a tion s a s the low est to b e

n a e fely u d ; sa se

an d whil the u t ho h s se n m ny
e a rlon g hill moun ted a t a l
a e a a ess

sp ed it is p e h p
e , wi to u e th g eat e sp ed to give sa fety
r a s se s e r r e a

f cto wh n computing wh a t a locomotiv e will prob ably b e a ble

a r e

to do .

2 .I t will b e not ed t h a t gra d es of a bout 3 to 3 5 p e c en t will 0 . 0 . r

double th e i stance of lo d d t ain s to motion on st ight an d

e r s a e r ra

le v el t ck t good f ight t in sp eed n d tha t a cu ve of from

ra a re ra ,
a r

12 to 8 d eg ees will off bout th e s m e esi st anc e to

1 r er a truck s a r car ,

while a cu ve of f om 8 t r d eg r wi ll simila ly a ff ct th e loco

o 10 rees r e

mo tive C on sid erin g the mod em h e vy locomotive it is p e h p

. a ,
r a s

fair to say th a t 0 d g cu v e a bout doubl the t a in re i st nce

a 1 -

e ree r es r s a .

3 .I f a n a cc e l e a t ion f om r t
r to 20 m i l es a hou
r i s e qui e d
es n r r r

in 2 000feet a resi st nc of 4 p ound s per ton mu st b e ov e com

, a e 1 r e

e quiva l nt to the esist anc e of

e r
pe c ent g d e whil if 4 a r ra ,
e 000

f et m y b e u sed the e i stanc i 7 p ound s p e ton

e a , r s th a t of a e s r , or

5 p e c ent g d r T h ese g d es
ra e e the
. fo vi rtu ally dd ed ra ar re re a

to th a c tu l p o file wh te v th ey m y b e I ddition to th e
e a r ,
a er a . n a es

g rad s et h e i s dd
er d t h e Vi rtu
a a l g de co es p ond in g to t h in ra e rr e

crea d t in si st nce t sta ti g Assumin g that th e c a

se ra re a a r n . a rs re

st rt ed o e a t
a n t im un til a p d of mil
e e a n hou h a b ee n
s ee 1 r as

re a ch ed o un til th t in esi st nc e h s d opp ed to

,
r e ra rp ound a a r 10 s

p er t on ,t h e xc ess si t anc e ov e th t of s y
e re s mile hour r a , a , 10 s an

on th ulin g g d e is pp o ima t ely 6 p ound pe to

e r ra , a r th ex s r n , or

re si sta nc e of pe c nt g a de
a Assumin g th t th e t in may
r e r . a ra

b e st rt ed a t th e low
a t e giv n a bov e
s t l e t t th b ginnin g
er ra e , a as a e e ,

whil th t a in esi t nce is hi gh th to t l dd ed g ad e du t hi gh

e e r r s a , e a a r e o

re si st a nc e a d cc le a tion is
n a p
e e c nrt T hi di s cu ion r e . s ss

indic t es (a ) the d esi abili ty of m king st tion on g de sum

a , r a a s ra

mi ts ra th er tha n in g de sags or on le vel st etch e a t the foot of ra ,

r s
 C U R V E C O M PEN S AT I O N 181

a hill ; (b) the a b solu te n ces i ty of ducin g rulin g grad es ou t of e s re

st t ion
a by f om
s p e c nt to
r p r c nt cco din g t th r e e e ,
a r o e

r uling g d rad th t of cc el e tion d i d unl

e an e ra e ll m xi a ra es re , ess a a

mum t in s m y b e t rt d by th a id of pu h ; ( ) th futili ty
ra a s a e e s ers c e

of p ndin g mon ey to s cu ulin g g d of l th n bou t 3 5

s e e re r ra es ess a a 0 .

to p c n t
er e xc p t
e f h ndl in
, g f t t in d
e unl ll or a as ra s , an ess a

m ximum t in m y lw y b t t d by th a id of pu h s
a ra s a a a s e s ar e e s er or

on a d c nt condition n t li k ly t ob t in
es e ,
s o e o a .

Wi den in g G u ge on Cu rv s a I t i cu st om y t wid n th e . s ar o e e

a
g g u e on cu v s M a ny
r efo mul h v
. b e n p oduc ed to S how r as a e e r

th a t t h g u ge on th
e a h p e cu v hould b e wi d en ed d thee S ar r r es S , an

a mount of thi wid nin g Aft c fully x minin g ll of the

s e . er a re e a a

fo mul th t h v com to th e u tho

r as a a tt n t ion h e h
e eej c t d a
’
r s a e , as r e e

a ll of th m e th o etic lly inco c t

as d he b n un bl t
r a rre , an as ee a e o

d evi a fo mul a th at h ll co c tly giv th wid ning of g u g

se r s a rre e e e a e

n ec ess y on cu v
ar Th n c r y wid nin g i le th n i u u
es . e e essa r e s ss a s s

a lly umed d i ve y sm ll (no thing f c t ucks) d p ndin g

a ss ,
an s r a or ar r , e e

on th unknown po ition of th locomo tiv wh ls on th il s

e s e e ee e ra .

C on v tive Am ic n p ctic wid n s th gau g o n no cu v s

ser a er a ra e e e e r e

und f om 4 to 6 d g s F h p e cu v s th wid nin g is

er r e ree . or S ar r r e e e

1 inch dg wi th m ximum wid nin g of

a t t h t
e ra
e of p 13
“
er e ree , a a e

inch on o d of mod r a t cu v tu
s d £ t inch on o ds
era e r a re an 1
o 1 r a

of xc iv ly h p cu v tu
e es s e s ar r a re .

Curve C om p sa t io I t i cu t om ry to o ff t cu v
en n. it s s a se r e res s

a nc on h vy g d es a d on ll g d s wh th combin tion
e ea ra ,
n a ra e ere e a

of cu v r i st nc
e res d g d a i t nc would mo th n qu l
e an ra e res s a e re a e a

th g d
e ra si t nc e of t h
e re uli n g g d of the o d divi ion by
s a e r ra e r a or s ,

re ducin g th g d e T hu if cu v occu on th ulin g g d

e ra . s, a r e rs e r ra e,

th t g d e would b e duc d th ou gh the cu v e by g d of

a ra re e r r a ra e

i t nc qui v l nt to th t of the cu v If cu v occu s on

res s a e e a e a r e . a r e r

a min o g d e th g d would b duc d only nou gh to m k

r ra , e ra e e re e e a e

th e ultin g t o t l
res i t nc qu l th t of the rulin g g d
a res s a e e a a ra e .

O f cou no ch n g i p o ibl
rse a l vl O e c ook d o d
s ss e on a e e . n a r e r a

of v y ligh t g di n t uch th N w Yo k C n t l f om N w
er ra e s, s as e e r e ra r e

Yo k to Alba ny p c tic lly l v l t t ch f 5 mil s cu v

r ,
a ra a e e s re or 1 0 e , r e

comp en s t ion i imp cticabl th cu ves b ein g in effect the

a s ra e, e r
182 TH E WO R K O F T H E L O C O M O TI V E

ru ling gr d e Since they a e ho t th y could b ope at d

a s. r s r , e e r e as

momen tum g a d e we it t d i ble t t v se an y

r s, cu v re no es ra o ra er on e r e

a t u ifo m sp e d T h u u l llow nce in comp n tin g on

a n r e . e s a a a e sa

ru ling g d s is f om ra t e pe c nt p d g r of cu v tu o r e er e ree r a re .

A inv e tig t ion of th e p o p

n s comp n t ion f v yin g t s of
a r er e sa or ar ra e

g d
ra e b d on t h p viou sly d iv d e xp ssion fo cu v
a se e re er e re s r r e

i t nc will b m d
re s s a e e a e .

L t th e ulin g g d b e con id d
ree r
5 p c ent ra p es s ere ,
0 . er , er

c nt d
e ,
anp c nt L et th e b 5 d g cu v lon g nou gh
er e . er e a -

e ree r e e

t hold
o n t i t in d l t th t in b fully lo d d m xi
an e re ra , an e e ra e a a e ,
a

mum t in f ra wh l locomo tiv of th followin g dim n ion s

or a I o — ee e e e s

C ylin d ers 1
9 X 26 i n c he s
Workin g p re ssu re 1 90 p ou n d s
H ea t in g su rfa c e 2 1 64 9 s q u a re feet
.

D ia m et e r o f d ri e rs v 5 4 i n c h es
Weight on d ri v e rs p ou n d s
Rigi d w h ee l b as e . 12 feet
T o t a l weig h t o f e n i ne a n d
g t en d er po u n d s

At 10 mi l hou on th t h g d con id d if th t ck
es an r, e ree ra es s ere , e ra

is t i gh t t hi locomo t iv
s ra ,
h ul th followin g lo d b hi d
s e c an a e a s e n

i ts t nd
e er

Ass u mi n g t h t th c h v 5 foo t t u cks th

a e i t nc in p ound
a rs a e —
r ,
e res s a e s

p er t f on c t nd or d n in
a rs ,
g t uck in t
e h 5 d g cu v
e r, a n e e r e e ree r e
-

is p ound d fo t h n g in d
s, a niv p ound T h r e e e r ers s . e

t o t l cu v
a i st nc on th th g d th
r e res a i t nc p t
e e ree ra es , e res s a e er on

p er d eg e d th
r e, anquiv l n t g d duction e e th fo a e ra e re ,
a re, e re re

G ra de p er c e n t
C ur v e re sis t a nc e tot a l

Pe r t o n p er d eg ree p ou n d s
v
E q u i a le n t gra d e red u c t io n

p er c en t
1 84 TH E WO RK O F THE L O C OM O TI E V

tim B is ch ed I f th cc el e t ion b unifo m an d d ue to a

e rea . e a ra e r ,

unifo m pull the vi tu l g d of a cc l tion will b e AG uch

r ,
r a ra e e era , s

th t it
a i st nc equ l th t d u to th cc l tion Th
s res a e a s a e e a e era . e

t in h s not b e n lift d bov t h

ra a ctu l p ofi l by BG but th
e e a e e a a r e , e

wo k n ece a y to do thi h b een don in inc in g th e sp d

r ss r s as e, rea s ee ,

“
in ddition t th wo k n c
a o y t d w th t in ag in t t in
e r e essa r o ra e ra a s ra

i t nc
res s a T h di st nc e BG th e fo
e .
”
e i t h h ei ght th ou gh
a re re s e r

which a body mu t f ll t g in th sp d of S miles n hou s a o a e ee a r, o r

it i th v eloci t y h d f th t p d Th
s e t of th vi tu l
ea or a s ee . e ra e e r a

gra d th n
e, i t h e v
e loci t y h
, d f
s t h qui d inc e e in sp d
e ea or e re re r as ee ,

divid d by th di t nc in which the inc

e e s a i h d T he a t
e rea se s a . r e

is in f t p e hund d o p
ee rc n t if thedi t nc is xp s ed in
re r er e s a e e re s

t t ion of
s a s fe t The c tu l vi tu l g d will n t b st i ght
1 00 e . a a r a ra e o e a ra

lin if th locomo tiv is wo k d to it utmo st t h ou ghout the d i

e e e r e s r s

t nc e AB b c u th t in i st nc v ying l v a v i bl
a , e a se e ra res a e ar ea es ar a e

fo c va il bl f a cc l tion Th a ctu l vi tu l g d will

r e a a e or e era . e a r a ra e

b e om t hin g lik th do tt d lin e

s e d could b d wn pp
e e i e , an e ra a ro x

m t ly by d et e minin g th vi tu a l g d for succ e iv i c ses

a e r e r ra e ss e n rea

of om sm ll uni t s y mil pe hou

s e a ,
d th e di t a nc es equi d
a ,
1 e r r, a n s r re

for th inc ese rea ses .

I f th sp eed t B b e t h e u t mo t the locomotiv

e a ma in ta in s e can

on l v l o if it b th high est d m ed fe
a e e ,
r e bou t 3 mile e ee sa , a 0 s

fo f i ght t in
r re th mo tion f om B t C will b e unifo m
ra s, e r o r ,

th e e will b e no g d d u t cc l tion a d the vi tu l g d

r ra e e o a e era ,
n r a ra e

will b e l v l qu l t th t of th t ck d m y b p esent ed
e e , e a o a e ra ,
an a e re r

by G H Wh n C i e ch d th p d will t once dimini sh

. e s r a e , e s ee a .

I f the p d f om B t s ee C h b n th u tmo t th locomotiv

r o as ee e s e e

could m int in on a l v l th p d will dimini h the locomo tiv

a a e e , e s ee s , e

still x ting it m ximum pull un til th t p d th a t

e er s a be m i ,
a s ee ca n a n

t i ed
a n th e g d e O S i
on ch d A th ffo t a v il bl e i
ra s rea e . s e e r a a n

crea ses th p asd l s n s t h e

e svi t u leeg d f om H to J
e sewill ,
r a ra e r

not b the t i gh t lin b u t th do tt d lin

e s ra e e e e .

I f th p d f om B to C i
e s ee o t th u tmo t th t c n b
r ch d s n e s a a e rea e ,

th e locomo t iv e ff o t m y b e inc e d t C the vi tu l g d

r a rea se a ,
r a ra e

HJ will b t p th n t h t hown
e s ee d J K m y b e hi gh
er a a s , an a er

a bov e C D th a n indic t d Wh en E is e ch d if th S p d is a e . r a e , e ee
 V I RT U AL , OR VE L O C I T Y G R AD E S 185

t he u tmo t wi e th vi tu a l g d mu t d c nd p all el t EF
s s , e r ra e s es e ar o ,

t h e locomo t iv doin g t h g d wo k co e p ondi g t th e diff e ra e r rres n o er

enc b etwe n EF d th g d of p o e f the o p t d p e d

e e an e ra e re s or era e s e .

T hi m y b no thin g wh n t h
s a e t m will b shu t ff the t i ,
e e s ea e o , ra n

d c nding und th in flu nc e of g vi ty om ething ( p o i tiv e

es e er e e ra , s a s

qu n ti ty ) wh n the locomo tiv will x t pull l th n y

a ,
e e e er a , or ess a an

t hin g ( n g t iv a qu n ti ty ) wh en b k mu t b u d I f th
e a e a ,
ra es s e se . e

s p d
ee t E ia t t h e u t mo t
s nowi p o ibl t h p d will i s se o r ss e, e s ee n

c e f om E th vi rtu l g d d p t in g f om EF t
rea s r , e t a ra e e ar r a a ra e

d p nding on the ff o t of th locomo tiv un til th p d ch s

e e e r e e, e s ee rea e

th f li mit u tmo t locomo tiv c p ci ty wh n it will con tinu e

e sa e or s e a a , e

p ll
a ra l t EF
e o .

Th g d f om L on to the n xt ch n g m y
e ra e r m y t th e e a e a or a no , re

fo re , p nt th g d e vi tu lly wo k d by the locomo t iv

re rese e ra r a r e e .

V i tu l p o fi l i th
r a r fo t a good n m
e s f t h e e g d es
e re re no a e or s ra .

V loci t y p o fi l i mo
e r pp lic ble b c u e if p o fi l b con
s re a a e, e a s a r e e

t uc t d
s r e h s ju st b n d c ib d it will t v y p oin t li
as a ee bov es r e , a e er e a e

th t ck p o fi l by th v loci t y h
e ra r d f th p d t th p oin t
e e e ea or e S ee a e .

For n inc a ing pe d th tw p o fi l will d p rt ; f

rea s s e uni e o r es e a or a

fo m sp ed th y will b p ll l ; f
r e e d c e in g p d th y will e a ra e or a e r as s ee e

a pp o ch ; f
r a sto p th y will coi cid
or a I t i t h e v loci ty p o fi l e n e . s e r e

t h t mu t b
a tudi d in conn ec tion wi th locomo t iv e wo k ; d it
s e s e r an

is th v loci t y p o fi l th t mu t b con id e d in th e d i gn of
e e r e a s e s re es

g d ra f es , t ck g d or a m y b vi tu lly t p
ra l st p
ra e a e r a s ee er o r ess ee

t h n it
a nomin l t F
s ingl g d th t do e p n t
a ra e . or a s e ra e a s re rese

t he wo k of th locomotiv
r vi tu l g d i a p o p t m
e e, r a ra e s r er er .

In v y c e th
er t e of the v loci ty g d f
a se e ra
g iv n ch n g e ra e or a e a e

in p d if th t of ch n ge b con id e d unifo m i th di ff
s ee , e ra e a e s re r , s e er

e nc i v loci ty h d t the two li mi t of sp d divid d by th

e n e ea a s ee , e e

di t nc u d in th ch n g A t bl of v loci ty h d i th
s a e se e a e . a e e ea s s ere

fo e f qu n tly u ful in solvin g p roblem a d such a tabl i

r re e se s, n e s

giv n on p ge 1 8 6
e a .

T con st uct a v elocity p ro fil e for a o p

0 r t ed o d d t min n era r a ,
e er e

th e S
p d t ee
a m ny p oin
a t n c e a y d t t h p oin t on
s a s as e ss r ,
an a ese s

th e ct u l p o fi l l y ff v tic lly u p w d t h v loci ty h ad

a a r e a o er a ar e e e s

fo t h e no t ed p eed
r C onn ct t h t o p of t h
S v tic l s fo the
s . e e s es e er a r
1 86 T HE WO R K O F TH E L O C O M O TI VE

T A B LE 2

V E L O C IT Y H E AD S I N F E ET F O R S PE E D I N M I LE S PE R H O U R
2
F orm u la : h 0 . 03 5 s

S p ee d . 0

p er c en t to a llo w for t he e n ergy of t he rot a t in g wh ee ls .

 C H APT E R X I II

LOCOMOTIV E AND G RADE PROBLEMS

I . ra c tive Eff rt of a G iv Lo c om otiv

To fin d th e T L t a o en e . e

t wh el locomotive b e con id d wi th p incip l dim n ion

en -

e s ere , r a e s s

r equi d in th ese p obl ms s follow

re r e , a s

W igh d iv e t on
p d r ers ou n s

T ot a l en g in e a n d t en d er p ou n d s
= 1 5 2 t ons
H ea t i n g su rfa ce squ are feet
Worki n g p ressu re 1 85 p ou n d s
C ylin d ers 22 i n ch es diam et er X 26 in c hes st ro k e

D i am et er v of d ri ers 63 i nc h e s

Fr om E qu a tion 1 , p a ge 14 0 , t ra t c ive eff ort of a dh ion es is

To fW = X umm e n d for s r, a X f wint e or r, o r
Ta p ound s t o p ound s .

Ultim a te cylind er t a ctiv e effort i r s

“
2
s i 185 X X 22 X 26
pound s .

D 63

B oile t a ctive
r r efl ort is

I 46 H 146 X 2 5 86 8
S S

and va ying with sp eed mu st b e tabu l ted f ev a l sp eed s N o

r a
’l<
or s er .

v lua g iv n
es a re
e f o s p ee d s b low r mil e hou i nce a t th at
e 12 s an r, S

s p ee d t h e cylind t c t iv e ffo t
er th ra th a n th e boil
e effo t will
r ra er er r

b th limitin g f c t o
e e I nd e d it i doubtful if the cylind e s ca
a r . e , s r n

e x e t th ei r ultim t e eff ort t miles hou

r a a 12 an r .

Th t d t m y d i g m th f m l
e s u en a x f T d S l ti g p i f
a ra e or u a on a es o i an ,
oc a n o n ts or

sp d
ee v i
y g y 5
sb m
ar i l n d t i g t h p
es a ni t b y wh
c o n neci h h ld ng i v ese o n s a c u rve c S ou e

re sult i lly lik

s esse n t a h f h bl T h w ki g v w ld b
e t ose o t e ta eigh. e or n c ur e ou e a s t ra t

li ne
p ll l t h
a ra x i e f S
to f e a
p d b w
s o + m i lor s d m il
ee hs et e en 0 es a n 12 es a n ou r,

b h
e c a u se ff t i tht e elim it d b y th
or s yli
en d d h i
e d h b il e c n ers or a es o n an t e o er

p w o v d
er c u r e t p p ly oe s n o a .
 TRAC T I V E E FF O RT O F A G I V EN L O C O M O T I V E I 89

T AB LE 3

BOIL E R TRACTIV E E FF O RT or T E N — WH E E L LO C O M01 1V E or PRO B LE M 1,

SPE ED S F RO M 10 10 M I LES .

( N eare st 10
po u n d s .
)
14 6 X H e a t in g S u rface i n s qu are feet

S p e e d i n m iles p er h o u r

h p b e con sid e ed th t in summer wi th fa ir tr ck

I t m a y p er a s r a , a ,

this locomo tiv has a t ctiv e effort of

e ra p ound a t sp d s s ee

und e 5 mil es hou

r an p ound s fo peed s b etw n 5 mil es
r, r s ee

a nd mile
12 d in a cco d a nc wi th th e boil e t a c t iv e p ow e
s , an r e r r r

t a ble for high e spe d I t is v y p ob abl e th at the t c tiv e

r e s . er r ra

effo t m y v a ry som ewh t f om th e t bl e in p

r a a c tic e fo the
r a ra , r

en gin e will mo t li k ely follow t h

s ta bul a va lu es clo ely th ou gh
e r s r

som e n ge of sp d f which it i d ign d t giv its b est se vice

ra ee or s es e o e r ,

but out id e of thi s n ge it may not equ l th va lu s giv en I t

s ra a e e .

i mo e lik ely t o giv e l ess v a lu es th a n the t a bl e for t he hi gh er

s r
1 90 L O C O M O TI E V AN D G RAD E P RO B L E M S

sp ee d s In sub sequ en t p obl m th t ctiv ffort of the loco

. r e s e ra e e

mo tive will b e sum d to b p ound f

as p d und e e s or s ee s er 1 2

mi l e n hou s a d in thi t bl f g t p eed

r, a n as s a e or rea er s s .

2 To fi n d th M imum Lo d th Lo com t iv c
. e h ul n a
ax a e o e an a o

G iv e G d e t a G iv
n Sp d
ra L t th e g a d b
a p e c n t th en ee . e r e e 1 r e , e

sp d ee mil und e th g a d b in g con sid e d the u lin g

12 es or r, e r e e re r

g d ra e .

T inra i t nc f fully lo d d t in t
res s a e or a a e ra a

12mil is pp oxim t ly ( T bl )
es a p ound
r s p t n a e a e 1 er o

G r dea i t nc f p e c
res s aen t g d e is e p ound p
or a t 1 r ra s er on

Tot l i tanc e a res s p ound s p e t n r o

Th e t ctiv ra e eff ort is p ound s

th e efo r re

Gr o s lo ds a t on s

w ight of th locomotiv
L ess t h e 5 ton e e e 1 2 s

N t lo d b ehind t end e e a t on r s .

Fo fety in win t e the g o ss lo d hould b educ ed p haps

r sa r r a s e r , er ,

on e S ixth 5 t on s l vin g t h e win t

or 2 1 t lo d 9 t on The ea er n e a 20 s

nu m
.
,

b e of c p r nt d will d ep nd
a rs re on t h ch ct of the rese e e e a ra er

t fli c
ra Allowin g bou t
.
p ound fo ch a d it lo d
a s r ea c r an s a ,

th t a in w ill con i t of a bout tw en t y fi ve c

e r s sd t h e c boo se in -

a rs a n a

su m m e an d y tw nty c s in win t
r, , sa I lo a d in g locomotiv
, e ar er . n es

it is cu stom a ry t u e th e lo a d d t in esi st nc e fo mul

o s d to e ra r a r a an

ma ke an llow nce f empty c a ca p a tly lo a d ed Th e

a or a rs or rs r .

p ctice va ri es but it i u gg t d th at as nearly as m a y b thr ee

ra , s s es e e

e mpt y c s m y b e con sid e d quiva l nt to two fully lo ad ed

ar a re e e

ca rs Anoth e
. ule which W ill giv e clo ely p p oxim te esults
r r s a r a r

i t hi
s s

Add 5 t imes th e d e d lo a d ( c a s) an d } of th e li v e lo d ( f ei gh t )
1 a r A
a r

for an equiv l nt wei gh t of fully lo a d d ca

a e Thi u le m y b e rs . s r a e

u sed wh en a y t em of t onn ge tin g of locomotiv i p ctic ed

s s a ra es s ra .

T he gre t v lu e of th e full t po ssibl e lo a din g will pp a f om

a a es a e r r

a con sid era tion of the m ea nin of thi ul

'

g s r e .
1 92 L O C O M O T I V E AN D G R AD E PR O BL EM S

The tot al lo d a tons ag inst 3 5 tons of fu lly lo a d ed

is 1 1 10 a 11

t in a d th e p a yin g lo d but 5 5 5 t on s a g in st 7 5 6 ton

ra n a a s .

3 T.o fi n d t h G r d u p whi ch Two Simi lar Lo com otives can

e a e

h a u l th e Load th t O e can hau l on a G ive G a d e

a n T hi s is th e n r .
—

p obl
r e m of t h p u h e o h el p er g
e d
s r r ra e

L et th locomotiv es b e a in th e l a st p obl em th e t hrou gh en gin e

e s r ,

lo a d ed wi th 3 5 tons b ehind th t end e

11 8 7 ton s g oss co e e r, 12 r , rr

spon di g to a n p e c ent g a d
I e T h er lo d on th p u h e r
g d e is. a e s r ra

12 87 5 1 4 39 2ton s t h e tot
1 a l tr a ctiv e e ff ort twic th t of
, e a

on e locomo t iv e l e s a sm ll p c nt
s sa y p e c ent
a du e
er e , ,
10 r ,

to f ilu of bo th locomotives to wo k to geth er o

a re p ound s r ,
r .

G d e esi st nc e plu s t in esi st a nc e mu st equ a l the tra ctiv e

ra r a ra r

effo t r .

If x b e t he a t e of g d e sou ght r ra

tz e x 1 4 39

c ent x p er
If the h elpin g locomotiv e i of l ess c a p a city th e h elp e gra d e s , r

will b e co esp ondingly le rr d conv e sely if th e g d e b e l e ss , a n ,

r , ra ss

th n a 5 p c nt a li g ht
er e locomotiv
e e th
,
a n th e throu gh locomo t iv e
r

m y b e u sed
a .

4 To fi n d th e Spe d t h a t can b e Main ta i d on a G ra d Less

,
e ne e

t h an th a t for w hi ch a Lo com ot iv e is Lo a d ed The locomo tiv e .

l dy con id e ed lo a d ed fo
a rea s mil es o less on a 1 per c ent
r , r 12
‘

r
“

g d
ra e c a ,i es a g o ssrr lo d of 8 7 ton r
s W h a t sp eed an a b e 12 . c

ma in ta in ed on $ p e c ent g d e ! a 5 r ra

T h e g a d e esi sta nc e i
r rpound s per ton the tra in esi st ance a s
s 10 , r

I46 X 2 5
in E qu a t on i 1, p a ge 1 6 2 , t he t a ct v e
r i eff ort
omi ttin g the thi d t e m of the t in si ta nc e equ tion th solu
r r ra re s a , e

t ion fo S l ea d to a cubic e qu t ion a d th d et mi n a tion i b est

r s a ,
n e er s

m d e by in spec tion The t ctive effort in p ound s per ton of

a . ra

m ximum lo a d a t the va iou s speed is t bul t ed t in resist ance

a r s a a , ra

in pound s per ton is taken f om the curv e of t in esi stance for r ra r

v iou s speed or from t bula t ed v lu s p ge 1 63 an d th a t speed

ar s, a a e , a ,

sel ect ed which with pounds fo g a d e esistance gives a esi st10 r r r r

 T O F I N D T H E S P EE D 1 93

a nce equ a l to the t ctiv ffo t p r ton ra e e r e . Thu f om the t able

s, r

it i seen th t a p e d of a bout
s a mils e es ca nb e m int in d on a a e

a 5 p
0 . c nt g derwi t h lo
e a d t h a t ran e a ca b h a ul ed a t
e mil s 12 e

on a p er c nt g d e
1 e ra .

T AB LE 4
T ra c ti v e e ff ort in p ou n d s p er t on of a t en whee l loc omot i
-
v e wit h dim en sio n s
gi v en b e lo w, when loa d ed wit h 1 28 7 t o n s g ro ss lo a d , whic h ca n b e h a u le d at
“
12 m iles . an ho u r on a 1 p er c en t g ra d e .

Weig ht on drivers , po u n d s H ea t in g su rfa c e,

. s qu are fee t .

C ylind er, 2 2 i n c he s X 2 6 in c hes T o t a l e n gin e a n d t e n d er,

.
p ou n d s .

Working pressure 1 8 5 , p ou n d s D i a met er o f d ri ers , 63 in c h es

. v .

146 X H 146 X
Formu las : a bv
o e 12 mi les an h ou r ,
S S
Tb
T ra c ti v e e ff o rt i n pou n ds per t o n of x
m a im u m loa d
m a x loa d . 1 28 7

A t a ble u seful f oth e p oblems a s well may b e m d e Show

or r r a ,

in g the ne t t a c t ive fo c e in p ound s p e ton a v il bl on a l e v el

r r r a a e
1 94 L O C OM O TI VE -

AN D G R AD E P R O B LE M S

g d
ra e for a cc el e tion o g a d e climbin
ra g d t h e co espond
r r , an rr

in g virtu l g d I
a uch t bl t h g d co e p onding t
ra e . n s a a e e ra e rr s o

t he qui d p ed will b ou gh t T m k uch t bl e the

re re s e e s . o a e s a a ,

to t l t ctiv effo t in p ound p t (T bl 4 ) i dimini h ed by

a ra e r s er on a e s s

t he t in r esi t nc e i
ra p ound p
s a ton giving th n et t c tiv
n s er , e ra e

fo c in p ound p ton v il bl f cc l tion o g a d climb

r e s er a a a e or a e era r r e

i g
n ,
d thi qu n t i ty divid ed by
an s agiv s t h co p ondin g 20 e e rres

vi tu l g d e th t i the g d th t
r a ra ,
— a b op t ed t t h
s, ra e a ca n e era a e

iv n d bl such bl locomo iv of
'

g ep sT ee5 i
. t a fo t h e t s t h a a e r e e e

p obl
r m Ien p c t
. ion
“

S how s t h e p
e d co es p o ndin g to 5 p s s ee rr 0 . er

c en t t b bou t o e a mil b efo es as re .

TAB LE 5
T rac ti v
force i n p ou n d s p er t o n o f lo a d h a u led a t 1 2 m i les a n hou r on a 1
e

p e v b
r c e n t g ra d e , a a ila le fo r a c c e lera t io n or gra d e c li m in g a n d t h e c o rresp on d i n g b
virt u a l g ra d e p er c en t . v
L o c o mo ti e is t e n wh e el of d im en sio n s gi en on p age 1 8 8 -

v .

T ra c t i v e e ffo rt i n p ou n d s p er t o n from T a le 4 ; R7, from T a le b b 1, p a ge 1 63 .

T
Fo rmu la s : T rac t i v e forc e a v a ila bl e (fi rst ta b u la r
q u a n tity) Rt
W
.

F irst t a b
u la r q u a n t it y
V i rt u a l gra d e . S ec o n d t a b u lar
.

q u a n ti ty .

G ra d e
1 96 V
LO C O M O T I E AN D G RADE PRO B LE M S

In E qu ation ( B) wh en W is , 1 , P is the fo ce in pounds per ton

r ,

an d

5 5 - or 4 77-

T he very con id e a bl s o of both th ese result s will b e seen f om

r e err r r

th e s olu tion by th thi d m thod e r e .

( )
c U in
s g E qu t ion ( E ) dat h fo c e a va ila bl e n e th high e
an e r ar e r,

lowe a d a v e ge p eed s esp ectively

r, n ra s , r ,

70 ( 24 I )
l(12 -
1
3) 21 7 or 17 5 or 1 94
or 10 or

70 ( 26 I )
l(13 I 4) 299 or 234 or 2 64
or

70 ( 28 I )
l (14 -
I 5) 4 26 or 321 or 3 68
or

l(15
70 (30 I )
-
16 ) 64 2 or 455 or 5 36
or or

7 71 64 7 )
70 ( 3 2 I ) 1 0 84 or 68 3 or 8 13
or or

70 (3 4 I ) 2 5 0 0 or 1 1 5 0 or 1 5 91
or or

5 1 68 or 30 1 8 or 3 766

Th e truth lies somewh ere b etween the fi t an d last r ult s rs es

T h e wid e di sc ep a ncy in t hi s c a se is d u e to th e fa ct th a t the hi gh

r er

sp eed is bout the li mi t po ssibl f the lowe gr d e I f n y

a e or r a . a

thin g li k e v ery clo se results are equi ed the differenc es in speed r r ,

S hould b e by t enth s of mil es for such c ases Wh en the upp er .

sp eed do es not a pp o a ch the limi t of locomotiv e c a p a city

r th e ,
 T o FIN D T H E D I ST AN C E 1 97

re ults
s clo se enou gh if diffe enc of sin gle miles
a re , us d r es a re e .

Th e a sum pt ion t h a t the lo como t iv

s is doin g its t h o tic l e e re a

utmo st a t a y in t ant is somewh t wid e of th truth b ecau th

n s a e ,
se e

e n gin e d ive c an ot so h ndle th th o ttl d cut ff a to m in

r r n a e r e an -

o s a

t in a con st nt pow e out p u t ; h enc

a a ve y clo se estim tes e im
r e r a ar

po s ibl e
s Such p obl em s occu i p l a nnin g g d s f
. r ew r n ra e or a n

lin e O a op t ed lin e the ctu a l pe fo m nce of th loco

. n n e ra ,
a r r a e

mo tive ma y b kn own e

(d ) A method of solu t ion by th e u se of t bl es l a dy com pu t d a a re e

will b e giv en T h P of E qu tion (B ) p ge 68 is the t c tiv e

. e a , a 1 ,
ra

e ffo t a v ila bl e f
r a cc ele a tion n d thi in pounds per ton of
or a r , a s

lo a d is E R R T b ein g tota l t a c tive eff o t in pound s ; r r

W ,

h ence Equ a tion ( B) b ecomes if ,

r b e th e per c n t of
e the gra de
o pe a t d
r e ,
2
7 ( 5
° 2

’
20 1

If both num e to ra r an d d enomin to a r be divid ed by 20 ,

(5 2
2
5 1
2
)
— ’
7

Thenume ato of thi s f ac tion i

r hund ed tim th diffe
r r s on e r es e r

enc in v locity h ad
e e d th p n th tic l te m of the d enom
e s, an e a re e a r

i t
n a oris th vi tu l g a d e fe th sp eed co esp ondin g to T
r a r d or e rr an

R If 1
.
, p n t thi s g d th en
) re rese ra e,

1 00 X di ff ere nc in veloci ty h ea ds
e

7)

or, in sta tion of s on e hund ed fe t r e

di ffe ence in veloci ty h d s

r ea
1 st a ti on s
—
71 7
1 98 L O C O M O TI VE AN D G RAD E P R O B L E M S

Fr om th e t bl of v loci ty h d p g 86 d t h t for vi tu l
a e e ea s, a e 1 ,
an a r a

gra d es , p a ge 94 u in g th e vi t u l g d es of t h a v e g S p e d
1 , s r a ra e ra e e s,

sm s sm o
—

[ hw y
nn
—
a os

“ I
s
-
14
>

4 5

I 1 1
5
l (17 18
)
iij : 22
-

7
1(1 2 -
18
) in t a tion of
s s 1 00 f et
e

he e is p h ps not much g in d ov the p viou s m ethod

T r er a a e er re ,

which is of cou s x c tly the s m e xc ep t in

r e e ng men t Th e
a a e a rra e .

numb e in the t bula method in volv mo e digit s but th e

rs a r e r , re

a re f w e o pe tion s
er ra .

6 To fi d th e L gth of G a d e equ ired t r edu ce th e Speed

. n en r r o

fr om S Miles to S M il s
I H ou r L et th e locomo t iv an d lo a d
2 e an . e

b e as in th p viou s p obl m L t th peed of pp o a ch b e

e re r e s . e e s a r

20 mil s the fi n l p eed

e , mile an hou an d the a t of g a d e
a s , 10 s r, r e r ,

1 5 p e c ent
. r .

T hi s i p eci s ly th p e viou s p obl em in which both num e t o

s r e e r r ,
ra r

an d d nomin to of E qu t ion ( B )
e a e n g tiv
r T he g a d si st a ar e a e . r e re

anc is now 3 p ound s pe ton Th e t a in esi st ance v i es f om

e 0 r . r r ar r

3 p ound s t mil s to a p ound 20

s t mil es S olvin g by
e a 10 .

E qu tion ( E ) p ge 1 68 fo succ ssiv e eduction s of 1 mil e a n

a a , r e r

hou and u si ng the ve age speed for T an d R

r, .
a r

70 (2 S I 1
)
T

W E g
— -
2 00 L O C O M O TI V E AN D G RADE P RO B LE M S

t ctive ffo t s d t in e ist an c

ra e r an ra r s es for t h e fi n l
a an d in iti al sp eed s.

Th e ul ts by t h se m t hod s
e r s e e a re :

70 ( 1 00 4 00 )
1 3 79
30

7 0 ( 1 00 4 00 )
I 9 535
-
4 94 5
-
3 °

ith e result is p e h p s u ffi ci ently clo se fo p a ctica l probl ems

E r r a s r r ,

a n d both a e on t h e sa fe sid e s inc e t he d n ge in thi s p obl m i

r ,
a r r e s

in ove estim tin g t h e l en gth of th e g d e

r a T h e p obl m i th ra . r e s e

mom ntum or v locity g a d e p obl em in which it i d i ed t

e e r r s es r o

fi n d how lon g a g a d e st ep e th a n th e ulin g g d e m y b e in t o

r e r r ra a r

d u ced in the p o fi l wi thout ducing the m ximum lo a d Thi s

r e re a .

p robl em in dic a t es th a t fo thi s p a rticul locomotiv d lo din g

r ar e an a

a bout 4 1feet of 00 p e c ent g a d e m y b int oduc ed if C i cum

r r a e r r

st nc es seem t o wa
a a nt it wi thou t ducin g th lo a d fo a p
rr ,
re e r 1 er

c ent ulin g g a d e p ovid ed a p ed of

r r , mi l m ay a lw y b e
r s e 20 es a s

h d t th e foot of the g d e
a a T hi will d ep end on th ch a c t r
ra . s e ar e

of the p ecedin g g adi ent s a d the lignm ent n d thi s qu estion

r r n a ,
a

mu t b e tho ou ghly tudi d b fo int oducin g such a g a d e

s r s e e re r r .

I f t he xc iv g d e di ffe but li ttl f om th e rulin g g d e

e ess e ra rs e r ra ,

t he s m e di ffi culty in e cu in g
a d fi it ult th t app ea ed in
s r a e n e res a r

P obl m 5 will b found

r e d lon g g d will esult ; but g e t
e , an a ra e r r a

p eci ion is not th en qui d in c it i doub tful if g vity a d

r s re re , S e s ra n

t he locomo t iv b m d e to wo k to g th
e c an S ew ell to in su e
a r e er O as r

s p r a
e di n g th e v loci t y h d out ov e a v y lon g t tch Ju st
e ea r er s re .

wh t l en gth of g d e may b a fely o pe t ed s velocity g a d

a ra e s ra a a r e

will d epend on th a t e of it n d the v elocity of a pp o a ch n d

e r , a r a

lea vin g I t c nnot b m th m tic lly d t min ed I t is u g

. a e a e a a e er . s

gest ed th a t it is doubtful wi dom to int oduc such g d e of s r e ra s

mo e th n 2000 f et u n less th e i a good urp lu s of v locity h d

r a e re s s e ea

to b e u d u p a d th t if long r g ad th n thi
se ,
n a ms d e i bl
a e r e a s see s ra e,

n ot l e s t h n s 5 mila hou should b s um d t th t p

1 2 or 1 es an r e a s e a e o

in computin g I t is id th a t g d es of 2 mil es h a ve b een u c

. sa ra s

cessfully o p era t ed a s v elocity g d es ra .

 TO F IN D TH E T IM E 20 1

The olution of the e verse of thi s problem th a t is to fin d

s r ,

the e ult in g sp eed a t the en d of a given s t et ch of st eep g d e

r s r ra

will b e l C ea r

T fi n d th e Tim e requir d to in c e se or d
o ea se Sp e d f om
e r a ec r e r
7 .

On R t e to An oth er in a G iv e Di t a ce
e a T h e tim e r equi d
n s n . re

to g in the v elocity 7} feet p er second f om rest if ga in ed in th e

a r ,

d i t a ce l feet is
'

s n

¢ = z;
2

with 1) e xp resse d in mi les per hou r S, ince

s

5 2 8 0
S
3 600

15 l
,
11 S

an d if the sp eed is to b e inc sed f om S to S mil rea r 1 2 es p e r hou in r

th e di stan ce 1 feet th e time qui ed is

,
re r

15 l
t se cond s
11 SI S2

H enc e, ha vin g found the di t nc equi d for a given cc l e tion

s a e r re a e ra

or r et a rd a tion sub stitut e it f

, l in E qu a tion ( R) a d olv f
or th e n s e or

time .

L et th e da ta Of Probl em 6 b e u sed .

31 S2 30
l = 1 4 28

15 X 1 4 28
65 se cond s .

T his a ssum the a cc el tion to b unifo m fo the given d i

es era e r r s

t anc e which though not t u e gives a su ffi ci en tly clo se esult

, r r

for p ctic l u se I f the tim equi ed f ea ch succ siv r du

ra a . e r r or es e e e

tion of mil be comput ed an d the esult s a dd ed the tot a l time

1 e r ,
20 2 L O C O M O TI V E AN D G R AD E P R O B L E M S

is cond an d it m y
se s, a be th t a th e a ctu a l time required is
a bout 7 s cond s 0 e .

L et the d a t a of P obl em 5 u sed

3

r be

5 1 + Sz

1 7 1 se o c nd s

As b efore iftime f e ch succ essive ch an ge of mi l b e

, t he or a 1 e

u d 15
se ,
e cond Th e di c ep ncy indic t
s a g in t h t s . s r a a es a a

wh n the g d i clo to th limi ting g d f th fi n l sp eed

e ra e s se e ra e or e a ,

th e sult s by
re pp o xim te fo mul a un li bl The limit
r a r a s a re re a e.

i g g d f
n ra 8 mil
e hou i clo t
or 1 5 g a d e sin c e f
es a n r s se o a 0 . r , or

mil th g d i 5 p c n t
es e ra e s 0 . er e .

8 S to ppi g a T a i
. n A t in m y b e t o pp ed by th r esi st nc
r n —
ra a s e a e

of an dv e g d b u t it i u u lly top p d by the ction of

a ers ra e, s s a s e a

b k a ppli d t th wh l h elp ed by n dv se g d o
ra es e o e ee s , a a er ra e r

hind d by down g d
ere T h a t which
a ctu lly to ps th ra e . a a s e

t in i th e e i st nc
ra s t liding on the il ju t s it is thi
r s a e o s ra s, s a s

i t nc th t n bl the locomotive to pull th t in Th

res s a e a e a es e ra . e

wh el h a ve a ot a ting mo tion in d p end nt of th fo w d motion

e s r e e e r ar

of th d t hi mo t ion could b
e c a r, an lmo t in t n tly stopped by
s e a s s a

a sudd en pp lic ti on of su ffici n t ly p ow ful b k ; but thu s

a a e er ra es

b king th wh l would n t sto p the fo w d mo tion of the

ra e ee s o .
r ar

ca r b ec u e the i st nc to lidin g on th t ck i not uffi ci en t ly

a s res a e S e ra s s

g t th wh l would kid lon g th t ck

rea , e ee s The co effi ci en t of S a e ra .

t t ic f iction b etw een th e wh l

s a r d il m y b bu t oon ee an ra a e so s

a s t h e wh eel lip t hi s f iction d op m t i lly T stop th e

s s ,
r r s a er a . o

t a in in the ho t e t p c t ic a bl time th e efo e th e b k a ction

r S r s ra e ,
r r ,
ra e

should b e ju st u ffi ci nt t c ll in to a ction the full efli cien t f

s e o a co o

t tic friction
s a n d no mo e T hi s c a n ot b
, a li d wi thou t r . n e rea ze

f qu ently xc ding the limi t skiddi ng th e wh ls a nd thu

re e ee , ee ,
s

m ki n g the br ke ction less effi ci ent fl a tt en ing the wh l s an d

a a a ,
ee ,

wea ring the tra ck Th erefore in d esignin g the brakes the pres
.
, ,
20 4 LO C O M O T I V E AN D G RAD E

An as e c ndin g gra de would a ss s it the s top , its t e m b ein g

r

20 r j -
V
— l . A d escending g a d e would simila ly ret ard the stop by
r r
2000

th e me qu antity I f not a ll wh eel re b ked on ly tha t po

sa . s a ra , r

t ion of the d ea d w ei ght th a t is b k ed could b e u sed in the b a k e ra r

pressure t erm of the d enomin a to of Equ a tion ( 2) r

To d etermin e th e Ch ara ct eri st i cs of a Locomotive a da pt ed t o

9 .

a G iven Divi si on of Roa d T he fo llowin g is the gen e a l p ro . r

ces s T he lo a d to b e h au l ed on the rulin g gra d e a t the min i

: 1.

mum sp ed is a ssu med a nd from the ma ximum t a ctive effort

e , r

n ecess y to h ul this lo a d the tota l weight on d ive s is d eter

ar a , r r

min ed a d f om this n d the a llowa bl unit weight the numb er

,
n r a e ,

of d ive r I t mu st b not ed th a t the esult is ra tion a l an d p a c

rs . e r r

ti a b le
c 2 A d esi a bl e
. ver ge sch dule time i s a ssumed
. r a a e .

3. S om e g r d e on t h e divi sion a tima t ed to equi e the full c pa city es r r a

of the locomotiv wh en runnin g with ma ximum loa d a t a v ge

e era

sp eed is sel ct ed an d its si st a nc e a nd tra in r esi st a n c e at th e

e ,
re

av g
era e s p e d re u se d to e d t min ea th e pow e r equi e d ; e er r r

4 With thi s d et min ed pow er n d a pro fi l e of the divi sion a velo

. er a ,

ci ty p o fi l e fo the a ssum ed lo d is con struct ed the resultin g

r r a ,

ave ag r ch dule comp ed with th a t a s um ed an d the d ete min d

e s e ar s , r e

powe is modi fi ed a s m y b e d esira ble an d increa sed for en gin e

r a

f iction
r 5 F om th e fin a lly d et ermi n ed pow e the h ea tin g
. . r r

su fa c e is com p ut ed f om th e
r qu a tion I H r H it e . .
,

b ein g not ed tha t th r sult is tion l The equi em ent th en is e e ra a . r r

a locomotive of the d et e min d numb er of driv e s w eight on r e r ,

driv s cyli d r horse p owe to b e d e velop d mo st economica lly

er ,
n e -

r e

a t th a ssum d
e av a ge sp eed ma ximum cylind er t ra ctive
e er ,

eff o t equ a l to th e tra c t iv e effo t of a dh e ion

r t minimu m sp eed r s a ,

an d boil e ca p city su ffi ci ent to m int in such ma ximum sp eed

r a a a

a s is n e c essa ry on th e st eepest g d on which it mu st b ma de ra e e .

A st at em ent of th ese equi em ent s ma y b e su b mitt ed to th e r r

d esign er for a d et a il d esign .

 C HAPTE R X IV

RAILROAD EXPENDI TURES

Fix ed Ch arges xpendi tu e . Ra il ro a d

e of two cl sses e r s ar .
a

1 .Fix ed ch g s ; O p a tin g e xp n
ar e Fix ed ch ges includ e
2 . er e se . ar

int e est on inve tment or cap i t l n t ls d l

r s d t xe a , re a an ea ses , a n a s,

a d con titut e f om
n s to 4 p c n t of th tot l e xpendi tu of
r 22 0 er e e a re

op e ting o a d s th a v age f th Uni ted St t e b in g a bout

ra r , e er or e a s e

2 7 p r c en t e E xt m a d p eculi . c give wid v i a tion s

re e n ar a ses e ar

f om th e fi gu
r A o d of unu u l fi t co t
se res . d m ll bu i r a s a rs s an s a s

n ess o unu su l c pi t li tion which m y o m y not ep s nt

, r a a a za , a r a r re e

co t will h ve el tiv ly high fi x ed ch ges A o a d of ma ll

s , a r a e ar . r s

fi t co st
rs mall c pi ta li a t ion d l g bu in ss will h ve la
or s a z an ar e s e a re

ti vely low fi x d ch a ge An o p e t d o d
e o d le d by
r s . ra e r a a r a a se

it ownin g comp ny to a
s o p a ting company will h a ve no
a n er

o p tin g e xpen e to its own e a d fi x ed ch ge will b e

era s rs , n ar s 1 00

p e c nt
r of t h
e e e x p endi t u s T h e g o ss mount of fi x d ch g re . r a e a r es

is s l gely v a i d by egula a d i egul a m thod s of fi n nc

o ar r e r r n rr r e a e

th t little ca b e p dic t d f a y given o d T he a v g

a n re e or n r a . era e

Am ic n o a d wi th its buildin g
er a r d qui p m ent m y co st $ 53 s an e a

a mil which a t 5 p c nt would indic t

e, in t st ch a ge of
er e a e an ere r

$ 7 5 p e mil of o d
1 0 r O f th co st
e bout r a m y p e . e , a a re r

sent th co t of o d d 85
e s th e co t of buildin g
r a d qui p
an 0 00 s s an e

ment The fund d d bt of Ame ic n o d is about

. e e pe r a r a s r

mile of o d r a .

T x es aa u su lly bit ily fi xed the di ff ent St t es pu uin g

re a ar ra r ,
er a rs

di ffe nt p olici e Th t xes p mile of lin e v y f om bout

re s . e a er ar r a

$ 0 in Sou th Da kota to $ 4 6 in M ss chu ett s T he a v

‘

1 0 g 1 2 a a s . era e

for th count y i $3 e r s 01.

T b e a p o fi t bl inv estm ent

o r a il o d hould
a ern it o p e a tin g a r r a S ea s r

e xp n se including a inkin g fund t p p tu t th n ti p o p

e , s o er e a e e e re r

e ty n d p ovid
r a fo b ett e m en t s
r d a f i int e e t n the c a pit l
e r r , an a r r s o a

205
20 6 RAI L R O AD E XPEN D ITURE S
a ctu lly invest ed in it I t is u su a lly xp ct ed to pay an d so
a . e e ,

c a ll d ucc ful o d do p y th it em n med n d a fu th er

e s ess r a s a , e s a ,
a r

re tu n c ll d divid nd on wh t i known
r a e th e c pit l tock
s a s as e a a s ,

which u su lly p n ts but li ttl ctu lly invest ed c pit l Th e

a re rese e a a a a . er

a e om e not bl e
r s xc p tion s to thi s t t m n t
a e e s a e e .

Ope a t in g E x p r T h uni t f m e suri ng o p tin g e

en se . e or a era x

p e n e in
s A m ic i s th t in mil er th a t is o e t
a in run e e ra e, ,
n ra on

mil Th e p en g mile o th to mile migh t seem mo

e . a ss er r e n re

ra tion l uni ts b u t th y
a too m ll d t o va i bl The co t
,
e a re s a an o r a e . s

of runnin g p n g tr in i bout th s me wh eth it b full

a a sse er a s a e a er e

of p n g a sse mpty ; d s th m e sch edul t in un s full

ers or e an a e sa e ra r

o ne d y p tly full th e n xt full on th e

a ,
ar m t i p b etween two e , sa e r

t tion d p tly full b tw n th n x t tw th e ctu l p s n g

s a s an ar e ee e e o, a a a se er

mil co t s a unit f
e s atim a t s is of sm ll v lu Th sa m
or es e a a e . e e

thing is tru e of f igh t t in pe h p in le d g e re ra s, r a s ss e re .

T h e uni t s of t i ff on th o th b nd en ge mil
'

are the p , e er a ,
ar a ss r e

an d ton mil I p ssen g s evic thi unit i qui t igidly u sed

. n a er er e s s e r ,

th e a t f om n p oint to noth e b in g fi gu d f om th numb

r e r o e a r e re r e er

of mil es n d th t p a mil Bu t f i gh t t iff

e ra e l g ly er e . re ar s a re ar e

ind p nd nt of di t nc e a d whil u su lly sta t d t d efinit e

e e e s a ,
'
n e a e a a

r at ep e ton p r p ound , t hi ort i fi

erx ed by wh
1 00t t h s, s ra e s a e

t a ffi c will b
r which i only pa rti lly m u d by th l n gth
ea r, s a ea s re e e

of th h a ul a d it m y b e s id g n lly th a t th longe the h aul

e ,
n a a e era e r ,

th l ess p
e t mil mu st be the t e
er on e ra .

T h co t of o p e tin g s il o d d ep nd s on s m ny thin gs
era a ra r a e o a

th t th y c nn o t b e enume t ed Th g n l i t m s a ffectin g
a e a ra . ree e era e

thi co t e
s s ar

1M n g m ent
. a C ount y
a e di st ict in which the o d li s
. 2 . r or r r a e .

3 . S kill hown in loc tion

s a .

M a n agem en t ism tt of judgm n t n d includ election a a er e ,

a es s

of m th ei c e a d di scip lin d pt tion of mo tiv e p ow e n d

en , r ar n e, a a a r a

rollin g stock to n eed s of t ffi c c a d m a int n nc e of pl nt ra , re a n e a a ,

fi xin g of a t d t mining el tion wi th th p ublic t

r es , e er r a s e , e c .

T i to y in which th e o d li includ e the effect of t o po g

err r r a es s

ra phy ( limitin g g a d es d li gnm nt ) clim t e co st of m a t i l s

r an a e ,
a ,
er a
2 08 RAIL R O AD E P EN D I T URE S X

T AB LE 6

C L AS S IF I C ATI ON or O PE RATI N G E XP E N S ES F O R TH E Y E AR E NDI N G J UN E 3 0,

1 90 4 , AN D P RO P O RTI O N or E AC H C LAS S 10 T O TAL F OR TH E Y E ARS E N DI N G

JU NE 30, 1
90 4 , To 1 900 .

Per oen t .

I t em .

M ain tena n ce of wa y an d st ructure s

1 . Re pa irs of roa d wa y O .
348
2 . Ren ewal s of rails 1 2 98

3 . Ren ewal s of ties 2 .

5 19
4 Repa irs an d ren ewals of b idg
r es

v
.

an d cul erts .

5 . Rep airs an d ren ewal s of fen ce s ,

roa d cross ing s , si gn s , an d ca ttl e

gu ar ds .

6 Re p a irs an d ren ewals of build in g s

x
.

an d fi t ures .

7 . Rep airs a n d ren ewals of d ocks an d 2 20

wha rves .

8 . Re pairs an d ren e wal s o f t elegra p h .

9 St a ti on er y an d p rin ti n g
x
.

10 . O ther e p en ses

19 .
5 19

Mainten an ce of e qi u p men t
11 . Su perin ten den ce 37 5 7 2 96 5 -
5 67 . 60 1 5 99 5 97
12 . Re pai rs and ren ewals of locomo 105 63 3 7 5 2 7 90 4 7 . 24 6

13 . Repa irs an d ren ewals of p assen ger

14 . Re pai rs an d ren ewals of freig ht ca rs 7 432

1 5 . Repa irs an d ren ewals of wor cars k 24 5 . 23 3 . 25 2

1 6. Re p a irs an d ren ewals of m arin e 21 5 23 4 25 1

q
. .

e ui p men t .

17 . Repa irs an d ren ewal s of sh0p ma

chin er y an d t ools .

18 Sta ti on er y an d p rin tin g 04 2

x
. .

19 . O ther e penses - 63 7

From I S C C Sta h s t im l Re p ort for 1 90 4

'

. . . . .
 O PE RATI N G E XPEN SE S 209

T AB LE 6 C on ti n u ed .

Amou n t . Per ce n t .

I tem .

1 90 4 . 1 90 4 . 1 90 3 . 1 90 2 . 1 900 .

C on d uc t in g t ran sp orta t ion

20 . Su p eri n te n den ce
21 En g in e a n d roun d -

h ou se men
v
.

22 F u el for locom ot i es

v
.

23 . Wa ter su p p ly fo r lo comot i es . 6 66 . 614 . 62 3

24 . O il , t allow, an d wa st e for loco mo 4 09 389 .
3 66
t ives
v
.

25 . O t her su p p lie s for locomot i es

26. T ra in servi ce

27 . T ra in su p p lies a n d e xp e n ses
28 . S wit ch men , fl ag men , an d wa t ch men
29 . T elegra p h ex p ense s
30 . Sta t ion servic e

31 . St at ion s u p pli es

32 . S wit chin g c h a rg es bl a a n ce

33 C a r p er d ie m an d milea ge — bal
a n ce

q
.

H ire of e u ip men t — bl
a an ce

Loss and d a m a ge
In j ur ies t o pers ons
C lea rin g wrecks
O pera t in g m arin e eq u ip me n t

Ad vert is ing

O u ts ide a gen c i s e .

C ommission s
Stoc ky a rd s an d ele a t ors v
Ren t s for tra c k y s, ard s , an d ter
mi n ai s .

44 Ren ts of buildin gs a n d ot her prop

e rt y .

45 Sta t ion er y an d p rin t in g

x
.

46 . O ther e pe nses

T otal 8 5 7 6 7 2 8 78 5 4 97 9
-

G en e ral e x penses
47 . Sal a ries of gen e ral o fli cers 925 98 4
k
-

48 Sala ries of c ler s a n d a t te n d a n t s I 2 62

x
.

49 . G en eral of
fi ce e p e n ses an d su p - 23 4 - 24 9 25 7 262

p lies .

50 . I n sura n ce
5 1 .

52 . St at ion er y an d p rin t in g ( g en eral

of
fi ces )
x
.

53 O ther e p en ses .
3 30

T ot al 3 789 3 9

Reca p it ul at ion of e x penses

54 M a in t en an ce of wa y an d stru c tures 22 2

q
. .

55 . Ma in ten an ce of e u ip men t
56 C on d u ct in g tran s port at ion
x
.

57 . G en eral e p ens es

G ra n d t ot a l 1 00 .
2I O RAIL R O AD E XPEN D I T URE S
$1 , th e t abula r v lu es a the co st s of the se ve a l items in cents
a re r

per t a in mil e
r

Fo n
y given o a d th fi gures will v y from tho se of the t bl
r a r e ar a e,

an d will b e in th em lv va i ble f om y
se es r a t r y a Th ea r o e r
. e

I nt erst t e C o mm e c e C ommi ssion p ubli h e

a r al o a t a t m nt
s s s s e e

for e ch int e sta t e ro a d in the count y howin g the a moun t of

a r r , s s

th e four princi pa l divi sion s of e x p en se n d th e co st p e t in “

, a r ra

mi le T h ese fi gures a re of v lu e in p elimin a ry estim t es

. a r a
212 EFF E C T O F C H AN G I N G N U M BE R O F T R AIN S

An est im
will b m d f th v g condit ion of th coun
a te e a e or e a era e e

t y a
r ,
x mpl Such
s an e t im t
a will qui modi fi ca t ion
e . an es a e re re

in it p c n t g fs er e y giv n o d a esd f v i t ion in jud g

or a n e r a an or ar a s

m n t I m king the tim t th followin g condi tion

e . n a es a e e s a re

con id d s e re

Sid t ck
1 . d y d s con t i t u t
e ra an
p c n t of th t o t l t ck
ar s e 22 er e e a ra

mil g ea e .

Th l bo p u t on uch t ck p
2 . e a r mil i l th n th t pu t s ra s er e s ess a a

on m in t ck a p h p th ra t io i
, t 3 er a s e ra s as 1 o .

3 C u tt
. in g w d d t immin g b nkee i ind
s an p nd n t of t in
r a s s e e e ra

mil g s i l o th t p ortion of o d b d p i
ea e, a s a s a u f cin g r a -

e re a rs , s r a ,

t
e c d u t th e ff c t s of w t h
.
, e o e e ea er .

4 R n w l of m in lin
. e e ils i hi gh er i t m th n it no m lly
a s a e ra s a e a r a

Should b b c u il t y t wo n u t
e, e a se ra b in g p l c d b y
s no e r o a re e re a e

h viea il on ccoun t of inc

er ra s d w igh t of ollin g stock d
a rea se e r an

inc ed b u in
re a s s ess .

5 T he s m
.
gum n t pp li
a te locomo tiv
ar n w l
e d a es o e re e a s an

su p pli es .

6 H d ti . h v
ar mo l
es d fin i t lif
a e a g dl of re or ess e e e re ar es s

th t ffi c b u t soft t i
e ra ,
f il om wh t oon und a h vi es a s e a s er er ea er

t ffi c
ra .

7 Abou t . ixth of ll locomo tiv

on e S wi t chin g locomo tiv
a es a re s es ,

an d th i t m f e uch locomo tiv would b bu t li tt l ff ct d

e s or s es e e a e e

by ch n g in th numb of t in wi th no ch n g in th numb
a a e e er ra s, a e e er

of c a rs lo d s or a .

8 D m ge t c
. a m y e v n be le
a o p t in mil f
a rs alight e ss er ra e or er

t in
ra b t s, llow nc f t hi s eff ct i h dly w n t d unl
u an a a e or e s ar a rra e ess

th i con id
ere sbl di ff nc e in th w eight of t in
s e ra e ere e ra s

9 T in u pp li s
. ra p t ly p s d n t wholly p
e a re t in ar er c a r a n o er ra .

10 T h numb
. of wi t chm n fl gm
e er et i not W holly
s e ,
a en , c .
, s

d p nd n t on th numb of t in u
e e e e er ra s r n .

11 Accid nt s
. e Ot wholly d p nd n t on th numb of t in
e ar n e e e e er ra s,

abou t th igh th of the inju i

ree e d fo ti th of th e d th
s r es a n on e r e ea s

b ing unconn c t d wi th the mov em ent of t in

e e e ra s .

12 A v e y m ll p o tion of gen
. r s l o ffi ce xp n e will v y
a r era e e s ar

with the numb er of t a in s L ega l e xp en e will v a y som ewh a t

r . s s r
 T H E E S T I M ATE 21
3

with numb of ccid n t which v i l rgely with th num

t he er a e s, a r es a e

b e of t a in s
r r .

Som e it em to which v e y m ll v i tion of 5 p e c en t will

s a r s a ar a r

b e a llow d m ay m yn t b
e , ff c t d by a v i a tion in th num
or a o e a e e ar e

b erof t a in ; but inc e th y will p ob bly f l such a v i t ion

r s S e r a ee ar a

to som e s ma ll xt nt the llow nc will b e m d e Some i tems

e e , a a e a .

which a e e tima t ed a s un ffect d by v i ation in the numb e

r s a e a ar r

of t in s m y in some in t nces b omewh t a ffect d T n sfer

ra a s a e s a e . ra

fe ies for in st nc e a e ffect d by the numb of t a in s c o ssin g

rr , a , r a e er r r

on th m bu t th y e ve y unu u l Allow nc Should b e m d e

e , e ar r s a . a e a

on a y o d u in g such bo ats f t n f in g full t in T an

n r a s or ra s err ra s. r s

fe fe ybo t s h a ndlin g only c s of f ei ght a t t e min l s would

r rr a ar r r a

not b e a ffect ed .

Th e E stim a t e For ch an ge in the numb er of t in s d u e to

. ra

ch ange in ruling g a d e a d not to ch an ge in tra ffi c the i tems

r n a ,

of t in mile co st tha t will v ry n d the estimat d a mount of

ra —
a a e

v ia tion
ar hown in Ta ble 7 The l st colum may be t aken
a re s . a n

a s th e ving co st p t a in mile s v d
sa or dd d a t $ p er r a e or a e , 1 er

a ve g t ain mil ; th fi t column is the a ve age co st of the i tem

ra e r e e rs r

for the yea s 9 0 to 9 4 f om Ta ble 6

r 1 0 1 0 r .

T AB LE 7
b
T a le S ho wi ng it em s of o p era t i n g e xp e n se v a ryi ng m ore or le ss d irec t ly with
t he nu m b er o f t ra i n s d oi n g a gi v en to t lb
a u s i ness .

Per cent
Per ce n t
3 0
v yN ar i ng
W i th O
Per oen t

I 900 4 C OS t
.

of tra in s

M AIN TEN AN C E OF WAY AN D STRU CTU RE S

Re p a irs of roa d wa y

Renewa l of ra ils

Re n ewa ls of t ies
B rid ges a n d c u l ert s v
Roa d c rossi n gs , fen c es , et c .

B u ild in gs a nd x
fi t ures
D oc k s and wh a r v es

Rep a irs a n d re n ewa ls o f t e legraph

S t at ionery and p rint ing

O t her e xp en ses

T ot a l
214 E FF E C T O F C H AN G IN G N UM B E R O F T R AI N S

T AB LE 7 C on ti n u ed

Pe r cen t
Per cen t
wit h N O ° f W hO Ie
1 90 0 .

of tra in s CO St

M AIN TE N AN C E OF E Q UIP M E N T

S u p erin t en d e n ce
Re p a irs a n d re n e wa ls o f loc o mot i v es

Rep a irs a n d rene wa ls of p a sse n g er c a rs

Rep a irs a n d re n ewa ls of fre ig h t c a rs

Rep a irs a n d re ne wa ls o f wo r k c ars 0 . 01

Rep a irs a n d re n ewa ls of m a rin e e q u ip m en t

Rep a ir s a n d re n ewa ls of sh op m ac hin ery a nd to o ls

S t a t io n ery a nd p rin t ing
O t he r e xp e n ses

T ota l

C ON DU C TI N G T RAN S P O RTATI O N

S u p eri n t e n d en c e
E n gin e a n d ro u n d ho u se m en
F u e l for loco m o ti v es

Wa ter s u pp ly fo r lo co m o ti v es

O il, t a llo w, and was te for lo c om o ti v es

O t her s u pp lies fo r loco m o ti v es

T ra in ser vi ce

T ra i n s u pp lie s a n d e xp enses

S witc h m en , fi a gmen , and watc hm e n

T e leg ra p h e p en ses x
S t a t io n ser vi ce

S t a t io n s u pp lie s

S wit c hin g c h arg es b a la nc e

C a r p er d iem a n d mile age b a lan c e

b
,

H ire of eq u ip m en t a lan c e

Loss and d a m age

In ju rie s t o p erson s

C le a ring wrec k s

O p era t i n g m ari n e e qu ip men t

Ad v e rt isin g

O u t s id e a ge n c ies

C o mm issio n s
S t oc ky ard s a n d e le vt a o rs

Ren t s for t ra c kya rd s , a n d t erm i na ls

s,

Ren t s of b u ildi ngs a n d o t her p ro p ert y

S t at io n ery and prin t in g

O ther e xp e nses

T ot a l
216 E FFE C T O F C H AN G IN G N UM BE R O F T RAIN S

should be multipli d by th e sum ed

e as known t ain mile co st
or r -

e x p e sed in doll
r s s arIf a
. vi g in numb e of t ins is d ue to
sa n r ra

th e in t oduc t ion of h a vi e locomo t iv e

r e r th e t in mile co st s of
s, ra -

a ll m ximum t in wi ll b e inc e s d p e h ps 5 p e c en t for each

a ra s r a e r a 13 r

1 0 p er cent increa se in weight of t in ra .

 C H APTE R X V I

DI SC USSION OF TH E E F F E CT OF DI STAN CE , RI SE
AND FALL, AND C URV ATURE ,
ON TRAIN
MILE C OSTS

Meth o d o i son of F C m par

th pu po se of dividin g t in . or e r ra

mil co t mon
e s v l it ems di st nc i a d fa ll
a g the se e ra d , a e, r se n , an

cu v tu s ome ve ag condi tion mu t b

r a re , a r umed th t e
e s s e a ss a ar

comp ble The wo k don e in d win g

a ra . ve g t in a mile
r ra an a ra e ra

will b u ed a s a unit of comp i son N t ll i t m of co t will

e s ar . o a e s s

v y with th wo k don a d not a ll will b a lik ff ct d by the

ar e r e, n e e a e e

th ree el m ent s o f di t nc e
e i a n d f ll d cu v tu s a , r se a , an r a re .

T he a v g e A m i era
an f ig h t t a in w i gher cn ot f f om 750 re r e s ar r

t on a d run a t p h p
s n
5 mil s
es n hou a
er a d will b con sid e ed
s 1 a r, n e r

t b e h a lf lo d d
o T hi t a in w i gh t will se m ma ll a d i sm a ll
a e . s r e e s , n s

for a n y v ge t a ffi c m in lin
a era Th fi gu
r would n ed e vi sion
a e. e re e r

f r an y giv en ca e but the to t l w ei ght is not m a t i a l to thi s

o s , a er

di cu s ion
s s .

At 5 mil es an hour a h a lf lo a d d tr in will h v a r i t a nc of

1 -

e a a e es s e

p hap
er spound s p r ton A mi l e of g d e o ff ing the s me e . ra er a

i ta nce n d a mil of cu ve o ffe ing the me e i t ance will

res s , a e r r sa r s s

b e con id e d to s qui e the s me exp ndi tu e of en gy a d

re re r a e r er ,
n

h ence to c u th me v i tion in tho it m of xpen e th t

a se e sa ar a se e s e s a

ma y b con sid e d t va y with th e p ow out put T di t nc

e re o r er . o s a e

will b e a signed l o n ff ct on numb e of oth e i t m ind

s a s a e e a r r e s e

pe nd ent of p ow e a d to cu v a t u r, i t m nof o dw y m in t e r re an e r a a a

n anc e tha t is ind epend ent of powe o numb e of t a in s r r r r .

T he co t of a s to p will b e con sid ed

s equ l to th e co st of er as a

o p tin g a mil e of di t nc e n d sto p once in mil wi ll b

e ra s a , a a 10 es e

a ssumed m kin g the co st f sto p n e t en th th co t of runn in g

, a or s o e s

di t nce Sta tion s

s a .
g n lly l ss than 1 0 miles p rt but
a re e era e a a ,

not all t ain s stop a t a ll st ation s

r .

2 17
 218 D I S T AN C E , RI SE AN D FAL L , C U R V AT U RE

Rise an d Fa ll Defi n ed con sid e d to be the

. Ri se and f lla is re

i e in feet on n sc ndin g g d a d the co e p ondin g feet of

r s a a e ra e n rr s

fa ll on ome d escending g d If a li b e ll up g d in on
s ra e .
‘

ne a ra e e

di ec tion a d con s qu en tly ll down g d in the o pp o sit e di e

r ,
n e a ra e r c

t ion th ,
ise d f ll is th diffe enc in t min l l va tion I f it
e r an a e r e er a e e .

b e undula tin g th t o t l i ,
a d f ll i
e d t e mi ned by ddin g th
a r se n a s e r a e

vertica l feet of ll g d summi t of the undul tion s givin g

a sa s an s a ,

a s a result th e di ff enc e in t min l el v tion s p lu s the su m of

er er a e a

a ll ummit
s d gs bov e
s an b elow unifo m g a d e lin e Thi
sa a or a r r . s

i th e i s
s r d f ll of the con t ruc t d lin e
e an a T h e o p e a t in g i s e . r r se

an d fa ll is lik ely to b e qui t e di ffe ent du e t th di ff e enc e b etw e n r , o e r e

th e a ctu a l d the veloci ty p o fi l

an T he o p e tin g p o fi l e i th e r es . ra r s

velocity p o fi l ; d in stim t ing di ff enc e in cost th i s p o fi l

r e an e a er , r e

should b e u ed for a ll g s d qu e tion s I t will how th effect ra e s . s e

of st tin g d sto pp ing th st tch ov e which th locomo tiv

ar an , e re es r e e

i wo kin g tho s ov
s r ,
which t m i Shut ff an d tho se on which
e er s ea s o ,

b k es a p p li ed
ra re a .

L et th e p o fi l e of Fig 8 b con sid e ed

r I t is d wn to a v e y
. 0 e r . ra r

much e x gge t d ve tic l sc le Th full lin e is the t a ck p

a ra e r a a . e r ro

fil the dott ed lin e th v loci ty p o fi l st tin g f om

e, e ste t st tion r e, ar r re a a

0, and moving to th igh t T he t in is sup po sed to b the

e r . ra e

ma ximum t a in con id d in P obl m p ge

r s ere T h t ck r e 2, a e ra

p o
r fi l e would h a v i t cu v es w lle ound d ff sbut t h e fi gur e will e r e o , r

s v f a illu t tion
er e or n s ra

I t will b e no t d t h t wh ea s th e locomotiv e is lo d ed fo a
e a er a r

1
p e c nt g d
r e t h e e i no d ifli cu lty in m kin g th
ra e, r s p e c en t a e r

g d ra d th e t p of th e hill i
e , an o ch ed wi th a sp e d of bout s rea e a

mil a hou Th locomotiv e ma y con tinu its ffo t

es n r . e e e r s

a c o s th
r s ummit but it will b e b tt er to hu t off ste m wh en
e s , e s a

t tion
s a is a f ly e ch ed in o d e to l es en th e u of b k
1 10 s e r a on, r r s se ra es

t he down g d T he
ra ei t nc of the summit l v l i ju st a bout
. res s a e e e s

enou gh to educ e th e sp eed to mil wh n th t in t t s down

'

r 10 es e e ra s ar

the lon g p e c ent g d e

1 r Wh en the sp d ch e 3 mil
ra . n ee rea s 0 es a

hou which it do es in a bout 4

r, f et b a k s mu t b e ppli d 1 00 e , r e s a e .

The sp eed will th en b e h eld a s n e ly a s m y b e a t 3 mil to ar a 0 es

Th t d
e s u t h enld v ify t hi V l ity p fi l
s ou er p bl m i v l i y g ds e oc ro e as a ro e n e oc t ra es .
2 20 D I STAN C E ,
RI SE AN D F ALL , C UR AT U REV

t tion 7 wh n th followin g g d e f
s a 1 0, e e fe t b eing a lmo st ra or 2 000 e

e x c t ly t h e g
a d of ep o e f th p eed b a k s a e rele ed bu t
ra e r s or e s , r e r as ,

t
s ea mi t s no
g in u s ed un tail ta t ion 8 i e ch ed If top s a 1 0 s r a . a s

b d si ed t
e e r p oin t nota f a b yond ta tion no t m n d ar e s 200 , s ea ee

b u s d th g d
e e ,
ervin g t
e ch eck th p d b ke b ing
ra e s o e s ee ,
ra s e re

qui ed som wh t ju t a t th t o p I f 3 to 3 3 mil s b e on sid

r e a s e s . 2 e c

e d fe b ke n d not b e u ed on th e p e c en t gr d e Th
re sa ,
ra s ee s 1 r a . e

ri se a n d f ll by th t ck p o fi l b et w n A n d B is 7 f t ; by
a e ra r e ee a 2 ee

th v eloci t y p o fi l it is 64 f t
e r If est o p w t b e m d on the ee . a ere o a e

l e v l g d to the igh t of B th v eloci ty p o fi le i se d f ll

e ra e r , e r r an a

would b e feet .

Au tho s diff e in t h i t ea tm ent of ri se a d f ll

r r e r I f a sm ll
r n a . a

ie
r s g in a oth wi e unifo m g d e lin occu
or sa n er s it is con r ra e rs ,

s id d t b
ere o ddition to the se d f ll e ven th ou gh the
e an a ri an a ,

g rad es b e ll s c endin
a g o d a
e c end i ng d h nc a d d no thin g to
r s , an e e

the el e v a tion th ou gh which r

the t in i lift d o d opp ed ra s e r r .

Such hump a d s g in t e s n a s r

fe to some li ght e xt ent with re s

t h e unifo m wo k of the loco r r

mo tiv a d h enc e m ay add e, n

Som e sma ll a mount to th e co t s

of th e o pe tion of o th e ra an r
F g 8 i .

wi se unifo m g d e lin bu t
1
r ra e,

the effect is not m ea ura bl e so lon g s th e s t s

p por t ion s a ee er

a e wi t hin th e
r uling g a de te I t is som tim s e tim t ed th t
r r ra . e e s a a

a s g is a po sitiv e b n efi t inc e
a in g th peed th ou gh it l n gth
e , r as e s r s e

o v er wh t would h v e ob t in d on
a l v l Th m tt will b
a a e a e e . e a er e

discu d in a no th p a g p h
sse er ar ra .

C la sses of Ri se d F ll T h ee cl an s of i e a d f ll h v
a . r a sse r s n a a e

b een gen lly ecogni ed era r z

C la A ss Ri se nd f ll ppa rently not f lt by the locomo t iv

. a a a e e,

a s th e 3 feet a t st a t ion 6 nd 7 of th e p o fi l F ig 8 N
s 0 a 0 r e, . 0 . o

powe effort to ov come such ri se an d f ll eem t b m d ;

r er a s s o e a e

it s e ff ct i sim p ly to va ry the speed som ewh t

e s a .

C lass B Ri e an d fa ll equirin g full pow er in the a sc ent

. s r ,
 C L AS S E S O F R I S E AN D F AL L 22 1

t he s hu t tin g off of st ea m in t he d c nt
es e ,
but n ot t he u se of
b k ra es .

C la ss C . R i se a n d f ll qui ing th u of b k
a re r e se ra es an d s om e

t im of nd in th
es sa e d cen t d th whol p ow of th
es l om , an e e er e oc o

tiv i th sc nt
e n e a e .

Fi gu 8 rehow ll t h cl
0 S s a ree a ss es .

Th p
ere a re l inly 3 f t on tah t ck p o fi l th t m k no Show
ee e ra r e a a e

i g wh t v
n on th v loci ty p o fi l
a e er e e r e .

Th pp
e re a re a n tly 4 5 f t of C l B on th t ck p o fil
a re ee a ss e ra r e,

b u t only bou t 9 f t on th v loci t y p o fi l

a 1 ee The e bout e e r e . re a r a

9 f t on both p o fi l
ee of C l s C All thi i in ddi tion t th
r es a s . s s a o e

diff nc in le v tion of the tw t mini T hi s di ff nc will

ere e e a o er . e re e

not b e p o p ly p t of i th of th t h cl
r er a ar T h loco e er e ree a sses . e

mo tiv mu t li ft t h t in th ou gh thi h igh t goin g f om th

e s e ra r s e , r e

low t th high p oin t d th o tic lly th wo k n c

er o e er y to
, an e re a e r e ess a r

do thi is ll cov d in goin g wi th

s a re imil t in f om th
e re a S ar ra r e

high e to the lowe p oint B u t

r t in r u u lly wo k d . as ra s a re s a r e ,

thi s result do n t ob t in Wh t p ort ion i cov d m y t

es o a . a s re ere a no

b kn o wn
e If th st i gh t g d f om t e minu s t t mi n u b
. e ra ra e r r o er s e

no t t p s ee th n bou t
er ap c n t which i th g d of p o
a er e , s e ra e re se

for s f e hi gh
a p e d t he d ifi s e e l v el m y p h p b t i
, e ren c in e a er a s e es

m t d und C l B T mini mu t b con id d to b e nd s

a e er a ss . er s e s e re e

of o p e ting divi sions I comp i g tw li n b tw n th s m

ra . n ar n o es e ee e a e

t e mini only th
r ,
i d f ll ov e r se and bov th e di ff nc in a er a n a e e re e

t e rmi n l le va tion S hould b e con id d

a e s s e re .

I Fig 8 if t h e b
n . 0 sto p on t her l v l gra d e b yond 8 b ke
e a e e e e ,
ra s

would b e qui d f a hort di t nc re re ddin g omewh t

or S s a e, a s a ,

a bou t fe t to th C l ss C i e d fall
e em kin g in ll a r s an ,
a a

feet of thi s cl ss a .

I f the t in b e u pp o sed t
ra nt f om the i gh t wi th a peed
s o e er r r s

of 5 mi l2 hou th v loci ty p o fil will how no C l C

es an r, e e r e S a ss

g rad e un
s t il t h e s to p t A n ec e si t t es d o p of bou t a f t; s a a r a 22 ee

but a s b fo e te m will b e shut off a t th ummi t an d the n ti

e r , s a e s , e re

r n
u down the g d e to A will b by g vi ty T he en ti e ri e n d
ra e ra . r s a

f ll th e fo
a , xc pt th 3 feet t ta tion 8 i of C la ss B an d
re re , e e e a s 1 0, s ,

e xc pt in g
e lso the feet of C la s C t th stop
a 22 s a e .
 222 D I ST AN C E , RI SE AN D F ALL , C UR V AT U RE

Th ere m y b e ome qu estion a s to wh eth e ri e an d fa ll of

a s r s

s at rt in g an d s to p pin g S hould b e con sid e d If st a rtin g nd re . a

s t o pp in g a e estim t d sep a r t ely the ri e

r d f ll d u e to it should
a e a , s an a

not b e coun ted on the velocity p o fi le I t is p ob bl too th at

'

r . r a e, ,

th e b a kin g t thr top is mo co stly tha n th p rti a l u se of b ak es

a e s re e a r

on a g d e which i w nt fo con sid e in g it sep t ly

ra , s a rra r r a ra e .

Rul s oft n giv n for d et minin g the mount of ri e an d

e a re e e er a s

fa ll f om th t ck p o fi l e but the au thor knows of no rul e th t

r e ra r , a

will give v n clo sely pp oxim t esult s fo a p o fi le lik e the

e e a r a e r r r

fi gu e Th e p ob a bl v loci t y p o fi l e hould b e d a wn fo mov e

r . r e e r s r r

m en t in bo th di ection s d the ultin g qu n ti ties a v ged

r an res a era .

I t i tru e t h a t not ll t in s will fin d th e s m e moun t of ri e n d

s a ra a a s a

f ll A p a ssenge t a in wi th 5 o 6 mil n hou ll ow ble

a . r r 0 r 0 es a r a a

s p eed mi ght fi n d 6 f eet mo e of ri se a n d fa ll non e of which would

0 r ,

r equi th e hu tt in g ff of st e m
re S o a .

Wh en the p o fi le is series of S hort u ndul tion s no sags

r a a , or

summi t of mo th an 5s fe t it i n ti ely p ob bl th a t
re 1 or 20 e , s e r r a e

th whol e ri e
e d f ll i of C la s A xc p t th diff enc e in le
s an a s s , e e e er e

va tion of t e mi ni S gs of e v en 5 feet mo e m y b e f thi

r . a .
2 or r a o s

cl ss but a e not li kely to be fo f ight t in I t c n r rely

a , r r re ra s. a a

b e tru e s i often stat ed th t th d w b pull m ay b

a s a e ra —
ar e

m d e con st nt th ou gh an undulatin g g d Such gr d e will

a a r ra e. a
'
a

ra re ly S how a b solut ely le vel v elocity p o fi le, b eca u e s th

n a r s a e

sp d ch ang s the t a ctiv effo t of the locomo tive ch ng s an d

ee e r e r a e ,

th e t a in e i st nc e ch n ges
r r s a a .

Ri se an d Fa ll E quiva l e t t o a Mil e of Distan ce I e t ima tin g n . n s

co st of i se a n d f ll a ll of the t ck p o fi le ise a n d f ll t h t the

r a ,
ra r r a a

v locity p o fi le shows to b e of C la ss B will b e tim t ed to co st

e r , e s a

h lf the co st of lift in g t in th ou gh th e vertica l f eet in dica t ed

a a ra r .

T hi s s um es th a t h a lf th e en e gy s to d in th t r in on the su m
a s r re e a

mit is ecove ed Fo C l ss C non e of the en e gy s sto ed is

r r .
‘

r a , r o r

r ecov e ed ; a d r mo eove some wo k is don e by the bra kes in

n , r r, r

low rin g the t a in T hi s wo k is a n ega tive tra ctive effort equ al

e r . r

to the g d e effort of the gra d e on which the tra in is less the gra d e
ra ,

o f rep o se fo the m a ximum sp eedr I f thi s gra d e of r epo se b e .

an d th e op era t ed gra d e b e 1 p er c en t the bra k e effo rt mu st ,

2 24 D I ST AN C E , R I S E AN D F AL L , C UR V AT URE

T he v g a i tanc of
era e v g t in run in g t 5
res s e an a era e ra n a 1

mil es a n hou h b n um d t r as p ound p

ee t a ssT hi s e a s er on .

co pond to
rres p s c n t g ad T h wo k don er in climb ! e ra e . e r e

i g
n mi l of uch g d t h n qu l t h t don in unnin g mi l
1 e s ra e, e , e a s a e r 1 e

of t i gh t l v l t ck O mi l of uch g d gi v 4 5 f t
s ra ,
e e ra . ne e s ra e es 1 ee

of i d f ll
r se a n If t in b a lift d th ou gh thi di t nc th
. a ra e e r s s a e, e

wo k don i
r X 45
e s 2 00 0 foo t p ound p t 1 th —
s er on , or e

sa m th t
e as qui d t d w th t in mil on t i gh t l v l
a re re o ra e ra 1 e s ra , e e

t ck
ra If th .
p d b g e s t t h ee i t nc ed con qu nt rea er, e res s a e an se e

ra et of gr d high a e d th a re ult i g t numb of er, an e res s a re a e r er

f t ri
ee d f ll t
se an qu l mil of di t nc ; b t tiff g d s
a o e a a e s a e u s ra e a re

u u lly t k n t low p d h nc the fi gu

s a a e a s ee e e re s .

Sinc i e d f ll of C l B i
e r s an um d t co t h lf th
a a ss s a ss e o s a e ex

p n
e of
se lif t in g t in t h ou g h t h a v r t ic
ra l f t in y c rt h n e e a ee an a se , e

for t hi cl s8 5 f t of i
a ss 2 d f ll will b con id
ee d to qu l
r se a n a e s ere e a

th p ow
e p S of run in g
er e x en t in e mi l on t ight l v l n a ra 1 e a s ra , e e

t ck
ra .

F Cl
or C th e co t d p nd on th g d e
a ss s A d e c en t e e s e ra . s on -
a

p c nt gr d qui n g t iv wo k qu l t th t xp nd d
er e a e re res e a e r e a o a e e e

in lift in g on a p c n t g d d t h wo
er k i l g ly xp nd d
e ra e , an e r s ar e e e e

in th inju iou w of b k e Sho s d wh els h nc e 4 5 f et

e r s ea r ra e an e , e 1 e

i
r se a n d f ll of C l ss C ona p c n t gra d will b e tim ted
a a er e e es a

t co t 5 t im
o s th p ow
2 exp n s
es of unnin g a t in mil on
e er e e r ra 1 e a

t i gh t
s ra d l v l t a ck an d f
an e o th g d e the co st will b
e r ,
or er ra s e

es t im t ed thu s a 45 f t c ent t the co st of p ow u d in

: 1 ee as a er se

r unn in g a mil of di t nc e 4 5 f t of d c n t at 5 tim this

e s a ,
1 ee es e 1 es

co t multi pli ed by th f ct o indic t d in T bl 8 p g 3

s e a rs a e a e ,
a e 22 .

Th ddi t ion l co t wh n th v loci t y p o fi l how

e a a s c tu l
e e e r e S s an a a

r ulin g g d e c nnot b w ll d et min ed M Wellin gton do pt

ra ,
a e e er . r. a s

3 c nt s p e t in fo both cl ses f
e r ra th e numb
r of v rt ic l f t as or er e a ee

ssum ed t qu l t in mi l M B y j dopt th e s m e '

a o e a a ra e . r . e rr a s a

s um T hi s i
. t t d to b e fo w a r an d t
s s a e of t ck n d o d r e ea r ra a r a

b ed I t hould p h p b e bout th s m e for both cl se

. S er a s nd a e a as s, a

yet it mu st b e som wh t g e t on v ry t eep g d th n very

e a r a er e s ra es a

Where ot her sp ee d s are u se d , ot he r res is t a n c e s a n d

gra d e s will re su lt .

“
T Red u c t io n of G ra dien t , et c .
, on t he U nion Pacifi c Ra ilro a d .
”
 RI S E AN D P AL L , — M I L E O F D I ST AN C E 225

light g d Th e m ethod of n ly i s u d in thi book

ra es .
d th a a s se s , an e

ch ct of th
a ra erult l d t t h u gg tion th t v y littl if
e res , ea o e s es a er e,

a y inc
n , ov th figu h giv n hould b llow d All
rea se er e res ere e S e a e .

e xp n th t v y wi th th p ow ou tput will b e con id d t

e ses a ar e er s ere o

b ff c t d by i
e a e d f ll
e Al thou gh on t p d c endin g gr d
r se a n a . s ee es a es

th i t m will v y f om t ho
e e s u d f C l B th p tion is
ar r se se or a ss , e se a ra

diffi cult d th co t i imply t k n p op o tion l t th p ow

an e s s S a e r r a o e er

w tdas e

Th ff ct of i
e e d f ll on p d mu t b con id
e r se a n d mo a s ee s e s ere re

c efully b fo wh t con ti tu t C l A
ar e re b fully und a t ood s es a ss ca n e e rs .

L t th t in con id
e e d in th p obl m of C h p t X I II unnin g
ra s ere e r e a er , r

a t full p o ibl p d ss e s ee ,

s y 3 + mi l
a 2 hou es a n r

on l e v l pp o ch
a e , a r a

a p c nt g d 4 er e ra e 32 4 1111

3 0 t t ion
s a lon g If s .

F ig 81
th lo co mot i ve d
e e
.

v l p
e o its utmo t p ow
s t h ou ghout t h u
s th t in will ch er r e r n, e ra rea

th ummi t of th hill ho wn in the fi gu t p d of pp i

e s e s re a a S ee a ro x

m t ly
a e mil T h v loci t y g d will b th cu v d do tt d
20 es . e e ra e e e r e e

lin th th n the um d t igh t lin

e ra er a d th fi gu not
a ss e s ra e, a n e res a re

e x ct a I f till on th do wn g d th u t mo t locomo t iv eff o t

. s e ra e e s e r

b u d th t in will g in b
e se , e un ing t 3
ra mil hou in a a e r n a 2 es a n r

a bou t t tion I f th d o p qu l th
s a i th p d wills . e r e a s e r se, e s ee

b g e t e t h n th e p d of pp o ch if no ch n g in th e wo k
rea r a s ee a r a ,
a e r

i g of th locomo t iv i m d
n e Th fo giv n l e v tion in
e s a e . ere re , a e e a

a g sab in in
g g, u t trh m i mum f p d c ot g in b o e ax sa e s ee ,
a nn a a e

re ach d ft r n int m di t ummi t wi thou t ch n gi g th

e a e a er e a e s a n e

p ow ou tput of th locomo tiv I t i not p ctic bl to m in

er e e . s ra a e a

t in con t nt locomo tiv pull wi th th v yin g p d T hi

a a s a e e ar s ee . s

h s not b n g n
a lly und tood d th hill of Fig 8 e v n
ee e era ers , an e . 2, e

if th de c nt qu l d th
e s e c n t would u u lly b con id d
e a e e as e , s a e s e re

C l s A ri
as d f ll Abou t
se a n t hi d of it would b C l
a . B if on e r e a ss

3 mi l
2 hou is not to b xc d d Th e a v g p d ov
es a n r e e ee e . era e s ee er

th ummi t is pp oxim t ly 6 mil

e s a hou in t d of bou t 3
r a e 2 es a n r s ea a 0

miles which it would b if th g d w unifo m f om to b

, e e ra e ere r r a .
 26 D I ST AN C E , R I S E AN D F ALL , C UR V AT URE

I f th e gra d w e pp o ch d t mi le n hou the speed t

e er a r a e a 20 s a r, a

th e s umm would b bout 3 mil

it d ftee a n qu l f ll on 1 es , a n a r a e a a

th e dow g d would b e bout 3 5 mil e Such a gr d e is

n ra e a 2 s. a

wholly of C l A u u lly estima t d The a v ge sp eed

a ss , as s a e . era

would b bou t 9 mil e a hou I f the g d e h d b n l e v l

1 es a n r. ra a ee e ,

th e psee d mi ght h v b e n p p oxim t elya 6e mil s ehou a r a 2 e an r,

ra th l p h p T he time qui d to o p t th hill would

er ess , er a s . re re era e e

be a bout thi d mo
on e t h n th t r qui ed to ope a t e the l e vel
re a a re r r .

I t would c rt inly co t om thin g

e a s s e .

A ucc s ion of such hill uch thi s

ess ll C l ss A would
s s as — a a —

inc se th time b etw n t mi i bou t 5 p c nt which would

rea e ee er n a 1 er e ,

c t i ly ff ct t in w ge p o sibly v n th numb of t in s ;
er a n a e ra a s, s e e e er ra

a in gle hill would h v no uch ff ct

S a e s e e .

B t l t th
u ff c t of
e s g b low t h
e e e g d lin a b e con sid e ed
a e e ra e e r .

I f t h t in pp o ch th sa g t
e ra a mil
r a hou its p e d would
e a 20 es an r, s e s

b pp oxim t ly hown e a r a e as s

in Fig 83 The v g . . a era e

p d th u gh the g will
’

s ee ro sa

pp oxim t 7 mil e n a r a e 2 s a

hou I f th e t t ch w r . s re ere

l ev l th sp d would p e , e ee a

4 mil hou
F ig 83
im
.

p t ro x a e2 e s an r,

b u t wi t h a t i fl hi gh pe d t th
r e d of th e t tch
er s Th e t im e
e a e en s re .

h e by th g i bout 8 9 p c nt of t h t by th l v l lin e I t
er e sa s a er e a e e e .

i t hu
s n th t
s see g m y b aof p o i tiv b n fi t whil summit
a sa a e s e e e , e a

is a lw y p o i tiv inju y unl a to p is qui d wh n it m y

a s a s e r ess s re re , e a

b h l pful
e e T hi ult l d t wh t pp
. s res to b b su d
ea s o a a ea rs e an a r

conclu sion n mely th t if a n tu lly l ev l lin b built s as t

,
a , a a ra e e e o o

fo m succ ion of g d e g it will b

r a ess b tt lin th n if
ra sa s, e a e er e a

built l v l B t thi i not t u b c u if

e e . u s cond g li k th t
s r e, e a se a se sa e a

of Fig 8 3 w t follow it t onc

. ere o d if t h locomo tiv e we t
a e, an e re o

b d iv n till t it Ut mo t
e r e s a
sp d f t t h n th
s f li mit
s , a ee a s er a e sa e

would b e ch d qui i g th huttin g ff of the t a m n d lo

rea e ,
re rn e S o s e a ss

of p ow M o ov
er. t h e condi tion of con st a n t u t mo t effo t of
re er, s r

t h locomo t iv c nnot b
e e li d Such s g i a p o si t ive b en e
a e rea ze . a a s

fi t ju t u t of
s o s t rtin g p oin t ad i n a dvi
a ble con t uction
-

an s a sa s r
2 23 D I S T AN C E , RI S E AN D F ALL , C U R AT U RE V

v Di i sion
of E pe se The e e bout f t of ri se d fa ll
x n . r ar a 12 ee an

p e milre of A m e ic n il o d M uch of thi is C l s A fo

r a ra r a s. s as
, r

which the co st i v y m ll p ob bly the g e t p o tion i of

s er s a , r a r a er r s

C l ss Ba d om e i of C l
,
an C Fo th pu p o se of
s comp s a ss . r e r a a ra

tiv e t im t it will ll b e a v e ged a s of C l s B

e s a e Th ddi tion l
a ra as . e a a

co t of unnin g t in mile th fo e f tho i tem th a t v y

s r 1 ra , ere r , or se s ar

wi th wo k don ov th t n c essa y to u a mil of st i gh t l v l

r e er a e r r n e ra e e

12
tra ck , is or 4 6 p er c nt
e . For an y gi ven o d c tu a lr a a fig u res
2

will b e kn own .

T h e re a re a bou t 3 0 d eg rees of cu v tu r a re p er mile of Am ic an er

2X 30
ra il o d s
r a . T he inc rea se in co t s d u e to cu va ture th n
r , e , is
63 0
or a bou t 95 p c n t N in p c nt will b u der e . e er e e se .

T h co t of t o ppin g
e d st a tin g i
s ssum d t
s inc e se ru nnin g an r s a e o r a

e x p en e pe c n t
s F tho se it ems th t v y wi th ll th le
10 r e . or a ar a e e

m n ts con id d th divi ion of co t is found thu s I f b the

e s e re , e s s : a e

co t f di t nc a d k the tot l co t v yin g with t in s run

s or s a e n a s ar ra ,

46
T h en th e co t of di st ance is
s 13 , i
r se a n d f lla
{
35
k, cu v tu r a re

1°
9
k, an d t o pss k
16 1 65
5

ho se it ems not affect ed by ri se and fall the sum will be

Fo r t ,

S imil a ly divid ed
r mon g the othe th a r ree .

About 5 5 p e c ent of o a dw y e x p n s will b e a ssum ed to v a ry

r r a e e

wi th di st anc e an d cu va tu e n d to b e in d pend ent of th e t a in sr r ,

a e r

u
r n About 7 5 p e c ent of Am e ric a n t a ck is st a i gh t
. r A sumin g r r . s

t h t m a int en nc of cu v d t a ck co t
a a 5 p e c n t of th e m in
e r e r s s 1 0 r e a

t en n c e of st i ght t r ck
a bout 3 7 pe cent of the to ta l it m of
ra a ,
a r e

r o a dwa y m int en anc e m y be a tt ibut ed to di sta nc e g dle

a a r ,
re a r ss

of t ain s a d 8 p c ent to cu v tu e While som portion of

r ,
n 1 er r a r . e

cu v d o dw y ma int en nc i ind ep nd nt Of the d gree it

r e r a a a e s e e e ,

would b p c tic lly imp o ibl t sep te it

e ra a ss e o a ra .
 D I VI S IO N O F E X P EN S E 2 29

bou t 7 p c n t of ti n w ls will b tt ibu t d t di t nc

A 0 er e e re e a e a r e o s a e

only g dl of t in t o g th wi th
, re ar es s p c t of mrai t n nc
s, e er 1 00 er en a n e a e

of t l g ph d f nc
e e ra an e es .

O th i t m will b
er um d ff c t d indic t d in th followin g
e s e a ss e a e e as a e e

t bl
'
a e

T A B LE 9
C OS T PE R T R ArN M IL E or O P E RA TI N G D I S TA N C E O N LY ( AV E RAG E T RAI N
M IL E C O S T A S S U M E D AT

Pe r cen t of Per cen t C o s t pe r

Whole V y
a r in g wi th T ra in
x
E p e nse D ista n ce M ile
C e n ts or
Pe r c e n t

1 Re p a irs o f ro a d wa y

2 Re n e w a l o f ra ils

3 Re n e w a l of t ie s

E x ce p t fe n c i n g ,
B rid ges a n d c u l ert sv m u st be e st i

Ro a d c ross in
gs a nd fen c e s m a t e d fo r ea c h

s p ec ia l c a se

Rep a irs a n d re n ew a ls o f lo c o m o t i v es

Re p a irs a n d re n e wa ls of
p as se n ge r c a rs
Re p a irs a n d re n e wa ls of fre i h t c a rs
g
Re p a irs a n d re n e wa ls of wo r k c a rs

Rep a irs a n d re n e w a ls of s h o
p m a c h i n e ry and

t o o ls

E n g in e a n d ro u n d h ou se m en
F u e l fo r loc o m o t i v es

Water s u pp l
y
O il, f a llo w, a nd was t e
O t h er s u pp lie s

T ra i n ser vi ce

T r a in pp lies
su

T elegr a p h e p en ses x
C a r p er d ie m a n d m i le age
L O S S a n d d a m ag e
In j u ries t o p erso n s

C lea rin g wre c k s

Law e xp e n se s

T ot a l

A dd fo r s u p e ri n t e n d en c e a n d o t h er e xp e n ses

T ot a l
2
3 0 D I S TAN C E , R I S E AN D F ALL , C UR V AT URE

o t of Di ta c
C s At 8 p s t in mil 80 3 5 3 i th u m th t
n e. 1 er ra e . s e s a

m yb a v d mu t b xp nd d p t in mil v d
e sa e or s e e dd d e e er ra e Sa e or a e

by on of ch ng in di t nc T th
rea s a nu l vin g co t
es s a e. o e an a sa or s

mu t b dd d th t p o t ion of n u l m in t n nc of w y co t
s e a e a r a n a a e a e a s s

th t i a i d p nd nt of t in mil g A n v e g f th
s n e e e ra ea e . S a a ra e or e

coun t y thi m y b t k n t $3 5 p mil of in gl m in t ck

r s a e a e a 0 er e s e a ra .

If t h N d ily ound t i p t in
ere a re th
a nnu l co t in ound
r r ra s, e a a s r

num b s i 3 65 X X N X
er s, $3 5 p 2 mil of in gl 0 er e S e

t ck dd d F
ra a y oth
e . t in mil co t th n $ th n ti
or an er ra -

e s a 1 e e re

s um hould b inc
S d di mi i h d p o p ortion lly I t mu t
e rea se or n s e r a . s .

b und
e t ood t h t t h e fi gu
ers t b m d
a n wf y giv nres a re o e a e a e or a n e

o d tho giv n b in g th e v g f th Uni t d St t

r a ,
se e e If a era e or e e a es .

th ch n g i b u t
e a f w f t in th
e s gg g t l a e th n y ee e a re a e ess a , sa , 1 000 ,

p h p 8 p
er a s c nt of th fo go ing v lu hould b u d I i
0 er e e re a es S e se .
.

t h di t nc i
e s a uch th t t tion s d i din g mu t b con id d
e s s a s a an S s s e s ere ,

p ob
r bly a
5 p c nt12 of t h g iv n
er v lu e ewill b n e th e e a s e ea r r e

t u th
r Wh n th di t nc i o g t a s to m n n ew f igh t
. e e s a e s s rea ea re

divi ion s it mi ght b e in som

s, a s w lin y t t b loc t d d e ne es
'

e o e a e an

built in th Uni t d St t e d b o d p ob bly 8 p

e c nt of
a es a n a r a , r a 0 er e

a ll xp n s m y b tt ibu t d to di t nc only
e e es a e at b c ur e s a e .

,
no e a se

di c tly c u ed by di t nc b u t b c u
re a s ll x p ns a will b e, e a se a e e s es e

inc d d di tanc i the mo t conv ni n t unit f stim t

rea se an s e s s e e or e a es .

Ag in t t hi s mu t b pu t t h dimini h d
a s s inc e d v nu e s e or rea se re e e

du t e vin g inc i g di t nc e Whil thi i

o sa or rea s n i t m th t s a . e s s an e a

v i v y much wi th th o d it is p ob bly not f f om th

a r es er e r a ,
r a ar r e

t u th t
r
y t h t
o sa n v g fa t h Unit d St t f om 4 t
as a a era e or e e a es r 0 o

5 c nt p
0 e
p s ng t in mi l will b e lo t f l n d di st nc
er a sse er ra e s or esse e a e,

g in d fo in c ed di t an c e f m d te mou t F eight ’

or a e r rea s s o o era a n s . r

re venu es while th ey m y b modi fi d by m ll ch an g s in di

, a e e s a e s

t nc
a a e so
e, bit ily fixed th t no g n l tim t of lo
r ar ra r , a e era es a e ss or

g in
a ca b m nd e D ief
f nc in
a di t nc
.
g t e nou gh to
ere much es s a e rea

a ff c t th t im e b et w n t e mi ni m y
e e ult in dd ed l n d
ee r a res a or esse e

bu in ; but ma ll diff ences uch a th ngin r u u lly h

s ess s er , s s e e ee s a as

to con sid will h v no uch eff ct er, a e s e .

C on sid e in g only th e p r ng ven u the ve ge off et a sse er re e, a ra s

p er t in mrai l ll t in s in t he, a
e Uni t d S t t ra m y b ,
bou t e a es , a e a 20
2
32 D I S T AN C E , R I S E AN D F ALL , C U R AT U R E V

Whil e m to t l p ow co t h b n u s d in this estim t

th e sa e a er s as ee e a e

f or C l a ss C i s d f ll it i t u e th t it
r e an i f om om ewh t
a , s r a a r ses r a s a

diff e ent set of it m th d sc n t howin g p incip lly in w t d

r e s, e e e s r a as e

s t ea m in a il w
,
r d i ep i s of c
ea r, a n d locomo tiv s Cl n r a r a rs a n e . a ss

C will a l so ff c t t in w ge a which is g n lly d ni d The

e ra a s, e era e e .

r t a e of a uling g d d t min s th numb of t in s n d th e

r ra e e er e e er ra a

s p ee d but t
,
h l gth of t h teg d ent h e mount of ri se a d a ra e a n

f ll d t min s the tim qui ed to ma k e the b ill fter th

a e er e e re r a e

sp d h s b n fi x ed
ee a ee .

C l ss A i e n d fa ll estima t ed a t n e fi fth th co st of C l
a r s a , B o e a ss ,

will b e a umed to co t ss ve c ent s p t in foo t cco ding

s or sa er ra , a r

as it i c u sed by summit bov o

s a s g b low t h
a
g n l g d e a e r a a e e e era ra

lin e I m kin g p limin y tim t s it m y b n gl c ted

. n a re ar es a e a e e e .

C o t of Cu rv tu
s I t h s b n a ssum ed th t 63 t in d eg
a re . s a ee a 0 ra ree

of cu v tu will co t twic s much s th u m to t l of a ll it ms

r a re s e a a e s a e

v yin g wi th pow ou tput fo a t ain mile of di t nce F om

ar er r r s a . r

T bl 9 thi s giv es
a e ,
c nt T h r fo e with a m ll llow e s . e e r s a a

a nc f ccid nt s t in d g will co t
e or a e , a c nt t o th nnu l
ra e ree s e s, e a a

co st d u e t which mu t b e dd d th nnu l co t of m in t en nce

o s a e e a a s a a

of o dw y th t v i b c u of cu v tu but is i d p
r a a a a r es e a se r a re n e en

d nt of th e numb of t in T hi s m y b t k en t
e er p ra s . a e a a er

d g of cu v tu e If N b e th numb of d ily t in m kin g

e ree r a r . e er a ra s a

round t i p the n u l co t f cu v tu e pe d g ee may b e

r s, a n a s or r a r r e r

2 X 3 65 X N X

It ma y b e t h t5 dg a 00 e rees is b tta e er figu re to u se a s th e e qu i va

ln
e t of a mil of di t nc
e s a e . U in g thi
s s fi gu re
g iv es

2 X 3 65 X N X

T he co t p d g of cu v tu p y p d ily t in ound
s er e ree r a re er ea r er a ra r

i
t r p is found f om t h tw fo goin g v lu es t b espectively
r e o re a o e r
 C O ST O F P U SH E R SE R V I C E 23 3

C urva tu re is p ob bly mo e co stly p t in on o d of h vy

r a r er ra r a s ea ,

f t t ffi c h nc it m y b e w ll to u a v lu pp oxim t in g th
as ra , e e a e se a e a r a e

s m ll co t f li ght t ffi c lin
a er s or d p p oxim t in g t h l g
ra es , an on e a r a e a r er

co t f h e vy t ffi c lin *
s or a ra es .

C o st of Pu h r S vic A i t nt
s en gi vic u u lly
er e. —
ss s a e ne ser e, s a

c ll d pu h
a e vic f om th cu tom fo m ly p v ilin g of
s er ser e r e s r er re a

a tt chin g t h
a i t nt ngin t the a ss s a of th t i i u u lly
e e a e rea r e ra n , s s a

e xp n iv e vice for th
s e se r on th t it is lmo t lw y on e rea s a a s a a s

g rad g ivin
es g i e d f ll of t h wo t cl
r s an d co t in g on a e rs a ss , a n s an

a v e ge p ob bly not l t h n 5 c n t mil run for thi it m

ra r a ess a e s a e s e

only The sm ll c w m k w g s l by pe h p 6
. a er re
7 a es a e ess r a s or

c n ts a mi l Pu sh e
e vic i l o pt to b in t mi t t n t b t
e . r se r e s a s a e er e ,
u

t h e locomotiv run li gh t on th down g d e th

s fu l co t b i g e ra e, e e s en

l th n fo the th ou gh locomo tiv on the s m g d b t

ess a r r e a e ra es , u

p ob
r bly moa e t h n f t h rv g of t h t
a h ou ghorlocomo t iv e a era e e r e .

O n th e whol if the i t n t locomo tiv m y b k pt

e, bu y
a ss s a e a e e as s

a s t he th ou gh locomo t iv e r it mil ge co t hould not di ff , s ea s s er

much f om th t of th th ou gh locomo tiv

r a d t i el r e an ra n , ess

e xp n e d u e to c
ses bout 3 c n t p mil run P t in
a rs , or a 0 e s er e . er ra

mile h elp d th e e mu t b two pu h mil h nc ddin g

e r s e s er es , e e, a 1

c nt p mile for in te e t on the co t of th e

e er i t n t loco
r s s a ss s a

motiv 6 c n t p t in mil h lp d will b p h p

e, 2 e s er ra f i e e e e er a s a a r

es t im t for thi se vic e

a e A y giv en c se hould furni h
s r . li bl n a s s re a e

fi gu s re .

T pu t thi s e t im t on th b i of th d ily t in h lp d t h
o s a e e as s e a ra e e , e

co t i
s s p d ily t in p mil of inclin Thi is f t in
er a ra er e e . s or a ra

mile co st of $ d is t b mul t i p li d by the t in mil co t i

1 , an o e e ra —
e s n

doll I f N b th numb
a rs . of d ily t in s h lp d th nnu l
e e er a ra e e , e a a

co st per mile of i clin t $ p t in mil i n e a 1 er ra e s

N X X 3 65 N .

Th e c ost of cur v a t u re is a v ery d iffi c u lt it em t o d et erm in e wit h any d egree

o f c ert ai n t y; th ere is a high e r fi gu re t h a n fo rm erly, j u s
t en d en c y t o p la c e it at a

ti fi e d b
y t h e c o n t in u a lly i n cre asin g weigh t o f loc o m o t i es a n d c a rs T h e fi gu res v .

v bv b
gi e n a o e see m t o i nc lu d e th e est prese n t p ra c t ic e ( 1 90 7) a n d t o a llow for som e
furt her dv
a an c e .
23 4 D I ST AN C E , RI S E AN D F AL L , C UR V AT U RE

A round numb er of from $22 5 to $25 m ay b e u sed for estima t s

0 e .

I f th e a i t nt locomo t iv is not k ep t bu y the co t p e t in wi ll

ss s a e s , s r ra

b e inc e sed
r a If th e h el p e g d e i n ea r
r ra s l ge st tion wh e
a ar a er

th e h lp
e erlocomotive m y be k ep t bu y wh n not a s i stin g a
a s e s

t in up the gra de the co st will b e about s given

ra ,
a ;
23 6 P RO B L E M S I N RUL IN G G RA D E , ET C .

ving i
The d ily t in
sa T h f c tion i llow bl
s a ra s . e ra s a a e

b c u th numb of d ily t in i an v g of
e a se e mo
er a ra s s a era e on e or re

y unnin g Th o d h vi g n av g t in mil co t of
e ars
’
r . e r a a n a era e ra —
e s

p ob bly h v
r
g f i g
aht t in mil co t of bou
as t an a era e re ra -

e s a

d pa ng t in mil co t of
an All f i ght t in
sse er -

ra e s re ra s

will b um d t co t
e ass p mil e o s er e ru n .

The d ily s vin g in t in mil g i

a a ra ea e s

1 80 X X 2

O nly 4 5 p c nt (p g 5) of t h er e a e 21 e e st im at e d co t of th s ese tra in

mil s i v d
e X s sa e ,
or p t
er in mil
ra e . T he
annu al ving m y th fo ppsa a ere re a ear t o b e , b u t is n ot ,

7 5 2 4 X 3 6 5 X 350 63 9 -
351 7 5 4 8 6
T he ving might b pp oxim t ly thi m
sa d it h h to e a r a e s su an as ere

fo u u lly b n t hu tim t d w it t th t t h m ximum

re s a ee s es a e -

ere no a e a

t in on t h
ra s vi d lin h vi th n tho on th o igin l
e re se e a re ea er a se e r a

lin a d henc b c au e mo wo k i qui d t pull t h em ov

e, n e, e s re r s re re o er

t h un vi d p o tion of t h lin
e re se d b c u a om wh t low
r s e e, an e a se s e a s er

s ch dul m y b n c a y t hi will d p nd on th h a t i
e e a e e e ss r ,
s e e e c a r c er s

t ic s oi t h lin t h m a ximum t in of t h
e e, evi d lin will co t e ra s e r se e s

mo p mil u th n would t h l i gh t t in of the o i gin l l in

re er e r n a e er ra s r a e .

Th w t ain mil co t i u u lly found by dividing th

e ne r -

w e s s s a e ne

co t p mile by th w numb of t ain thu

s er e ne er r s, s

18

No m athematic al n ly i c p dic t wi th p ci ion wh t th a a s s an re re s a e

n ew t in mil will co t b ut th following pp oxim tion i

ra es s ,
e .
a r a s

p ob
r blya uffi ci n t ly xs c t f t h pu p o e d if at ll on
e a or e r se an errs, a ,

th e sid of f ty in t h t it m k th cont mpl t d imp ov m nt

e sa e a a es e e a e r e e

a li tt l l s o y t h n would pp f om th inv ti g tion thu f

e es r s a a ear r e es a s ar

m d Dividing th t in mil co t of
a e . b tw n p as ng
e ra -

e s e ee se er

an d f i gh t t in in t h p o po tion of 5 t 8 giv s pp oxim t ly

re ra s e r r o e a r a e

p p s s n g
er t in mil
a de$ 5 3 6 p f
er i gh t
-

t in
ra mil ; e an 1 . er re -

ra e

inc a ing t h l tt by p c nt f
re s e at in t h t h v e b n
er 2 er e or ra s a a ee

inc reased in wei ght by abou t p c nt ( p g an d u in

g 20 er e see a e s

t he esult fo a
r w av e g t ain mil co t giv es f t h a t a v ag
s r ne ra e r -

e s or er e
 SA I N GV D UE T O RE D U C T I O N O F D I S T A N C E 2
37

S om thing lik thi

e e s tra in mil co
—
e st ma y b e e xp c t d e e an d

X . 02 X X 3 65 X 2 X 1 80
-

l
is t h e nnu l lo t b d duc t d f o m t h p viou ly d t min d
a a ss o e e e r e re s e er e

a nnu l ving b c u of t h h vi t in T h
a sa e a t nnu lse e ea er ra s . e ne a a

sa ving t h n i ,
d t hi
e m divid d by t h m k t
,
s t an s su e e ar e ra e

of int t giv th v lueres c pi t li d v lu of th ving d

es e a e , or a a ze a e, e sa ue

to th duc tion in g d
e re t h limi t of ju ti fi bl xp ndi tu ra e, or e s a e e e re

to se cu th re At 5 p e c nt t hi v l u i er e s a e s

T h fo goin g inv ti g tion u p po

e re th g d duc tion t bes a s se s e ra e re o e

a ccompli h d by ducing t h i s e d f ll If it i don by i

re e r se a n a . s e n c reas

i g t h di t nc wi t hou t
n e ducing th i
s a d f ll t h
e will b re e r se a n a ,
ere e

no uch ju ti fi bl xp ndi tu
s Th co t of o p at in g t h
s a e e xt e re . e s er e e ra

di t nc wi th t h h avi t in mu t b con id d d it i
s a e e e y er ra s s e s ere ,
an s e as

to se e t h t a limi tin g c mi ght i in which t h u pp o d g in

a ase a r se e s se a

f om th g d duc tion would b e wholly lo t E ch c

r e ra e re mu t s . a a se s

b inv ti g t d f
e es it lf wit h ll it known condi tion
a e or se a s s .

To fi d th S vin g Du to
2 . n Re duc tion of Di t anc
e a L t e a s e .
—
e

th duc tion b
e re mil on t h divi ion of P obl m b fo
e es e s r e 1, e re

th g d
e duc tion
ra e re .

T h exp n of ll t in i ff c t d by t hi i t m t h fo t he
e e se a ra s s a e e s e ,
ere re

a nnu l ving i ( p 3 )
a sa s see . 2 0

(18 X 2 X X 3 65 X 3 50 X
T hi divid d by t h p v iling t of int t i t h v lu of t h
s e e re a ra e eres s e a e e

sa ving o th limi ting xp ndi tu t

r cu it At 5 p c n t
e e e re o se re . er e

t hi u m is
s s

I f th duc tion of g d i m d t h ving will b

e re ra e s a e, e sa e

X 2 X X 3 65 X 0 3 5 3 + 3 5 0 X .

an d hi c pi t li d t 5 p c n t i
t s a a ze a er e s

I t i th cond th t h n t h fi t v l u th t mu t b dd d t
s e se ra er a e rs a e a s e a e o

t h v al u of g d
e duc tion t d t min th to t l ving if t h
e ra e re o e er e e a sa e

contempl t d imp ov m nt includ bo t h g d

a e d di t nc
r e e es ra e an s a e

ch ng s A d it i th cond v lu th t mu t b ub t c t d f om
a e . n s e se a e a s e s ra e r

O xi i g d ivi i f d k w
n an e st nh h Wh di i
s on o
pp i ro a no n t o t e au t or e re co n t on s a ro x

m at eh f h i p bl m h g d
t ose o d t i sld p b bly b m d f
ro e l ,
t e ra e re u c t on c ou ro a e a e or ess

h
t an q h
o ne
pp vl lim i
u a rter t f j ifi b l x p di
e a a re n t a u e or t O u st a e e en t u re .
 P RO BLE M S I N RU L I N G
2
38 G RA D E , ET C ~
.

t he v alu of gr d e duc tion if t h t duc tion i cu d by i

e a re a re s se re n creas

i g t h l n gth of t h lin
n e e e e .

T h v lu of e vin g mil on t hi lin b fo th g d d u

a e sa 1 e s e, e re e ra e re c

t ion i ,
s y T h v l u of vin
o r, sa
g foo t ,
e a e sa 1

( di t nc l
s a th n es f t) ( p 3 ) i
ess a y $8
1 000 ee see . 2 0 s or , sa ,
1 .

Ag in t t h a v lu hould b p t wh t v lo in v nu m y
s ese a es s e u a e er ss re e e a

b e est im t d t i by a e on of th l n d di t anc
o a r se re a s e ess e e s e .

3 T fi d t h S a vin g Du t a R d u c tio
. o n e of Ris an d Fal l e o e n e .

L t th e duc tion b 7 f t C l C 4 f t C l B d f t
e re e ee a ss ,
1 ee ass ,
an 10 ee

of ummi t of C l A i an d fall on t h o ad of P obl m b fo

s s a ss ,
r se e r r e 1 e re

th g d
e duc tion
ra e re .

I t will b um d th t t h v loci ty p o fi l how t h C l C i

e a ss e a e e r e s s e a ss r se

a d f ll t o b
n on p c ent gr ad e a d t b C l B f p n g
a e 1 er s, n o e ass or a sse er

t in
ra d th t C l
s, an A ff c t ll t ina ass a e s a ra s .

Th t h efo
ere a re ,fo ll t in f t of C l A f f i ght
er re , r a ra s, 1 0 ee a ss ,
or re

t in
ra
7 fe t of C l
s, C d 4 f t of C l a s B
e d f p
a ss ng ,
an 1 ee s ,
an or a ss e er

t ain
r f t of C l a s B T h fo t h saving on t hi o d f
s, 2 1 ee s . ere re , e s r a or

th v l cl a ses will b (p 3 )
e se era s e . 2 1

Cl s A a s 8 X X X 3 65 X 1X 2 10

Cl s B a s 6 X X X 3 65 X X 2 21

Cl B a ss X X 4 X 3 65 X X
12 2 1

Cl C ass X X 7 X 3 65 X X
12 2

C ap it ali ed at 5 p c nt th v alu of t he s ving i

z er If e e e a s

th duc tion of i
e re d f ll i d u t t h uling g d duc tion
r se an a s e o e r ra e re ,

t h v lu of t h s vin g hould b comp u t d on t h d ily t in

e a e e a d s e e e a ra s an

t ain mil co st of t h
r -

educ d g
e di ent * e r e ra s .

4 T fi d th e S a v in g Du e to a Red uctio
. o n of C u v a tu e n r r .

L et t h elimin tion of e d g e of cu v tu f om t h o ad of
a 20 e r es r a re r e r

P obl m b fo
r et he g d e educ tion b con id
1, e re d ra r ,
e s ere .

All t in s ar ff c t d by t hi i t m t h
ra fo e
e a uming ound
e e s e ,
ere r ,
a ss a r

numb e co t of r
p t in d g
s f t ho i t m v ying er ra e ree or se e s ar

wi th t h numb of t in s (p g
e er ra a e

(18 X 2 X 20 X 3 65 X X 20 )
T he st u d en t m ay m a k e t h is c o m pu t a t ion . H e m ay a ls o co m pu t e t h e v a lu e

of s a vi n
g 1 foo t o f rise a n d fa ll of th e se v e ra l c las ses
24 0 P RO B L E M S I N R U L I N G G R AD E , E T C .

th e low g d e lin e will how

-

ra dv nt g to which mu st b s an a a a e e

a pp li d with t
eh p p
,
o S i n
g (p lu minu
e ) t h vr lu of t h
er s or s ,
e a es e

diff nc e in di t nc i e d f ll d cu v tu of the tw
e re s s a e, r s an a ,
an r a re , o

lin es I f th low g d lin h s b n s l c t d f

. e —
a bra i s th e e a ee e e e or as , e

high g d lin e will how di dv n t g t which mu t b imi

-

ra e S a sa a a e o s e s

l ly pp li d th i t em of di t nc e i s
ar a e d f ll an d cu v tu e
e s s a , r e an a ,
r a r .

F ulin g g d comp i son th two lin e

or r ra e e um ed of ar e s ar a ss

equ l l n gth th t of th e sho t

a e ,
Th xce of di t nc of th
a r er . e e ss s a e e

long lin e i figu ed s a di dv ant ge a t th t in mile co st

er s r a sa a e ra -

a n d numb of t in fo th t lin e
er as a ra dv n t g to the
s r a ,
or n a a a e

sho t er linr d ep ending on which h s b een l cted f th e b a si

e, a se e or
’

s,

a t th e t in mi l co t d numb of t in s for th t lin T

ra -

e s an er ra a e . o

comp a e i se a d f ll a d curv tu the t o t l fo each lin e

r r n a ,
n a re , a s r

a re fi gur ed for t h i p c t iv numb e s of t in a d t a in mil

e r res e e r ra n r -

co ts a d th di ff nc s in v lu pp li d a in dic a ted in th e
s ,
n e ere e a e a e s

p rec edin g p g p sh a ra ra .

T o comp two lin v ryin g only in the minor it em of dis

a re es a s

t nca i d f ll
e , r se a n d cu v tu th d iff e nc e of th ese it em s
a , an r a re , e re

will b e tim t ed f the a umed known d ily t in an d t ain

es a or ss or a ra s r

mil co st of the lin e

e .

T comp u t th v lu e of h lp e
o vic e the numb of tra in s
e e a e r ser , er

a ct u lly to b e h elped mu st be d et e min ed an d a t a in mile co st

a r , r -

fi gu d on th e b a i of th e l ssen ed numb e of tra in s m a d e po s ibl

re s s e r s e

by the h elp er mu t be u s d ,
s e .
 PA RT III

RA IL RO A D L O C AT I O N , C O N ST RU C T IO N
AN D B E T T E RM E N T SU RV E YS

RAI LROAD loc a tion comp i th di stinct su vey t he r ses ree r s,

r conn i nc the p limin y u v y d the loca tion u v y

e a ssa e, re ar s r e ,
an s r e .

Th conn i nce su v y i
e re mo e
a ssa le u pe fi ci a l bu t r e s a r or ss s r ,

n n e the l c ful e x min tion of th p o ibl ou t b etwe n

o ess a re a a e ss e r es e

p po
r o d t m
sei ni f t h
er u
p p o s of fi ndin
, g t h
or b t gen e l e r e e es ra

r ou t a d f ob t ining uch pp oxim t tim t of co t of

e n or a s a r a e es a es s

con t uction d op tion d mount of p ob bl

s r an e ra v nu e a s an a r a e re e

m y b n e d d to id in d t minin g th whol b o d qu t ion

a e e e a e er e e r a es

of wh th enot t build t ll I th c of a lon g a d

e r or o a a . n e a se n

imp tant li n
or sub qu nt mo d t il d conn i s nce will
e a se e re e a e re a sa

se r ve s a b i f the p elimin y su v y
a as s or r ar r e .

T h p limin y u v y con i t s in p l cin g

e re ar s i e of st a ight
r e s s a a se r s r

lin s long th s l ct d ou t
e a d by n gl a d di t nc e m e su
e e e e r e , an a e n s a a re .

m nts a d l velin g s cu in g d t iled info ma tion in th fo m of

e n e , e r e a r e r

not s m p f pl nni g th fi n l lin t b e built

e or a s or a n e a e o .

T he loc t ion u v y con i t in p l cin g t h p l a n on the g ound

a s r e s s s a e r

an d curin g th n ec ss y d t f fi xing th g d
se e e ar a a or e ra es .

T hu it m y b e s id th t th co n i s nce d t min es the

a sa a e re n a s a e er

g en a l
er ou t t h rp limin y u
e, v y furni
e h s t
re h d t f pl n ar s r e s e e a a or a

ning the d efi nit lin e d th loc tion su v y m k thi lin e on

e ,
an e a r e ar s s

the g ound r .

T h whol e o p
e t ion of il o d loca tion i the secu in g of
e ra ra r a s r

d t f the d sign of the o d the m kin g of thi s d ign n d

a a or e r a ,
a es ,
a

m kin g it on the g ound I t i th mo t imp o t nt th mo st

ar r . s e s r a , e

di ffi cult d th mo t int e stin g b nch of il o d ngin eerin g

, an e s re ra ra r a e .

I t a b e don
c n ft f hion wit h the l e st t echnic l kn owledge
e a er a as a a

of ny b anch of il o d ngin ee in g a d h enc e h s not lw y

a r ra r a e r , n a a a s
24 2 RAI L RO AD L O C AT I ON

b een prop erly va lu ed o p e formed When the stud ent h s read

r r . a

t h e t h ee foll o win g ch a pt e s on R conn a i s nc

r r P elimi n y
e d s a e, r ar , an

L oc at ion Su v ey s he S hould rea d t h e p p er by P ofes o T ylo

r ,
a r s r a r
“
on the L oca tion of the Kn oxvill L F llette d J elli co Ra il e, a o an

ro a d which h b n pl c d in it en ti ety in th App endix of

”
,
as ee a e s r e

thi s book s the mo st s ti sf c to y di cu sion of th co ect p in

a a a r s s e rr r

cip les of il o d loc tion pp li d to p a ticul r c se th t h s

ra r a a a e a r a a a a

come to the utho s a tt ntion

a
’
r e .

B ook s to b e d in conn ction with Pa rt III a e Wellin gton

rea e r ,
’
s

E conomic T h eory of Ra ilw ay L oc a tion F i ld ”

B ah ’
,
e an s e

P a ctic e of R ilw a y L oc a tion an d L avi s s Railwa y L oc a tio

” ’
r a ,
n

S urveys an d Estim at es
24 4 RE C O NN AI S SAN C E

the ori gin a l pla t s ma d e on a sc le of inch to the mile re the a 1 a

b t m ps f u
es a Th y ore oft n v y in ccu t
se . d mu t b
e ar e er a ra e , an s e

co ect ed f om ob v tion lon g th ou t T he cop i s m y b

rr r ser a s a e r e. e a e

m d on S h t cov in g n e t own hip e ch T h S h e t m y

a e ee s er o s a . e e s a

b ob t in d wi th th
e a ection lin s p in t d on th em C o p i s m y
e se e r e . e a

b ob t in d f om th v iou gen
e a e r l l nd o ffi c f om W shin g
e ar s e ra a es , o r r a

ton F n w coun t y uch m p

. or e m y h v b n m d by r s a s as a a e ee a e

e x p lo s d p ubli sh ed in g n
rer an l tl a e th e b t v il ble e e ra a a ses r es a a a .

T h contou m p S how
e dily nough wh t the p o ibiliti e
r a s rea e a ss s

m y be
a O . mo out joinin g th p o p o d t mini m y
n e or re r es e r se er a

b sel ct d s th e mo st f
e e e aibl of th ou t of on bl di ect ea s e e r es rea s a e r

ne ss T h p ob bl
. ulin g g d m y b pp oxim t ly d ete
e r a e r ra e a e a r a e r

min d in o din ry count y f om such m p s th di t nc e d

e r a r r a , e s a an

p ob bl
r mount of cu v tu e m y b e known with om d eg
a e a r a r a s e ree

of ccu cy bu t th ch ct of th m t i l i
a ra , et S hown a ra er e a er a s no ,
n or

th e mino i gula i ti r A ho
rre b ck t ip , p o sibly a t ip
r es . rse a r or s r

wi th a t m wi th ho t xcu sion s f om th o d on foo t ho e

ea , S r e r r e r a or rs

b ck t v iou poin t will su ffi ci en tly d t min the ch ct

a a ar s s, e er e a ra ers

of th ou t s th t choic m y b m d e f om th m p
e r e so a a e a e a r e a .

F din g map wi thout contou th followin g u ggestion s

or rea a rs e s

will b h lpful e e

1 A m in idg m ay b t c ed by followin g lon g b etw en th

. a r e e ra a e e

h d s of st e ms of djoining ea r a a

m in w te sh d s a a r e .

S om so t of id ge point 2 . e r r or

will lie b etw n the mo ee re or

l p a ll l dj c ent s t e m s ess ra e a a r a

of the s me w t h ed a a ers .

3 T w o st e m s of diff n t . r a ere

w t h d s th t run n e ly p l a ers e , a ar a ra

l l n d clo t o g th a lik ly t e a se e er, re e o

F ig 84
h v a high n ow id g b etw en
.

a e a rr r e e

th em wi th low sa ddles o passes Such n gement of st e msr . an a rra r a

as i shown in F ig 84 indic a t es the lik lihood of

s . low p ss a t A e a a ,

a d a no t h
n po s ibly high e ctu a lly n a ly the m l vel thou gh
er, s r, a e r sa e e ,

na r owe n d easi er of a pp o a ch a t B in the c se thi s S ketch p

r r a r a re
 M AP S 24 5

re nt s At C a high hill i indica t ed by the se ve al di ting

se . s r ra a

st e m
r a an d s, t D the p ob bility of a la ge
a mo e o le l vel r a r r, r r ss e ,

ar ea l mo st surround ed by hill
a s .

In Fig 8 5 the v ll ey h s p ob bly g n t l e S lo pes on it l eft

. a a r a e r s

oi
(g g n with t h e t m ) t h n on it i gh t d
s rea t h id ges RR a s r ,
an e r a re

st eep er to t h ri gh t f cin g th fi gu
e The f c ts
,
a indic t ed e re . se a a re a

by the l a ge t ibut i es in th e vall ey on it s l ft Sid e The

r r r ar e .

F i g 85.

Fig . 86

'

rid ge lin e shown b etw een the ove lapping st ea ms of Fig 86 is r r .

p ob a bly v e y c ook d
r d with con sid e a bl e v ri a tion of l e v el
r r e ,
an r a

b etween uch high points a e p ob bly at A a d B d such

S as r r a n , an

a low point a is p ob bly t C O e would not seek to follow

s r a a . n

such a id g with a lin e n d in c o s in g it e would look fo

r e , a r s on r a

short tunn el a t D C A v ry good lin e mi ght b e ob t in ed in

or . e a

t h e gen e l di e c t ion of the rid g by

ra r ki tin g the hi gh p oint s e s r

an d p a in g throu gh the low p oint s

ss sa ddl e or s .

A s t e m who e gen
r a l cou se i quit e st ight wh n m pp d
s era r s ra e a e

a t a sc l of mil to th inch h s p ob bly a pid f ll d

a e 1 e e , a r a ra a an

fa i ly steep slop s on ith e id I f the t a m is v ry c ook d

r e e r S e . s re e r e

wi th lon g diu s cu v som tim doublin g b ck d min g

ra r es, e es a an see

to run lmo t u p st m f
a s d t nc the t m S lo pe i p ob
rea or a is a e, s rea s r

a bly v y fl t d th t m li in fl t llu vi l v lley who se

er a , an e s rea es a a ,
a a a ,

wid th i p ob bly con sid bly g t th n th e xt m wid th of

s r a era rea er a e re e

th t
e s rea m windin gs B ut if t m h f i ly t i ght ch . a s rea as a r s ra rea es

wit h Sh a p b nd t int v l it i p ob bly runnin g f om b end to

r e s a er a s , s r a r

b end a lon g id fai ly t ep blu ff s or hill id es

s e r s e s .
24 6 RE C O N N AI S S AN C E

following the p incip al v lley lin es of the M ississippi V lley

In r a a

St a t s o e mu st gen
e ,
n lly k p some dist a nc e from the t a m
era ee s re ,

w ll up a bove t he fi st blu ff l e vel of the gulli es th ese st e ms h ve

e r r a a

hollow d out f th mselves Th e imm edi at e va lleys a e apt to

e or e . es r

b e low li bl e to flood
,
a d v ery to tuou , an r s .

R co e i an ce of Sh ort Lin e
n n a ss Wit h the b st map obt a in able .
—
e

t he n gin e will g ov
e e r t he o e mo out es th at seem p o ssible
o er n or re r

o rp ob r bl will not
a on which
e, id e of t h e st e m s follow ed t h e
e s r a

lin e is t lie a t v iou s p oint s wh it sh all c o s tho e t ea ms

o ar , ere r s s s r ,

a bou t how m ny cubic y d of mat i l p mile mu st b moved

a ar s er a er e

in th g din g wh t structu es mu st b e built nu m b a d pp ox

e ra ,
a r , er n a r

im t a e i d a bout wh a t m a ximu m g d e m ay b e obt in d

s z e, an ra a e .

F om his not
r he c a e t im t e wh t t h e lin e will co st within
es n s a a

5 or I O p c ent ith r w
er a y H d t m i nee t h ecubic ya d s of . e e er s e r

g a din g by jud gin g from e x p e i enc e th t it will b e a bout like

r r a

som est etch of con struct ed

r o a d wit h which he i familia I f r s r .

h is l ckin g in uch knowl ed ge h m a y m k e his estima t e by

e a s , e a

judgin g th a t th e xc vation emb nkm ent which e ve is lik ely

e a or a , r

to b in xc will ve ge some d ep th d computin g the cubic

e e ess , a ra , an

y ds p mile fo thi s d p th e timat in g tha t som e pe c entage

ar er r e , s r

will b ock I n m kin g such n estim t e the engin ee mu t

e r . a a a r s

fo m som no tion of wh e a lon g th out e select ed th g d e lin e

r e er e r e ra

will b The in xp i enc d n gin ee will b li kely to put the

e . e er e e r e

g ard e lin e too clo e to t h e g ound ov e lon

s g l e v e l s t e tch es of r r r

pr i i T b e su e of d a in age in wet times an emb ankmen t

a r e . o r r

should b not l th an feet high o ve such st etch es d mo e

e ess 2 r r ,
an r

if th p i i is w t
e ra r e At t ea m c o in g th e ub g a d e l e v el
a e on e . s r r ss s s r

should b n t l t h n 5 fe t bov e hi gh w t e
e o ess a O ft en the topo g e a a r .

ra p y will com p l mo
h th an thi but wh e e it do es not thi s
e re s, r ,

limit hould b ob se ved I c o ssing over a divid e f om on e

s e r . n r r

st am t a noth o th d p t h of th e summit cut will d ep n d on

er, e e e
’

re

of g de of pp o ch n d the di st nc th a t g a d e can
I

the t
ra e ra a r a a a e r

b c a ri ed
e r I t is b tt . not to h n g a lin e on a sid e hill Wh en
e er a

it c n be a void d th b e t p l ce to l y the lin e in a v ll y b in g

a e , e s a a a e e

u su lly lon g the foot of the hills on on id e The d epth of

a a e s .

summi t cut m y b e a pp oxim t ely d et ermin ed by runni n g with

a r a
24 8 RE C O N N AI SSAN C E

Recon n ai ssan ce of Mo d era t ely Lon g Lin e

in of 00 . For a l e 1

o r mo mil in a ttl d count y th econn i nc m y be

re es, se e r , e r a ssa e a

m d by
a e m in much th m w y s t h t f
on e an ho t lin e sa e a a a or a s r er e .

Th p o ibl e l t
e l d e vi tion i now g t
ss a era d th b lt of t a s rea er, an e e er

r it y tor b x min d co pondingly wid

o e e a The em y be rre s er . re a

m ny ummit d v ll y if th lin is c o in g th m in d in g
a s s an a e s e e r ss e a ra a e

s y t ms M W llin gton m k th p oin t which c nno t b

s e . r . e a es e , a e

too s t on gly im p e
r d u p on th connoit e in g ngin
r sse th t e re r e eer, a

th conn i nce mu t b e of
e re a ssa a a d t of lin d he
s a n a re n no a e, a n

su gg t thi s m thod I m gin a ci cumf nc of om

es s e : um d a e r ere e s e a ss e

r d iu
a s y 5 mil
s mil
a , 5 mil d wn wi th the
es , 10 es , or 1 es ra

st tin g p oint a s a c n t E x min ve y p o ssibl ou t l d

—
ar e er . a e e r e r e ea

in g t ll in th e gen
a a l di c tion the su v y is t t k to th limit
era re r e o a e, e

of th ci cle T h n im gin conc nt ic ci cumf nc wi th p

e r . e a e a e r r ere e er

h p twic the diu s d follow the po ssibiliti a l dy x m

a s e ra ,
an es rea e a

in d to th limi t of th t ci cl
e e e v ntu lly wh n som pp ia r e, e a e e a ro x

m t ly middl e di st nc i
a e ch d ch n gin g the c nt to the
a e s rea e , a e er

fi n l point of th e lin e
a d ducin g the diu I t i lso w ll an re ra s . s a e

to g ove the t i to y in both di c tion s for a ou te th t do

o r err r re , r a es

n t o u gg st i t lf f om
s e di ction m y pp e v y fe sibl e
se r on e re a a ar er a

wh n e x min ed f om th o th di ction Th n gin e hould

e a r e er re . e e er s

l n t tt ch not too much imp o t nc to h a vy d di ffi cult

ea r o a a r a e e an

wo k in r p l c if th on e m i d of the lin e involvin g thi h ea vy

a e e re a n er s

wo k is p ticul ly f vo ble
r ar ar a ra .

I f th count y i e om wh t wild d moun t inou n d p art i

r s s e a an a s, a c

ul ar ly if it i t imb e d a succ s ion of guid f mili wi th there , ess es a ar

g ound
r i d i a bl sT v l hould
es r b e on ho bea ck
. full no t s ra e s rse , e

should b e t k n d on lon g d di ffi cult lin e an i t nt

a e ,
an a an a ss s a

who is to b e second in comm nd of followin g loca tin g p ty a a ar

should ccomp ny th n gin

a a e e eer .

Th connoi t e in g en gin e hould not e fo ea ch of th ou t s

e re r er s r e r e

e x min d
a e :

IT h ch
. c t of the t itory p ob bl sou c e in timb e
e a ra er err , r a e re r s r,

min l g icultu l d m nuf ctu d p oduct m king om e

era , a r ra ,
an a a re r s, a s

“T h e E co n o m ic T he or of Ra ilwa y Loc a t io n
y .
 RE C O N N AI SS AN C E O F L O N G L IN E 24 9

s rto of e tim t f om hi knowl d ge of o d s l wh e of the

s a e r s e r a e se er

a pp oxim
r t e bu in t
a b imm e di t ly d
s v e lo p e d
ess d t h
o e futu ee a e e an r

p o sibili
s t i es .

zTh e p ob bl
. ulin g g d t h t m y b e ob t in ed the l n gth
r a e r ra e a a a , e

of the lin pp o im t i e, a d f ll of th r x v l cl tot l

a e r se a n a e se era a sse s , a

a mount of cu v tu wi th p ob bl minimum diu r a re d el r a e ra s, an r a

tive o p tin g v lu con qu n t u pon th ch ct i tics

e ra a e se e ese a ra er s .

3 T h.
p ob bl e mount of
r e rt hwo
a k ed i ta cl i fi c a tion a r an s a ss

into a th a d loo e r ,
d olid ock ; p o ibl timb
n se nd
an ock s r ss e er a r

s u ppli es for ti d t uctu es ; v a lu e of the l nd ; numb

es a n s r d r a er a n

l ngth of mo imp o t nt b id ge ; d con qu nt p ob a bl co t

e re r a r s an se e r e s

of con st uction r .

R c o ais e nn of Lo g Lin san ce Fo conn a i nce of a lon g lin e

n e. r re s sa

th ou gh un kn o wn t ito y p o p l d by mi b b ia n a con id e
r err r ,
e e se -

ar ar s, s r

a bl p rt y i qui d fo f ty d to m int i c mp O ft n \
e a s re re r sa e an a a n a a . e

s v
e l p t i xp lo e f
era ar con id bl di t nc on ith id of
es e r or a s era e s a e e er s e

a c ent l c mp A v y xc ll en t m thod i to u
ra a . er c ent l lin e
e e e s r n a ra

by t a n it n d t di long
r s a l ct d ou t g tt in g t ing of
s a a a on e se e e r e, e a s r

di t nc s a d l v tion th t will d t min quit a ccu t ly th

s a e n e e a s a e er e e ra e e

len gth of lin e p ob bl e uling g d , mount of i e n d f ll

r a r ra es , a r s a a

an d cu v tu ; a d to ex p lo
r a re o th ou t wi thin th limi tin g
n re er r es e

b elt comp a rin g th em by jud gm nt id d by b omet e h nd

, e a e ar r, a

l e vel d p i sm tic comp

, an r wi th th t di a out T hi m thod
a a ss , e s a r e . s e

w s u s d by Am e ic n n gin e s on a 6
a e mile p limi ry e
r a e er 00 -

re na r

co n i nc in C hin in thi in st nc e l ti tud b in g occ ion a lly

n a ssa e a, s a a e e as

d t min d by ol
e er e tt chm n t to th t n it
a s ar a a e e ra s .

Th i t m to b no t d
e e s th m i th second c e
e e a re e sa e as n e as .

A comp l t e c mp out fi t i e qui d f wh t v i of pa ty

a s re re or a e er s z e r

is d m d n ec
ee e y ; d if th t i tory i t op ic l
essa r an i known e e rr s r a , or s

t b e unh e l t hful
o is d n ely p o pul t d wi th uch
a ,
or p o pul tion
e s a e s a a ,

for in t nce s a t h t of C hin , d th F

as E t t ili in g pp
a a an e ar as , s er z a a

ra tu f st ili in g th e w t e u sed by th p ty hould b e p rt

s or er z a r e ar s a a

of th quip m nt N o th th n t ili d w t hould b u sed

e e e . o er a s er ze a er s e ,

a u pp ly fo u e du in g th d y b in g c i d f om c mp * The
s r s r e a e a rr e r a .

F f ll q ip m
or u f e v y i pi l
u i
en t R il
o r su rd L ie s n t ro ca co u n t r es s ee a roa oc a t on

S v y
ur e d E im
s an b y F L vi st a t es , . a s.
25 0 RE C O NN AI SS AN C E

in trum ent a l out fi t n eed d will b e th t u su l to the short er recon

s e a a

n i s nc e an d in a ddi tion t n it d t a di od s All impo

a s a , a ra s an s a r . r

t nt in strument l quip men t should b e in dup lic t e t p o vid e

a a e a o r

fo a ccid n t
r A st fi nd e
e d s n a u tica l a lm n c will b e in
. ar r an a a a

di p n ble if l ti tud
s e sa lon gi tud e i to b e d t min ed an d a
a e or s e er ,

ch onom te o hi gh g a d w tch with a k own t e

r e r r -

r e a n ra .

Imp ortan c e of R c o ai san A econn i nc su vey is

e nn s ce . r a ssa e r

not el m n t a ry o p
an t ion in
e il o d engin in g I t is the
e era ra r a eer .

mo t imp ort nt p t of il o d loc tion which i p h p s the

s a ar ra r a a s er a

mo t imp ort n t i t m of r il o a d n gin e in g M i st k of gra d e

s a e a r e e r . a es

fi xin g a d li gnm ent th d t il of loc tion

n a be m edi d , e e a s a , c an re e ,

—
oft n to b su e t gre t co t ; mi st k
, e of con t uc tion too
re , a a s a es s r ,

li ght too h e vy wo k t ck d t uctu es wi ll ven tu lly b e

or a r ,
ra an s r r , e a

co ect ed ; a d mi t akes of m n gem nt d op e a tion m y b e

rr n s a a e an r a

ov come by a n w policy ; bu t a mi t k in l ct in g the route

er e s a e se e

of o d if not di scov ed d cti fi d b efo e con st ruction is

a r a ,
er an re e r
,

lik ly not to b e ectifi d f m ny y

e d i c t in o on
r or e or a ea rs , a n s er a s er

l t to pu t th lin t a di s dv n t g wi th it comp tito if the

a er e e a a a a e s e rs ,

mi t k is a t iou s nou gh to p m n n t ly h ndic p th op e a

e s no ser e er a e a a e r

tion f om the ta t by r son of e xc iv di st nc xc ive

s r ,
rea ess e a e, e ess

cu vatu r wh t i mo e seriou s n e xc siv rulin g gr de

re , or, a s r , a es e a ,

a d n wh t i mo t s riou s lo of bu in f om loc tion th a t

,
a s s e ,
ss s ess r a a

in d equ t ely se ves the p ent d p ot enti l t ffi c c n t

a a r res an a ra e ers , or

mi ses om impo t nt on es l t o g th
s s e r a a e er .

C om pa rin g Ro u t T h e econnoit in g en gin eer should v a lu

es . r er e

hi s r ou te fi st in th e o d e of the p ob bl t ffi c cond in the

s r r r r a e ra , se

o d e of rulin g g d e a d l st in the o d of th mino ma tt s

r r ra ,
n a r er e r er

of di sta nc i d f ll d cu va tu e
e , r se a n I t i p ob bly n t i ely a , an r r . s r a e r

co ct to y
rre g en l p opo
sa i t ion s ubj
as ct to a v i a tion in era r s e ar

sp ci l c
e th t loc l bu in is mo v lu bl th a n th ou gh
a a ses , a a s ess re a a e r

bu in s ; a d while comm ci l condition s e con st n t ly ch n g

s es n er a ar a a

in g still it will p ob bly lw y s b tru e t h t th loc l bu in es

, r a a a e a e a s s

o igin ting d t min tin g on

r a an lin e i it s mo st va lu a ble et
er a on e s a ss .

T h lin th t illy se v s the l g

e e a c ent e s lon g its g n l ou t
r e ar er r a e era r e

will lw y b e a t di dva nt g f th t th t th e t ffi c will

a a s a sa a e, or e ra e a ra
“
b i the t f om th doo of th con i gno to the doo of
ea r s ra e r e r e s r r
 25 2 RE C O NN AI S SAN C E

T H E ES TI MATE S

Th e Tra ffi c E s im a t te I tim tin g th e a mount of

. n es a t ra ffi c
by v iou out ar s r es, t h followin g ul m y b e u d if the t
e r e a se ra ffi c is
of th m gen ee sa e ra l cl s a s:

The a mou n t o f trafii c va ri es wi th the s qu a re o f the popu la ti on

s erved .

hi ule fi st th eo etic lly d e velop d by M Wellin gton * i

T s r ,
r r a e r .
, s

p ov d by di g m of ctu l condi tion s by M Will d Be ha T

r e a a ra a a r. ar a n .

T h e ch a ct r of th e p opul tion a d its indu st i s mu st b e

ar e a n r e

con id ed in estim ting t a ffi c Th a c e ge of till bl l nd

s er a r . e r a a e a

se ved b t t
r th n y comp tito s ves i lik ly to s v it
e er a an e r er or s e er e ,

tog th er with the ch a a ct e of c o ps g own an d mount n a c e

e r r r r a a r

will p oduc e will d t e min e th ag icultu a l tonn g ; the xt ent

r , e r e r r a e e

of m nuf c tu s th tonn g of this cl s of good ; d the minin g

a a re , e a e as s an

indu t y the tonn g of min a l The l tiv

s r ,
a e tes on th er . re a e ra ese

cl ss s mu t b e con id e d th t e on min e l d g in b ing

a e s s re , e ra ra s a n ra e

u su lly low th tes on liv e stock n d m nuf ctu ed rticl high

a , e ra a a a r a es .

A f nce to the I nt t t C omm ce C ommi ion St ti tic l

re ere ers a e er ss a s a

R p o t s will S how th
e r el tiv e qu nti t i es of v iou s cl s of
e r a a ar a sse

f ight moved in th di ff nt divi ion s into which th Uni ted

re e ere s e

S t t s h s b n divid d fo thi purp o se

a e a ee Th divi sion is not a
e r s . e

p ticul ly good o
ar ar ne .

T h e nnu l xp nditu e f
a a ilw y vic in the Unit d Sta t es
e e r or ra a ser e e

is a bout p e c p i t of which a bout $ 7 i f r a f ight e vice

a, 1 s or re s r

a d n f p ss n g ore vic e d
a t h t o
e t a l i om wh
er s r t p idly , an e s s e a ra

in c ea sin g Det il in fo m tion conc nin g th e v nu of some

r . a r a er re e e

ro d situ ted a s n e ly a m y b e s i th lin to b built hould

a a ar s a a s e e e , s

b e s ecu ed f r e stim tin g or I t m y som tim es b h d t h ou gh th e

a . a e e a r

r ep o t s of S t t e R il o d C ommi
r a ion a but mo e g n lly
r a ss ers , r e era

mu t b obt in d f om t he nnu l p o t of th comp ny Wh n

s e a e r a a re r e a . e

t hi s nnu la p o t do
a es t
re cont in t hr m tt in suf fi ci
noe nt d e t il a e a er a ,

if no thin g b ett is v il bl estim t mu st b e m d f om such

er a a a e, a es a e r

g en li
era d info
ze m t ion m y b e h d
r T a h p ob bl imm
as di t
a e a . e r a e e a

( wi t hin fi ve y ) t f
fi c i b tt
ea rs b i f comp
ra a in g th e vs a
a lu e s e er as s or r

“E o n o m ic T h eor of Ra ilwa Loc a t ion

c y y .

“ h e F ie ld Pra c t ic e of Ra ilwa L oc a t ion

1 T y .
 T H E E STI M ATE o r C O ST 2
53

of two lin judgin g th conomy of duc d cu v tu

es a n d for e e re e r a re ,

i e d f ll
r s an d ulin g g d t h n i a
a , an tim t d fu t ur t ffi c ra e, a s n es a e re ra .

F ll wi g i a t t em n t of nin g of il o d p mil of
'

o o n s s a e ea r s ra r a s er e

line o p at d in the Uni t d St t

er e giv n in t h I n t t t e a es , as e e ers a e

C omm c C ommi ion R po t f

’
er e 9 5 ss s e r or 1 0 .

1 90 5 1 00 4 1 90 1 Av era ge

G ross e a rn i n gs fro m o p e ra ti o n
L e s s o pera t i n g e pe n ses x
I n c o m e fro m o p e ra t io n

I n c o m e fro m o t he r s o u rc es

T ot al i n c o m e
T o t a l d e d u c tio n s fro m i n c o m e

N e t i n c ome

o
T he gr nin g p mil of lin in G rou p II of the I nt
ss ea r s er e e er

omm ce C ommi ion ubdivi ion f th Uni t d St t

st a t e C er ss
’
s s s o e e a es

a rel g th n t ho of a y o th r g ou p b in g
ar er a in th
se n e r ,
e e

y ndin g Jun 3 1 9 5 with t nin gs of

ear e e
p e mil
0, 0 ,
ne ear r e .

Th nin g of G ou p I V
e ear th sm ll st be i g
s o
r
g ss are e a e ,
n r

a d $7 n t f
n 1 th m yee ,
or e sa e ar .

C t in typ ic l lin
er a lying in mo th n on g ou p of st t s
a es re a e r a e

h av g o e nin g p mil f om p tion s follow

r ss ea r s er e r O era a s:

N w Y k C e l d H d
or Ri v R il d
e n t ra an u so n er a ro a

S b d Ai L i
ea oa r r ne

I lli n oi s C e n t ra l R a ilro a d
G re a t N ort h ern R a ilwa y
k
Atc hison , T o pe a a n d S a n t a Fe R a ilwa y
U n ion P a cifi c R a ilro a d

ti t of C o t
Th e E s m a T he estim t of co t i m d e eith
e s . a e s s a er

by comp ing th ou t x min ed with o d of lik top o g phy

ar e r es e a r a s e ra

an d condi tion who e co st known

s -

by tim ting th y d
s s a re ,
or es a e ar

a ge fo th v iou ction s a d it cl i fi c tion compu t in g th

r e ar s se n s a ss a , e

co t t som ssum d p ice pe y d d a ddin g the e tima ted

s a e a e r r ar , an s

co t of b idges culve ts t ck buildin gs equipment t

s r , r ,
ra , , , e c.

I t is di ffi cult to t ell wh t the y d g will run if on e ha s h d no a ar a e a

254 RE C O NN AI SS AN C E

e xp eri ence To form some id e the ro a d b ed wi dth an d lop es

. a, -
s

mu t b s um d d so me ort of gu e s m de of the p ob bl
e a ss e an s s a r a e

d ep th of filli ng cuttin g whil looking t the groundor e a

Th e utho r g d s 4 fe t for emb nkm ent

a r e ar d 2 0 f et f1 e a an e or

e xc v a tion
a includin g id e di t ch es
, s minimum wid th s a t s b , a su

gr d f r li ght t ffi c S in gl e t ck ro a d
a e o to b e sub equ n tly ih
ra ra s, s e
- -

cr d to 0 feet a d 3 fe t p c tiv ly wh n th e t affi c sh ll

ea se 2 n 2 e res e e , e r a

wa a nt d to b e o built in th b gi ing if a l g imm di t e

rr , an s e e nn ar e e a

t a ffi c i a s u d
r s s re .

Solid ock x ca v t ion s m y b e t k n out

r e f t wid e t fi t
a a a e 20 ee a rs ,

but 4 f et is b ett er Th y e not inf qu n t ly m d s n ow

2 e . e ar re e a e a a rr

as 8 f t fo n w wo k
1 ee r e r .

N o e rth slo p es should b l ess th n % horiz ont l to

a vertica l e a 1 a I .

Rock m y b e pla c d in emb nkm ent with slo p

a e of t a d a s es 1 o 1, n

rock e xca va tion m y b e t k n out with lop es of horiz ont l to

a a e s a

1 v e t ic l In cludi ng ditching ro a d c o ssin gs etc e xc v tion

r a .
,
r , .
,
a a

an d mb a nkm ent of v a iou b a se width s

e n d wi t h slop es of 1 %
r s ,
a

horiz ont l to vertica l m y b e xp ect ed to a v e ge bout a in

a 1 a e ra a s

T bl 1
a e I f th e lin e is a pp oxim a t ly h lf cuttin g a
1. n d h lf fi ll r e a a

in g th e tot l y d g will b e h lf th e t bul a qu ntiti es if th

, a ar a e is a a r a ere

no wa te o bo ow ; th a t i if the emb nkm ents e ma d e f om

s r rr s, a ar r

th e e xc v tion a wi th no w st e
a s, a

I f it b e estim t ed th a t th xca v tion is in e xcess the to ta l

a e e a .
,

ya dage is obt in d by t kin g th t f a ction of the t bu l qu an

r a e a a r a ar

ti ty tha t the tot a l lengt h of cut is of mil ; if it b e estim ted a e a

th a t the emb ankm nt is in xc the method i th sa me u in g e e ess , s e , s

th e l ength of emb nkm nt a e .

E thw k should b e esti ma t ed a t wh t it will p ob a bly co t

ar or a r s

th e loc a lity Av e ge fi gu es ma y b
.
5 to 3 c nt s a cubic
ra r e 2 0 e

ya d for ea rth 75 to 90 c ent s for loo se rock d $ to

r ,
for ,
an 1

s oli d ock T hese a re not co sts but cont cto p ices ’

r . ra r s r

C l a i ng and Gr u bbi g th e ri ght of w y m y b e estim t ed

e r n a a a

at $ 5 p
0 e r a cr e for o din ry t i mb e d cou n try d s hi
r gh s a re , an a a

$4 00 to $5 00 an a c e for the h ea vy timb e of the northw st Uni t d

r r e e

St a t es The b ett e unit is th squ

. of r qu re feet which e a re s a ,

may be estim a t ed a t for ordin a y timb e r r.

25 6 RE C O N N AI S S AN C E

Bri dgi n g will b estim t d f e ch c o in g f om no t of th

e a e or a r ss ,
r es e

ch ct er of found tion d th wid th d th h igh t of bu t

a ra a ,
an e an e e a

m nt a d p i s m mb ing th a t th t ck should be t l a st
e s n er ,
re e er e ra a e

5 f ee t bov a hi gh w t e T h w i ght of t el will be tim t d

a er. e e s e es a e

f om th fo mul of C h pt V I Th e volum of m on y will

r e r as a er . e as r

be t im t d f om
es a e ou gh k tch th t m y b ma d f p i s
r r s e es a a e e or er

an d butm nt
a d th p ob bl d p t h of found t ion
e s, a n C onc t e
e r a e e a . re

for a butm n t a d p i e d s info c d n mo d conc et e f

ers , a n re r e or a r re r or

ar ch i the common mod n m son y for o din y st ructu s

es , s er a r r ar re .

I t m y co t f om
a s to $ or mo e cubic y d cco di g
r 10 r a ar , a r n

to th co t of m t i l
e s d th di ffi culty of found tion
a er a s An an e a s .

es t im t e of th e l en gth of h ul f
a m t i l f om qu y d n t a or a er a s r a rr an ea res

ra il o d st tion wi t h th co t t th p oint s mu t d t min the

r a a , e s a ese , s e er e

co t of th conc t e Sp ci l t ructu
s e re uch b idg s c o
. e a s res , s as r e a r ss

l g ive like th M i i s ipp i or M i ou i with di ffi cult f u d

ar e r rs e ss s ss r , o n a

t ion wo k equi e
r ,p ci l e t im t
r T h M mp hi b id g m y
r s e a s a es . e e s r e a

b m en t ion d a a n e x m p l
e e Th p i s m on y ( ton e) co t a e . e er as r s s

a bout $ 75 p e cubic y d includin

r g t h co t of found tion which
ar , e s a s,

w as n e ly two thi d of th whol

ar r s e e .

O din y O foot st in g
r ar I o p ning th ou gh mb nkm n ts not
-

r er e s r e a e

mo thare f t high m y b ou ghly estim t d t $5

n 10 ee ch if a e r a e a 0 0 ea

th b e no diffi cult found tion wo k

ere a r .

W d T estl ma y b stim t ed t f om $9 to $ p lin

oo en r es e e a a r 10 er ea r

foot of t ck fo t tl ra 5 f e t hi gh r wi t h 5
res c ent s p lines I e , 2 er ea r

foot f ea ch a ddition l foot of h i ght if timb co t $5 p e

or a e er s s 0 r

1 000 f t in p l c V ry high t tl
ee a equi ing sp ci l d ign
. e res es re r e a es

m y co t li gh t ly mo
a s s U p to f om t 3 f t high it i u u lly
re . r 20 o 0 ee s s a

ch p e to build mb nkm nt th n t tl th p ticul h ight

ea r e a e a res e, e ar ar e

dep nding on th e co st of a rthwo k d timb

e It i lw ys e r an er . s a a

b tt if
e er, on bly ch p to build culv t d b n k th n n
rea s a ea ,
a er an a a a

o p nin g of a y kind v n if the culv rt mu st b e of wood T he

e n , e e e .

t ck is f
ra M o d n con t uc t ion th ou gh hilly coun t ry f
sa er. er s r r re

qu ntly includ s emb ankm nt ov e

e e f t high e s r 1 00 ee .

S t n B x C u lv t
o e o e ly built conc t e i on p ipe t ki g
er s a r ra re ,
re or r a n

th i p l c Th sm ll culv rt m y v g % to th mil
'

e r a e . ese a e s a a era e I e e .

T h i l en gth will d p nd on th h i ght of th e b nk o v r th em

e r e e e e a e ,
 T H E E ST I M AT E o r C O ST 2
7
u
,

P pei culv t m y b e tim t ed bout a in

er s a es a a s th e followin g ta bl e,

e xc pt wh en d fin it d t e at h nd
e e e a a ar a

T A B LE 12

APP RO X IM ATE E S TI MATI N G C O S T or C U L V E RT S .

C o nc ret e at $5 to $1 0 a cu bi c
ya rd in p la c e . I ro n p ip e at 1 c en t a p o u n d d e li v ere d .

Dia m e ter Cu dsy C o st of ba rre l pe r foo t in p la ce

. .
C ost of
of p ip e in t wo
two hea d W a lls
inch es h ea d wa ll s I ro n p ipe C on cre te

to
to
to

to

4 60 .

to

6 ’ 25
6 5 0 to I 3 . 00 6o 00 to

T he la rg er p ric e s for t he c as t -
iro n p ip e a re v
for h e a y p ip e u n d er hig h
e m b a nk m e n t s .

Trac k mu st b
tim t ed by its l ngth the w ei ght of il u sed
e es a e , ra ,

m kt ar e il
p icr of
d f t nin g p ob bl co st of ti e
es ra s an d as e s, r a e s an

f om $ 5 t $3 per mil fo t ck l yin g Some tra ck l yin g

r 2 0 o 00 e r ra a . a

co t mo th n thi
s s re d it is som times estim t ed a t as much
a s, an e a

as $ 6 a mil00 e .

B ll t if of b ok n t on m y co t $ p
a as ,
r cubic y d in pla c
e s e, a s 1 er ar e,

an d th e m y b f om 5re at 3 cubic e y drs t t h mile 1 00 o 000 ar o e

G v l b ll t m y co t f om
ra e a as to 4 c n ts a cubic y d in p la ce
a s r 20 0 e ar ,

a cco ding to th l ngth of h ul d th f eedom of th lin for

r e e a an e r e e

h u lin g C o t bo th id of th es limi t a e not uncommon

a . s s S es e s r .

I f the v g e h aul i not

e ra mo e th n 5 amil es d t
s h e b e n t r a 1 ,
an re o

mo e th n a t in hour to in t f with th wo k t in 5
.

an er e re e r ra 2
r a ra ,

c en ts may b u s d fo a rou gh e tim t Thi s m ean xc v tion

e e r s a e . s e a a

wi th st ea m shov el an d unlo din g with an un lo d e ,

dump a a r or

ca s r .

R a d C rossi n gs
o if a n y m a y b e e stim a t e d
,
a t $ 5 p e r mil e b,
u t 2 ,

it mu st b em emb d th a t ea ch n e i n lem nt of d n g
e r ere o s a e e a er,
2
5 8 RE C O N N AI SSANC E

an d con sequ ent w ea kn ess a d non should b e p e mi tt d th a t ,

n e r e

c n be
a void d t y e son bl e xpen e
a e a an r a a e s .

C ttle G u d
a qui d only t count y o a d c o s in g may
a r s, re re a r r r s s,

b e t im a t ed t $ 5
e s ch $5 p r mil a 2 ea , or 0 e e.

T k a d Y d S ign m y b e tim t d t $ p
ra c n ar mil of s a e s a e a 10 er e

o d
r a .

S id T k a d Y rd con ti t u t f om
e rac 5 tn
5 p ca n t of s s e r 1 o 2 er e

th m in lin mil ge
e a P h p 5
e p c nt i sea nou gh to ti
. er a s 1 er e e es

m t f a e w con t uction
or n e T hi t ck will u u lly b s r light . s ra s a e

g ardin g d ch e p t i e ; b u
an t in w wo k bout th sa m
a il s ne r a e e ra

as th m in lin thou gh a li gh t
e a il m y b u d wi th
e, er ra a e se

e conomy xc p t p in g idin gs ta k en a t som pe d I f

, e e ,
on a ss s e s e .

s id t a ck d y d g ding b
e -

r an tim t d at 4 ar cubic y d ra e es a e 00 0 ar s

to th mile ti 64 to th mile a d the ddition l mil g b

e , es 2 0 e ,
n a a ea e e

t k n at
a e p c nt p ob ably full llowa nc will b m d f
20 er e , r a e e a e or

s witch es a n d f og d i n g c o sing etc r s, ra a e, r s s, .

F ci g m y b
en s tim t d a t $
n 3 p amil of ro d f nc d I t
e e a e 00 er e a e e .

m y om t im s u n a t hi d hi gh
a s e The tima t e i f
r
good r er. e es s or a

nin e t nd wov n wi e f nc withou t b b A b a b ed f nce

-

s ra e r e e, ar s . r e

s hould n v e b u d e r e se .

T l gra ph x p n e u su lly includ s only th a t of th

e e e e s l bo of a e e a r

con t ucting t el g p h lin s th t el g ph comp ny fu ni hing

s r e ra e , e e ra a r s

m t i l a d som u p int nd nc Th l bo m y b tim t d

a er a n e s er e e e . e a r a e es a e

at $ 5 a mil e I0t will u hi g h if .v l wi e a to b t un gr n er se era r s re e s r ,

a d m y b
n occa ion lly l
a e s a ess .

I n t l cki g P l ts comp l t e m y b e e t im t d a t f om
er o n an e a s a e r

$ 5 to $3
2 0 p l v oft n l ss
00 d wh en
er hou s mu t
e er e e an a e s

b e built fo l s th n 8 l v s th e co st m y u u p to $6
r es a o e er a r n 00 r

$8 00 .

Wa ter including only column t king w t e f om ci ty

S tati on s a a a r r

m in will co t f om $3 t $4 p column in pl c A
a s s r 00 o 00 er a e .

g llon
a t nk m y co t $ 5 a d p ump f om $4a to $5 A s 1 00 a n a r 00 00 .

p ump hou s m ay co t $3 5 W ll p ond s t

e too u e s 0 . e s, , e c .
,
a re nc r

t in f
a t im a t e but w t
or es st a tion W hol e ma y b estima t d
, a er s as a e e

at $ 4 a mil f00 f i ly bu y lin e le for a li ght branch line

e or a a r s , ss ,

mo e for a h ea vy tr ffi c lin e
r a .
2 60 RE C O N N AI S SAN C E

T he im t ed p ic hould b bout twice the ma k t price fo

e st a r e S e a r e r

t he l nd t h ou gh which t he lin
a r un s E tim t s f l a g ter e r . s a e or r e

m i l in g
na s t ci t i e oft n co tin g in th million s of doll a s
rea s, e s e r ,

mu t b e the e ult of c a reful sp ci l st udy

s r s e a .

E qu i pm t m ay b tim t ed by comp ing the equip m nt of

en e es a ar e

oth e lin e doing a bout the bu sin ess e xp ected of the pro po sed
r s

li e I ts co t ve a ges bout $3 5 p e mil of sin gl e t ck in

n . s a r a 00 r e ra

t h e Unit ed Sta t es v a y in g f om v e y lit t l to , mo e l e r r r e r or ss

f
or h ea vy t affi c E t rn o d s with con sid e ble flo tin g
r as e r a ra a or

m in e equip ment Fo the a ve ag ro a d of th c nt l United

ar . r r e s e e ra

S t tes the co st is f om $
a to $5 p e mil r 2000 0 00 r e .

Engi i g m a y co st f om $4
n eer n t $5 p e mil of con t uct ed r 00 o 00 r e s r

r o ad mo fo h e vy high g d e con t uction T h loca tion will

, re r a ,
-

ra s r . e

co st f om $5 to $ 5 p e mil of comp let d loc tion f ll u

r 0 1 0 r e e a or a s r

vey n ec s y The sm lle p ric e i f o p en

essa r . y coun t y th a r s or , ea s r , e

l a ge p ic e fo wooded a d di ffi cult coun t ry T he co st und

r r r r n .
, er

e p ci a lly fa vo
s e ble o unf vo bl condi tion m y lie on ei th er
ra r a ra e s, a

sid e of th e limit s es .

L g l e ad G r l E p
an s f Orga iz ti
en e a d m n g m nt x en se o n a on an a a e e

du ing con t uction m ay co t f om qu a t to th fou th the

r s r s r a r er ree r s

co t of engin ee in g
s r .

I n t e t m ay a mount to s much
er s p c nt of th co t of a as 1 0 er e e s

con st uction r .

A C mpl t E stim t fo wha t m y b c ll d n a ve g lin e

e e a e or a e a e a ra e

t h ou gh a ollin g coun t y wi t h littl e ock f i ly w ll s t tl ed con

r r r r ,
a r e e ,

n e tin g mod e
c t ely l ge citie follow T he il u sed is 80
ra ar s s . ra

p ound s to th e y d ar .

T ABLE I 3

AV E RAG E C O ST or A M IL E or AM E RI C A N RAIL ROAD

Right of wa y
T ermi n al st a t i o n s , la n d , et c

G ra ding yard s e a rt h at 30 c ent s

y ard s roc k at $1 . 25

B ridges an d c u l ert s v
 T H E E S T I M ATE O F C O ST

T AB LE I 3 C on tin u ed

T rac k : T ies at 50 c ent s d e li v ere d .

Ra ils , 1 26 t ons at $3 0 d eli v e red .

J oi n t b a rs ,
p ou n d s at c en t s d eli v ered .

B olt s an d lo c k s, po u n d s at ce n t s

d eli v ere d .

S pi k es , po u n d s at 2 .
3 c en t s d e li v e re d

T ra c k l yi a n
g .

T ot a l tra c k
S idings and ya rd s , dist ri u t ed p ro portio nb
B a lla s t , gra v el b
c u ic ya rd s a t 2 5 c e n t s

F e n c in g
T e legra ph . .

W ater s u pp ly

S t at io n s , o rd i n a ry, a n d s ec t io n ho u ses
Rou n d hou ses a nd t erm i n a l b u ild i n
gs , s h o p s , et c

E qu ip m en t . .

E n gineerin g
L ega l and gen eral
I n t erest

To thi s mu t b dd ed f in t lockin g a d block sign l s if

s e a or er n a

th es nti l of s f il o din g
e esse a s u sed th t the ve ge
a e ra r a a re , so a a ra

Am ic a n er il o d should co t bout $3
ra r a mil fully equipp ed s a a e .

Abou t of thi tima t i f th p m n n t w y exclu s es e s or e er a e a ,

~

siv of buildin gs t e min l et bu t includin g id t ck d

e ,
r a s, c .
,
s e ra an

ya d T hi s portion of th e t imat m y v y e dily b e much

r s . e s e a er r a

inc e sed by exc iv b idgin g d e p cut s much ock wo k

r a ess e r ,
e ,
r r ,

m ny c o in g void d by und h e d o ove h d structu es

a r ss s a e er a r r ea r ,

et c .

Rec ent xa mp l of con struction in P n ylv ni exc e din g

e es e ns a a e

th fi gu es of thi e t im t by f om 5 t 3
e r p c ent h v e b n
s s a e r 0 o 00 er a ee

cit ed * d e xp en siv t min ls in l ge citi e would g atly

, an e er a ar s re

inc ease the i tem of th ei di stribu t d co st

r r e .

R il d Ga tt S p t mb
roa 9 9 6 t
a ze q A i e,f v l ble ti le er 1 ,
1 0 ,
e se . ser es o a ua e ar c es .
 C HAPTE R X IX

PRE LIM INARY S RV E Y U

G en e ra l Meth o ds Th tw g n
. l m ethod s of makin g
ere a re o e era

a p limi
re n y u v y
ar f sil o r d e t h u of
o r a ra t h t h
r a o t h r , e se e on e o r e e

d p ndin g on th obj ct of t h u v y O loc tin g ngi

e e e e e s r e . ne a e n eer

will b eof th o p inion th t th p limin y u v y is t b se i es

e a e re ar s r e o e a r

of t ight lin th lon ge t of which

s ra es e to b p o ibly light ly
s a re e, ss s

a lt d in p o it ion th fi n l t ngent s of t he loc t d lin t b

ere s , e a a a e e, o e

conn ct d wit h such cu v

e e m y b e p o ibl e r es n c s ry
as a ss or e es a .

Ano t h und t nd t h p limin y u v y to b m d f the

er ers a s e re ar s r e e a e or

p pu o
r e of obt
s inin g n ow a b l t of tao p o g p
a rr hy wi t hin which
e ra ,

t h fi n l lin will p ob bly li

e a e on t he m p of which h e m y pl n
r a e, a a a

a fi l loc t ion to b e
na a p oduc d on t h reg ound wi t h uch light
r e e r s s

a lt t ion
e ra th sfurth study m y u gg t
as e er di cov d di a s es or s e re s

c re p i
a n c esm k e n c ss ay T h fo m m thod w th e old
e e ar . e r er e as

m t hod d i t ill pp lic bl e in m u in y count y wh n

e ,
an s s a a a ea s re ea s r e

th e se m t b e but o e p l c to l y t h e li ; b ut in count y of
’

er e s o n a e a ne r

an y di ffi cul t y wh t v th e a e b e noe r, qu e t ion but

re th t
c an y s a an

e ngin e b ett e fi t the g ound wi th l cu v tu e if he c n

e r c an r r es s r a r a

look down u p on a lon g t t ch of lin t onc e s h do wh n s re e a , a e es e

h e look t a con t ou m p th n if h e mu t fi t th lin by t i l

s a r a , a s e e r a ,

t ot lly un bl to see wh n t w o th
a a e mil of lin e b ehin d
e o r ree es e ar

him wh t b tt men t h could h ve m d in the lin e h d by

, a e er s e a a e a ea

s light ch ng s in the lin e b hind I t i not uncommon f n gi

a e e . s or e

n e t o a y th a t the good loc t in g n gin

e rs s mu t c y hi lin e
a e eer s a rr s

in his mind s th t he c o ju t wh t ffec t ch an g t e

a an see s a e a e a on

p oin t will h v e on t h l
ain e i t h e S id e of e i
“

t ; but e whil e t h e p r i e x er

e nced ngin ee who ha a n atu l p ti tud m y h v g in d some

e r s ra a e a a e a e

a bili ty in this di ction th young n gin re , h none d no e eer as e, an

e n gin ee h s much th t h c nnot s such ffect b ett r on a

r a so a e a ee e s e

map B u t it is t u e th a t ch an ge in d et il c n b est b e studi ed

. r s a a

2 62
2 64 PRE L I M IN ARY S U R E Y V

any line th a t may b e d wn on th m ap so clo sely correct a s on e ra e

ob t in ed by lin nd le v l but it do es fu nish a p o fi l e likely to

a e a e , r r

b e as ne th e fi n l loca tion p o fi l a s i th e p limin ry lin a n d

ar a r e s re a e

le v el p o fi le B ut the chi f u of th t a dia on a il o a d u v ys

r . e se e s r r s r e

i for wh t m a y b c ll ed in strum ent l econn i

s a nc of diffi cult
e a a r a ssa e

se ction s ju st a h e d of th p eli mi y surv e y anad for t h e p urp o se e r nar ,

of d et e mining with a bout wh t m ximum g a d e to st t up or

r a a r ar

down a hill wh t pa ticula r b nch of st e m to t a ke t n d

,
a r ra a r a , e c .
, a ,

ag in it is by f r th e mo st fea ibl e m t hod of wo k in pla nnin g

a ,
a s e r

long d e v lo p ment * on high mount a in divid e

e s .

Th P t y e Fo th e second m ethod without th st a di a a full

ar . r e ,

p limin y p ty fo a lon g lin e will con si st of

re ar ar r

Chi f of p a ty
e r

A i st a nt who u su lly
ss a is t n si tm n
ra a

T wo ch inm en a

O n e sta k eman
O n e fi a gman
T wo or mo re xmen a cco din g to th ch ct of the count
a , r e a ra er ry

O e l v elm n o l e v el r
n e a r e

O n e odm n r s om tim s two in o p en

a olling country e e r

O e topo g ph e
n ra r

Tw ssi st nt s
o a a

O d ft sm n
ne ra a

O e cook
n

T h e t ea m t e s a n d t ea m s
r e s r

A sa ddl e hor e s .

In ttled count y wh ere livin g a t fa mhou ses or count y

a se r r r

hot l b count d on th cook i unn ec es

e s ca n e y n d not mo ee ,
e s sa r , a r

th n o e t m t i b solut ly ess n tia l B u t a ca mp out fi t

a n ea s er s a e e .

in u e in d p nd nce d u su lly b tte food d mo com

”

s r s e e e an a e r an re

fo ta b le livin g
r d a pa ty th a t is w ll k ep t wo k s w ll
, an r e r e .

De v e lo
pm e n t m e a ns inc re a si n g t he le n gt h of t he lin e o v er th at n ec ess a ry t o go
d irec t ly o v er th e s u mm it , for t he sole p u rp os e of g a in i n g t he dist a n c e n ec es sa ry

t o red u c e t h e ra t e of gra d e .
 G E N ER AL D U T IE S OF THE P ART Y 265

ra l Duties of th e Party
G en e Th e chi ef of p a rt y h s ge . a n

era l cont ol of all mov m en t el ct the ou te f the u v ey

r e s, s e s r or s r ,

an d di ec t s in a g n
r l w y th op tion of the p t ye era a e era ar .

Th a ssi st nt
e ubj ct t th di ction s of the chi f of p rt y
a , s e o e re e a ,

i in ch ge of th fi ld wo k
s ar d di c t it in d et il
e e H e ct s r an re s a . a s a

t n si tm n d at nigh t m p th lin run du in g the d y I n

ra a an a s e e r a .

th e a b s nc e of th e chi ef of p ty h e is in fu ll con t ol of th e p ty
e ar r ar .

H hould b e a m of good h ei gh t st on g d ctive

e S an , r , an a

T h e h d ch inm n i in ch ge of th e wo kin g p ty a t the

ea a a s ar r ar

fron t of the lin e ch inm n d xm en ; h c i e the f ont

e, r a r a a ,
an a e a rr s r

en d of t h ch in see th t t he m e surin g i p o p lydon e t h t good

e a , s a a s r er , a

p gor r i s
essm d e wh en cl e inag t h e lin is n c ry by k p in g ar e e essa ee

hi fl g on lin e a n d di ctin g th
s a xm n d l c ts n w t n it
re e a e , an se e e ra s

p oint s H e. u su lly c i h i lin fl g ina d u t of c m p

a rr es He s e a an o a .

is l o e p on ibl e f th o d of th m n l ep in g t ent L ike ’

a s r s s or e r er e e s s e .

th t n i t m n h
e ra s hould b
a t on g ctiv e m
, e s e a s r ,
a an .

The ch inm n c i th r e d of th ch in ob ys the

rea r a a a rr es e ea r n e a , e

h e d ch inm n s o d e s to ch inin g d w tch s the numb

a a a
’
r rs a a , an a e er

in g of th t k to e s a t h t no es o i m d H s t h t the
see a e rr r s a e . e ees a

ch in d p in e c i ed to d f om c mp d t h t th y e
a an s ar a rr an r a , an a e ar

in good condition .

Th t k m
e s a c i m k s n d d ive th t k
e an a rr es , H m y ar , a r s e s a es . e a

i t th xm n in di fficult cl in g Eith e he
a ss s e a e the xmen ea r . r or a

will m k st k a s m y b e conv ni nt O th p i i shop

a e a es a e e . n e ra r es

m d st k
a e u d th e t k m
a es a re th t a u ffi cient
se s a e an sees a s

su pp ly i in t h lin w gon ch d ay d h c i s nou gh to l st

s e e a ea ,
an e a rr e e a

f om
r t n i t p oint to no t h
on e ra s f om p oin t of a cc to a er, or r on e ess

th w gon t th n xt
e a oSt k m yb c e i d in t p
e . op e ; a es a e a rr e a s ra or r

a b k et oon w s out
as s ea r .

Th xm n cl th lin in timb a i st in ca yin g t k

e a e ea r e e er, ss rr s a es

ove lon g t tch of o p en coun t ry s i t in movin g c mp wh en

r s re es , a s s a

th y ca b e p a ed t
e n s r , e c .

T h e l v elm n t k e th e l v tion s wi t h th l v l
e a a s i t d by
s e e a e e e ,
a s s e

the odma nr H e p l t s t h p o fi l e t ni ght th

. odm n c llin g
a e r a , e r a a

th e el e v tion s a .

T he rodm n ca rri e th a d a h a nd ound h e d d t a cks

s e ro ,
ax, r -

a e ,
2 66 P RELIM IN AR Y S UR VE Y

an d no t book H hold th
a e -
d wh it should b e h eld
. e s e ro ere ,

m k b nch m k do
a es e uch li tt l cl in g ma y b n c
a r s, y es s e ea r as e e essa r ,

m k a d d iv
es a n p g f t u n i n g p oi t
r d k p
es co d of
e s or r -

n s, a n ee s a re r

a ll t u nin g p oin t
r d din g in hi no t book which i c ll d
-

ro rea s s e -

, s a e

th e odm n s ch ck book At night h e c ll th l v t ion t

r a
’
e . a s e e e a s o

th l v l
e e who m k th p o fil
e e r, d i t in uch o th offi c
a es e r e, a n a ss s s s er e

wo k r m y b as k d of him H ls o no tic th numb in g

a e as e . e a es e er

of th t k to e s a t h t no o h v b nm d
es see a e rr rs a e ee a e .

T h t o p o gr p h
e i li gh t d wi g bo d on which
a er ca rr es a ra n ar a re

s h t howi g th li n u th p viou d y Wi t h th id of
ee s S n e e r n e re s a . e a

hi t w a i t n t who c ry li gh t
s o ss s a d a h nd l v l
s d m t llic ar a ro ,
a e e , an a e a

t p e h e d t e mi n
a ,
d d w con t ou s t
e r ms f nc build
es a n ra s r , s rea , e es ,

in g et s, dj c n t t th lin I f t h e is no d ft m n h m y
c .
, a a e o e e . er ra s a e a

fi ni h u p t h m p in ink in th o ffi c
s e d do uch oth
a s d ftin g e e, a n s er ra

as m y b n c a ry H is ubj ct t th o d of th t n i t
e e essa . e s e o e r e rs e ra s

m d di c t th wo k of his own p rty

an , an re sT h wo k in d t il
e r a . e r e a

wi ll p p a ea r .

T h fi gm e hold th li n fl g on th t tion l st ccu p i d by

a an s e e a e s a a o e

th t n it
e ra d h i kn own
s ,
t h b ck fi gm an
an e s as e a a .

T h bo et m t wh m y l o b th commi y tt nd s
ss ea s er, o a a s e e ssa r , a e

to th fu ni hin g of c mp u ppli t th lo din g d u lo di ng

e r s a s es , o e a an n a

of th c mp ou tfi t d th t bli hin g of c mp H e l o di
e a , an e es a s a s . a s

t th
rec s oth t m t e in g th t th i w gon d t m e
er ea s ers , s e e a e r a s an ea s ar

k pt in condi tion d c
e f th d dl h , O an mo a res or e sa e o rse . n e or re

tea m u u ll y t k th p t y t wo k in th mo nin g
s s a a e w gon e ar o r e r , on e a ,

th elin w gon e m inin g wi th th p rt y durin g th d y c ry

a ,
re a e a e a , ar

in g th e lu ch t k d urp lu
n lothi g Th d iv of th e
, s a es , a n s s C n . e r er

lin w gon b ing th lunch t t h noon r tin g p l c

e a r s d h e it o e es -

a e an as

e dy t
r a t wh n t h p t y t op wo k
o ea e e ar s s r .

S tak d S ta tion
es an T n i t p o in t e m k ed by hub of
s . ra s s ar ar s

2 by inch 2 k o th h d wood 5 in ch es lon g in t imb

oa or er ar ,
1 ,
or er

country by equiv l n t h d wood hub cut by th xmen c n t d a e ar -

s e a , e e re

th e t a n sit plu mb bob wi th p eci l u v yo t ck h ving ’

for r s a s r e r s a s a

fi t in d nt ed h e d
a e St k s t m k t t ion p oin t s a s. of g by a e o ar s a a re

2 inch pin e d d on bo th id ,
inch es lon g o g in in
resse s es , 2 0 , r, a a ,

timb e ed cou t y equiv l nt h d wood ta kes ma d e by th e xm en

r n r a e ar -

s a
2 68 ' P RE L I M I N AR Y S U RV E Y

th t wh e e sub sequ nt wo k d p nd on p elimin ry wo k sp d

a r e r e e s r a r , ee

is m a d e by goin g low It i id th t a f mou s c p it li t w s

S . s sa a a a a s a
“
a ccu tom d to s y to his ea i t n t in t im of st ess G o slow
sa ss s a s e r , ,

boy I m in hu y
s,
’
a rr .

T h ch in in g hould b e to p in s s t
e a f w inch e on e sid e of
s e a e s

th e lin ju t f enou gh not to b e di tu b d by the d iving of the

e, s ar s r e r

st ka e .

If ch in i u s d th e hould b two ch in s c i ed on of
a a s e , er s e a a rr , e

which em in in ca mp to be u d a t nd d The lin e ch in

r a s se as s a ar . a

should h a v e a fl t link t e e d b tw n th l t wi lin k d

a a on n , e ee e as re an

t h h an dl
e a d the o of the ch in hould be fi led on thi s fl t
e, n z er a s a

link a ch mo nin g b in g found by comp i on with th c mp

e r , e ar s e a

st nd
a d T h ch in will g du lly l ngth en in th cou of a
ar . e a ra a e e rse

lon g u v y d un ifo m l ngth may thu b k pt

s r e ,
an a r e s e e .

An gl W o k An gl
e at ll ch n ge of l in
r . hould b e rea d to es a a s e s

mi ut n d th com p
es , a n hould b e e d d co d d t ch e a ss s r a an re r e a ea

s t t in g of th e in t um nt wh th
e an gl is tu n ds r not e e er an e r e or .

Wh th e to u by d fl c tion n gl e th e u u l Am ic n m thod
e r r n e e a s, s a er a e ,

or by imu th is m tt e f d ci ion The u u l m th d i to

az s, a a r or e s . s a e o s
“
si ght th l t p oint occu p i d
e as t ke a b ck ight wi th the e , a a s

t n it din g o d u in g th low mo tion of th t n it ‘

ra s rea z er an s e er e ra s ,

t an it the t l e co p tu n in th ew di ction with the u pp

r s e s e, r e n re er

motion d d th n gle which i c ll d th d fl ction ngl

, an rea e a , s a e e e e a e .

E o rr rs of a dju tm nt of th lin of collim tion pp in th n gl

s e e e a a ea r e a e

unle s the in t um n t i g in tu n d on th b ck igh t th o p a

s s r e s a a r e e a s , e er

t ion ep t d wi th th t l co p invert d d th mean of the

r ea e e e es e e , an e

two ngl a co d d I p oducin g a t i gh t lin thi m thod

es re r e . n r s ra e s e

of doubl c en t ing a it i c ll ed hould lw y b e u d the

e er , s s a , s a a s se ,

fo w d t an i t p oin t b in g t bli h d midw y b tw n th two

r ar r s e es a s e a e ee e

poin t giv n I f th in t um nt is in p f ct dju tmen t th tw

s e . e s r e er e a s , e o

fo w d p o int will coincid Thi s is the s m o p tion u d

r ar s e . a e era se

f ort e ting the dju tmnt of the lin of collim tion

s a s e e a .

B y th e imu th m thod th lin e of Collim tion is s t on the

az e e a e

ba ck ight by the low mo tion with th v rni

s din g the b ck er e e er rea a

a imuth of t h t t ch th t is th fo w d imuth plu 8

'

z —
e s re , a , e r ar az s 1 0

d eg ee T he u pp motion i t h en loo en ed n d the lin e of

r s. er s s a
 AN G L E WO R K 2 69

collim tion b ou ght to the w di c tion wh en the v rni er will

a r ne re , e

rea d th imu t h of th fo w d cou

e az T hi i th n e co d d r ar rse . s s e re r e .

T h b ck e imu th u d hould l o b eco d d f futu e

a az se s a s e r r e or r

ch ck T h e i no t n i tin g of the t l co p
e . er s d e or of t h e
ra s e es e , an rr

lin e of collim tion do s not ffect the n gl e unl e the two

a e a a ss

v tic l ngl
er a ae qui t di ff nt T he is pe h ps mo
es ar e ere . re r a re

ch nc for
a e o in din g ngles inc th e i the e xt
e rr r rea a , s e er s ra

rea din g f th b ck a imu th which mu t l o b compu t d

or e a z , s a s e e .

T h d fl c tion n gl
e e e which a w n t d t how th d g e of
a es re a e o S e e r es

cu v tu to b e u d mu t b ob t in d by ubt ctin g ucc e ive

r a re se s e a e s ra s ss

az imuth in t d of b in g di ectly giv n by th no t

s s ea e F com r e e es . or

p u t tion
a of l a t i t ud d lon g i tud di ff nc e
e f anp l t t in g t h e e ere s or a ,

az imu th i th b tt a it i f ch ckin g by th n dl I t is
s e e er, s s or e e ee e .

S impl f p l ttin g by p ot cto

er or a t ng nt o ff t s th n the r ra r or a e se a

d eflection an gl e method A con id bl x pe i enc e ha con . . s era e e r s

vin d th
ce u tho th t th m thod by a imu th i the b ett e
e a r a e e z s s r .

F imuth wo k th in strum nt should h v two t of fig

or a z r e e a e se s

u rcs on it ho i on ta l ci cl e ding in o pp o it e di ction f om

s r z r e r a s re s r

0 t 3 6 d eg
o 0 d e ch inclin d in th di c t ion of inc
rees , an a sin g e e re rea

numb e I t is conv ni n t to h v e a con tinuou ci cl e on th

rs . e e a s r e

comp ss box a d to t t wi th m gn etic no th t u e no th a

a ,
n s ar a r or r r s

imuth I f t u nort h i u d th should b d cli tion

'

0 az . r e s se ere e a e na

mov m nt a d ve ni th t th comp m y d wh en p oin ting

e e n r er, a e a ss a rea 0

in 0 imuth a d th numb in g hould b e coun t clockwi e

az ,
n e er s er -

s .

I f an a bit a y lin e
r s th e fi st lin
r r of th su vey or the lin e of
, a r e e r ,

an e xi stin g o d f om which the su v y

r a t a t is to b e s um d s
r r e s r s a s e a

0 az imu th uch a ch em of fi gu in g i not s h lpful a d the

, s s e r s o e ,
n

o din ry qu d nt figu in g m y b u d Bo th m y pp on
r a a ra r a e se . a a ea r

th i cl
e C r e .

I mo t p t of th coun t y
n s ar s o s of n gle d ing of 5 min
e r e rr r a rea 1

ut m y b d t ct d by th n dl ; d in y p rt of th coun t y
es a e e e e e ee e an an a e r ,

no m tt e how g t th loc l tt c tion if n dl

a r rea din g b e
e a a ra ,
ee e rea s

t k n both fo w d d b ck t ch t n i t poin t thi ch ck

a e r ar an a a ea ra s , s e

ma y b e ha d .

no t book in which the an gle a

T he e -

co d ed should b e s re re r

rul ed with i colu mn s on the l ft p g an d wi th a in gl ed lin

s x e a e, s e r e
 V
PREL IM I NARY S UR E Y
272 P REL I M I N AR Y S U R V E Y

T he b nch
e es a re est a bli h d s e at l ea st 5 0 f e et to on e s id e of th e

lin e .

The in g b nch b in g t bli h ed the l ev lin g p oceed in

st a rt e e es a s ,
e r s

t h o din
e y w y d din g b ing t ken on the g ound b id
r ar a ,
ro rea s e a r es e

e cha t k on t n i t hub
s a e, d t p oin t b tw e n st k e if t h
ra s s, a n a s e e a s, ere

b e an y b u p t ch n
a g s in l v l
r T h e c o in ag of di
e t ch would e e . r ss a

b no t d on th e i gh t h nd p g of the le velm not e book th ’

e e r -

a a e an s -

, e

t t ion
s a d p lu an d t h wid t h d d p t h of th di t ch b in g giv n
s, an e an e e e e .

At bout a ch h lf mi l b nch will b est bli h d d th i

ea a e e es e a s e an e r

l v tion d t mi ed Sight will t

e e a s e er n ul b e t k n mo
. s no , as a r e, a e re

th n 3 a f t on ch id of the l e vel a d di t nc f om p lu
00 ee ea S e ,
n s a es r s

p g e s to in s t um nt s hould qu r l di t nc
e f om in st umen t to e a s a es r r

minu p g to limin t e o s of dju t ment Turnin g point

s e s e a e rr r a s .
-

a re u u lly p egs m d by th odm n d d iv n wh en qui d

s a a e e r a an r e re re .

N i th e th g oun d n
e r ey m ll t on
r hould e ve b u ed a a
or a n s a s e s r e s s

tu m in g p oint S olid fi x d ock s m y b e u ed T u m in g p oint

'

.
, e r a s .
-

s hould b d c ib ed in the odm n s ch ck book o th t th ey m y

e es r r a
’
e s a a

b found g in wi thin
e a on bl time hould it b e n ec s y
a a rea s a e s e sa r

Wh n th odm n h s gon e th full di t nc e pe mi tted p o ibl

e e r a a e s a r or ss e,

h e S i gn l s th l e v lm n f
a p g eby whi lin
e g mo t ion
a of hi s h nd
or a e a r a ,

which th l v lm n hould n w with th u u l ll i gh t S ign l

e e e a s a s er e s a a r a

At th e tim e of givin g th ign l the odm n hould b e holding u p e s a r a s

hi s ro d fully xt nd ed if h is goi g down hill an d clo sed if u p

,
—
e e e n ,

hill , d th l v lm n b fo givin g th
-
an e e ll i gh t n w e will look
e a e re e a r a s r

to seeth t he e th
a d t h ou gh th e in trum n t ; if not h
ca n se e ro r s e e

will mo tion u p down the c se may b or d th odm n will

,
as a e, a n e r a

t ry w p oin t
a ne .

Wh en ock t h a t i t ll lik ly to b
r ch ed by the x ca v tion
s a a e e rea e a

ou t c o p it l e v tion d st tion hould b no t d

r s, s e a an a s e e .

At ll t a m c o sin g th l v elma n a d odm n look f

a s re r s s high e e n r a or

w t m ks d g t the ele v tion of such

a er ar an e indic t d In a a s a re a e .

c o sin g d p n d n ow vin the odman m y lift the d

r s ee a a rr ra es r a ro

a lon g id h i l g o body t ill the l e v elm a n ju st c a tch e th e t g t

s e s e r s ar e

a t th e t p wh n the odm n not

o , th e di t nc f om t h e g ound
e r a es s a e r r

to th bo ttom of the d dd it to th full od d giv s th

e ro , a s e r an e e re

su lti g ding to the levelm n T h l n gth of the d f o di

n rea a . e e ro or r
 L E V EL IN G

n y t tion a d plu s m y b thu in c e ed by 4

ar s a s n se
5 a e s r as or

f t I f till long
ee . d i n d d th in t um n t mu t b p gg d
a s e r ro s ee e , e s r e s e e e

down th hill h nd l v l m y b u d f th f w din g

e ,
or a a e e a e se or e e rea s

t h t mu t b go t t n b fo
a s chin g th f th id wh
e e e
p g re rea e ar er S e, ere a e

m y ba t bli sh d
e es a d th e wo k p oc d s u u l e If no h nd
an r r ee a s a . a

l v l i v il bl
e e s d th
a a lo p a f i ly unifo m tu nin g
e, an e s es a re a r r , a r

p oin t m y b t c oa t h vin d th in t um n t th n p gg d
e se a r ss e ra e an e s r e e e e

down t th bo ttom d th n mov d t th f th id t tin g

o e , an e e o e ar er s e, s a r

f om th p g t th e A b nch hould b st bli h d t the

r e e se er . e s e e a s e a

clo of ch d y wo k
se ea a
’
s r .

V iou s ar n g m n ts of l v l no t s
a rra u d b t th u tho
e e e e e a re se ,
u e a r

h s found non mo
a s t i f c t o y th n th e o di y fo m f p
re a s a r a e r n ar r or ro

fi l l v lin g h vi g fi ve colum
e e e , on th l ft h nd p g h d d
a n ns e e —
a a e ea e ,

S t t ion
a S In t , S El v A w ll lik d fo m h
, s . ix th
, e . e -

e r as a s

column f l v t ion s of tu n ing p oint

or e e d b nch
a th u of r -

s an e es , e se

which i to p v nt confu ion in m ki g p o fil th odm n in

s re e s a n r e, e r a

c lli g l v tion b in g lik ly t c ll tho of th tu nin g p oin t

a n e e a s e e o a se e r -

s,

which not p lo tt d wi th th o th
a re if th y in th
e , m e ers , e a re e sa e

colu m Som l v lm
n .
p f ixth colu m f minu i gh t
e e e en re er a S n or s s

rea din gs on tu n in g p oin t r —

s

T h l v lin g in t um nt hould t b t n i tiv comp '

e e e s r e S no e oo se s e, a a ra

t i v ly ho t bubbl
e s wi th bubbl g du tion of
r e, ngul v lu e ra a s an a ar a e

of bou ta cond i ll th t i qui d If

20 se din g b t k n
s, s a a s re re . a rea e a e

wi th uch s in t um n t wh n th bu b bl how h lf divi sion

an s r e , e e e s s a a

o of l v l th
e rr r di g t 3 f t will b
e e , e rea f t in e o n a 00 ee e ee rr r .

T hi indic ts th n c i ty of c in qu li in g p lu an d min u
a es e e ess a re e a z s s

s ight I f it i n c
s . y t m k s t ho t e essa r in goin g o a e on e se s r er, as

dow hill th oth

n t hould b m d
, e ho t by th m moun t
er se s e a e s r er e sa e a

a t th e n xt o pp o tuni t y e I n t m di t p oin t m y br li tt l in . er e a e s a e a e

e o but th fi l p oin t will b co ct s f

rr r, e na o of dju t s e rre o a r a s err rs a s

ment d l v lin g an conc n d e e a re er e .

T he d hould b th Phil d elphi

ro s s lf d ing d e d e a a or e -

rea ro , rea

by th lev lm n t t tion
e e d by t g t on turnin g p oin t th
a a s a s an ar e —
s, e

le velman ta kin g th din g h lo ch ck e rea ere a s as a e .

So f p o ibl th l e v elm n hould wo k out his l v tion

ar as ss e e a s r e e a s

while th e odm n go e f om r t ation to th n xt A y t m

a s r on e s e e . s s e
 27 4 PREL I M I N ARY S U R E Y V

of ign l should b ra n g d b etween odm n d l velman f

S a s e ar e r a an e or

c lling
a ding wh n di t nc nd wind p e vent comfo t bl
rea s e s a e a r r a e

u s of t h
e . voic T h odm n giv s the l v lm n minu
e e . din g e r a e e e a s rea s

o n p g th e l tt
e p
s as e him to n w p o ition t
a h l v lm n
er a ss s a e s , e e e a

looking a t the d to ch ck th din g d both comp in g l v

ro e e rea , an ar e e a

tion of p g a eco d of which th odm n k e p in hi p g

s e s, r r e r a e s s e

book .

M ppin g F
a fi lin g mp in p ublic
. co d s sc le of
or a s re r , a a 1 0 00

feet t th inch is good T h l w sometimes p sc ib s the c l

o e . e a re r e s a e .

F or o ffi c pu p o es d g n l ef nc th ca le should b 4
e r s an e era r ere e e s e 00

fe t to th inch th s m s th p o fi l e ; a d f p l nn in g loc tion

e e , e a e a e r n or a a

in nythin g mo e di ffi cult th n o pen p i i the c le hould b

a r a ra r e s a s e

1 00 f et t th inch s th t m u ment m y b e ma d on th
e o e ,
o a ea s re s a e e

m p to the n
a e t foot ea r s .

Th e m pp in g hould b by coo din t s

a d for the fi eld wo k
s e r a e ,
an , r

i g m p s on h eet
n a bout 8 by 4 inch es which cut dily f om
, s s a 1 2 , rea r

3 6 inch p p e E xc p t for it co st which is n t m e t h n th

a r e s o or a e
-

.
,

s a ving in tim w nt ccu t ely p int ed c o s s ction p p

e a rra s, a ra r r s —
e a er,

which comes in olls inch es wid do well a d a ves much time r 20 e, es n s .

A b et t p p would be a imil ly p int d p pe wi th ve y fi

er a er s ar r e a r r ne

lin a d wi t h s qu
es ns of inch fo the 4 foot sc le d 5 a re es r 00 -

a , an

inch es fo the foot c l The b s nc of the sm ll r divi sion

r 1 00 -

s a e . a e e a e

lin es would b e an dv nt ge in m pp in g topog p hy n d th a a a a ra , a e

la ge uling would a ccomp li sh the purp o se of sa vin g tim n d

r r r s e a

in u in g ccu a cy in th contin u t ion of the oO d i te x

s r a r e a c r na a es .

S h eet s could b e m a tch ed to geth e in only two d i ection wh e r r s, rea s

with p lain p pe th ey m y b m tch d in an y di ection to get th

a r a e a e r e

mo st lin e on sh e t but thi s obj ction is slight a d cove only

a e , e n rs

th sm ll it m of mo
e a o le p p e S uch p p e i not now m d re r ss a er . a r s a e .

The coo din a t es of e ch n gl e p oint of th e lin

r e com p ut d a a e ar e

a n d p lott ed f om a sum d m e idi n which is d a wn on th

r an ,
s e r a r e

fi st h eet a n d continu ed to th n xt
r s Alon g thi s m idi n e e . er a 1 000

foot p oin t s a e ma ked a d p ll l d wn t ight n gle to th

r r n a ra e s
'

ra a r a s e

me idi an O n these p a llel s

r . 0 foot p o int s a e m a k ed d ra 1 00 -

r r an

a u ili x y me idi n s d wn Th h et s thu s h ve n e or mo

ar r a ra . e s e a o re

1 000 fo t squ a es f om th e co n e
-
o of which mea urement s m y
r , r r rs s a
 2 76 P R E L IM IN AR Y S UR E Y V

f i h foot in el v tion th bo ttom b ing sum ed t some oun d

fi t et e a , e e as a r

numb lik ly t gi V th l g t p o i b l t t ch of p o fi l wi thout

er e o e e a r es ss e s re r e

b e kin g ; t h t is unnin g ff th t p bo ttom d b ginnin g

r a a ,
r o e o or , an e

o v g in by hiftin g th l v tion of th ho i on t l lin s

er a a s e e e a e r z a e .

Th l v l e p ut
e s p o
e er int t t h e l v t ion of
a t h t tion the a e e a e 0 s a ,

r odm n c ll th l v tion of th n xt t tion th l v elm n pu ts

a a s e e e a e e s a , e e a

h i p ncil on t hi p oin t
s e d d w s f h nd pp o im t ly an ra s a ree -

a , a r x a e

t i ght lin
s ra b ckw d t th p oin t fi x d f t tion
e a ar oTh d e e or s a 0 . e ro

m an c ll th l v t ion of t tion th l velm n p u t hi p ncil

a s e e e a s a 2, e e a s s e

a t t hi p oint s d d w b ck t an t tion ra d p oc e d
s a Wh n o s a 1 , an so r e s . e

a p lu i s ch d t h
s rea l v lm n e t im, t t h pe o p e p o in t on
e t h a
e es a es e r er

p p a er a nd d w b ck to t
rah l ts p oint pl a tt d At e ch t n t h e as a e . a e
“
t ti
s a th
on odm n c ll ch ck I f th lev lm
'

e r a a s n xt p oin t i e .
”
e e an s
’
e s

no t th t nth t t ion th
e e h s a b n o , d it i look d f
ere as ee a n e rr r, a n s e or

an d co ct d T h fin t ulin gs of th p p
rre e . e p nt v rt ic l
es r e a er re rese e a

feet the l vel e e t im t s to t nth Th p ncil mu t b v y

, e r s a e e s . e e s e er

sh p but not t h d bout 4 H All dit ch

ar ,
oo ar e d ,
wn in d
a . es a r ra an

t
s rea m a hown bo th bo ttom w t l v l
s re s , d hi gh w t , a er e e ,
an —
a er

l vel Wh en th p o fi le h b n p ncil d in it i x min d by

e . e r as ee e e , s e a e

th chi f of p t y who not inf qu n t ly f om hi m mo y of th

e e ar , re e r s e r e

g ound di cov e
r e so of f t or mo e in t h e ve tic l p l t tin g
rs rr rs 10 ee r r a a .

Wh n th p o fi l i fin lly pp ov d it i ink d in in bl ck
e e r e s a di a r e , s e a ,
an s

rea dy f th g de lin th t i t b p t on by th chi f of p ty

or e ra e a s o e u e e ar .

T hi h e do es o s to k p und
s s t h m ximum rulin g g d
a ee er e a ra e,

a bov high w t a t t e m c o in g su ffi ci ntly high bov lon g

e a er s r a r ss s, e a e

wet p i i m h es d oth e wi e to m k e th xc v tion s

ra r es or a rs , an r s a e e a a a

li ttl s p ctic ble H u e fi e bl ck th d which i st tch ed

e a ra a . e s s a n a rea ,
s re

a lon g th p o fi le f uch di t nc s e m f ibl qu li in g

e r or s s a es a s e ea s e, e a z

th cu t s
e d fi ll san n e ly s m y b e by y H e do not follow
as ar a a e e . es

th moe l ss l bo iou m thod of loc tion g d fi xin g t b

re or e a r s e a ra e o e

d c i b ed h f t
es r H th en k t ch
erea er. on th p o fi l uch ch n g
e s e es e r e s a es

in it he think it m y b p o s ibl t secu by moving th lin

as s a e s e o re e e

a t t hi s p oin t th t d th e s v som ewh t to guid th e to p o g

or a , an es er e a e

ra p h in
er his s ub e qu nt wo k T h
s e g d lin e i e ink d in in dr . ra e s e re ,

th l v tion w itt n t the p oint s of ch ng of g d t

e e e a s r e a d a e ra e ra e , an

th e ra te of ch tr tch in p c nt tha t i i e o f ll p
ea s e feet
er e ,
—
s, r s r a er 1 0 0 ,
 T H E T O P O G R AP H Y 2 77

is w i tt n long the g d lin

r e a shown in Pl t XI V p
ge 3ra e e, a s a e , a 00 .

If t h b u pp o d to b ock in y of th cu t it pp i
e re e s se e r an e s, s a ro x
“
m te tim t d p o fi l i p ncil d in d m k d p ob bl ock
a es a e r e s e e an ar e r a e r

p orfi l e .
”

Th Top o g ph y e T he to p o g p h
ra c a i a light d awin g
. ra er rr es r

bo d wi th oil
ar n m l clo th cov fo mi g a p ock t on
an or e a e er r n e on e

sid th loo fl p cov ing th f e id of th bo d wh n t in

e, e se a er e re S e e ar e no

u se Th. h t t in e S c i d in th p ocket Th t o p o g
ee s n o u se a re a rr e e . e

r ph s i t um n t hould b c i d in l th r c nv
’
a er ns r e s s e a rr e a ea e or a as

pock t a tt ch d t hi b lt
e a lun g on hi hould
e o H n d s e or s s s er . e ee s

tw sm ll t
o n p ent t i n gl
a ra fl t boxwood sc l e 6 inch es
s ar r a es , a a a

lon g , p ncil d pock t com p s

e ra se r, e H is a i t nt s c a rry
s, an e a s . ss s a

h nd l v l t p e d light lf din g d T he to p o g ph
a e e , a ,
an se —
rea ro . ra er,

f om m u m n t by hi
r ea s i t nt d w in ll rti fi ci l stru e
re e s s a ss s a s, ra s a a a

tu wi thin hi limi t of wid th s y 3 feet on ei th e id th lin e

res s , a 00 r s e e ,

ro d fenc st m t H l o d a w the contou s t the

a s, es , rea s, e c . e a s r s r a

ag d in t v l u u lly 5 f t wi thin the equi d b lt H e

ree er a , s a ee , r re e .

mu t u jud gm nt in t kin g contou

s se Wh e the g ound i a rs . ere r s

fl t a d con id
an bl mov men t of th lin will not ff ct th
s era e e e e a e e

p o fi l con tou
r e, t equi d d should not b t k n
rs a re no r re an e a e , as

the to p o g p h will n v mov f t th an the tr n it pa t y

ra er e er e a s er a s r ,

an d m yb low in ollin g o p n country H inqui t fin d

a e s er r , e . e res o

th bound
e i es of th v iou l nd holdin g loc t
ar c tion lin s
e ar s a s, a es se e

an d co n wh n wi thin ch d no te th n me of own e s
r ers e rea ,
an s e a s r

on hi m p H u e the p ock t comp to mea su the n gl of

s a . e s s e a ss re a e

int ction of l nd lin

e rse d p limin y lin a A li ght wood n es a n re ar e. e

c o s on
r s t ff i conv ni n t f
a s a tim t in g i gh t sn gl Th e e e o r es a r a es .

contou wo k i th di ffi cul t wo k of th to po g p h a d th
r r s e r e ra e r, n e

wo k of i t n t m y b v y ti om on t eep id hill Th
r a ss s a s a e er res e s s e s. e

followin g i e m thod : s on e

N o t in g t h l v tion of t tion wh e th top o g p hy p ty

e e e a a s a er e ra ar

i th e di t nc out t ri gh t n gl
s, s a on the hi gh id t th p oint
e a a es , er s e o e

who e l v tion i the n xt v n 5 foot p oint bov th t tion

s e e a s e e e -
a e e s a .

i found
s d c l d on th m pan T he n x t con t ou int v l
s a e e a s e r er a 18

th en m u d d c l d d on f ea s re an n c ry w s a e ,
an so as ar a s e e s sa ,
n en

th e wo k is ep t d on th low
r s id
r of th lin Th m
ea e e er e e e . e .
sa e
278 P RELI M IN AR Y S UR E Y V

thin g i don e a t th n xt st t ion the n xt but on

s e e the thi da or e e, or r ,

as t h e ch ct er of the ground m y indic t ; n d th n lookin g

a ra a a e a e ,

a lt rn t ly t the g o u nd d th e m p th top o g ph d ws
e a e a r an a , e ra er ra

in th con t ou lin
e s n ly h r jud g co c tly b et w n
es a ea r as e can e rre ee

t h e p l t t d p oin t
a e s .

T h m thod of fin din g th e di t nc t o
e e giv n con t ou is s s a e a e r a

follow conc t e x mpl e b ing giv n f

s, a re e implici ty Th
a e e or S . e

l v tion of t tion 5 i
e e a s a St nd in g by t h d s i a e ro an a ss s

t nt ye d
a
’
s e on th rea d Th
s foot con t ou is e ro . e 1 0 00 -

feet bov t tion 5 Su pp o the hill lo p s u p t th ight I f

a e s a . se s e o e r .

th e ssi st n t go
a out to th e righ t un til lookin g t h ou gh th h nd
a es , r e a

l e v l he d s on th d h ld t th st tion ; h will b t nd
e ,
rea e ro e a e a e e s a ~

in g on t h foo t con t ou T h efo

e 1 000 — e i t n t hold s th r . er re , on a ss s a e

en d of th e t p e d th d t th e st t ion ; the s cond go

a an e ro ut t a a e es o o

th e r i gh t till h ds on th d wh n h no tes th m u
e rea e ro , e e e ea s re

m n t on th t ap d c ll it t th e to p o g ph
e e e an Th fi t a i
a s o ra er . e rs ss s

t n t now mov es
a u t p st th cond who k p hi p l ce h
o a e se , ee s s a , e

t nd s f a c in g wi t h th e lin
s a th e t h n a c o s it un til he e ra r a r s ,

fi nd th
s p l c by e t i l wh ae teh e e cond ssi t nt
r a e d er s a s a r a s

O th e
n d whi ch i t h n t
ro p oint 5 f et hi gh r th n th t wh
s e a a e e a a ere

se cond i t nt i on th fo o con ou h
'
th e a ss s a 5 t ts T e or e 1 00 -

r .

di t nce i not ed d m p p d i th th cond i t nt p sin g

s a s an a e , e er e se a ss s a as

t h fi t till h
e rs e ds on th d which i th b tt w y
e r a e ro , s e e er a ,
or

t kin g the p l c e of th fi t who th n go on till th cond

a a e rs , e es e se c an

rea d a ga in I f t h e lo p i s p c t ic lly unifo m f

. a su ffi
s e ra a r or

i tly gr t di st nc
c en ea e tw d t min t ion s
a e, on nou gh or o e er a a re e ,

th e m inin g con t ou p oi t b in g c l d in at qu l di t nc es
re a r n s e s a e e a s a .

T h m thod is e
e e n ti lly th m going down h ill
sse a e sa e .

O utc o pp in g of ock r d ll t imb s a lon g t h

r lin loc t d
an a er e e a re a e

an d d a wn in ; m r h l nd d o di n a y a rs d hi gh w t a wid th s an r r an -

a er

of t ms e shown
s rea ar

Th e con t ou a d o th e f a tu esrs ink ed in in th o ffi c e the

n r e r a re e ,

con t ou s i bl ck st m in blu
r n a d buildin g
,
rea d f nc lin
s e, an s an e e es

i
n d
re If v mi lion b e u ed f
. er th f nc d buildin g ds or e e es a n s an

car mi n e f th c en t lin e th will b e no confu ion All f nc e

or e er , ere s . e

li n es an d l nd lin
. hould b e do tt d the con tou v ry li gh t
a es s e ,
rs e ,

ea c h fif t h a li tt l h vi
on e d nou gh numb e e p l c
ea e d on e r, an e rs a
2 80 PRE L I M IN ARY S U RV E Y

I f th e u vey st rt s f om ome p oin t off an e xistin g lin e n

s r a r s , a

initi a l poin t i est bli h d by d ivin g s a hub d wi tn ing it to

s e r a an e ss

se ve l u oundin g n tu l ob j c t
ra s rr t h t it m y g in b found
a ra e s , so a a a a e .

I ei t h e c
n rg u d st
a se ak i d iv n bout
ar a foot to th laef t of e s r e ,
a e

th hub if ff
e ilw y d o th wi out ide th il
o a ra a , an er se s e ra .

T h t n it b i g set ov
e ra s th e in i t i l p oint
e n d o i en t d th t ier a an r e , a s,

turn d t e o imuth with th ve ni e

o z er az din g o th e chi f e r r rea z er ,
—
e

of p ty indica t s th di ction of th fi t un d the ch inm n

ar e e re e rs r ,
an a e ,

t k m
s a e an d
an , xm en ta t Whil the t a n it is b in g s t
a s r . e r s e e ,

t h ch in m en h v
e a t i gh t n ed out th ch a in if
a e s ra ch in b u ed e e ,
a a e s ,

b ck of th t n sit wi th f nc t th di ction of p oc edu

a e ra re ere e o e re r re

d wh n th e h d ch i m n st t wi t h ch in pin a d fl g
an e ea a n a ar s a , s, n a ,

th e a ch i nm n h th e ch in goin g th ou gh hi h and s to e
re r a a as a r s se

th t th e e no kin ks If a t pe i u d it i run ff the l s

a er ar . a s se , s o ree a

th e h d ch inm n go es out
ea a d th e a el th en giv en th e lin e , an re

t m t r f t he d y
ea s e or a .

Th e h e d ch inm n e chin g th e e d of 1
a a a fe t t u n s hold s
r a n 00 e , r ,

hi fl g for pp o im t e lin e which is giv n by t h t n si t m n

s a a r x a e e ra a ,

an d th n c efully g t s th e di t nc e m
e ar u in g to pi a li ttl e
e s a , ea s r a n

to e sid e of the lin e H e th en get the lin e mo e c fully with

on . s r a re

hi fl g ju t lon g id e th e pin a d on its b in g fi n lly co

s a s a s ct ,
n ,
e a rre ,

p u h es hi fl a g h d in t o th e g ound
s s ar d wi thd win g it st a t s on r ,
an ra r

th n xt me su m
e e t while th e st k em n d iv es th st k into th e
a re en , a a r e a e

hole m d e by th fl g Thi h mu t b
a e a dy to do in t n t ly the
. s e s e rea s a

lin i ob t in ed Wh ile d ivin g he k ep th ch in to o e sid e

e s a . r e s e a n

by his foot so tha t it sh a ll not di stu b th e p in n b in his w y r or e a .

A s oon a th
S t a ke is d iv n he hu ies on t the h e d ch a inm n
s e s r e rr o a a

to b e dy t
e r ad ive the n e xt sta ke H e mu t n v k p the
o r . s e er ee

p a t yr w i tin g Ha will c y
. numb e
e r of st k m k d h d
a rr a a es ar e a ea ,

e nou gh to e ch the n xt t n it p oin t Th

r a e ch inm n mu t ra s . e rea r a a s

n v go h d of th e e of th ch in e xcept wh en b e kin g u p
e er a ea r ar e a r a

a n d down hill but h e mu st lw y k ep u p wi th the h d ch in

, a a s e ea a

m an , an d should c ry th e r e d of th ch in wh n v p s
ar e r a n e a e e er o

sibl th
e , ra t h n let it d g on the g ound
er a ra r .

Wh n th e d of th fi t st i gh t st etch is a ch ed
e e n e if it is
rs ra r re , or

qui t lon g wh en bout 2 f t h a ve b en cove ed th h d

e , a 1 00 ee e r , e ea
 T H E G EN E R AL P R O C E D U RE 28 1

ch ainm n select s a ui t ble p l c f om which he c n s th t n

a s a a e r a ee e ra

sit m cl ly d th t n i tm n
an ea r an ee him e d f om which
ra s a c an s ,
an r

th e see in g i good f om di t nc h a d such p oint is b e t

s or s e s a e a e a s

on li ttl i e of g ound
a e r s d si gn l th e t a n itm n f
r a p oin t
an a s r s a or .

T hi h do s e by i ing hi fl g in both h nd ho i ont lly ove

es ra s s a a s r z a r

his h d eaT h e t n i tm n
.
p li s with th e ll i ght S i gn l ets
ra s a re e a r a , s

a g ina on h i s b ck i g h t d t urna t h e s co d d n g l
an d se t th s re r e a e, a n s e

h d ch inman s fl g a h a d In the mean tim th di st nce h

ea a
’
a e . e e a as

b n c efully ob t in d b u t the a ch inm n h s not com “ rea r

ee ar e , a a a e

Wh n th fl g i t if it is u ffi ci ently n
\
th e m u d
”
up . e e a s se , s ea r ea s re

p oint a hub
,
i s d iv n ; if not u fli i r t ly n
e a cond m e u s c en ea r, se as re

m nt i m de Wh en th hub i d iv n th m u m n t i m d e
e s a . e s r e e ea s re e s a

to two lat lly s p t d po int on th hub d the lin i g in

era e a ra e s e , an e s a a

g iv e n I f
. it com e f i ly in th e hub s it will if th hub h s b n
a r , as e a ee

d iv n t ight th h d ch inm n c ll s the t n itm n wi th his

r e s ra , e ea a a a ra s a

hat by om o th e g d i gn l d th t n i tm n mu t not
or s e r a ree s a ,
an e ra s a s

l v hi p o i tion un til
ea e s s c ll d e v en if he u pp o th p oin t so a e , s ses e

a h a d to h a v e b en fi n lly d t
e min d H c n ot a lw ys t ll
e a e er e . e a n a e

wh a t i b in g don e h d d he m y much d l y th p rt y by
s e a ea , an a e a e a

comin g on p em tu ly Wh en t i gh t lin i b in g p oduc d

r a re . a s ra e s e r e

p a
s t a t a n s i trpoin t i t i don e by t a n i t in
, g t h t l co p a d doubl e
s r s e e es e n

c ent in g Th fo in uch c se wh en th lin h b n giv n

er . ere re s a s e e as ee e

on th hub the h e d ch inm n by a g d sign l such

e ,
a a a n a ree a ,
as a

whi ling motion of th h nd info m th t n itma n th t h m y

r e a ,
r s e ra s a e a

a g ina s t on eh i b ck i ght whichs h e do

a e wi-

t hS t h e t el e co p
,
in s s e

v t d n d g in lin e th fl g on th hub If both Settin gs come

er e a a a s e a e .

on th hub s th y hould wi th th in t um ent in a on ble

e ,
a e S e s r re s a

a dju stmen t th t ck i d iven midw y b etween the two p oin t

, e a s r a s

g iv ne n d a t t h e p p o a di t nc e d t h
r t n itm n th en c ll d
er s a ,
an e ra s a a e

up . If th di sc p ncy of th twoe re ttin gs

a m t g e t th e se see s oo r a ,
e

t an itm n i g in i gn led to e ve on th b ck ight d th

r s a s a a s a r rse e a s an e

o pe at ion is r p t d un til eith e the wo k i ti f cto y

r e ea e un til r r s sa s a r ,
or

by g e m n t of ul t the o is shown to b in dju tm nt

a r e e res s err r e a s e ,

wh n a se cond hub ma y b d iven an d if n c ry hub b tw en

e e r , e e s sa ,
a e e

for the mi ddl e poin t Wh en thi occu th t n it hould b e . s rs , e ra s s

a dju t ed s .
282 PRELI M I N AR Y S U R E Y V

Wh en oint i fin lly t bli h ed the h d ch in m n d w

th e p s a es a s , ea a a ra s

ou t th
c h in to it
e full l n ag t h b in gin g th s ch inm n up e , r e re a r a a

to th e t an it p o in t a d th e st k m p p
r s ,t k f th n a e an re a res s a es or e

n x t run whil th t n i tm n i comi ng u p

e e e ra s a s .

F qu n t ly t im e m y b e
re e v d in o p n coun t ry whil th t n a sa e e e e ra ~

s it m n i comi n g u p by ch inin g h d t ow d th e n x t p oin t

a s ,
a a ea ar e

in di c t d by t h chi ef of p a rt y th
a e li gnm nt of t ke b in g by
e , e a e s a s e

e y e I f
. t h g o u nd i v ry eolli ng r t h t t h lin i u p
s d down e r so a e e s an

hill thi s i di ffi cult to do ccu t ly but m y f qu n tly b don

s a ra e , a re e e e

wi th u ffi ci nt p ci ion f p elimi ry wo k I f th e li gnm n t

s e re s or r na r . a e

i not much out of th w y t he m

s u m n t d ngl wo k will e a , ea s re e an a e r

no t b e much ff ct d nd o of f w inch in th p o i tion

a e e , a a n err r a e es e s

of n int m dia t t ke is of no con qu enc

a er e e s a se e .

T h b ck fl gme hould b e w t chful not to d l y th t n it

a a an s a e a e ra s

m n wh n h e wi h
a e a igh t ; he should n e v s t h i fl g v rt ic l
es s er se s a e a

wh n not holdin g it on the poi t b u t hould set it in th ground

e n , s e

in incli n d po ition if a t ll I t i b tt to hold it bu t it n eed

an e s , a . s e er ,

no t b h ld con t n tly on th poin t T h e b ck fl gm n hould

e e s a e . a a a s

n v go fo w d till c ll d by th t n i tm n
e er r ar d h e hould a e e ra s a , an s

n v r b e c ll d un til th t n i tm n h s b n hi m lf c ll d by
e e a e e ra s a a ee se a e

th h e d ch inm n
ea a a .

Wh n th e t n i t p rt y i w ll t t d th l v l p rt y b gin s
e ra s a s e s ar e , e e e a e

f om th b ench which h b en t bli h d in th m e n tim

r e as e es a s e e a e .

T h e to p o g p hy p t y o din ily b gin

ra th ar cond d y but r ar e s e se a ,

m y u s the fi st d y in lookin g u p
a e r d m u in g in l nd lin es
a an ea s r a ,

m kin g no t th a t wi ll b e h lp ful on th e cond d y

a es e se a .

Wh en the t n i t p t y ch b lt of tim b er o b u h a
ra s ar rea es a e r r s ,

lin e mu t b e cl d C l in g lin is an t t lw ys e ily

s ea re . ea r e ar no a a as

a cqui ed rAn int lli g nt xm n und

.
p o p e di ection will soon
e e a a er r r r

l n but wi thout the kn ck th bl t chopp e will b e slow d

ea r , a e a es r an

in effi ci nt t lin cl rin g

e a Ju st so much should b cl d s
e ea . e ea re a

to p mi t seein g a d h in in g not a tick how v sm ll hould

'

er n c a s , e er a , s

b e cut th t i not in th wa y a M uch tim i f equ ently lo st

s e . e s r

in doin g un n ec e s ry cl in g T h h a d ch inm n S hould s a ea r . e e a a

k p hi fl g on lin e d w ll p wi th the cl e in g s t h t
ee s a an e u ar o a

th e xm n m y p t th em lv on li by looking p t th e
a e a u se es ne as
2 84 PRE L I M I N AR Y S UR V EY

th em su m ea re en t to llow f a or th e co r ss s lo p of the g ound

e r . T he
co t of a culv
s e rt of giv n i e s ze will b e

0 KL + M ,

in which K i the co t p e foo t of len gth d M th co t of th

s s r , an e s e

h d w ll s * Th e b t m thod of e tim tin g i to m k a di g a m

ea a . es e s a s a e a r

on c o s ection p p er T h co t of ch i e of culv rt will b e

r s s -
a . e s ea s z e

re p e nt d
r se
e by sep t t i gh t lin t h o din tae to which t
a ra e s ra e, e r a a

an a b ci L wi ll b e th t o t l co t of th culv t
s ssa e a s e er .

W ll f o p nin g m y b
a s ortima t d f om t bles
e di g a m
s a e es e r a or a a r .

T om ke di g m th qu n ti ty in tw w ll b tw n co p ing
a a a ra e a o a s e ee

an d bo tt om of footin g includ in g th w in gs is compu t d f w ll , e , e or a s

of h igh t v yin g by 5 f t d p lott d on c o

e s ar c tion p p ee an e r ss se -

a er

wi t h a x e of h ight a d cubic y d The p oin ts e conn ec t d

s e n ar s. ar e

by cu v o din t t which t n y h ight a b ci will b e the

a r e, r a es o a a e s ssa

cubic y d s f th t h eight T h co pin g i con t nt d if of

ar or a . e s s a ,
an ,

the m cl s of m onry m y b dd d o th wi it mu t b
sa e a s as , a e a e , er se s e

k p t ep t O f qui te pp oxim t
e s a ra e . ult th followin g
r or a r a e res s e

e qu t ion m y b e di g
a mm d f cubic y d includin g the foo t
a a ra e or ar s,

i g th
n , b ci b ing the h i ght b tw n copin g d footing
e a s ssa e e e ee an ,

t k n to b e 4 f e t l
a e t h n t h e h i ght f om g a d e li
e t o bottom
ess a e r r ne

of footin g cou e rs .

Q = O O3. H 3
+ O .
5 E
2 —
l 3 . 2 H ;

Q cubic
is y d f two b u t m t q ar s or a en s
L

T hi fo mul do s s t includ found t ion m onry b elow

r a e no e a as th e
foo tin g Such m son y mu t b dd d
s . a r s e a e .

I f t h e q u a n t ity o f m a so n ry i s wa n t ed , t h e c u ic ya rd s , K , i n t wo hea d wa lls b

a re c o m u t e d , a n d t h e c u ic
p b
ya rd s , f, p er foot o f arre l T he n if w b e t h e wid t h b .

of ro a d -
b e d , S th e s id e slo pe , a n d h t he c e n t er h e igh t of em b km t wh an en e re t he

v
c u l ert is t o b e b u ilt , t h e t o t a l q u a n t it y o f m a so n ry in t he cu lv i g iv
e rt
pp s en a ro xi

m a t ely b y

wh ic h m a y b e d ia g ra m m e d a s a st ra ig h t lin e on a x es C a nd h .

TF u ll d i agra m s a n d t a les fo r b e s t i m a t es wi ll b e fo u n d i n t he fi eld b ktoo o follow

t his v olu me .
 T H E E S T I M ATE 285

ve y low o p nin g buil t wi thou t co p in g

A r e foo tin g c nno t b or a e

es t im t d by thi fo mul
a e s r a .

T h fo mul will n w
e r f b id g b u tm n t in which th
a a s er or r e a e s e

m on y i t mo th n 3 f t thick und the co p ing

as r s no re a ee er .

L g b id g
ar e mu t b e tim t d p t ly T h y will t
r es s e s a e se a ra e . e no

o din ily b m ny I f cylind p i

r ar e a t b u d th
.
yli er ers a re o e se , e c n

d mu t b tim t d
e rs s t l by th p ound
e es d th e fi lli g
a e a s s ee e ,
an n as

conc t by the y d d y p il d iv n to hold th m s p ilin g

re e ar ,
an an es r e e , a

d iv n Th ou tin wo k th t m y b e l ft to th
r e . e r e i t nt s i r a a e e a ss s a s

th t im tion of
e es t hwo k
a ea r r .

F thi p u po
or th wo k will b
s r di vid ed in t o fou cl
se e r e r a sses

1 . All th t t hwo k t h t will b wholly cut

a ea r rwholl y fi ll d a e or ,
an

th t m y b c ll d l v l c o s th e u f ce
a a e a e All th t
e e th a r s s r a . 2 . a ea r

wo k th t i wholly cut wholly fill th t mu t b con id d to

r a s or , a s e s ere

h v a c o s lop 3 All th t thwo k th t will b sid hill

a e r s s e . . a ea r r a e e ,

th t i e ch c o
a s, ction p tly in u t d p tly in fill 4 All
a r ss — se ar c an ar . .

rock e xc v tion a a .

It i p um ed th t i th th l v lm n h s co d d the c o s
s res a e er e e e a a re r e r s

slo p es th y a or hown on the con tou m p Wh t s ction s

e re S r a . a e

m y b con id
a e d l vel c o s m y b d t min d by m mb
s ere e a r s a e e er e re e er

in g t h t c o lo p of in will b e e on eou ly c lcul t d by

a a r ss s e 1 10 rr s a a e

t h l v l s c t ion m t hod by bou t

e e e e p c nt t he tru t h b in g in a 2 er e , e e

e xc d
es s , a nc o lo p of in 5 will b
a r ss s on ou sly c lcul t d e 1 e e rr e a a e

by bou t 8 pe c nt
a r e .

Wh t t tion will give sid hill ection s m y be d t min d

a s a s e s a e er e

wh n uch wo k i e xp ct d by pl ttin g
e s r o d b d a d lo p
s e e ,
a a r a e n S e

on c o ection p p e o e sid cut d the oth fill d p l cin g

r ss s -

a r, n e an er , an a

a s ra t i ght d ge of p p e e b tt t n p ent rul e a c o th

r, or e er a ra s ar r, a r ss e

d win g at the c o s S lo p ngl fo t h giv n sta tion d th ou gh

ra r s e a e r e e an r

a p oin t bov e or b elow th e c en t r of th

a o d b d a di t nc qu l e e r a e s a e e a
-

t th e d epth of cut or fi ll hown on th e p o file

o T hi d t min s r . s e er a

t ion w ill b e m d e wh n the comp u t tion s a a m de e a re a .

S ction kn own t b in ock if

e s t i egul m y b e com
o e r , no rr a r, a

p u t d es ea rt hwoa k u i g how v t h e ock rs lo p , a d s no d b d, e er, r es n r a -

E ch comp l t
a ut fill i comput ede e c p t ly d i
ort s to t l s se a ra e an a

p enciled in on the p o fi l Th wo k m y b don e by tables or r e. e r a e

 86 P REL I M IN AR Y S U R E Y V

di a gra ms The a utho dvi th u of di gra m s s fa quicke

. r a ses e se a a r r

an d mp ly p ci
a f p elimin ry wo k
re se or r a r .

B y i th e m thod th d p th of cu t fi ll is c lled f om th p
er e e e or a r e ro

fil a d th e co e p ondin g cubic y d ge f
e n rr s st t ion t k n f om ar a or a a a e r

th t bl e o di g m
e a r I f a di a g m b e u d th e succ
a ra . iv t ra se , ess e s a

tion qu n titi m y b e l id off on e a ft no th on t ip of p p

a es a a er a er a s r a er,

the t ot l len gt h b ein g fin lly pp li ed to th di g m c l e

a a d th e a e a ra s a an

whol y d g of th e cut or fi ll ob ta in d without a ddin g A

e ar a e e .

f ction l t tion m ay b est im t ed t the s me f ction of sta

ra a s a e a a a ra a

t ion qu ntity th a t th f c t ion a l di t nc is of

a e f et ra s a e 1 00 e .

I f th g n e l cro
e e lop for given ut o fi ll i bout the
ra ss s e a c r s a

sa m e for ll t tion s the qu n t ity m y b e comp ut d by th e l e v l

a s a ,
a a e e

sec t ion m ethod d th whol e inc

, an d by m ll p e c en t ge
e rea se a s a r a ,

d ep endi ng on th e slo pe d d pth of cut or fi ll Th following an e e

m
.

per c en t g m
a y bes
e u d f a pp oxi t ion f a 5
se foot cut ; th y
or a r a s or -

a re a bout 5 p c ent too l ge f

0 er f ot u t n d s hould b e ar or a Io -

o c , a

inc rea se d bout 5 p c nt f

a 5 foot u t
0 er e or a 2 c
-

2
°
52= I
’
in in 1 00

5
°
in in 50
11
°
in in 25

14
°
29
’
=I in in 20

19
°
in in 1
5
°
30 in in 10

h s va lu
T e e ou ghly pp oxim te d th mo ccu t
es a re r a r a , an e re a ra e

m thod i to u e di g a m f lopin g g ound * T hi di g m

e s s a a r or s r . s a ra

m y b e m d e by p lott in g th followin g qu tion on c o s section

a a e e a r s —

p pe :
a r
3

1 00 C 2 r2 s
2 2
27 r s 4 s

in whi ch w is th e wid th of o d b
r a -

ed a t s ub g d ra e; C is th e cent e r

Wellin gton s ’
or T ra u t wi n e
’
s d ia gra m s m ay b e u se d .
288 P R EL I M I N AR Y S U R VE Y

or ci ti e it will be w ell t
s cu loc l l t t g nt o se re a a rea es a e a e
’
s

o pinion of v lu es d d m g a an a a es .

Th e width of i ght of w y d p nd s on th m gni t ud of th e

r a e e e a e

work a d th w y it i don O mi ttin g con id tion of t tion

,
n e a s e . s e ra s a

g ound s which
r , e quit e v i bl d d p nd on th p ob bl
ar ar a e an e e e r a e

or a ctu l bu in of th e st tion i ght of w y on th op n o d

a s ess a , r a e e r a

mu st b of u ffi ci n t width to p mit ll building o p tion t

e s e er a era s o

b c e i d on wi thin it limi t xc p t in wild unoccu pi d coun t y

a rr e s s, e e , e r

o r wh e e of n c i ty t mp o y p ivil ges
r e ess s cu d ou t id
e ra r r e a re e re s e

th e r ight of w y Such p ivil g mu t b includ d in tim t

a . r e es s e e es a es

if th y c b fo
e ann If e mb nkm nt i t b m d f om
resee . an e a e s o e a e r

bo ow pi t long id the wid th of ight of w y qui d mu t

rr s a s e, r a re re s

e qu l th wid th of mb nkm n t b plu th wid th of th b m

a e e a e a se s e e er e

b nk p lu th wid th of th bo ow p i t wi th m ll u p lu f
a , s e e rr s, a s a s r s or

f ncing
e

f t high w
.

A fill 4 f t wid on t p 1 ee ith sid e slop s of 5 t

e o ,
10 ee , e 1 o

1, and 6 f t of b m on ee ch id qui 5 6 f t b tw n
er e ea s e, re res ee e ee

in ide dg of bo ow p it Wi th a llow nc e of f t on ch
s e es rr s . an a 2 ee ea

s id f f ncin g th
e or e b t ,
f t of wid th l ft on e ch id
ere a re u 20 ee e a S e

of a 1 00 foo t igh t of w y f b o ow p its d if the sid of th

-
r a or rr , an es es e

p i t sb g iv en
e a lo p of 5 t ssth y hould b
e th y c nno t
1 b o 1, a e s e, e a e

m d d eep enou gh to su pp ly th m t e i l f the dj c nt em

a e e a r a or a a e

b km t
an I f the b e m b e 5 f t in st d of 6
en . d b ut
r foote ee ea ,
an 1

b l ft on e ch sid f
e e f nce p o t th pi ts mu t b n ly 7 f t
a e or e s s, e s e ea r ee

d p t su pp ly suffi ci nt mt i l M o th n
ee o f t of wid th
e a er a . re a 1 00 ee

is t h en n c y I f th fi ll e m d e f om dj c en t cut
e essa r . e s ar a r a a s, a

l s wid th i u ffi ci nt F ill hould t b m d e f om dj c nt

'

e s s s e . s s no e a r a a e

bo ow p it xc p t wh
rr s e b olu t ly n ec
e y e re a s e essa r

An xc v tion ofe a f et ba width sid e slop of 5 to

20 e a se , es 1 I ,

a h i ght of
e fe t d b m di t nce of 6 f t to su f c
20 e , an a er e s a ee a r a e

ditch 5 feet wid e on th u pp id of th cut qui mo e th n e er s e e , re res r a

f t for h lf wid h of i ht of o din ry ollin g

,

5 0 e e t h e t g wa y I n r a . r a r

count y wh e th fi lls e ma d f om th cut s

r re e f ti g n
ar e r e ,
1 00 ee s e er

a lly wid e enou gh fo ight of w y d in town a d ci ti wh r r a ,

an s n es e re

th erei littl e g din g f

s a u f c e lin ra th wid th S hould b
or mp l e s r a e, e e a

to p o vid e f ub qu nt l v tion of the t a ck wh n th c t in

r or s se e e e a r s e e er a
 RI G H T O F WAY 28
9

aboli tion of gra de c o in g come The u su l wid th t a k en i

r ss s s . a s

100 f ete Th e p o fi l mu t b
. r e s tudi d f
e s v i tion of thi wid th
e or ar a s s ,

and a mp l e wid t h p u ch
an r ed
as t t h fi t buyin g f
a e doubl t ck
rs or e ra

con t ruct ion ; it will oft n co t mo to g t few e x t f t width

s e s re e a ra ee

than the whol e o igi l co t of the dj acent fi t W idth

r na s a rs
 C HAPTER XX

TH E LOCATION S URV E Y

n a l Sta t em ent
Ge er T h e loc tion fi eld wo k is essen t i lly lik e
. a r a

th t of th e p limin ry su v y xc p t th t the st ight lin es

a re a r e , e e a ra a re

now join d by cu v th to po g phy p ty i omi tted th le v lin g

e r es , e ra ar s , e e

p ty m y t ke c o lo p wi th a clinom t
ar a a r ss s n d sound in g m es
y e er, a s a

b m d for rock in wh t
e a e to b th a d ock cut ting d a a re e ea r n r s an

a t t m cro ssing f found tion The lin i not now p ick d

s rea s or a s . e s e

ah d by th chi ef of p a ty u less th p l nn d lin seems t b

ea e r n e a e e o e

runnin g o th wi th n p l nn d A p l n ha b een d vi d b d
er se a a e . a s e se a se

on the p elimin y su vey not es h ve b n m d e p f om this

r ar r ,
a ee a u r

p l an a d,
a linn co p ondin g to thee e no t i
rres l id out on t h s es s a e

g ound
r I im
.
p l e c en
s S ho st b nch lin s t h asloc t ion
, m y r ra e , e a a

b e m d by t i l wi thou t a p elimin y lin

a e r a wi th occ ion l r ar e , or as a

sho t lin s
r u h d of the loc tion f info m tion s t g d
e r n a ea a or r a a o ra e

to b e u d cu ve to fi t p ticula ly b d hill
se ,
r o t h m tt s
a ar r a , or er a er .

T he imp o t n t p a t of loc tion

r a th p l nnin g O
r s f th lin a d a re e a e e an

th e fi xin g of t h g d on th p o fi l e M ethod s th t h v b en
ra e e r e . a a e e

p ov d
r ti sf ct o y f thi wo k will b given n d a f w d t il
e sa a r or s r e , a e e a s

of th e method of run ing in cu v s s n r e .

F equ n tly th loc tion follow s clo e on th p limin y

r e e a d i s e re ar ,
an s

oft n m d e by the s me p ty If n in d p d ht p limin y

e a a ar . a e en e re ar

of th e whol lin e is not qui ed the comp ny b in g s ti fi ed t

e re r , a e a s o

o d th loc tion f om the conn i nc p ort th n th b st

r er e a r re a ssa e re , e e e

m th od is to u th p limin y h d f
e r n y
e mil 5 mil
re ar a ea or, sa ,
10 es , es

on eith id e of th c mp pl n th loc t ion of th fi t p o tion

er s e a , a e a e rs r

while the l t i b eing u as d t h n loc t th e

s mil b fo
r n , an e a e 10 es e re

moving c mp a .

D vic s f
e Se cu in g Low G d
e or Th r e two p inci p l ra e . ere ar r a

d e vic e f ov comin g high moun t in summi ts

s or er p i l loo p a s ra s o r s

2 90
2 92 T H E L O C AT I O N S U RV E Y

or a s n ea r s po ibl t which th loc t d lin e hould lie H e

a ss e o , e a e s .

m y sk t ch
a li ght pencil lin th ou gh th p oin ts d th n wi th
e a e r ese an e

th d for t i ght lin e

rea d t mp l t
s ra of cu v s f v iou d e
s an e a es r e o ar s

g rees , d a wn to rc l on t cin g clo t h h e d

s a e et e m i n e a pp i ra ,
r s an ro x

m t loc tion lin

a e a d p ncil it in on th m a p e, an T h cu v e e s e . e r s

should b d wn t o ff t if th s c l b l ge enou gh t show

e ra a an se , e a e e ar o

it f, such
or m n t cu v s e to b u d If th en gin
ea se e r es a ar e se . e eer

i
s sa t i fi d wi th his fi t loc t ion lin
s e h will h a v e no t
rs m d up a e, e es a e

for it I f not h m y h v the p o fi l of it c ll d ff f om th

.
, e a a e r e a e o r e

con tour m p d p ncil d on the p limin y p o fi l t no te th

a an e e re ar r e o e

e ffe ct of th e shift in lin A w g d e lin e m y b d wn in e . d ne ra a e ra , an

if n c y fu th fi ttin g of the lin e on th m p m y b e m d

e essa r r er e a a a e .

Wh en the loc tion pp e to b e s ti f ctory th no t will b

a a a rs a s a , e es e

d e u p a d th lin e m y b
a n u in on th g ound
e a e r n e r .

Wh n in pla nnin g the loc t ion st etch of m ximum g d i

e a a r a ra e s

rea ch ed the lin e of thi i d t min ed by p l ttin g the g d con

, s s e er a ra e

tou T do thi a p oint i found on th contou m p th t i

r
. o s s e r a a s

o pp o sit e ( t i gh t ngle to th e lin e) th l t d t mi n ed st tion

a r a s e as e er a

of th e loc t ed lin wh e th ma ximum g d e i to b gin d th t

a e er e ra s e , an a

is of the s m e el e v tion s th e g d e lin a t th t p oin t

a a Th a ra e a . e

ho i ont a l di t nc equi d f th m ximum g d to ri

r z s a e r re or e a ra e se or

f ll t h ou gh h eight equ l to th diff nce b tw n the p oint

a r a a e ere e ee

a ssum ed a d th n xt high n low 5 foot contou i th n t ken

e e e r or er -

r s e a

in the comp a n d with th e n edl p

sses , a oint on t h a umed p oint e e e ss

on th m p sm ll a is d a wn cu tting th n xt high e
e a ,
a a rc low r e e r or er

con tou T h en with th ho i ont l di st nc e equi d f 5 f t

r. e r z a a r re or ee

C h nge of l e vel on the ma ximum g d a e i es of c is desc ib d

a ra e, s r ar s r e ,

the int e ectio n of ea ch with its contou fo min g the c ent e f

rs r r r or

th e n xt T hi s p oc eed s until th e top

e . bottom of the hill i
r or s

r ea ch ed wh en light p ncil lin e m y b do tt ed in conn ecting

, a e a e ,

th e ev e l int e
s ct ion s E xc ep t W h e b upt vin es a
ra rse . er a r ra re

c o ed into which the lin e c nnot go,thi s dott ed lin will be

r ss a e a

lin lyin g on th u fa c of th g ound d i sin g f llin g t th

e e s r e e r an r or a a e

re qui d m ximum g d e I t is mo st common t wo k th se

re a ra . o r e

g d con t ou
ra e dow f o m a ummit e ch w y if th uling g d
rs n r s a a e r ra e

o ccu on bo th id e
rs s s.
 P L AN N I N G TH E L O C AT I O N 2 93

T he p limin y lin will indic te a bou t how much cu v tu e

re ar e a r a r

th e i lik ly to b e on th hill d th e g d hould b modi fi d

er s e e , an ra e s e e

f
or th cu ve comp n s tion b fo u ing it a s d esc ib ed The
e r e a e re s r .

to t l lo ss f comp n tion on th hill di vid d by th estim t d

a or e sa e e e a e

l ngth of th g d will b subt c t d f om the m ximum t t

e e ra e e ra e r a ra e o

g iv e t h l t e T h
rea e t im t d l n gt h of th
ra e .
g d e will b
e e s a e e e ra

th h ei ght to ov com divid d by t h

e t of th g d e th e
er e e e ra e e ra , er

fo re a d pth of ummit cut i a sumed the l v tion of g d a t

e s s s , e e a ra e

th bot t om kno wn o a um d
e d t h di ff enc e is th e h ei gh t t o
r ss e , an e er

b ov e com e
e I f t hi b H
r d if R b th e
. t e of the ma ximu m
s e ,
an e ra

gra d e d C ,th e to
an t l estim t d cu v e comp en sa tion in v ertic a l
a a e r

feet th en,

L R

H C
R
Th e cu ve comp n s tion is found by multiplyin g the p ob ble
r e a r a

t o t l numb
a of d g by the a do pt d comp en tion p d g
er e rees e sa er e ree ,

5 to f et
.

0 02
. e .

T h loc t ion l in i p l nn ed t follow th e gr d e con t ou

e a e s as o a r a

n lyea r p c tic ble ha vin g con id e tion f cu v tu e d i

as ra a , s ra or r a r , s

t nc
a d cl
e , an of m te i l to b e e xc a va t d a t th v iou s p oin ts
a ss a r a e e ar .

I g n
n l th loc tion hould b t igh te th n th g d e con tou
e era e a s e s ra r a e ra r

an d hould c o
s it b ck d forth m kin g l tern t e cut tin g n d
r ss a an , a a a a

fi llin g .

B fo e a fi n l lin e is d ecid ed on it i b t f
e r a th b ginn t , s es or e e er o

d w tw
ra th lin of v ryin g cu v a tu di st nc g de d
o or ree es a r re , a e, ra s , an

r si e a d f ll d comp th em to ultim t conomy by u in g

n a , an a re as a e e s

th e c p it li d v lu es f
a a zee unit of cu v t u a di t nce d or on r a re , s a ,
an

r si e a d f ll do pt d f th e o d o ff et ti g the diff nc thu

n a ,
a e or
“

r a , s n e re es s

found by the diff nc s in co st du e to va ri tion in e thwo k

ere e a s ar r ,

an d fin lly do p tin g th a t lin th t pp ea s to h a v e

a a b l nc e in e a a r a a a

its f a vo Aft a dop t in g

r. lin e th e m a tt r m y
er t f a on e , e a res or

d ay two n d th en b e tudi ed g in often with much g in

or , a s a a ,
a ,
an

a lmo st enti ely w a an gement su ggestin g i tself The ulin g

r ne rr . r

g r d
a e do es not ent e th e probl em a s th a t wa s d etre min e d by t h e , r
2 94 T H E L O C AT I O N S URV E Y

r oute lect ed by the econna iss nc Wh n the lin e fi nally

se r a e. e

a dop t ed i loca t ed it will b e tudi ed for imp ovement s *

s s r .

C o mpu t tio of Not es

a T h e t n gent s Of the fin a l loc tion
n . a a

lin p
e a reoduc d on r t h m p to th
e ir int ction s a d
e th e a e erse , n

coo din t of th e p oin t me u d wi th g a t c e The

r a es es s as re re ar .

az imuth a d l n gths f om int ection to int e sec tion e th en

s n e r ers r ar

compu t d Th d eflection n gles e d ete min ed f om the com

e . e a ar r r

p u t de imu t h saz d t h n gl es with t

an h dii of t h cho
ese ean e ra e s

cu ve n d uch s ment cu v s e u sed give the d at for

r s a s ea e r es a ar , a

th t n gen t di st nc
e a which p o p ly sub t a cted f om th e pe
a es , r er r r e r s c

t ive tot l t n gen t l en gth s giv e th e l n gt h s of t a n gent b etw en

a a e e

cu v es If th b ginning is a cu v f om n xi tin g t a ck the

r . e e r e r a e s r ,

t ngent di ta nc of th t cu ve plu s th t of the n e xt cu ve su b

a s e a r a r

t c t d f om th di t nc b tw een int e se ction s giv e th e l n gth

ra e r e s a e e r , s e

of the fi st t n gent T he c entr l an gles divid ed by the d eg

r a . a rees

of cu v s give the len gths of cu v

r e r es .

The ta tionin g is d et min ed by c llin g the b eginn in g of the

s er a

lin e o ddin g the l n gth of the fi t cu v e if the lin e ta ts

e z r ,
a e rs r , s r

wi th a cu ve f the st a tion of the fi st P T to which th su c

r ,
or r . .
, e

ce d in g t n g nt is a dd d fo th e st tion of th e n e x t P C
e a e e et r a . .
, c .

I f th e cu v s e ffs tted f
r e sp i l th P C an d P T a e
ar o e or ra s , e . . . . r

o ppo sit e the off etted point s s .

I t is su ggest ed th a t the b e

ginn in g of th fi rst sp i a l b e e r

C ll ed P S point of sp i a l ; a . .
, r

th e junction of spi a l d r an

g
cu v
Fi
e
89 p oint of spi l r , ra

cu ve ; the junction of cu ve
.

r r

sp i a l r , p oint of cu v e sp i a l ; n d the en d of the fin a l Sp i a l

r -

r a r ,

poin t of sp i l t ngent No egula nota tion for th ese ra -

a . r r

poin ts has b een ad pted T o .

S p pee by P f a er T yl i h App di x
ro essor A d t mi d a or t n t e en e er ne 1
p . er c en

gra d e lin e wa s red u ced to a 5 p er cen t lin e .

I T he spira l eleme nt s used in c omp u ting th e t a n ge n t dist a nc es m ay b e h ad from

‘’

a n y good oo b k
on spira ls Th e fi eld oo follo wing t his olu m e c on t a in s t he
. b k v
m et ho ds a pp v ro ed by t he America n Ra ilway Engi neering a nd M a in tenan ce of

Way Association .
TH E L O C A T I O N S UR VEY
 FI XI N G TH E G RAD E L I N E 297

on th tan g n t a d t no th p oin t om di t nc a h e d f om
e e ,
n se s a er s e s a e a r

which econd p oin t i

a t on th s t n g nt Th e t n i t m n s se e a e . ra s a

moves hi in st ument to th t n i t hub t o pp o i t th P T

s r e ra s se s e e . .

whil th cond hub i b ein g et u it fo a fo e ight d th

e e se s s , ses r r s , an e

wo k p oc d
r r ee s .

I f th p i l cu v s
e s loc t d by d fl ction n gl th di ff
ra r e a re a e e e a es , e er

enc in p oc du will b obviou

e r e re e s .

Th e pi l s will b loc t d l t
s wh n th con st uction is d t
ra e a e a er, e e r e er

min d d the wo k i t k d u t If th off s t is se v e l f t

e , an r s s a e o . e e ra ee

o r enough to m ke di ff nc in the p o fi le the le v l p rt y a a ere e r , e a

s hould u the p o int midw y b etwe n the two P C

se d RT a e . an

hub s f l ev ls or e .

Wh en pi l s a not a llowed f on th ori gin a l loc tion the

s ra re or e a ,

m ethod i th s me omitting the o ff ttin g f th e sp i ls d the

s e a , se or ra an

e x t hub on t ngen ts Sp i l hould b u d on ll n ew loc tion

ra s a . ra s S e se a a .

Fixi g th G de Lin e
n Wh en th p o fi l e i d wn g d lin e
e ra . e r s ra , a ra e

will b e d wn on it a d it is w ell h t p nd much tim in c

ra ,
n ere o s e e a re

ful study f v l hund d do ll

,
mil e m y a dily b a ved
or se era re a rs a a re e s

by a f w hou s study of lmo st y fi t loc tion p o fi l

e r
’
d not a an rs a r e , an

inf qu n t ly th
re vin g m y b m u ed by thou nd s in t d
e e sa a e ea s r sa s ea

of hund d s The study mu t b e f om two tand p oin t

re . s r s s:

T h wo k of th locomo t iv
1 . e T h co t of
r thwo k e e . 2 . e s ea r r .

Th fi st g d e lin e is d t m in d by st et chin g
e r ra fin e bl ck e er e r a a

th e d in b ok n lin long the p o fi l

r a a to
r qu li e th cut
e e a r e so a s e a z e

an d fill n ly s m y b jud g d by eye t kin g c to k p

as ea r a a e e , a a re ee

wi thin th limi ting g d e d not to in t oduc ve y d p sag

e ra an r e r ee s,

not mo e th n f t r ul if it b p c tic bl e to k ep within

a 20 ee as a r e, e ra a e

thi li mi t In jud gin g of th equ li ty of cut a d fi ll n e mu t

s . e a n o s

h v in mind om thin g of th l t iv volum f equ l d epth

a e s e e re a e es or a s

of th e tw cl ses of wo k T hi s m y b jud g d fo th o a d b ed
o as r . a e e r e r -

u d by ef nc t T bl
se r p g 55
e re I t will b e ob se vd o a e 11, a e 2 . er e

th t f
a 4 footormb nkm n t o d b d d
1 -

foot xc v t ion e a e r a -

e an 20 -

e a a

o d b d with qu l lo pes of 5 to th volum of cut in cludin g

r a -

e , e a s 1 1 , e e ,

dit chi g is bout 5 tim th t of fi ll wh n th h i ght i bou t

n , a 2 es a s e e e s a

1 foot bout 5 t imes emb ankm n t f

, a h i ght of 5 f et a bout
1 e or a e e ,

2 6 p c n t in xc s f
er e f t h i gh t e es or 1 0 ee e .
2 98 T H E L O C AT I O N S U RV E Y

locomo tiv t h t it i xp ct d will b u d on th o d

Th e e a s e e e e se e r a

or, if th t i n t kn own a t h t in th j ud gm n t of t h
s o n gin s
,
on e a e e e e eer

should b u ed lo a d d f th rulin g g d i u ppo d t

e s e or e ra e, s s se o

st t f om th b ginning of th lin
ar r e d m k th b t p d p
e e e an a e e es s ee os

sibl e wi thin its ma ximum limit ove the divi ion on th g d

, , r s e ra es

d w A veloci ty p o fi le th t m ay b e li d i d a wn
ra n . r d a rea ze s r , an

th ch e ct of th e i
a ra d f ll tudi d
er If y of C l a C
r se a n a s e . an ss or

B pp a th e v lu e of limin t in g it will b con id

ea rs , a d d ff e a e s ere an o

se t g in t uch
a a ddi tion l co t th b e t
s s a n g m ent of th a s as e s rea rra e e

g d es to ccomp li h it n ec ssit t s
ra a I f ddi tion l i se n d f ll
s e a e . a a r a a

of th comp tiv ly h a ml s cl ss c n b int oduc d p ti u

e a ra e r es a a e r e ,
ar c

l ly s s g t
ar a duc th g din g it S hould b don if th e g in
a s, o re e e ra , e e a

in thwo k mo th n o ff et s th lo by inc ed ri
ea r r re a d f ll s e ss rea s se an a .

It i ot t u
s n th t a y ch nge m y b m a de in the g d lin e o
r e a n a a e ra e s

lo ng it i k p t w ll und the v locity p o fi l d n t mo th n

as s e e er e r e an o re a ,

s y a 8 feet und
, 2 it wi thout in t e fe in g with succ e ful o p tion
er ,
r r ss era ,

but it i pp oxim t ly t u e ; d it i tru th t v y sho t g d

s a r a e r an s e a er r ra es

t p
s ee th n the ulin g g d m ay be int oduc ed t
er a r ve mon y ra e r o sa e ,

if th ei ummit e well within th v loci ty p o fi le d it i

r s s ar e e r an s rea

s a b ly c e t in th t t he
on p
r a
e d f pp o a ch hown a by t h t p o fi l s e l
o a r S a r e

m y ba tt in d In con t ucting th veloci ty p o fi le it i p

e a a e . s r e r s ar

ti u la ly n e c s
c r y to h a ve in mind the lignment a high p d
e sa r a , s s ee

would not b e p e mit ted t h rp cu v s in a g r on lon g b id g sa s a r e sa n or r e ,

an d th e i tanc of lon g uncompen sa t d cu v mu t b e

res s e id e r es s con s

e ed thi
r e i s t nc e b ein g
, s r s lw ys dd d wi th the plu Sign to th e
a a a a e s

g d e esi st nc e which m y b e p lu s
ra r a minu s
, a or .

V e tic l cu v es ch n gin g by
r a
p er st t ion in s g sa d r a a an

p e st t ion on summi ts hould b u d t o join ll g d lin

r a S e se a ra e es .

Wh on v ery h a vy wo k th sm ll t s Of ch n g g tly
ere e r ese a ra e a e rea

inc ea se t he e thwo k th y m y b doubl d

r ar I t i w ell t d w
r e a e e . s o ra

t mpl te of the ve tic l cu v on thin t cin g p o fi l e p p e to u e

e a s r a r es ra r a r s

i fi ttin g g d e on th loc tion p o fi l e

n ra s e a r .

Wh n the b e t e n g ment of g a d s th a t seem s p o ibl e h s

s a rra e r e ss a

b n m d e the p l c s wh e furt h e imp ovem nt ms d si bl

ee a ,
a e re r r e see e ra e

a e s tudi ed in d t il wi t h th e m p fo
r p o ibl
e a
e ch a n ge s of li gn a r ss a

m ent th a t will p e mit cha n ges of g de fa vo bl both f om the

r ra ra e r
3 00 T H E L O C ATI O N S UR VE Y

2 . The ra e t
from th doo of the con i gno to the doo
is e r s r r
”
of the con ign e th fo e the lin hould go s clo e t th
s e, ere r e s a s o e

bu sin e s t t tion s s po ibl

a s a as ss e .

3 T h .li n d g r de hould fi t t h
e an
e country A a p e c nt
e s
e . r

g rad e hould not b S t t m p t d in p c ent coun t ry

e a b u t iet should e a 1 er ,

b d emon t t d b yond qu t ion t h t th e coun t y is

e s ra e e p c nt es a r 1 er e

country ; su ffi ci n t t ffi c will convert a p e c nt count ry into

e ra 1 r e

a p e c nt count y r A d g cu v e should not b u ed on

e r . 2— e ree r e s

a Iod gr hill but it mu t b e d mon t t d th t th hill is

-

e ee , s e s ra e a e a

Io d g ee hill ; u ffi ci nt t ffi c will convert a d g ee hill in t o

-

e r s e ra 10 -

e r

a 2 d g e hill o
-

e t i ght lin
re d t unn l r a s ra e an e .

4 Wh n mon ey is va il bl e th e loc t ion houl d b on

. e a st ic t ly
a , a s e a r

e cono mic b si s l vin g no imp ov m nt in lin

a , ea g d e unm d r e e e or ra a e

th t a
a b S ho wn to b p o fi ta bl e but
c n e e r ,

Wh en mon y i limi t d the loc tion hould b e th b t th t

e s e ,
a s e es a

th e a v il bl mon y w nt s
a a e e a rra .

T h e p inci p l of P rt II of thi s book Should b e u ed in d ter

r es a s e

mining th mo t economic l loc tion e s a a .

Rep ort T h e epo t on th loc a t ion will b e

. r n ti lly r e esse a a re

p o tr i ch a c t
o of li gnm nt a d
ra co t wi t
erh a s t t mae n t of uch e n s ,
a e s

a l te n te d et il a m y e m wo thy of con id e a tion A con

r a a s s a s e r s r .

d e sed m p a d p o fi l e is conv eni n t fo u

n a n wit h uch a r p o t
r e r se s e r

a d o e s uch m a p a d p o fi l e fo
n n a p o po d ho t conn ec ting
n r r r se S r

lin e is sho wn on Pl at XIV e .

Ki n d ly fu rn ish ed b y M r . W . D T aylor, C hief En gin eer

. of th e C hi c ago an d

Alto n R a ilway .
 C HAPT E R XXI

C ONSTR UCTION SURV E YS

Organ i za t io : Sh ort Lin n F sm ll xt en sion o lin e of
e. or a a e , r ,

10 mil l th n gin in g fo c n c
es o r ess , e e y will b e n n gin e
eer r e e essa r a e e r

in ch ge a in t um nt m a odm n d n xm n If th ere
ar ,
n s r e an , r a , an a a a .

ar e y im
an p o t n t st ructu r a
es s p il e b id g m on ry a bu t
, m nt a
s r es , as r e

or p i buildi
e rs , o r n g s in p c t o hould b,e m
an p loy e d st ea ch e r s e a

structu e in p o g r s t e tim e
r If the p l n f
res a on ll b id ges n d . a s or a r a

buildin g mu st b ma de a i th ca wh en th lin e i t a p a rt
s e , s s e se e s no

of l ge syst em ha vin g st nd d p l n s d en gin e in g o ffi ce

a ar r a ar a an an er ,

a d ft m n will b qui d If th con t ruc tion i in p o g

ra s a e re re . e s s r ress

a lon g the nti len gth t the s m time it m y b e n c ry

e re a a e , a e essa

to h v e t m f th in t um nt p ty n d hO se ho s
a a ea or e s r e ar ,
a a r or r e

an d li gh t o d w gon f r a th e en gin a in ch g or eer a r e.

T h en gin ee in ch ge p fo m s th e du t i
e r ar ssi gn d in moer r es a e re

e xt en siv e wo k t th chi f n gin

r o d ine ddi tion do e th
e e eer, an a s e

in pection wo k d d i gnin g of the e id n t n gin m n tion ed

s r an es r s e e eer e

h e a ft ; th t i h hould g ov the wo k d ily n d give it

re er a s, e s o er r a a

a g e n l in
e ra
s p e c t ion di e ct t h g ul in , p c t o
r d giv uche re ar s e rs a n e s

od r ers n d di ec t ion
a m y be n c
r ry s asd d t min e th e
a e essa , an e er

dim n ion e s d fo m of ll t uc tu
s an r s a s r re s

T h in t um ent p rt y con si t in g of th in t um ent m n rod

e s r a , s e s r a ,

m an , a nd xm n m k s ll th fi eld u v y
a a ,
a e d m a u m nt e s r e s an ea s re e s,

a d com p u t s
n ll qu n t i t ie xc p t th o se fu ni h d by th p ci l
a a es e e r s e e s e a

struc t u e in p ecto
r s rs .

Th d a ftsm n und e th di ction of th chi f n gin e

e r a , r e m k re e e e er, a es

a ll d win g of p l a n fo t uctu
ra s d s i t in such o ffi ce wo k
r s r res , a n a ss s s r

a s th e is to do such a co
re p ond
, nc t h m s kin g ofrrest im t e e, e a es a es ,

a n d fi lin g If f om t he fi st in c ept ion of th

. r n t rp i e to its
r e e e r s

fin i h e v e ryt hin g i don e in the l e st po ibl tim e

s s th t p e a ss e , so a r

limin ary su vey loca tion n d con struction m ay ll b e in p o g ess

r , , a a r r

301
3 0 2 C O N ST R U C T I O N S U RVE Y S

a t on e time t least two a ddition l men to ct as ch inman an d

,
a
“

a a a

fl gm n will b e
a a qui d I f the tim of p ep tion is e xtend ed
re re . e r a ra

s o t h t th e loc tion st kin g out

a ad m kin g of ll p l n s m y b e
,
a , an a a a a

complet d b efo e th e con t uction b egin s th fo c e du in g con

e r s r , e r r

t uc tion m y con si t of the engin ee in ch g

s r a d t wo
s th ee r a r e, an or r

h elp s E conomy u su a lly m n s th e l ge fo c f the short e

er . ea ar r r e or r

tim e .

If th lin e i l ess th n 5 mil e it will p e h ap s b e po ibl e t o d is

e s a s, r ss

p en se wi t h t h e d ft m n d th t e ms ra s a an e a .

O gan i a tio : Lo g Lin

r z Wh n the wo k i mo
n n xt n siv e. e r s re e e e,

s y a ,
mil s ove n d i to b p o cu ted t v e l p l c s t
20 e or r, a s e r se a se ra a e a

o ne tim n o g ni a tion va rying but littl f om th t l dy

e, a r a z e r a a rea

n med will b e equi d on e ch s ction of 8 to

a r mile re a e 10 s .

Wh n the wo k cov e s s y
e mile r mo th followin g r , a ,
1 00 s or re , e

o g ni tion will b e equi ed

r a za r r

A chi ef en gin ee an a i t a nt chi f n gin r,o oci a t e en gi ss s e e ee r r a ss

ne divi ion n gin f

er, a s ch 3 to 5 milese id en t n gin r
eer or ea 0 0 , a res e ee

fo r ea ch 5 to mile I th chi ef en gin 10 fl e th e s .will b e n e eer s o

’ f
ic re

a cl e k who is a st eno g
r ph e an d o e mo d ft m n who ra r, n or re ra s e

m y a l o do cl ic l wo k a t t im es
a s T h a s oci t e n gin e
er a willr . e s a e er

b e in th me o ffi c I e ch divi sion engin s offic e will b e ’

e sa e . n a ee r a

d ft m n who m y l so do cl ica l wo k an d t tim s ddition l

-

ra s a a a er r , a e a a

h lp m y b equi d
e a e r re .

E ch r esid nt en gin ee will equire in his p a ty a odm n who

a e r r r r a

ca u se fi eld in t um n t
n a d d aw n xm n n d du in g th
s r e s n r , a a a , a r e

p e iod of t aking out wo k

r s o two ta pemen r on e r .

I n ddi t ion to thi fo c e p incip l a s i t nt en gin

a s e som e r r a s s a eers a r

times employed nking a bout wi th divi ion en gin e ,

ra Th e s e rs . se

a re in ch ge of sp eci l d ep a tment s of wo k a s b idgin g

ar a in r r , r , or

ch a ge of p ticula impo t ant st uctu

r ar a unu su lly la ge
r r r res , s an a r

b idge or vi duct
r long adi ffi cult tunn l tc I n p cto s
, a or e , e . s e r

should u su lly b e e mp loy ed a o on e ch pi c e of imp o t nt ,

ne a e r a

m onry wo k o buildin g T h e should l o b a in p ctor

as r , r . er a s e n s e

of t ck la ying an d e o mo e ti in p cto s A sp ci l pa ty
ra , on r r e s e r . e a r

und the di ction of in t lligent l nd u veyo m y b e a d v n

er re an e a s r r a a

t age u sly u sed to m a k e ll ri ght of wa y m p a n d eco d

o T hea a s r r s .
3 04 C O N ST R U C T I O N S UR E YS V

e x ecuti ve c r pre id nt
offi e gen e l
,
m a n g dsw ll p ci
e , or ra a er, ra a s e

fi c tiona d m k e ll cont c t f
s, an m teri ls o l bo H i
a a ra s or a a r a r . s

o ffi ce throu gh th ssi tan t chief en gin r will furni sh divi sion

,
e a s ee ,

en gin ee s wi t h co p i
r of a ll g n l p lan for o din ry structu
es e era s r a res ,

fo m of exca va tion s d mb nkmen ts sp ecifi c tion s f all

r s an e a , a or

classes of wo k on th i di vi ions d sp eci a l p l n for u u u l

r e r s , an a s n s a

work or structu wh n th y occu res e e r .

All a li gnmen t d g d e mu st b pp ov ed by th e chi f en gi

an ra s e a r e

n er b efo th y e dopt d fo con st uction T h chi f n gi

e re e ar a e r r . e e e

ne r should g o ve th n ti lin s often s p o ibl e not l ss

e o r e e re e a a ss , e

f qu ntly th n once in th e mon th s un less the wo k is of such

re e a re , r

magnitud s to ma k e thi impo ible

e a s ss .

Th e chi ef en gin eer is t he g n e l d e ign in g an d xecu tiv e ra s e e

o ffi cer of con t ruction an d th assi st ant chief en gin eer is his

s , e

fi ld e x cu t iv e
e e .

The divi ion en gin er f om su v ys n d inform a tion fu

s e ,
r r e a r

ni hed by t h
s e id nt ngin e r s a d foll owin
get h n l pel n eers, n era a
g e e s

furni h ed by the chi ef engin e m k ll d t il p l n s f th

s er, a es a e a a or e

va riou s sm ll t ructu es on hi d i vi ion an d w ite bill of m t i l

a s r s s , r s s a er a

for th es d sign a tin g e ch by it st ation on the m p p o fi l

e, e a s a or r e .

C o p i es of th e p l n s n d m t e ri l bi ll
se e fu ni h d th e chi ef
a a a a s ar r s e

en gin ee s offi c e T h e divi ion en gin e m y l o m k

’
r .
p s e r a a s a e s e

c ia l d esi gn s fo p eci l t uc t u r s but th e e wh en s m d mu t

a s r res , s o a e s

b e a pp ov ed by th r chi f ngin r Th divi ion n gi e e e ee . e s e n eer

ma kes mon t hly et u n t th chi f en gin e of ll wo k don

r r s o e e e r a r e

a n d m a t e i a l s su p li ed on hi
r divi ion H hould o ov h i er s
p g s s . e S

divi sion a t l e st onc e ch mon th d oft n if p o ible H

a ea , an e er, ss . e

wi ll furni h ea ch e id n t n gin ee und e him wi th m p d p

s r s e e r r a an ro

fil e of hi esid ncy s with p l n f ll t ructu e a d bill of

r e , a s or a s r s, n s

m t eri a ls a d wi th copi es of the sp eci fi c tion s fo work to be don

a ,
n a r e

on th e e id ency
r s .

Th e esid ent en gin

r wi th hi p rty ma kes all u v ys deer, s a ,
s r e an

mea u ment s equi d in st kin g out e rt hwo k a d t uctu

s re r re a a r n s r res

for con t uction a d i in imm di t ch rg of th wo k on hi

s r ,
n s e a e a e e r s

re sid ncy e He cts a s in specto xc p t s p ci l in p cto s

. a r e e a s e a s e r

ar e mploy d n d th
e e hould b ubj ect to hi di ection The
, a ese s e s s r .
 TH E WO R K O F T H E RE S I D E N C Y
305

res id n t ngin
e m k mon thly etu n t th divi ion ngi
e eer a es r r s o e s e

n of ll wo k don
ee r a d m t e i l s fu ni h d on h i
r e an id ncy a r a r s e s res e .

Th Wo k of th
e R i d ncy
r Th esid n t
e n gines b ing
e . e r e e eer e

fu ni h d wi th no tes of lignm n t co d s of b nch m k s t

r s e a e , re r e ar s e

on loca tion d a p o fi l of hi , an id ncy fi t t c th e lin

r e s res e ,
rs re ra es e

wi th g t c e d e t bli h ll t n i t p oint p ticul ly

rea ar an re s a s es a ra s s, ar ar

p oint of cu v s d t n g ncy ; if e o
r e an found h m k no t
a e rr rs a re e a es e

of th em om t im in t oducing long
, s e ho t t tion to m k
es r or s r s a s a e

th e not g wi
es t h t h
a lin ree c t u lly l id out A ll e t n i t e as a a a . ra s

point s should b c fully f nc d wi th t k s t wh e th y e a re re e re e s a e se re e

will not b di tu b d by con t uc tion wo k T h y m y b t b

e s r e s r r . e a e es a

lished by in t c tin g t n i t lin ers e d if t h y com wh e d p

ra s es , a n e e er ee

cut s a t b m d c mu t b t k n t s loc t e th f nc
re o e a e, a re s e a e o o a e re ere e

p oin t d fi nin
s g t he lin th t wh n th eut i m d it will till b
es a e e c s a e s e

p o ibl t s e th p oin t t b
ss e o e p l c d f om th
e fe nc po in t
o e re a e r e re re e s .

H th n une h ck l v l ov th lin h ec kin g bo th th

e r s C e e e s er e e, C e

p o
r fi l d t h
e an b nch m k d
e t t in g
e ddi t ion l b nch
ar m k
s, an se a a e ar s

a bou t f t p t Th
1 00 0 ee hould b e s t wh e e th y will t
a ar . e se s e r e no

b di t u b d by th wo k of con t uc t ion
e s r e e d bou t on a l v el wi t h
r s r ,
an a e

t h g d lin n
e ra th m th er th n in hollow
e e ea r e on to p of hill
, ra a s or s s.

T hi i to f cili t t l v lin g s th e wo k pp o ch
s s a a e e e comp l tion a r a r a es e .

If di c p nci s re found in th loc tion no t th

a es a re id en t e a es , e res

mu t ch ck hi own wo k to b e su ethe o i not hi C o p i

s e s r r e rr r s s . es

of th co ct d lin
e rre d l v l no te hould b fu ni h d t once
e an e e es S e r s e a

t the divi ion n gin e

o swh will in tu n fu ni h th m t th chi ef
e er, o r r s e o e

e n gin eer .

T h n xt t ep i to m k th bound i s of th e i gh t of w y
e e s s ar e ar e r a

for cl in g m ki g no t of th moun t of cl in g d g ubbin g

ea r , a n es e a ea r an r

in a cco d nc e wi th th p ovi ion of th p ci fi c tion s

r a e r s s e s e a .

Whil e th cl i g i goin g on tho p o tion of th lin th t

e ea r n s , se r s e e a

a e Cl e
r m y b c o
ar c tion d f con t uction Du in g thi
a e r ss se -

e or s r . r s

p iod unl
er p ci l p
ess t y i a i g
s n d et tahi wo k su v
ar y s a ss e o s r ,
r e s

for d in g ra e afo th e v l o p ning

a r as d f
r m ps e se era e s an or a

a n d d s c i p t ione of ri ght of w y
r s m y l o b m d a a rea s a a s e a e,

a d p
n man nt co n m y b p l c d t th in t c tion of
er e r e rs a e a e a e erse s

ra il o d an d oth r land lin

r a Soundin g e d t t pi t s m a y b es . an es e
 3 0 6 C O N ST RU C T I O N S UR VE Y S

m d e t th e si t of imp rt a t t u tu d sp ci a l su v y s
'

a a es o n s r c res , an e r e

a t imp ort nt b id g a vi duct i t

r Th
e or u v y hould b a S es . ese s r e s s e

s uch t o fu ni sh ccu t con t ou m p of the i t info m tion

as r a ra e r a s S es , r a

as t high d low w t ch ct of bo ttom d d pth t ock

o an a er, a ra er ,
an e o r

or o th e good found t ion m t i l t ll p oin t wh

r a it m y a er a a a s ere a

p o ibly
ss b w n t d fo
e ur
p p o a of ed i gn N o t sr of ll u v y ses es . e a s r e s

s hould b full d xplici t wi th su ffi ci en t xp l n to y m tt t

e an e , e a a r a er o

e n bl a e a ucc o to fully in fo m hi m lf a s t wh t h s b n
s ess r r se o a a ee

don e d t t k e u p th wo k wh th o i gin l id n t m y
an o a e r ere e r a res e a

f or a n y c u h a v t l e
se v i t aT h no te hould ll b in b ook
e o a e . e s s a e s

an d not on s c p of p p ra d hould b fully illu t t ed wi t h

s a er, a n s e s ra

w ll d wn k tch
e —
ra T h e i no o t h
S e es fo m of no te
. n ti ly
er s er r s so e re

sa ti f c tory s w ll m d k t ch s M ny o th p ci l u v y
s a a e —
a e s e e . a er s e a s r e s,

s uch a s tho e f t tion i t s d sidin g w t

or s a u pp ly st tion
s es an s, a er s a s,

o d d t m ch n g t m y b qui d f om t im t tim
-

r a an s rea a es , e c . a e re re r e o e,

an d th wo k dv nc
as e th v iou s struc t u s mu st b
r a a est k d et ar re e s a e ou .

Th e sid ent
re n gin should f mi li i him lf wi th the
e eer a ar z e se

p o sibi
s l i t i of th coun
es t y dj c ntet hi s id ncy p rt icul ly
r a a e o res e , a ar

as t o th e loc t ion d cha cte of bu ildin g ton d timb ui t

an a ra r s e an er s

a bl ef t uc tu
or s r ti H m y l o in v sti g t w t
res _o r es . u pp ly e a a s e a e a er s

p o ibili t i e
ss tim e p mi t
s as em mb e in g t h t p u e er oft w t s, r e r a r , s a er,

as fe r e as p o ibl f om c l p oducin g min e l i th fi t d

ss e r s a e -

r ra s , s e rs e

sid eratu m d t h t g vi t y u pp ly t
,
an a on bl co t i u u lly
a ra s a a rea s a e s s s a

ch ap th n pump d up p ly
e er a a e s .

Th e resid n t ngin e hould b fi m b u t court ou

e eer s d e r , e s an rea

son bl e in ll hi d lin g wi th th p eop l livin g long n

a , a s ea s e e a or ea r

his e id ncy r s e Th p o p l will oft n b un

. e on bl b u t the
e e e e rea s a e,

res id nt mu t ememb e th t th e m who lo hi t mp lo s

e s r r a an ses s e er se

hi s c e as .

T h e e id nt n gin e
r s e hould g d ily ov ll wo k und w y
e er s o a er a r er a

an d giv e uch di c t ion a m y b e n e c e

s re y H i odm n ds s a ssa r . s r a an

p rty hould b e comp et en t t d

a s uch in st um nt l wo k m y o o s r e a r as a

b e r e qui ed t tim s wh en th
r a id n t mu t b els wh
e e res e s e e ere .

Th e resid nt should e th t th e wo k i b in g don e co ctly

e se a r s e rre

s to m et hod n d t h t it i b in g k p t t tim H e hould fu

.

a , a a s e e o e . s r

ni h ew lin e st ke n d gr d t k a s often as the con t ctor

s n a s, a a e s a es , ra
 08 C O N ST R U C TI O N S URV E Y S
3

d ep a r tment qui e it uch a ccount will be va lu a ble to th

re r s , s n a e

res id n t in connection wi th the monthly e tim t s a d s

e s a e , n a

d t mining th ctu l co t of th wo k which m y b e a it em

e er e a a s e r , a n

of knowledge of g t v lu e to him t noth time rea a a a er .

H e hould k p s di y of ll t h t he his p ty a d the con

ee a ar a a ,
ar n

t c to
ra do f om d y t d y H e should c efully study the
r, r a o a . ar

m thod s u d in doin g th e wo k t ying if p o s ible to d et min e

e se r , r , s , er

t he on f do pting th p ticul method cho n H e will

rea s or a e ar ar se .

no t o ff nd if h i e bl to su gg t b tte method ma kin g u e

e s a e es e r s, s r

fi t th t t h y
rs a e b tt e ar e er .

Wh n th g din g m son y
e e ra d t imb r wo k , e com p l t ed
a r , an e r ar e ,

th e id nt ngin will t t ck c n t f the t ck l yin g

res e e ee r se ra e ers or ra a

Th ese hould b v y tout hub bou t 8 in ch s long fi mly

s e er s s a 1 e , r

d iven t ch t tion t ck m k ing th e x ct cen t lin e O

r a ea s a , a a ar e a er . n

cu ve of 4 d g e
r s ov th hub hould b t v y 5 f t
e re s o r er e s S e se e er 0 ee ,

a n d on v y h a p cu v e v y 5 f t Th hub hould st nd
er s r r s e er 2 ee . e s S a

f om 4 to 6 inch
r bov th u f c I es at imb d coun t y
e e s r a e . n a e re r

t he xm n of th
a a id n t p ty will ccumula t a supp ly of
e res e
’
s ar a e

th hub t odd tim du in g the p o g

ese s a of th e g din g
es r r ress ra

I f p a t of t h b ll st i p l c ed b fo
r e at h t ck i
a l id b ll t
s a e re e ra s a , a as

g rad t ek wi t
s a h t o p flu
es , h wi t h t h p o p o s d b ll t su fa c
s s e r e a as r e,

mu t b t ft th ub g d su f c i compl t d
s e se a er e s ra e r a e s e e .

I f t h b ll tin g i don
e a ft the t ck is l id th common
as s e a er ra a , e

p rac t ic a p o fi
e,l of t h t p
r of t h eil m y b m d to
e l o
ge e ra a e a e a ar

v rtic l sc l
e a d t k et f
a e, a n th t p of th e
s a il p o po ed
es s or e o ra r s

a fte the qui ed mount of b ll st h s b e n p l c d L v ls

r re r a a a a e a e . e e

t k n on the il a fte the wo k is don will ch ck the a mount

a e ra r r e e

of b ll st und the ties

a a er .

Wi th the comp l t ion of the t ck th wo k of the id ent en gi

e ra e r res

n er u su lly clo e an d he i di mi ed
e a s s, moved l ewh t s s ss or e s ere o

do oth wo k I f h has hown u fli i t bili ty d in te e t

er r . e s s c en a an r s

in hi wo k a d the welf e of hi mp loy s he will p ob bly b e

s r n ar s e er , r a

et a in d Ability i of t w kind abili ty to do

'

r e . s s t t sk o d s: a e a , an

a bili ty to see wh t n eed t b don e n d to do it The second is

a s o e a .

th e mo v lu ble qu a li ty a d should b e cultiva t d but it cann ot

re a a n e ,

be cqui d bya m re who h non e of it

a an bi thri ght as as a r .
 S T AK I N G O U T E A RT H W O RK 3 09

S tak in g rt wo k ou t Th c o Ea h ction of il o d m
r . e r ss se -
a ra r a e

b km t
an xc v tion b ein g a pp oxim t ly
en or e a a hown in Fi g r a e as s s .

“
9 1 an d 9 s t kin g ou t
2, t h wo k con i t in fin d in g th h i ght
a e r s s s e e

C f om g ound l v el to gr d l v l t
r r ch st a t ion the h igh t
e a e e e a ea , e s

h ,
d h f om g ound l e v l t g d e l e v el t the p oint wh
an , r r th e
e o ra a s ere

s id lo p es in te ect the g ound a d th di t nc d an d d f om

e s rs r n e s a es
, , r

th c n te to th se l t n m d p oin t
e er e d p l cin g st k es p o p ly
as a e s, a n a a r er

m k d a t A B d E T h e e qu nti ti e e ll u sed di ctly

ar e , , an . s a s ar a re

or indi ec tly in compu tin g the e of the c o

r ction Th e ar a r ss —se . sec

t ion s shown e c ll d t h ee l e v el s c t ion

ar b cau e el v tion s
a e r e s e s e a a re

found t th e poin ts I f the g ound i le vel a c o the h

a re . d r s r ss ,
’
s an

C a e th e s m e
r d th sec tion i kno wn a s a l e v el sec tion ; if
a ,
an e s a

c o s p o fi l of th g oun d is qui te i gul the section i known

r s r e e r rre a r, s

a s an i egul section h igh t f om ground to gr d e le vel d

rr ar , e s r a , an

co sp ondin g di t nce f om the c ent b in g t ken n d eco d d

rre s a s r er e a a r r e

a t a ll m ked ch ang s of slop e L e v el an d ir egul s ction

ar e . r ar e s a re

s hown in Figs 93 an d 94 .

B o t h fi gu e show mb nkm en t c o ss section s ; e xc v tion se

r s e a r -
a a c

t ion s would b e th m inv e t d h nce e sa fo m will su ffic f

e r e , e on e r e or

illu t tion If the lin li on a id hill in such way th t the

s ra . e es S e a

g ound
r s urf c e in t c t t h e ag d e l e v e l wi t hin
erseth e li mi t sof th ra s e

o d b d wid th th ction is a id hill ction of which th

r a -

e , e se s e se ree

fo ms e hown in Figs 95 96 a d 97 In a ll of th fi gu s
r ar s .
, ,
n . e re ,

9 t 97 w is th e wid t h of th fi ni h ed o d b ed a t sub gr d e th t
1 o e s r a a a
-

, ,

is b low th e b ll t
, e I n a cu t tin g th i m ea n s a t the l e v el f th
a as .
, s o e

t p of th e sid e di t ches thu s

o
w or W , t hu s

a cco din g t the fo m of o d b ed

r o r r a -

I ll c
n a hown in th fi gu
a ses s t k es a e set only
s t A B e res , a r a , ,

an d E xc p t th t in id e h ill e c tion s a g d e hub a d gu a d

, e e a s s ra n r

st ka d iv n t G (in Fig 96 t A)
e a re r e a . a

I F ig 94 no st k e
n . t f t h h i ght a b f an d g b
s a re se or e e s a, ,
e, , , e

c u se th would b mo v d o cove ed in the gra din g a d

a ese e re e r r ,
n

th m e su em n t
e a e m d e only f
r e the p u po
s ar of g t tin g th
a or r se e e

a re a of th c o ss s c tion while th e st k es t B d E e put in t

e r -

e , a a an ar o

m k the limit of th e wo k The st k e a t A is emoved b efo e

ar s r . a r r

wo k b egin s n d pla c ed a lon gsid e B or E The st ke a t A which

r a . a ,
 C O N ST R U C T I O N S URV E YS

Fi g 91. F i g 92
.

F ig 93 F i g 94

F i g 97
.
3 12 C O N S TR U C T I O N SUR E YS V

re
p e a t e d till
im t d di t nc d compu t d di t a nc ag ee
the est a e s a e an e s e r ,

wh n th t k i m k d d th co d m d The dist nce

e e s a e s ar e an e re r a e. a

d d p nd f
,
it v lu on h
e e d i found t hu s : C on id rin g
s or s a e ,,
an s s e

F ig 9 b fo d
.
5w 1 asm ; if S b the lo p e r a tio th a t i
e re , ,
e s , s,

hori ont l to v t ic l S fl th n m
z a Sh d d er5w + Sh a ,
or e ,
an , ,.
h
I f th e fi rs t es tim
of d hould giv th point E the v lu of
a te ,
s e e
’
,
a e

h from th od din g th would giv

e r v lu for d g e ter
rea ere e a a e , ,
r a

t h n e t im t d n d if th tim t giv s th oin ”

a s fi t a e ,
a p t E t h e e rs es a e e e ,

v lu e of h f om th d ding th e would give d sm ll r th a n

a r e ro rea er ,
a e

es t im t ed a d a cco din g
a ,
the r e ult i
n w y or th oth er
r as s s on e a e

th s cond e t im t e will b e m d e gr e t er or l
e e s s th a n the fi r t
a a a es s .

Aft r e sid e is st k d th e o p
on e tion is p ted on th o th er a e era re ea e

s id The fi t e tim t e of a di st nc d i oft n n

e . rs s nou gh to
a a e s e ear e

th t uth wh n m de by
e r ,
xp i nc d m
e H e m k e hi
a an e er e e an . a s s

es t im t e by kn owin g C f om thi e t im ting h

a d th n com put ,
r s s a ,
an e

in g d S d w would lw y b k own ; thu s w i u u lly f om

. an a a s e n , ,
s s a r

1 4 t f t for sin gl t a ck o ad b d d is d te min d f

o 20 ee e y r r -

e ,
an e r e or an

p art icul r o d b fo ea buildin g r aS d p end on t h e m t eri a l

r . e s e a ,

b u t is l o u u lly p ci fi d for a y p ticul

a s s a o d f th v a i
s e e n ar ar r a or e r

ou s cl of m t i l to b m t wi th in the con truction I t is

a sses a er a e e s .

u u ally th e h lv or a pok en 5 to
s re a M o t a my en gin e s
es , ,
s s ,
1 1 . s r e r

giv e th lo p by m ntionin g the v tic l fi t as 1 on 5 an d

e s e e er a rs ,
1 ,

thi s t io i th t u d by F nch n gin

ra s I n th e id e hill
a se re e eers . s

s c t ion
e Fig 95 a ,
d 97 th p oint
s G
. i found by t i l
n movin g ,
e s r a ,

th d f om th c nt r tow d
e ro r id e till th p oint i
e e ch d
e ar on e s e s rea e

wh e e th d e di g is wh t it S hould b for the g d lev el

r e ro r a n a e ra e .

G a d Lev el vs D t u m
r e I doin g thi s wo k it i b e t to c
. a y . n r s s a rr

the h i ght of in t um n t abov e g d e

e th r th n bove t h
s r e ra ra e a a e

E le v 4.

Fig 98.

um d d tum th d
a ss e a ,
as e ro rea din g mo quickly giv th fill or t
re es e cu .

T hu s su p p o F ig 98 to r
,
se ep r es n te ho t ection of p o fil how
a s r s r e s
 T E RM I N AL P YR AM I D 1
3 3

in g g a d e li nra l v t ion of e e e
a t t t ion aa n d d e c e ndin g s a 1 00 , a s

1
p e c en t rg d T h c n tra lin i e evid
. n t ly in fill
e b et w ee n er e s e e

t tion
s a d bou t
1 00 an 6 i in a t t t t ion 1 00 t g de 0, s cu a s a 101, a ra

a t bou t
a 5 in fi
10 1ll t t 2 S u pp ,
o e t h in t um a nt 1 0 2, e c . s e s r e

se t u p wi th H I of an t h n a t t tion . it i bove e s a 1 00 s a

g a
r d d t
e, an h e di ff nc b t w n t hi d th e
ere d e din g giv
e e ee s an ro r a es

th e fi ll T h gr d f ll a foot t
. e a henc H I bov g d e
e a s o 101, e . a e ra

at 101 i d the di ff
s nc b tw n thi d th d din g
an ere e e ee s an e ro rea

i th cut
s e F indin g cut t
. by no tin g th t th d r din g i a 101 a e ro ea s

l th n the H I bov g d a t i l i m d b tw n
ess a . a e ra d e, r a s a e e ee 1 00 an

1 01 to fi d the g d e poin t ; at 6 th H I bov gr d is

n ra 0 e . a e a e

which b ing the rod e ding how g d t b t e r a S s ra e o e a

thi poin t d g d e plu g i d iv n O th n b y c o ss c tion

s ,
an a ra s r e . er ear -
r -

se

may b t k n e t cco din g to th m gni t ud of th e wo k

a e or n o a r s e a e r ,
a

ex p l in ed b low
a At e + 5 H I . bove gr d e i 10 1 2 . a a s

a d n
g d
a p oin t
ra i looke d f if t h din gs i n t ju te gr d
or, e e rea s o s a

is n ea rer or f th f om arp o ibly a t

er F 3 wh
r e t h H
10 1 , I ss —
0, re e .

a bov gr d i e a e s At H I bov gr d e is et c 1 02 . . a e a .
,

until th c p city of the d or di t nc li mi t of th in t um nt

e a a ro ,
s a e e s r e ,

is ch d If th in t um nt w b low g d
rea e . e s r in t king e ere e ra e, as s a

out high fill th H I b l w gr d plu the d e din g would

a ,
e . e o a e, s ro r a ,

b th fi ll
e A s t rul could b fo mul t d f d t rmi nin g wh t h r
e . e e e r a e or e e e e

th e ro d din g indic t d cut fill b u t uch ule a b li v d

rea a e or ,
s r s re e e e

to b unwi ; th engin
e se hould b e cle in his own min d from
e eer s ar

hi s own onin g in all th t he do s

rea s a e .

Te rmi n l Pyra mi d a Wh n th wo k p e f om fill to cut .

—
e e r a ss s r

on a hill id th t the g d contour u di gon lly c o the

s e so a ra e r ns a a a r ss

ro ad b ed d the fill a d cut o ad b ed a of diff nt wid th

-

,
an n r -

s re ere s,

the c o s ction no t to b t k n m ay b m d cl by
r s se-

es e in a e e a e ear an

Sp t i n of F ig 99
ec o T h p yr mi d of emb nkm nt DB HF m ay
. . e a a e

b e known if th B HF d th di t nc HD
e a rea known d an e s a e a re ,
an

the p y mid of u t i k o wn wh n t h
ra c EJ G s d the l n gth
n e e a rea an e

AJ a re kn own H nc the no t s will how . e e e S

Th
1. t t ion e s a d p lu of A point wh an g d i fi s t found ,
ere ra e s rs

at th cu t h lf
e o d b ed t a r a -
ou .

2A c o s c tion of th e fill t B wi t h it t t ion

. r ss -
e d p lu a ,
s s a an s.
3 14 C O N ST RU C T I O N S UR V EYS

3 . t tion
T he a n d p lu
s as of D p oin t wh e g d e i l t found , re ra s as

at fi ll h lf o d b ed outa r a -
.

4 A .c o ction of t h
r ss se cut
-

t E wh th wo k b gin to b e a , ere e r e s e

wholly in xca v tion its t ation an d p lu s

e a ,
s .

I t is u su l l o t fi d th p o int C
a a s d o t g d p lu g th e re
n e an se a ra e ,

reco din g th st tion d p lu

r e a an s.

I f th e wo k i li gh t th g d
r s con tou c o th e o d b d
,
or e ra e r r sses r a -

n ly t ight a ngle only the point C n eed b e found

ea r a r s, e co d d or r r e ,

F ig .
99

t h e fi ll an d cut b in g con i d
e s ere d to en d an d b gin h
e ere wi th z er o
a re a s .

ompou nd S ction
C O cc ion lly bo in gs indic t th t t h
e s. as a r a e a e

fi t f w f t in d ep t h of
rs e eecuttin g i th d the r t ock T ha s ea r an es r . e

rock b in g t k en out t a t p slop the t p width would b e t

e a a s ee e, o oo

g t
reaif t k e d ou t on th e
s a ss um p tion th a t t h e cut i e th d too a s ar an

n ow if on th sump tion th t it is rock The compound se

a rr e as a . c

tion is sta k d out a follow e fe ing to Fig s S oun din g s , re rr . 1 00 . s

sho wthe d p th of C d l velin g how C p lu C I f the ock

e
e
an e s s
e
s
,
. r

is t b t k n out with v tic l id

o e a e th e width of cu tt in g t the er a s es a

t p of th
o ock will be w d llowing n bi t y b e m
e r , an a a ar ra r r e

wid th of 6 f t b tw n th d g of th ock cu ttin g n d th

ee e ee e e e e r a e

bottom of the e th cu ttin g give a b wid th of w = w + for

ar s a se
1
12
3 16 C O N S T RU C T I O N S UR V EY S

e dg opp o sit ea ch t tion d t a kin g c o s se ction s at th e e

es e s a an r s -

st t ion s b fo
a n d a ft th e xc v tion to d iv the volume
re a er e e a a er e

mov ed Sections m y b t k n often th n ch sta tion if

. a e a e er a ea

found desi a bl I f the bo ow p it e on a id e hill or

r e. rr s ar s , a re

l t e l e xt en sions of egul cu ts th volumes mov d m y b

a ra r ar , e e a e

obt in d by ta kin g c o section b efo

a e d ft e xc a v t ion t
r ss -

s re an a er a a

s uch in te v ls s m y b d m d n c ss y
r a a a e ee e e e ar .

St ak in g ou t Cu lv t s A simp l e box culv e t is st k ed u t by

er . r a o

p u ttin g two t k c ent d with ta ck on the c nt e lin of the

s a es ere s e r e

r o ad ne on eith e side of th pit to b e dug f the culve t foun

, o r e or r

da tion two st k s c nt d with ta cks to ma k the cent lin e of

, a e e ere r er

the culv t o e a littl b eyond ith e e d n d fou st kes to

er ,
n e e r n , a r a

m k the co m s of the founda tion p it The la t fou ta k a e

ar er . s r s es r

not c n t ed but e m k d with th d p th of cut to th pit

e er , ar ar e e e e

bottom I f p on tones a re to b pu t b elow th g n l l v l of

. a r s e e e era e e

th found tion th e cut is not giv n on th st a k s to t he bottom

e a , e e e

of the p on ston e but to the gen e l le vel of found tion The

a r , ra a .

en gin e det e mines f om the culve t p lan an d the ele va tion of

e r r r r

th g ound wh a t the d ep th of found tion is to b e

e r T h e culve t a . r

will lw ys b giv n a slop u u lly bout the a v ge of th

a a e e e, s a a era e

st ream s lo pe A di g a m will b e given the build showing l ngth

. a r er e

f o m the cente lin of the o d u p t m n d down an d he will

r r e r a s rea a ,

h a v gener l p l ns f om which to build

e a a r .

A a rch culv t with b a t t ed w ll

n a d win g w ll
er d n er a s, n a s, an a

op nin g wi ll u u lly ha ve e ch w ll ta ked ep t ly th c o

e , s a a a s s a ra e , e r ss

lin e b ein g the p oj ection downw d of the lin e t th e sp in ging

r ar a r

of the ch or th lin und e th co ping Th o ff et f om this

ar , e e r e . e s r

to the p a llel lin e a t the foot of the m in w ll bov th footi g

ar a a a e e n

cou e will b e comp ut ed f om the h ight of th w ll d th b tt

rs r e e a an e a er,

an d om en gin eer l y t hi lin in t d of th a t und

s e th co p in g
s a s e s ea er e .

With fla d win g walls th b t t p a ctic e i to l y out the lin e of

re e e er r s a

the fo ot of th e w ll s Wh en th t uctu is of ome m gni tud

a . e s r re s a e

a d the found tion pit d ee

n con id a bl llow nc e mu s t b e a a
‘

p s a ,
er e

m d e in l a yin g out the pit out sid e the n t footin g cou s

a foun ea r e or

d tion w ll s fo Slo pe to the sid es of th pit f co ffe d m thick

a a r a e ,
or r a

n ess in wet g ound o w t e n d for room to Work on the fa ce of

r r a r, a
 S T AKI N G O UT T UN N E L S 1
7

th e w ll b etween it n d the id es of th p it App oxim t d p th

a a s e . r a e e

of fou d tion i d t mi n d by soundi g F imp l c

n a s e er e n . or s e a ses , a

st l d
ee ro g s pip ,
d iv n wi th a h amm
or a n we s F e, r e er, a s r . or

imp ort nt t uctu a d di ffi cul t found t ion a t t p it m y b

s r res an a s es a e

n c ry d lw y th ound ing hould cov f i ly th e

e essa ,
an a a s e s s s er a r e ar a

of the bo ttom of th pit A ingl oundin g on c n t li t ll e . S e s e er ne e s

no thin g ; th d m y t ik bould th ock m y h v

e ro a s rh rp e a e r, e r a a e a s a ,

i gul dip I
rre ar imp l c e t k hould b et t th co n e s
. n a s e as s a es s e s a e r r

of th pit d m k d with the d pth of cutti g d et min d by

e an ar e e n , er e

th n gin
e e eer .

Sim p l e ch culv rt of m ll dim n ion

ar d pi p e culv rt
e s s a e s s, a n e s,

will b st k d out ju t a box culv t

e a e s s er s a re .

Stak in g out T estl d Pil B i dg s T e tl s

r e an
e t k d out e r e . r s e ar s a e

by givin g th e c n t lin t th b ginn i g d d of th e b idge

e er e a e e n an en r ,

a d n f qu n tly b tw n
as re th l ngth of th b idge an d the
e e ee as e e e r

d esi of the build m k e n c

re y d th l v t ion of th
er a s e es sa r , an e e e a e

found t ion l e v l (bo t tom of i ll ) d g d l v l t ch b ent f

a e s an ra e e e a ea , or

t h f mi n g of th e b n t
e ra If p f d by th build th en gin ee
e . re erre e e r, e r

m y giv e the h i gh t of b n t
a d if on e cu v th e h ight a t the e ,
an a r e, e

c nte d th e in clin tion of th

er an p H e will l o giv th e gra d e
a e ca . a s e

of found tion wh n the build i

a dy t p p it e er s rea o re a re .

Pil brid ges will b

e t k d by giv in g th c n t lin e a t bo th
e s a e e e er

e nd d if p o ibl
s, a n b tween t m ny p oin t
, ss m y b
e, e , a as a s as a e re

qui d Sou din g wi ll b t k n b fo e th pile

re . n s driv n t e a e e r e s a re e o

indic t e th p ob bl l n gth of p ile n c ss ry T ck

a e r a e n ile e e a . a s or a s

f cu t tin g ff will b
or t on s m ny p il s of
o ch b nt th build
e se a a e ea e as e er

d i e ; m k on th tw ou t id p il s e u su lly uffi ci n t d
es r s ar s e o s e e ar a s e , an

th y m y b t o foo t
e a oth e sebi t y di t nc e b low th
ne or er a r ra r s a e e

cu tting off le v l T h p oin t found by the u of th l v l

e . e s a re se e e e

an d d th e d t a b in g the g d e shown on the p o fi l

ro , a e nd ra r e, a

dimen sion found on th e p l n of th t uctu e

s a e s r r .

S ta k in g ou t Tunn el s S tt in g th e lin for short tu nn ls i . e e e s

n ot di ffi cult ; settin g th e lin e fo lon g tunn l p i cin g a mou t in r e s er n a

ran g may b e very di ffi cult not in the w y of th eo etica l p obl ms

e ,
a r r e ,

but in the e xt eme c e th t mu st b ta ken to in u e the m tin g

r ar a e s r ee

of th e two h ea din gs dri ven f om oppo sit end o f om sh fts r e s r r a

3 18 C O N ST R U C TI O N SUR E Y S V

s unk on tun l lin e an d th di ffi culty of wo kin g in the d k

th e ne ,
e r ar ,

wet ,nd c
a mp d p g s ra e a ss a e .

I f th e tunn l i ho t th c n t lin e b it t ight or cu ved

e s S r , e e er , e s ra r ,

i c
s i d o v the hill with g t c e d p oduc d i to th tunn el
a rr e er rea ar an r e n e

f om both id
r Th e n tu e of th hill Or b lu fi m y m k e it
s es . a r e a a

p ctic lly imp o ibl to c ry th lin di ctl y ov wh n th

ra a ss e ar e e re er, e e

t unn l m y b e d iv n f om
e a d r a e ndom t v r m y on e en ,
or ra ra ers e a

b e run by y p o ibl
an ou t f om n e
ss id to th e o t
e rh t h e r o S e er, e n e c es

s y comp u t tion m d to d t mi n th p op p oint d

ar a s a e e er e e r er an

di ction on th e f th e id I t i be li v d th t th stud nt
re ar r s e . s e e a e e

f mi li r wi th o din y su v ying m thod s c n d vi uch p l n

a a r ar r e e a e se s a

as m y b n c
a a y i
e
n y
e ess c e r an as .

A lon g tun l i u su lly t i ght thou gh som e h v

ne s acu ve s ra , a e a r

ne ar e e d
on Wh n thi i th c e th tun l m y b e run
n . e s s e as e ne a

t i ght t fi st th n nl g d to the cu v e if not t lon g Th

s ra a r , e e ar e r oo . e

only on for not d ivin g th e tunn el t once on th cu v d lin

rea s r a e r e e

i th e gr t e d iffi cul t y of l yin g out

s ea r cu v d t n g nt wi th a a r e an a e

th e p ci ion of
re s i gl st i ght lin F p oj ctin g th li n
a sn e ra e. or r e e e

c o the mount in p m n nt pi e s should b t bli h d t

'

a r ss a , er a e r e es a s e a

in t v ls on th e lin e
er a d c ent s d t min d on th e ,
an
p i by er e er e se ers

re p t
ea ed doubl c en t in g with ea l a ge in t ument A d
er r s r . n a

j u t
s ab le c nt e in gpe i e c e m r
y b e d e vi ed lidin g in f a m by a s , S a r e

o pp o in g c w p m n ntly fi x d wh n the fin l p o ition h

s s re s, er a e e e a s as

b e n d t min ed If high hill li o pp o it e th tunn l p o t l

e e er . s e s e e r a s,

a ddi t ion l st t ion a m a y b pl a c ed on th e e fo

a s f nc s indi e s r re ere e a

Fig . 1 02

k tch Fig 1 2 T h y m k e the p oj ection of the

.

ca t ed in the s e , . 0 . e a r

lin a c o ss the mount in easie n d mo cert in th n li

e r a r a re a a a ne

c i d u p th e st p i egul ides a bove the end of the tunn l

a rr e ee ,
rr ar s s e .

In y imp o t a nt wo k th e st tion p i e s will b e hou ed in

an r I f th e
r a r s .

di st ances a re lon g a l a ge t an sit With a t ele cop e h a vin g at lea st

, r r s
 20 C O N ST R U C T I O N S UR V E Y S
3

ta k n The vibr tion s a re l n d by puttin g the bob in

e . a esse e s

v l of w t e o oil
es se s ven l fluid liquid
a r r a s mol se ,
or e ess s as s .

V iou s d vic es h v e b en u ed fo
ar e x ctly c ent in g the lin es t
a e s r e a er a

t he t p of th e S h a ft
o T h e n gin will b e a ble to d evi e som
. e eer s e

m n s F g e t p eci ion he mu st p ovid e f l t l mo tion of

ea . or r a r s r or a era

th wie by c w re T unn l u u lly n g d an d the

s re s . e s a re s a o a ra e,

l velin g mu t b e c efully don s th lin e wo k tha t the two

e s as ar e a
-

e r ,

h e ding m y com t o g th p o p ly in v tic l s w ll a hori

a s a e e er r er er a a e s

t l li gnm n t
z on a A lon g tunn l b in g u su lly
a e . ummit hould e e a a s , s

h ve g d
a c ndi g f om bo th nd to th middl
ra es a s e n p o int r e s e e , or a

n th e middl to p ovid f p o p d in ge du ing c t u

ear e r e or r er ra a r on s r c

tion ; a sho t tun el b ein g f qu n tly cut th ou gh n ow

r n , re e a r a a rr

p oj ectin g idg m y b on con t inuou g d Wh n ve y

r r e, a e a s ra e . e r

long tunn l on continuou s g d i mu t b e pump d into

e s a re a ra e, a r s e

both nd e d w t e p ump d out f th hi gh

s, a n a d * r e o e er en .

B i dge Su rv eys
r B id g u v y include m king soundin gs
. r e s r e s a

for found a tion s loc ting th oundin g on a l g sca le m p of

, a ese s s ar e a

th it e a d th loc tion of butm n t d p i e

e s ,
n e a a e s an rs

T he soundin gs e m d in o din y c wi th st eel od s

ar a e r ar a ses r

d iven wi th h mm s ; wi th g pi p unk by blow

r a er by j t or as e s s or a e

of w t er fo c d th ou gh the p ip which i churn d w ight d

a r e r e s e or e e ,
as

m y be n c s y ;
a in imp o t nt c a
e es a r by th u of h vy pipe
or r a ses , e se ea

a n d li ght p il d ive with wi thout th u of a w te j et ; wi th

e r r or e se a r or

di mond
a oth e d ills th a t b ing up co e of the m t i l
or r r r a r a er a

p n et t ed
e ra .

E xc p t in c a ses wh e e the ch a a ct e of th found t ion i

e vid ent
r r r e a s e

f o m th u oundin g in gl oundin g on the c en t lin a t

r e s rr s, s e s s er e

p o p o sed a bu t m n t
r d p i e p oin t hould not b p e mi tt d t
e an r s S e r e o

su ffi c e A S in gl e soundin g t ll nothin g ; pp a nt rock m y b

. e s a re a e

a bould er ; t he ock may pitch i egul ly b k ff wh l st

r rr ar or rea o ere ea

ex p c t ed
e S om e co t ly e o s h a v e b n m d
. ths ult of rr r ee a e as e res

in u ffi ci ent sounding f found tion s F impo t nt structu es

s
‘

or a . or r a r

For d e t a ils of align m en t , d e sign , c o n st ru c t ion , cost , e tc see

“T u n n ellin ”
.
, g,
b y S i m m s, “ T u n n ellin g, b y P relin i , a n d a rtic le s i n the en gin ee r
”
i n g p ress o n the
S i m v
p lo n T u n nel, T he D et roit Ri e r T u n n el, T he Pe n n syl a n i a Ra ilro a d s H u d son
’
v
Ri v er T u n n el, T h e N ew Y o r k S bw y
u a , and The B oston S u wa y, b a nd t he Re port s
of t h e B osto n S u b wa v C ommission , t he N ew Yor kR a pi d Transit C ommission , et c.
 C L ASSI FI C AT I O N 321

enou gh soundin gs should b t ken t in u e a cor ect kn owled ge e a o s r r

of th ch a ct e of the bo ttom n d it slo pe ov e the whol

e ra r a s r e a rea

to b occu pi ed by pi o bu tm nt
e er r a e .

In su v ey s p limin y t th p l a nnin g of n im p o t n t b id ge
r re ar o e a r a r ,

soundin gs should be ta ken a t f equ ent in t v ls a lon g th e lin s r er a r e e ,

th c nt lin e a n d two p a ll el lin e u p n d down st a m re

e e er ar s a re

s p e c ti vely .

T heoundin gs in the t m may b e m d f om an ncho ed

s s rea a e r a r

bo t d th p oin t loc t d by t ri n gul tion on th ho e

a ,
an e s a e a a e s r .

I t i b est wh n v
s p o ibl , t loc te p i cent s by di ect
e e er ss e, o a er er r

m e su m nt wi t h lon g t l t p s u pp o t d if n c essa ry by
a re e s ee a e , s r e e

in t m di t bo t Wh n thi s i imp c tica bl p i c ent e s ma y

er e a e a s . e s ra e er r

b loc t d by t i n gul t ion f om ho

e a e F
r a lon g p n s th i a r s re . or s a s

wo k qui g e t c
r re bo th in m u in g b lin e an d in
res r a a re , ea s r a a se

c lcul tin g d tu nin g the n gl e

a a an r a s.

R m mb e in g th t
e e o of e minu t in turnin g an n gle
r a an e rr r on e a

m ns ea o in p o i tion of bout 5 of inch fo ch 0 f t

a n err r s a an r ea 10 ee

of l n gth of th lin e lon g which th i ght is t k en a d th t thi s

e e a e s a ,
n a

o i inc
e rr r s d in th loc tion of th p oin t of in t c tion th
rea se e a e erse , e

n c i ty f clo n gl wo k is vid n t A in t um n t a din g

e ess or se a e r e e . n s r e re

t cond i d i bl f thi wo k d two t i n gl hould

o 2 0 se s s e s ra e or s r , an r a es s

b u d wh n p o ibl f
e se ch ck
e lyin g u p t m d e
ss e or a e ,
on e s rea an on

dow st m f om th c nt lin Th
n rea r will lw y b tw e e er e . ere a a s e o

s id d th includ d n gl known to fi d
es a n e d l y ff
e S econd a e n an a o a

a n gl e W ll condition d t i n gl
. e -

hould b u s d ; th b est i e r a es s e e e s

on e th t i pp oxi m t ly
a s a quil t l t i an gl
r d non
a e hould an e a era r e , an e s

b u d h vin g
e se y n gl l
a t h n bou t 4 and g ee In g n l
a e e ss a a 0 e r s . e era

o ne an gl of ch tri n gl will b
e i gh t n gl
ea a e e a r a e .

Cl ifi ca tion
a ss Cl i fi c tion of .thwo k i n of th
a ss a ea r r s o e e

t oubl e om f tu es of th wo k of
r s e ea id ncy Sp ci fi c tion
r e r a res e . e a s

u su lly p ovid f th e cl s of wo k
a r e oroli d ock loo ock
r e a sse r , s r , se r ,

o th xc v tion som tim c ll d common e xc v tion om

er e a a , e es a e a a , s e

t im th
es ea r F o m ly fou th cla s w common n m ly h d
. r er a r s as , a e ,
ar

p an o h d mr t i l A
ar not unu su l p ci fi c tion f thi w
a er a . a s e a or s as

m t i l th at c nno t b xc v t d wi th t on g g din g p low

a er a a e e a a e a s r ra

well h ndled and d wn by a t ea m of si horses mules but tha t

a ra x or ,
 22 C O N ST R U C T I O N S UR V E Y S
3

do not equi e bl tin g thou gh bl astin g m y b e esort d to A

es r r as ,
a r e .
”

mom n t s con id tion wi ll how th in defini ten ess of this sp ci

e
’
s era s e e

fi tica ; th eon ll ki nd d i s of ho ses

re a re a d mul ; th e s an s ze r an es er
-

ar e ll kind s of p lowin g f om c t chin g th e u fa c e t d eep

a ,
r s ra s r o

fu ow ov th e h ; th
rr s er ll ort of p lowm n hon st
S a re d e re a re a s s e , e an

di hon t c p ble d inc p bl ; d th e i lw y a di ff nc e

s es , a a an a a e an er s a a s e re

in judgm nt of tw m e t ying to b e f i n p j udic d by hi

e o n r a r, o e re e s

fi n nci al in t e t in the con t c t th e o t h e by his ll egi a nc e to

a er s ra , r a

th e emp loyin g comp ny a .

S om p e ci fi c tion h v gon
e s f a s to
a eco gni e but two
s a e e so ar r z
“
cl a e of ea rthwo k solid ock d e rt h the fo me b eing olid
ss s r , r an a ,
r r s

ledge ock in p l c
r qui in g bla st ing f its mova l th l tt er
a e , re r or
'

re ,
”
e a
“
b ein g ll oth a xc v tion in cludin g l dge ock th t may b e
er e a a , e r , a

b a ed out a d boulde of no m tt how l ge dim n sion

rr , n rs a er ar e s .
”

T hi s sp ci fi c t ion i comp a t iv ely e sy of int p t t ion

e a s d ra a er re a an

a pplic a tion d in som e loc li ti e would b e f i ; but it i

,
an ub a s a r s s

mi tted th t sp ci fi c t ion s should

a t b e co p i ed n e f om no t h
e a no o r a er

with no fe nc to the g olo gic l fo m tion long th lin e to b e

re re e e a r a a e

built Sp ci fi c tion s should b e d pted to th Ch ct e of the

. e a a a e a ra r

wo k likely to b e met a d may in deed va ry f di ff ent p rt of

r ,
n or er a s

a lon g lin e s t etch in g c o s moo th p l in

r d u gged mount in
a r s s a s an r a s .

I t is a co mmon p c t ic t h t som tim e ult s s t i f

ra t o ily
e d a e es r s a s ac r an

som times lea d to di spu te

e d li ti ga t ion to cl ssify
s m t i l s an , a a a er a

tha t f ll s t ictly und common

a s r a rt h xc v tion but th a t by
er or e e a a ,

e s on of it s p e culi a
r a ch ct s h d c emen ted g vel co ts
r a ra er, a ar ra , s

mo e to move th n y o din ry e rth oft n mo e th an loo

r a an r a a , e r se

rock a s cont a inin g p e cent ge of loo ock

, solid
a ock s r a se r or r , a

th c a e m y b e
e s T h p e c n t g i a i gn ed by jud gm en t
a . e by r e a e s ss or

d ete mi ning the a ctu l co t of th wo k d u in g thi with n

r a s e r , an s s a

s um d p o fi t to d t
a s e min th p ice th at Should f i ly b e p id
r e er e e r a r a

a d th
n con qu nt p c nt g of hi gh cl s i fi c tion
e se e er e a e er a s a .

C ont ct e f
ra qu ently let b fo th e lin i fi n lly loc t ed
s ar re e re e s a a ,

an d thi p ctic e t b e cond em ed in th e c

s ra , of sho t b nch
o n a se r ra or

oth lin e i ju sti fi ed in th ca e of long lin e by th fin nci l

er s, s e s s e a a

n c i ty fo quick con t ruction n d th e wi dom of let ting l g

e ess r s , a s ar e

cont a ct s to m n
r comp ni es of st ong fin nci l st nding who
e or a r a a a
3 24 C ON STR U C T I O N S UR V E Y S

which p l n the volume of xc v t ion wi th d u ll ow nc e f

a es e a a , e a a or

S h ink ge in c
r a qu ls th volum e of emb nkm n t
or rea se , e a Th e a e . 2 . e

p i
os t ion of t w vs rt ic l p l n o t h ou eg h t h axc v t ion a d es , on e r e e a a an

on e t h ou gh t h r mb nkm nt h ll b found uch t h t th vol

e e a e , s a e s a e

um of dj c n t e xc v tion a d mb nkm nt b tw n th m
es a a e a a n e a e e ee e

a re qu l wi th d e llow nc f h ink g
e a ,
u ainc f om
a e or s r a e or rea se r

e xc v tion t mb nkm nt d includin g b tw n t h m volume

a a o e a e , an e ee e a

of xc v tion qu l t th whol volum mov d f om th p

e a a e a o e e e e r e ar

ti l
cu a r e xc v t ion t th p rticul a a mb nkm nt 3 Th p o i
o e a ar e a e . . e s

t ion of th s v rt ic l p l n th ou gh the c n te of gr vi ty of th
e e a a es r e rs a e

p ort ion of mb
s nkm n t d
e xc v tion a p c t iv ly includ d
e an e a a res e e e

b tw n th cond tw p l n
e ee e se d t includ d b t w en th fi t
o a es a n no e e e e rs

tw o, h ll b e found ; th xc of ho i on t l di t nc b tw e n
s a e e ess r z a s a e e e

t h e t wo c nt
es of gra vi ty pl n s ov
e er d bov th f h ul a e er an a e e ree a

di t nc of
s a e f t h ll b duc d t st tion of ee s f t
a e re e o a s 1 00 ee ,

ulti g numb e multip li d by th numb of cubic

'

an d th e res n r, e e er

y d in th t port ion of the xc v tion who e c ent of gr vi ty

ar s a e a a s er a

v tic l h b n found h ll give the numb of ov h ul uni ts on

er a as ee , s a er er a

which p ym n t t th t of a e c en t p uni t h ll b m d
a e ra e s er s a e a e .

T h fo goin g could b simp li fi d by

e re f nce t fi gu t h t e e re ere o a re a

mi ght b e d wn d i g ph d f int oduct ion in th p cifi

ra an z n co ra e or r e s e

c t ion Whil e the d c ip tion con t in mo wo d s th n a e

a s . es r a s re r a r

n c e essa r y t u in xp l inin g th m thod t o who wi h s

o se e a e e o ne s e

to und e t nd t t m n t of p oc du e in
rs a ,
a s a e p ci fi c
e t ion r e r a s e a

s hould b fu ll d compl t
e so t m k p o ibl b u t
an e in te e as o a e ss e on er

p t
re a t i n by a o cour t d t h a t in t e p t t ion, th e o i gin a l in t ent
an r re a r

of th p cifi tion e s e ca .

Wh n a con t ct i n t to b l t ti ll th loc t ion i compl t a

e ra s o e e e a s e e,

m di gr m hould b con t ucted the di po ition of ll m te i l

a ss a a S e s r , s s a a r a

d t min d d th con t ct let wi th thi full info m tion wi thou t

e er e ,
an e ra s r a

a y ov
n h ul cl u xc pt
er a p ovidin g t h t th
a se e eh ll b no on e r a ere s a e

ov h ul d th t th cont ct p ic cove ll h ulin g qui d

er a ,
an a e ra r e rs a a re re .

Wh n a g n l con t ct i l t f
e e e ra long lin in dv nc of loca
ra s e or a e a a e

t ion n ov
,
a h ul cl u i er n c ity s a m tte of conomy
a a se s a e ess a a r e ,

s inc if ll th e ch nc th t
e a t b t k n a es p t u p on th con
a a re o e a e a re u e

t cto th re ult will b high u ni t p ic f th wo k

ra r, e s e a r e or e r .
 C H APT E R XX I I

B ETTERM ENT S URV E YS

Ob j ec t m n t u v y m y m y not be su v y a t
. B ett er e s r e s a or a r e s

a ll Th
. n gin obj c t in th b tt m n t of
e e ee r s
’
il o d i e e e er e a ra r a s

inc d c p ci ty f
rea se d duc d co t of h ndlin g t ffi c T h
a a or a n re e s a ra . ere

a re o th on f b tt in g th
er rea s vic e in v iou w ys b u t
s or e er e se r ar s a ,

wi th th the engin ese n ngin ee i not conc n ed Th eer, a s a e r, s er . e

d fect
e th
s p o ibili ti
or ra of imp ov m n t
er v iou
ss es r e e a re so ar s

wi th di ff nt lin th t it i t p c tic bl to t u t y h d
ere es a s no ra a e se o an ar

a d f
n t ul of p oc du e A f w u gg tion
-

as r es r b offe d r . e s es s c an e ere

V loci t y P o fi l
e d P ow r Cu rvr Aft
e an obviou imp ov e es . er s r e

m n ts h ve b n co gni d th fi t thing t do i t m k a
e a ee re ze , e rs o s o a e

v loci ty p o fi l f
e ch divi ion f th m ximum t in of ch
r e o r ea s or e a ra ea

cla ss low f i ght d f t f ight

S re d ho p ow an cu v as re an rse — er r es

of th s v l locomo tiv u d T do thi s a ch locomotiv i

e e e ra es se . o e e s

lo d d by t i l wi th th m ximum t in it
a e r a h ul t minimume a ra ca n a a

sp d on th d f t
ee uling g d of it divi ion d n t ov
e e ac o r ra e s s an se er

th e o d t th b t p d it n m k wi th a f ty I ndic to
r a a e es s ee ca a e s e . a r

di g m
a rat k f om th cylind
s a re a th e d a w b
en pull i m
r e ers , r —
ar s ea s

u d wi th a dyn mom t
re d th p d is g p hic lly
a e er ca r, an e s ee ra a

re co d d on a continuou h t by th m ch ni m of th dyn mo
r e s s ee e e a s e a

mt e er c a r. Th t m p u u t ff a d th o ttl
e s ea w tch d res s re , c —
o ,
n r e a re a e

an d gul t d by t i l t giv th b e t p o ibl

re a e ult Th
r a o e e s ss e re s s . e

v loci ty h d a compu t d f s m ny p oin t

e ea s re d i d p lo tt d e or a a s as e s re , e

on th p o fi le d th i to p conn ct d f th v loci ty p o fi l
e r ,
an e r s e e or e e r e .

T h t c t iv effo t of th locomo t iv i p lo t t d on
e ra e r di g m of e e s e a a ra

ax p d
es s d t c t iv
ee ffo tan ra e e r .

Loco m ot iv Di t ibu t i on T h e locomo t iv e ho

e s r
p ow d i . rse -

er a

g m will b
ra st udi d t d t min e wh th th locomo tiv
e s e o e er e er e es a re

di t ibu t d on th v l di vi ion to th b t dv n t ge T w
s r e e se era s s e es a a a . o

or mo e locomo tiv of qu l weight will be fo und t v y in t h

r es e a o ar e

3 25
 26 BETT E RM EN T S URVE Y S
3

sp ee d which th eir ma ximum p owe is d e velop ed If two divi

at r .

s ion of the s me rulin g g a de h ve esp ectively ho t undu

s a r a , r , s r

l ting g d a d long d continuou s g des aga in st the h e vy

a ra es n an ra a

t a ffi c th e locomotiv e d ev elo p in g its m a ximum effort only a t low

r ,

s p e d ei s s uit e d to t h e divi ion of cont inuou s gr a d e whil t

s h t o n e , e a

de velop ing it m ximum powe t high sp d is b est su it d to

s a r a ee e

t he divi sion of undul tin g g d a ra e .

E c onomi c a l Sp d B fo .
u nd ert a king e xp en sive g din g
ee . e re ra

or r eloc t ion f a g a d e duc t ion

or t h b e t th t c n b e don wi th
r re , e s a a e

wh t i should b discove d d do pt d B esid s th e di t i

a s e re an a e . e re s r

b u ti on of locomotiv s the mo t economic l sp e d fo e ch cl ss e , s a e r a a

s hould b e d te min ed I t h s b n shown th t th e is no uch

e r . a ee a re s

t hin g in gen e a l a th e mo st e cono mi c sp eed

r s T h e e is a mo st . r

e conomi c pe d f e ch typ of locomotive in ch di ction on

s e or a e ea re

e a ch divi ion of a y s il o d This mo t economic sp eed is the

n ra r a . s

f st st a ve ge p ed th t the given locomotiv c n f ly ma ke

a e ra s e a e a Sa e

ove the enti di vi ion h ulin g the g e t t lo d it n move a t

r re s a r a es a ca

the low e t p ctic bl e p d on th e t e p t d j ct g d e of th

s ra a s ee s e es e a o ra e

divi sion .

F r slow movin g f ei ght th e p o p e lo d f

o -

r a locomotiv e is r r a or

the g ea t e t itr n h a ul
s t th mi nimum p ctic bl e p ed on the
ca a e ra a s e

st eep es t de fact g a d e F or f sot f e i ght

r t in th.
p o p lo d a r ra s e r er a

i the g e t e t lo ad th a t can b e h a ul ed on th e st eep t de f t

s r a s es ac o

g r a d e a t s p eed th
a a t w i ll p ermi t the ma king of the n eces

s a ry ch edule over th lin if the hi gh est spe d p o sible an d s fe

s e e e s a

is m a d e on the ema in d of the di vi ion The fo egoin g t te

r er s . r s a

m ent s a e t u e ubj ect to the limit a tion of a p a ctic ble t a in

r r , s r a r

length .

Ch an gin g Division Poi t O n lon g lin es ch n ge of divi ion

n . a a . s

point may b e wi se T hu s the ch cte i tics of a division on

.
a ra r s

Whi ch a given locomotive can h aul fi fty c s m a e xt end s v era l ar e

y
miles into the n e xt di vi sion throu gh the remain der of which the
,

a me locomotiv e can h aul but th irty

or forty c a s I f thi p ortion
s s
r .

of the second divi sion can b e in clud ed in the fi st a good many r ,

t in mil es may b e sa v ed
ra Wh eth e thi s will b e p o fit a bl e d e . r r

pend ou the co st of mo vin g the di vi sion po in t

s a lmost a lways
3 28 BET TE RM E N T S UR E Y S V

th e occa sion l to pping of h e vy t i on

a s a dv e se g a d f a ra n an r ra e or

t h e p sing of as light t in down th hill The loc t ion of the

a ra e . a

s econd t ck m y ven b e on li ght ly diff ent alignm nt giving

ra a e a s er e ,

b ette gra d es r .

Sim pl e M th od I t i n t lw y s n ec e
e . ,
y to in dic t the
s o a a ssa r a e

locomotive a d u se a dyn mom t ca in g d e inv ti g tion s

n a e er r ra es a .

Th pp
e a lic a t ion of th e p inci p l e of P t II of thi s book will en a bl e
r s ar

t he n gin ee to d t mi n e p t ty clo ely wh a t to e xp ect of a gi v

e r e er reen s

locomotive on given p o fi l n d simply idin g ov the di vi

a r e, a r er

sion wa tching the p e u e cut off n d th o ttle a d ta kin g n

—
r ss r , ,
a r ,
,

the sp eed from indi c ato tha t m y b tta ch ed to an xle of

an r a e a a

t he c boo se a e v en coun t in g t l eg
,
or p h p ol es t critic l p oint s e ra a a ,

o e volu t ion s of t he d iv e
r r t t h e e p oint will f qu n t ly fu
r rs a s s, re e r

ni sh all the info m tion n c s ry t th in v stig t ion The

r a e es a o e e a .

more c eful an d co mplet eco d s of the indic to s d th e dyn

ar e r r a r an a

m met
o ca er a e n ti l to the ro a d t st of th locomotiv fo
r r esse a e s e e r

the p u p o s s of t h mo t ive p ow
r e d p t ment but e not a lw ys
e er e ar , ar a

s en t i a l to th e
e s t udy of g d e e vi ion s ra r s .

Rel oca tion Reloc t ion of th li n e f

. eli mi n tion of ri e
a e or . a s

a n d f a ll cu vatu e an d di st nc e a n d th eduction of gra d

, r r a , e r e,

ma y b e a dvi s bl an d m ny uch a e, loc tion s h v b en m d e a s re a a e e a .

O th e qu e t ion s th a n th e co t of o p a tin g cu v a tu e
r s i e nd s er r r ,
r s a

fa ll di st ance etc enter to d et e min e th a d vi s bili ty of such

, ,
.
, r e a

r eloc a tion s T h e d emand f

. high sp ed is in c ea in g f st s or e r s as a a

th e il o a d can c e t e it T h e is no d m nd on th e pa rt of
ra r r a . re e a

th e public for an y sp eed t h t is ot enti ly f d conomic a l

a n re sa e a n e .

Th e fa ct th a t a gi v n il o d fi nd s p t on ge f e ra xc essively
r a a r a or a n e

hi gh sp eed t i n is no e vid nc of a d m nd f uch a t ain

ra e e e a or s r .

N v e th el ess in th
e r c ent p t it ha b e n d eem d dvi ble by
, e re as s e e a sa

many comp ni to pend la ge sums in th eli min tion of cu v

a es s r e a r a

t u e th a t w
r t s iou ly O
as bj ction a ble e xc ept to f st t ain s
no er s e a r .

A tr i ght ro d a ppea l to th e p ublic a s s fe o a d b u t a c ook d

s a a s a a r ,
r e

o d i mo e f qu ntly p ictu esqu e li e The m tt e of l ge

r a s r re e a r n . a r ar

e xp enditu es f th e e limin tion of th e min o d et il s of cu v tu e

r or a r a r a r ,

ri e an d fa ll n d di st nc is o e th t mu st b e d et min ed a s
s , a a e, n a er a

question of policy ra th er than a qu estion of a ctu l co st Still a .

,
 C O N C L U SI O N 29
3

the va lu e of th elimin tion of th ese it ems should b obta in ed a

e a e s

c efully a po s ible n d o ffset aga in st the co st of the n ecessa ry

ar s s , a

wo k r .

R loc tion th a t a b ndon e t a bli sh ed sto pp in g p oint i

e a a t s s s s no

a lw y p o ibl
a s d wh en not p o ibl e th e co st of o p e a ti g th e
ss e , an ss , r n

e xi stin g lin f uch di t nces a d with such t in s s may b

e or s s a n ra a e

n ec ess y mu st b e o ffs t ag in st the v lu of the p o p o sed imp ov ed

ar e a a e r r

lin e .

Im pr ovem en t G ra du a l I t is not often p o ibl e for d esi ble

. ss ra

imp ovement s to b e und e t ken a ll t onc e The wo k will b e

r r a a . r

don e f om yea to yea a s mon y may b v ilabl I t i th en

r r r e e a a e . s .

to b e d t e min ed wh t h ll b e don fi s t
e r d wh t th o d e of
a s a e r an a e r r

imp ov ment h ll b e to ccompli h th e mo st t the e li st

r e s a a s a ar e

po ible d y
ss a .

C on c lu sion Ra il o d loc a t ion ha s b een in th p st

. r a i e a an n

vit i g fi ld fo
n ngin e in g effo t an d y t th g e te p o tion of
e r e e r r , e e r a r r

th e t unk lin
r of the count y w e loca t d a d con st uct ed b fo
es r er e n r e re

th p inci p l es th t should gov rn loc tion w e e w ell und e tood

e r a e a r rs .

F or thi on a d lso b ecau e in d y of light t ffi c it w the

s rea s ,
n a s a s ra as

good p c tic e it ra m d to b e to build the ch p t f sible

see e ea es ea

lin th e e a f w lin es in o p e tion now th t how no p o ssibility

e, r re e ra a S

of imp ov ment in lin e a d g d e Th tudy of a o p ting

r e n ra . e s n era

lin wi th a vi w to inc e sin g it effi ci ency is mo st f cin tin g

e e r a s a as a

occup a tion an d on e d emanding hi gh o d e of int elligenc e

, a r r .
332 APPE N D I X
n omi c qu tio which d t mi d th t th whol p o j ct of co t u
es ns e er ne a e e r e ns r e

tio w n d vi b l m y b of mo
as a sa i mpo t c th t h mo t i t ic t
e a e re r an e an e s n r a e

an d l d c lc l tio upo t h t gth

e arn e a u a ffi ci cy of p ci l
n n e s ren or e en s e a

t uc tu l p t ;
s r ra t b till mo
ar s p cifi c t h
or, o o f b uildi g
e s re s e , e rea s n s or n

a odi
r a v ll y th th i
n on e a oth off i g ho t out
e ra er an n an er er n a s r er r e

m y b mo
a e i t c tiv t th m j o i ty of d th
re n s ru e o
y lle of a r re a ers an an or a

th e d t il d m o y p l
e a e wo k d as nr nt i th co t c tio of th an s r e O n e n s ru n e

o d I t hi p p t h w i t h att mpt d t t fo th th
r a . n s a er e r id
er as e e o se r e c on s

era ti whic h d t mi d
on s c h impo t t t p i t he l y t of wh t
e er ne ea r an s e n a —
ou a

h b li v
e e i t h mo t impo t t
e es s g i
e i g w o s k d t k i r an en n eer n r un er a en n

c ty
re en i th e ars ctio of cou t y i whic h thi o d li
n e se n Th n r n s r a es . e

p a
p d o
er t v m
es n o tio t h p et of t
en h w o k en w hic h tnh w i t e ar e r on e r er

s p t
en mo t of h i fo
s c ; b t i h i j u d gsm t i t i clud
r e u ccou t
,
n s en ,
n es an a n

of ll th b t wo k ccompli h d thi d t ki g b oth b y him

a e es r a s e on s un er a n ,

se lf d by tho wo ki g ov
an d se d hi m r n er an un er .

I M ch n 9ar th w i t ,
w 1 t d
0 2, d th po i tion of gi
e r er of as en ere e s en n eer

co t uc tio of th K oxvill L Foll tt d J llico R il o d wi th

ns r n e n e, a e e an e a r a ,

“
th e u c t h t th li w t b co t uc t d th ough diffi c lt
ass ra n e a e ne as o e ns r e r u

cou t y n r .
”

T h L oui vill e d N h ill R il o d C omp y h

s e an as li f om
v e a r a an as a ne r

C i ci n ti t
nn a J llico d f om L o i vill t J llico (Fi g
o e an r At u s e o e .

t hi stim th comp y h d j t cq i d co t ol of th Atl t

e, e an a us a u re n r e an a,

K oxvi ll
n d N o the anR il o d F r om y ern p iou it h d
a r a . or s e e ars rev s, a

op t d t h G o gi R il o d u d
era e e e rj oi t l a wi t h
a o th com
r a n er a n e a se an er

p y an F . lo g whil it h d h d l g if t co t olli g i t t
or a n e, a a a a r e, no a n r n ,
n ere s

i t h Atl t
n e d W t Poi t R il o d
a n a an d i th W t
es R ilw y of
n a r a an n e es ern a a

Al b m a a T hu t h y t m w i
a . ti
s p ti
e s s e l co t ol of om 9 as n en re o r ar a n r s e 00

mil of o d t th o th of K oxvill wi t h whic h it h d di ct

es r a o e s u n e, a re c on

n ec tio o ly t M o tgom y d co c tio t h ough co t oll d

n n a n er ,
an n ne n r a n r e

o d t Atl t F om Fig 3 it will b

r a a an a . r th t i od t hv
. 10 e seen a ,
n r er o a e

th p o p ti
e se r clo ly u it d t t h b od y of th Sy t m
er es se n w ll
e o e e s e ,
as e as

t o op t th o gh t i f om C i ci ti d L o i vill th ough
era e r u ra n s r n nn a an u s e r

K oxvill t Atl t th co t uc tio of th g p f om J llico t

n e o an a, e ns r n e a r e o

K oxvill w
n c ry
e as n e ess a .

Th o d e f th
r er v y d co t uctio of th li w
or e su r e t
an ns r n e ne as no ac

comp i d b y y of th u l t t tiv co di tio

an e an A f i t ffic
e us a en a e n ns . a r ra

could b f ly cou t d f th w li f om t h d y of it m
e sa e n e on or e ne n e, r e a s co

pl tie wi thou t co i d i g t h l g loc l t ffi c whic h coul d p o b

on , ns er n e ar e a ra r

a b ly b d v lop d lo g th ou t T hu th c hi f x cutiv of th
e e e e a n e r e . s e e e e e e
3 34 APP EN D I X
r a od w nt d i utho i i g x p n iv co t uctio if n d b
was arra e n a rz n e e s e ns r n, ee e,

t c good g d
o se ur e d li g m t ra es a n a n en .

T h di t c f om S x to K tucky t K oxvill T (
‘

e s an e r a n, en ,
o n e, e n n essee se e

Fig . on t i ght li i pp oxi m t ly 5 mil ; i th L oui

a s ra ne , s a r a e 1 es v a e s

v i ll d N hvill t J llico
e an as d t h K ox ill
e o d O hio B
e ch of ,
an e n v e an ra n

t h S ou th
e f om J llico t K ox ill
ern r it i e mi l Thi b o ch n v e, s es . s ra n

of th South w built y e ern

g wh asi t h loc tion of ile ars a o, en , n e a ra

w y li ttl
a s, tt tion w p i d t fu tu
e a en co omy i op tio T h
as a o re e n n era n . e

li in pl c h g d of 93 f t t th mi l u comp t d ov
n e, a es, as ra es ee o e e, n en sa e er

s ti ff cu v v th top of lo g
r e s, e en c t H lp
n e ar e
gi s n a s en s . e er e n n es are

u d f ly
se th li
ree v on p g e t i ne B t t h t fli i
e en on assen er ra n s . u e ra c n

s outh b ou d b itumi ou o l f om J llico Pio

-
n n L Foll tt
s c Co l
a ,
r e ,
n eer, a e e, a

C ree k B ic vill a d O liv Sp i g i l g ough it i id t

,
r e e n er r n s, s ar e en ,
s sa ,
o

m k thi
a e of th b t p yi g li of th t y t m
s on e e es a n nes a s s e .

Th ti co t y b tw S x to
e en re un rd K oxvill h e b cov deen a n an n e as een ere

b y th U i t d St t G ologic l Su v y d th m p of t hi S y
e n e a es e a r e , an e a s s u rve ,

t hou gh fou d t b v y i ccu t

n o
g d to pog p hy i
e er na cou t y ra e a s re ar s ra n a n r

i cc i b l b y ho
na ess w go
e w of u told v lu i c hoo i g th
rse or a n, ere n a e n s n e

r out f t h li es or e n e.

W ld Ri d g
a d C umb l d M ou t i
en s e an (Fig 4 ) di i d th er an n a n . 10 v e e

di t ic t i to tw p t u lik i g og p hy to po g p hy
s r n o a r s, d g ology
n e n e ra ,
ra ,
an e .

Th t p o tio of t h cou t y t t h t hw t f t hi idg d mo '

a r n e n r o e n or es o s r e an un

t i a n i p t of th C umb l d pl t u of t h App l c hi
s ar e p ovi c
er an a ea e a a an r n e .

Th d i e g f t h mo t p t i t
ra n a e, or th o t h d o thw t i to
e s ar ,
s o e n r an n r es n

t h C umb l
e d Ri v Th p o tio of th di t ic t t th
er a n er . outh t e r n e s r o e s eas

of thi di vi d i p t of th g t v ll y of E t T
s e s a ar d th e re a a e as en n esse , a n e

g en eral d i g i t t h o
ra n a t hw t i
e n t o t
s h C lioc h d Te s u es e n an en nessee

Riv T th
ers o thw t of thi di idi g li th u f c ock
. o e n r es s v n ne , e s r a e r s a re

C b onif ou ; t t h
ar outh t th y
er s o C mb i e s d Silu i Th
ea s e a re a r an a n r an . e

cou t y t th o thw t of thi li i

n r o e n rb ok d u gg d th t it
es s ne s so r en an r e a

m y b c ll d t h mou t i di t ic t
a e a e H e t h di i d i t lv
n a n s r . ere e v es r se o e e a

tio of f om 5 t 3 6 f t l g
ns r 2 00 b i g b
o 3 00 f t ee ,
ar e areas e n a ove 000 ee .

Th t e m f ll pidly f om th i ou c
s rea s a ra d m g i to th ,
r e r s r es, an e er e n e

v ll y t l v tio s of f om 8 t
a e s a e e a nf t T h v ll y r d p 00 o 1 1 00 ee . ese a e s a re ee
‘

an d ow d th lop i b ok nly Th c t of th mou t i

n arr ,
an e s es r se r e . e res s e n a ns

are n arr ow d fl t m y of th m b i g u c pti b l of cul tiv tio ;

an a ,
an e e n s s e e
‘

a n

b tu f
,
thso t p d u gg d lo p
ar, e s ee h v p ov d t b an ff c t l
r e s es a e r e o e e e ua

b i t th ttl m t of th di t ict xc pt b y t h c tt d c b i
arr ers o e se e en e s r ,
e e e s a ere a ns

of mount in Th a hom in th mou t i whic h h v

eers . ere are es ese n a ns a e
3 36 APPE N D I X
b een occupi d f g tio ewi th no wh l d v hi cl
or en era v i ns, ee e e e e er n u se

un til o d w r a op d b y th co t cto f th co t c tio of thi

s ere en e e n ra rs or e n s ru n s

ra il o d T h mou t i
r a .
g e t i t w b y occ
n a n ra n io l t m es a re c u n o as na s rea s,

an d thu ll p o i b l s a out o b l g di t
ss e r w ll d fi d es on re as n a e ra en s are e e ne .

I th v ll y d i t i c t
n e o io h p oduc d
a e s r i of lo g idg
,
er s n as r e a ser es n r es

se p t d b y lo g p
a ra e ll l d ow v ll y whic h follow clo ly
n ,
ara e an n arr a e s se

t h b l t of oc k
e e Th i g
s l di ctio i o th t d ou thw t
r . e r en era re n s n r e as an s es ,

th us c o i g th di c tio of th li of u v y whic h l y om wh t
r ss n e re n e ne s r e ,
a s e a

n o thw t d outh t T h u f c of th
r es an s m ll v ll y
e as . t e s r a es ese s a a e s are a

l v tio of f om 8 t
e e a ns f t d th p ll l idg i f om
r 00 o 1 1 00 ee ,
an e ara e r es r se r

1 00 t 5 f t b ov t h m Som f w of th idg
o 00 ee a e e t i tw . e e ese r es a re c u n o

b y t m b t mo t of th m
s rea s, co ti ou f m y mi l
u s C opp e are n nu s or an es . er

Ri d g the , on outh id of th C li ch whic h idg i

e s s po i b l f
e e n ,
r e s res ns e or

th e seco d l g détou t th w tw d i th li of o d b tw
n ar e r o e es ar n e ne r a e ee n

Co l C a k d K oxvill wree an ch co ti uou idg F om th

n e, as su a n n s r e. r e

poi t wh n th o d cut t h o gh it f 3 mil t th o th t

ere e r a s r u ,
or 0 es o e n r eas ,

th ere i t g p i whic h t h c
s no a t i a t mo nth 35 f t b ov e re s s no re an 0 ee a e

Bull R V ll y un th o th id of it T h co di tio
a e on e n t r s e . e n n s as o co n

ti nuity w om wh t i mil i th c of th tw B l c k O k
ere s e a s ar n e ase e o a a

Ri dg T hu t h p o b l m of g t ti g th b t loc tio w
es . s e r mo
e e n e es a n as a re

diffi cult i th l u gg d co t y
on e n e ess r e un r .

Cl Fo k Riv
ear cu t th o gh Pi M ount i i
r er
go g c ll d
s r u ne a n n a r e a e

Th N eow ugg d th t
arr s,
”
d om tic so im l h d v
r e a no es an a a e er

t v
ra erse d it It l y c o th
. t ight li j oi i g S x t o
a a r ss d K ox e s ra ne n n a n an n

vill T h t m B ig C k cu t th o gh C mb l d M ou t i t
e . e s rea ,
ree , s r u u er an n a n a

B ig C k G p whic h li om 4 mil f om S x to d b ou t 4 mil

ree a ,
es s e 2 es r a n an a es

w t of th di c t ou t
es eF rt h re b ch li of o d h d b
r e . u er, a ra n ne r a a een c on

t uc t d t h o gh thi g p ( Fig
s r e r u d t co c tio with the
s a . an o a nn e n

Sou t h R ilw y
ern C yvill At th g p th mi i g tow of
a a n e ar a re e . e a ,
e n n n

L Foll tt wi th lim to d d to qu i co l d i o ‘

a e e, es ne an sa n s ne arr es , a an r n

mi cok ov
n es , f c t h d p u g p d i th y
e en s , a u rn a e , e c .
,
a s r n u an n ree ears

h d g ow f om vi ll g of l
a r n rth 5 t a p o p ul t io
a of mo
e t h n ess an 00 o a a n re a

6 0 00 T hu th
. tw w t g p
s w o
ese bj c t iv p oi t
o I f c t
a ert h a s ere e e n s . n a ,
e

r out th o gh th p i t h d oft b
e r u x plo d d t l t tw
ese
“

o n s a en een e re ,
an a eas o

c ful v y h d b m d
are su r e s i t d i g t h tw ty y
a een mo a e on ur n e en ears or re

th t t h L oui vill
a e d N hvill R il o d h d h d u d
s e an co t mpl as e a r a a a n er n e a

tio th n x t io of th i K oxvill Di i io t th ci ty f which t h

e e en s n e r n e v s n o e or e

divi io w s n m d A th w w t cou l di g f om ch of
as n a e . s ere ere a er rses ea n r ea

th ese p oi t t o w d t h o
n s t h t h c h oic ar of t h ou t j oi i g t h m l y
e er, e e e r e n n e a
 R AI L R O AD L O C AT I ON 337

S i mply i d cidi g whic h lop of th

n e n ow v ll y o ff d th b tS e e n a rr a e s ere e es

su
pp o t f rt h d o p t
or d g d i e at B t t h ev ll y w ra t o tuo
en . u ese a e s ere so r us

an d ow th t i di t c of t h mil on
n a rr a n a of th m it w
s an e ree es on e e as

c
n e e ssa r y v wh u i g d g cu v wi th 3 foot mi im m t
,
e en en s n Io -
e ree r es 00 -
n u an

g t
en s , t b i d g
o t h w rt co e t ti m e da er th ho t t
u rse l en es an u se ree s r un ne s

It w pl i as f om th co fo m tio of th cou t y th t th
a n, r e n r a n e n r ,
a ere

wo ld b lo g
u c t
e d d c t
n a s en s wh t v anli g g d w es en s on a e er ru n ra e as

a d o pt d T h c hi f loc l p o duc t of t h co
e . e e t y b i g b i tumi o
a r e un r e n n us

co l i g t qu ti ty d of good q li ty th m k t f which
a ,
n rea an an ua ,
e ar e or

co ld o ly b ou thw d i c th cou t y t th o th d w t w
u n e s ar s n e e n r o e n r an es as

t i b t y t t h Pi tt b g co l fi ld
r u ar o e d t h t t th
s ur t t th V i a e s an a o e e as o e r

g i i
n a C o l fi
'

l d ait w g oo
e d co
s, omy t p d
as m o mo y t ec n o s en re ne o se u re

light g d g i t outh b o d t i th f t i i th oppo i t

ra es a a ns s -
un ra n s an or ra n s n e s e

d i c tio
re n .

Th w it e d ci d dr er 5 3 foo t comp
e e t d g d
on t h m xi m m
-

en sa e ra es a s e a u ,

b tu co omic l co t ctio q i d t h i t od c tio of 6 foot

an e n a n s ru n re u re e n r u n a 1 -

g rad t
e on h lo g d c t
e f o m t
n h C m b l
es en d C li c h D i i d r t L e u er a n -
n v e o a

Foll tt e Th e . o d w loc t d f om S x to t t hi divi d

e r a as a e t hi r a n o s e on s

r uli g g d with
n ra i co id b l mo t of dv
e, an n
g d
ns tw era e a un a erse ra e o

mil f om S x to t poi t wh it i t od ctio w comp tiv ly

es r a n, a a n ere s n r u n as ara e

h mlar ess .

A ndv a g d h
erse b d fi d
ra e g d pi tc hi g i
as een th e ne as a ra e n n e

oppo it di ctio f om th g
s e re l lop of t h co t y O f co
n r e e n era s e e un r . u rse ,

it m t h i t o d c tio of j
ean s e t
n r m ch iu nd f ll whic h co l d b us so u r se a n a u e

av oid d e .

T h li e f om L F ll tt t K oxvill h d t b
ne r a o e co oit d
e o n e a no een re nn ere .

It m d po i b l t g t li f om th C mb l d C li c h D ivi d
see e ss e o e a ne r e u er a n -
n e

d ow t t h C li c h wi t hou t dv g d ; b t f o m t h C li c h t
“

n o e n a ers e ra e u r e n o

K oxvill c o th ho t idg
n e , a r ss d v ll y it
e s m d th t th o d
r r es an a e s, se e e a e r a
“
would h v t i d f ll wi th th cou t y d th w it
”
a e o r se an a e n r ,
an e r er ex

p t d t th o t t t h t t h co d
ec e a e u se d p ofi l of t hi p t of t h li
a e n en se r e s ar e ne

would loo k li k t h t th of e w eF om L Foll tt t ow d K ox

ee a sa . r a e e ar n

vill th e, ow d to tuou v ll y of Big C k m d t off t h

e n arr an r s a e ree see e o er e

mo t v il bl o t i t h d i d di c tio ; b t t g t f om th
s a a a e r u e n e es re re n u o e r e

C li c hn t t h mou t h of B ig C
,
a e k c o t K oxvi ll p c t ree ,
a r ss o n e on I — er en

g ra d wes t of t h
a s ou q tio u l em d p h
u esi mi d t m n, k n ess on e a e u s n o a e

lo g tu l th ough
n nne s ly ll th id ge d t m k high c o i g
r n e ar a e r s an o a e r ss n s

ov ther ow v ll y T h d iffi culti

e n a rr a e d xp n
s . w g e t es an e e se ere so rea

th t thi
a o t w s r u e v co t mpl t d iou ly as n e er n e a e ser s .
 3 38 AP PE N D I X
By g i n g o dow k f om L Foll tt t th C li c h how v
n B ig C ree r a e e o e n , e er,

an d t hen t u i g dow t h C li ch f
rn n t h mou th of B ll R
n e n as ar as e u un,

b low C li to
e d b y m ki g t h
n n, an c o i g of th C li ch a outn ree r ss n s e n ,
a r e

w as p i b l
o ss l d i g e,t h ou g heaC li t on town of r
p o pl whi c h n n, a 1 200 e e,

g v a e dv
no g d f om L F ll t t t C li to
a erse ra e r d dv a o e e o n n an an a ers e

g d of o ly 4 8 f t v t ic l b tw
ra e n ee C li to , d B ull R
er at ,
e een n n an un , a a

p o i t n b ou at fou m i l ou t hw t of C li to wh
r es it w
s c yt es n n ere as n e essar o

cu t c o co t y l vi g t h iv t v di t c d xc iv
a r ss un r ,
ea n e r er, o sa e s an e an e ess e

cu v t r a ur e .

Th b c of dv
e a sen e g d w a co i d d erse d t g ou ra e as ns ere so a van a e s on

thi o t th t c ful
s r u e a y w m d ov ll t h diffi c lt po ti o
a are surve as a e er a e u r ns

of it d c ful tim t w m d Of th v lu of it dv t g
,
an are es a es ere a e e a e s a an a e

an d co t comp d wi th t h out dopt d fi lly ; b t th b c

s as are e r e a e na u e a sen e

of dv a g d w
erse it
ra ol comm d tio T h w m y
e as s s e re en a n . ere ere an

ser iou obj ctio t it Fi t t follow B ig C k V ll y b low L

s e ns o . rs ,
o ree a e e a

F ll tt
o e qui d b d li g m t v l ho t t
e re re a a l d x p iv
n en ,
se era S r un n e s an e en s e

co t ucti o ; S co d th th c o i g of th iv i olv d
ns r n e n ,
e ree r ss n s e r er nv e ex

p iv b i dgi g ; t hi d t h di t c f om L Foll tt t C li ton w

en s e r n r ,
e s an e r a e e o n as

g t
re a er th b y th Ut dopt d fi lly ; d fo t h it l d t d
an e ro e a e na an ,
ur ,
e ou an

a w y f om t h co l fi l d
a r e d t h o gha cou t y f om which t h
e s, an r u a n r r e

ti mb h d l
er dy b
a t i pp d
a re a d f om whi c h li ttl d v lopm t
een s r e an r e e e en

could b xp ct d e e e e .

F om L F oll tt t C li to t h
r a e eout dopt d o igi lly follow d
o n n e r e a e r na e

v y clo ly t h li d c i b d p vi ou ly di i di g th co t y i to
er se e ne es r e re s as v n e un r n

di imil
ss ctioar se Th out could o ly b dopt d t t h c ifi c
ns . e r e n e a e a e sa r e

of i t oduci g co id bl mo t of dv g d t fou di ff t
n r n a ns era e a un a erse ra e a r eren

pl c a es ( g
Fi 5 t A . B10 C d Da ) T h w ,
8 f ,
t v tic,
l an t . ere ere 2 ee ,
er a ,
a

A ,
12 t B 4 a t C ,
d 3
0 a t D B t t h li
,
an w m ch ch p
1 2 a . u e ne as u ea er

th an t h B ig C e k C li to li ree ff o d d muc h b tt
-
n lig m t d
n n e, a r e e er a n en ,
an ,

b id followi g t h dg of th co l fi ld p d th o gh the tow

es es n e e e e a e s, ass e r u n

of C o l C k t h c t of pop l tio of om 5 p opl wh

a ree ,
e e n er a u a n s e 000 e e, ere

co l mi i g h d b c i d
a n n a ucc fully f qu t of c tu y
een arr e on s e ss or a a r er a en r .

T h l oc ti o f om t h mou th of B ull R
e a n r t K ox ill i t od c d
e un o n v e n r u e

mo diffi cult p ob l m th
re r y o t h pe t of t hs li ; d t h
an a n w i t er ar e ne an e r er

b li v th t th comb i tio of co di tio which

e e es a e na b l d thi li n n ns en a e s ne

f om th C li ch t K oxvill t b l id t
r e n o n t h o i gi l 5 3 foot
e o e a ou ,
on e r na -

g d ra wi thout
es , foot of dv on e g d d wi thou t t l a erse ra e an a u nn e or

hi gh v ll y c o i g i u iqu
a e r ss n d u u u l i,
uch ou gh cou t y
s n e an n s a n s r n r .

T h p ofi l of t h So t h
e r e R ilw y li
e f om C linto t K oxvill
u ern a a ne r n o n e
34 0 AP P E N D I X
( see F ig . 1 05 ) is a fair rep resen t a t io of n t he c
n e ess ar y li ne t ha t go es

plu c o th
i id g A ld loc ti g gi of t h C i
‘

n a r ss
g g
n e se r es . n o a n en n eer, e n

i
c nn a ti S ou t h y b fo m d loc ti o u v y f om H im
ern , ears e re, a e a a n s r e r arr an

t K oxvi ll whic h p
o n d t h o gh t h
e m g p i C opp Ridg a sse r u e sa e a n er e as

th t u d by th w i t
a se H u d 66 foo t u comp
e r t d g der .
d e se —
. n en sa e ra es , a n

g t o wo d f l mou t of i
a n er u d f ll i t o hi li
a b tw C opp
n r se a n a n s ne e een er

Ri d g d K oxvi ll
e an b ou t 3 f t of it b i g b tw C opp Rid g
n e, a 1 0 ee e n e een er e

s ummit d B v C k an ea er ree .

At t h c o i g of t h p e r ss nll l v ll y of B ll R s d B v e ara e a e s u un an ea er

C reek b y t h Sou th R ilw y li t h l tt v ll y i th high b y

e ern a a ne , e a er a e s e er

s om 4 f t ; d th w it d cid d t t th o gh Copp Ridg

e 1 0 ee an e r er e e o cu r u er e,

by t a l if c unne y t th l v l of th upp v ll y t v ll
n e e s sa r ,
a e e e e er a e ,
o sa e a

u c y i
n n e essa r d f ll It w r se fo d anx mi tio t h t th a . as un on e a na n a e

tw v ll y tho gh
o a e ws, m c h high th t h oth h d
u on e as so u er an e er, a

p c tic lly t h
ra a m t of f ll om 3 f t i th 7 mi l b low th
e sa e ra e a ,
s e 0 ee n e es e e

So t h u R il w y c o i g
ern t h t t h p oi t P ( Fi g
a a r ss n
4 d i ,
so a e n s . 10 an 10 n

th op e v ll y of B v C k w 4 f et b ov th co t y t t h
en a e ea er ree ,
as 1 0 e a e e un r a e

mou th of B ll R At t h p oi t P ho w v
u un wh . th t m e n , ,
e er, ere e s rea

tu d d di c tly t ow d t h o ly v il b l g p i C o pp
.

rn e an ra n re ar e n a a a e a n er

Ri dg t h v ll y b g
e, et d c d muc h mo
a e pid ly dow t th
e an o es en re ra n o e

l v l of th C li c h I t w ju t po ib l
e e e n th o i gi l p c t
. as s ss e, on e r na 1 -
er en

g d
ra ( eP l t I )
see t t t t h g a ed t t h mo t h of
,
B llo R d s ar e ra e a e u u u n an

m k th l v tio of th pp v ll y b y th tim t h ummi t of t h

a e e e e a n e u er a e e e e s e

r id g w e c h d t t h g p A t 68 f t d p co t i i g
as rea e a e a . cu ,
ee ee ,
n a n n

c b ic y d of cl y c h t d ock xc v tio w
u ar s a ,
c y i er ,
an r e a a n, as n e essar n

cutti g th o gh th idg Suppo ti g g ou d

n r u e th id of th
r e . r n r n on e S e e

r i dg w fo d f om th i dg ummit t t h poi t P f
e as un r lvl e r e s o e n , ,
or a e e

g d
ra t
e,h o d
so c h d P ew i t ho t y u c
r a y i
re a d e u an n ne ess a r r se an

f ll A w t g p i t h d i d di ctio l d th ou gh B v
a . a er a n e es re re n e r e a er

Ri d g T hi g p d i d
e .
po tio of t h o p
s a v ll y (H i
ra n e ) b a r n e en a e nes s
’
e

tw B v
e en Ri d g ead B l c k O k Ri d g i to B v
er e an C k d th a a e n ea er ree ,
an e

th p
ree ll l v ll y t hu m d
a ra e acc io of t pp which w
e s s a e a su ess n s e es ere

u d t
se pp o t t h g di t f om t h
o su r C li c h t eth ummi t i
ra en r e n o e s
'

Bl ck O k Ri dg
a t t h low t
a v il bl g p T h li g m t w
e a e es a a a e a . e a n en as

e xc ll t d th cou t y y f om th poi t P t th mmi t of

e en ,
an e n r e as r e n , ,
o e su

B l c k O k Ri d g
a ad f om t h th o d d c d d i f i ly y
e, an r ere e r a es en e n a r eas

count y t K ox ill r o n v e .

Th w ere in ll fi w ll quipp d gi
ere, p ti
a ,
b tw ve e -
e e en n eer ar es e een

J llico d Knoxvill
e an d th chi f of p ti w c ution d t
e, an e e s ar es ere a e o
 RAI L R O AD L O C AT I O N 34 I

u se as light gra d es an d cu v r es as the y re a s o bly co ld

na u at a ll

im
t es .

Ju t s here, at t he r sk i of re i t ti
era n
g m chu t ha t has a l dy b rea ee n

w i tt
r en , the wr it er i
w s hes to e mp h i as ze t he ne e ss c i ty ,
in m ki g c h
a n su

uvy
s r e s as t his :

(1 ) Of not
pui
o i mo
s ng at any
t y d i ffi c l t g d i t n an
y re u ra en s n or a n

s ti ff cu v th th cou t y ct lly q i ;
er r es an e n r a ua re u re s

( ) O f compl ti g co d
2 d p ofi l of t h w hol li
e n a n en se oo r e e e ne as s n as

th e s uvy co c t d th o gho t ;
r e s are n ne e r u u

(3 ) O f comp ti g f c v t th p v ili g lo g g d of
en sa n or u r a u re e re a n n ra es

less ra e t th t h m ximum ; an d e a an

( )
4 O f m ki g d il ig t t d y of t h whol co
a n a en t y wi t h s u vi w of e e un r , a e

se el cti g o t with mi imum of dv

n a r u e g da n a erse ra e .

Som of th loc ti g e g ie w a t n b c k ov
en t h i
n e ers w o k ere sen a er e r r

v l tim t
se era es if th y could t g t th ough wi th light
o see e no e r er

g d ra d cu v
es a n v tho gh t h g d
r es , e d d g
en of c v u d
u e ra es a n e ree ur e se

h d b
a l th th m xim m d mo th
ee n e ss an e a of th m m d u ,
an re an on e e a e

v y m t i l duc tio i t h g d whic h h d b u d

er a er a re ns n e w ll
ra es a een se ,
as e

as i th d g
n eof c v witho t i c i g th co t of th wo k
e ree ur e, u n re as n e s e r

m t i lly
a er a .

Wh t h co d en ed p ofi l w n m d ft th li w ti d
en se r e as a e, a er e n es ere e

u p i
,
t w h o w t h
as s t t h w n o ly t h a
p oi t wereh i t h d
ere b n ree n s ere a een

c
n e essa r yt 5 3 foo t g d
o u se
g i t ou
—
t h b o d t i
ra es i t h
a a ns s ~
un ra n s , v z : . e

c t t th C mb l d C li c h D ivid 8 mil i l gth ; th c t

a s en o e u er a n —
n e, es n en e as en

t B l c k O k Ri d g N
o a a 5 mil i l gth e d th
o 2, 2 c tt C p es n en ,
an e a s en o o

p er R i d g ummi te 3 s mil i l gt h ,
U p t t h t i m
es of nt h com
en .
“

o e e e

p le ti on of t hi co d d p
s o fi l on of t h
e n se h i g h o ffi c
r ofe,t h n ne e er ers e

o d h d hop d t g t y b tt
r a a e li g g d t h o gh thi cou t y
o e an e er ru n ra es r u s n r

th an p c t comp t d Wh th w i t d cid d t t tiv ly

1 -
er en e n sa e . en e r er e e en a e on

th e I p
-
c t ger d t
en h co l ti
ra g g i
es , of t h e o d i
n su d t him n en n ee r e r a sa o ,

“ f you m k it f om L Foll tt t K ox ill foot g d

I c an a e r a e e o n v e on on e -
ra es

you will b doi g mighty w ll N oth o d c o i g th mou

e n e .
”
0 er r a r ss n ese
‘

t i
a ns ywh i t hi
an ere ctio of cou t y h d c d ythi g
n s se n n r a se u re an n

li k c h f vo bl g d i t thi Li c o i g th mou
e su a a ra e ra en as s . nes r ss n ese n

t i
a n s, as f o th B i mi gh m wh th l v tio f th App
ar s u as r n a ,
e re e e e a n o e a

l hi
ac panovi c i r muc h
n l e c h
s so t h G o g i P ci fi c li of
ess , su as e e r a a ne

t h Sou t h
e R ilw y f om B i mi gh m t Atl t ;
ern a a r d th C t l r n a o an a an e en ra

of G o gi Bi mi gh m t O p lik built i th Eighti h d u d

e r a, r n a o e a, n e es, a se

66 foo t g d
-
ra es .
 42 APP E N D I X
E xc ep t d m tio d th h i t out h b ou d
the three lo ng gra es en ne ,
e e av e s s -

g rad w e
p as t ; d t h d vi b ili t
ery of cd c
en i g th th an e a sa re u n e se ree

5 3 f —
t oo
g d t 3 4 f t
ra
g d
es w t oo c u gg
-
t d oo W h t w t hra es as a n e s es e . a as e

d t wo t h
l on d W h t wo ld it co t ! u
re
j
r an a s

ME C t f th C h g It w pl i ly t of th qu tio t
os o e an e —
as a n ou e es n o

re d c th u e c t t th C umb l d C li c h Divid t thi g di t

e a s en o e er a n n e o s ra en .

It w t as lo g d i volv d co t ctio which w t x p iv

oo n ,
an n e n s ru n as oo e en s e .

I f th oad w t b op t d t h low g d it w pl i th t
e r as o e era e on e er ra e, as a n a a

h lpe gi
er e n m tb ned t hi g d us d th fo th co t of
e u se on s ra e, an ,
ere re , e s

m i t i i g h lp
a n a n n g i w oul
a d b el gi tim t
er e nc h g g i t th
ne e a e a e ar e a a ns e

c h g t 3 4 foot g d
an e o A mi g th t t h t ffi c would b p opo
-

ra es . ssu n a e ra e r r

ti on ed b low d th t t h c h d l co ld b
as e ,
an g d th t
a e s e u e u e a rra n e so a on e

en gi c w could d th h lp
ne re vic th u l co t of thi
o e ic e er ser e, e an n a s s serv e

wo l d bu b o t follow
e a u as s:

I n te re s t on c os t o f h elper e n gi n e , a t 4 p er c en t

T wel v e m o n th s w age s ’
of c re w, a t $3 1 2
e n i n e —m i le s , a t
g a c os t o f c e n ts p e r m i le , for re p a i rs ,

fu e l, wa ter, s to re s a n d ro u n d h o u sem e n

C os t o f 3 2 , 5 4 4 e n gi n e -
m i le s to m a i n te n a n c e of wa y a n d s t ru c tu res ,

at
( 22

T o tal
5 per cent

a n n u a l c os t o f
of
2

h e lp er—e n gi n e
I 2 c e n ts

s er vi ce

fo goi g tim t th co t of gin p i f l t

In t he re n es a e, e s en e re a rs ,
’

ue ,
e c .
,
18

t k
a f om th po t of th P ylv i R i l o d C omp y f
en r e re r e en n s an a a r a an or

1 9 It i
02 . um d th t th gi do h lf m c h d m g t th
s a ss e a e en ne es a as u a a e o e

t ck
ra th t i th co t p
as t i mil b i g
e ra n , d t h co t t e s er ra n -

e e n an e s o

mi t c of w y d t uct e b i g 5 p r c t p t i mil
a n en a n e a an s r ur s e n 22 e en er ra n -
e .

W um fou ou d t ip of 4 mil
e a ss e c h p i d y f o m th h d of
r r n r s 2 es e a e
'
a ,
r e ea

th Ne ow t t h d of th idi g o th of th di id h lf th
arr s o e en e s n s u e v e, a e

t i t
ra n s n o i g S dy
~
ru n n n on un a .

Th if t h o d c pit l could b cqui d t 4 p c t i t t

en , e r a
’
s a a e a re a er en n eres ,

t h co te of t b li hi g d m i t i i g th h l p
s es a vic would b s n an a n a n n e e er ser e e

I t was ea s ily c
b y m ki g 7 foot tu l t Bl ck
a s ert a n ed i tha t a n a 00 -
nne a a

O k Ri dg N
a th g d t h co ld b d c d t 3 4 f t wi tho t
e o . 2 e ra e ere u e re u e o ee u

l gth i g th li
en d wit ho t
en n
y mo x p iv co
e t uc tio ne an u an re e en s e ns r n,

exc pt th co t of th 7 foot t
e e l ; d f th th tu l would
s e 00 -

unne an ,
ur er, e nne

v 5 f t v rtic l of th dv
sa e 0 ee g d,
e a ,
e a erse ra e .

C a pi t a li z e d C os t . W . G . R .
34 4 A PPE N D I X
m i l d w l th 9 f t lo g I t w c t i t h t t h
a ter a ,
an as ess an 00 ee n . as er a n a e

co t ctio of th tu l would t k m c h lo g th t h
n s ru n ese nn e s a e u n er an e re

m i da n of th o d ; th fo th i t t
er e th mo y i v t d
r a ere re , e n eres on e ne n es e

i
n co t uc tio i cludi g th co t of th v l b l p op ty p
ns r n
,
n n e s e a ua e r er ur

c h d i K oxvill f t mi l f om th tim th t t h oth wo k

ase n n e or er n a s, r e e a e er r

co ld b compl t d u til th tu l could b compl t d co titut d

u e e e n e nn e s e e e ,
ns e

a o
p p r c h
erg g i t t h p o p o d c
ar eh g T k i g t ha m ou ta ns e r se an e . a n e a n

e x p d d i oth co t ctio t
en e n wi t h i t
er t t n s ru n, e c .
,
as n ere s a

4 p c t d uppo i g th t t h tu l d l y d t h op i g of th
er en ,
an s s n a e nn e s e a e e en n e

o d f t ffi c
r a or y ; t h t h tot l co t of ch gi g t t h light
ra on e ear en e a s an n o e er

g d f
ra e outh b ou d t i would b
or s follow n ra n s e as s:
-

E t bli hi g h lp
s a gi s vi h
n C m b l d C li h e er e n
-
ne s er ce o n t e u er a n -
nc

D i vi d e

Ad di t io n a l c ons tru c ti o n c o st o f t wo t u n n e ls

I n teres t on fo r on e ye a r at 4 p er ce n t , o na c c ou n t of

d ela y
T ot al c ost o f c h a n ge to lo wer gra d e

Th e V a lu e of th e C h a n ge v lu f c h ch g i di ffi cult t . T he a e o su an es s o

es tim t wi t h ccu cy
a e v a op t d o d whi c h th t ffi c
ra ,
e en on an era e r a on e ra

i k ow
s n It w n . o b ly c t i th t th o d would t b i
a s re as n a er a n a e r a no e n

op tio m y y
era n if op t dan 5 3 foo t g dears , b fo m y era e on ra es , e re as an
-

as t t i
en p d y
ra n s ch w y would b qui d t do it bu i
er a ea a e re re o s s n ess .

C o i d i g t h t ffi c t h
ns er n o d would h v p ob b ly i of th
e ra e r a a e, r a s x ese

t i ra n s ou th b ou d wo ld b f lly lo d d Fou fully lo d d t i

s -

n u e u a e . r a e ra ns

p er d y a 3 4
,
foo ton a li g g d coul d j-

u t b o t d t
ru h w o k of
n i ra e, s a u o e r s x

f lly lo d d t i p d y 5 3 foo t g d u i g gi
u a e ra n s er d c
a ,
of
on -

ra es, s n en n es a n ars

th e m cl
sa Si c t h
e o th b ou d t m would i clud l g
ass . n e e n r -
n ra c n e a ar e

q ot of mpty co l c
u a e d i c th m gi th t p ll d y
a ars, an s n e e sa e en ne a u e ,
sa ,

tw ty t h
en -

lo d d 4 t c
ree outhw d g i t th 3 4 foot g d
a e 0 -

on ars s ar a a ns e -

ra es

could p ll fo ty i mpti b c k g i t th 5 3 foot g d

u r -

n ne e f es a a a ns e -

ra es as ar as

L a F ll tt o d fo ty fo
e e mpti b ck v
an r
g i t th
—
ur foot e es a ,
e en a a ns e -

g d it w
ra e, p o b b l t h t i ght t i
as r
p d y ch w y
a e th l a e ra n s er a ea a on e esser

g rad wo
e l d d t h wuo k of t t o i p d y e c h w y r t h h i g h en ra n s er a ea a on e er

g d
ra e O p
. t i g x p era v y d i c tly
n t h te i mil
en se sg d t h ar re as e ra n — ea e , an e

co t p t i mil
s er t h L o i vill
ra n — d N hvill f
e on th y e di g u s e an as e or e ear en n

J u ne 3 th 9 o i giv ,
i 1S t ti tic of R ilw y
02, s by th I t
en n a s s a a s
”
e n er

t t C omm c C ommi io
s a e er e H ow v it i f c t t h t th
ss n as e er, s a a a e

op tio of c h h vy t i
era n su th co t mo th t h gea l
ra n s as ese s s re an e en era

v g
a era e on a l g y t m T h co t p t i mil ar e s s e t h Dulu t h . d e s er ra n -

e on e an
 RAI L R O AD L O C AT I O N 34 5

Ir o R g d th Duluth M b d N o th tw o d g g d
n an e an e ,
esa a an r ern , o r a s en a e

a lmo t xcl iv ly i t fli imil t th t whic h t h

s e us e n omi tt d
ra c S ar o a es e e

t i would
ra n s p t i giv by th m u tho i ty f t h m
re rese n ,
s en , e sa e a r or e sa e

y ear, a s d p c tiv ly P o b b ly it would b

an f t res e e . r a e sa e o

es tim t th t i mil
a e vd t
e ra n b t t h mo
-

co estiv sa e a u e re nserva e

fi gu will b t k
re S ppo t h t h lf t h
e a t i
en . Su d y u se a a ese ra n s ru n on n a .

Th h l
en vi g f m S x
t e an nua K xv i ll w ld b
sa n ro a to n t o no e ou e

x 4 x 79 x 3 3 9 ly d h v l f n ea r , an t e a ue o

hi l t vi g i p i wi h i
s annua sa 4 p n n o e ra t o n , t n te res t at er

c e n t, wo u ld b e
T he c os t o f the c h a n ge , a s a bv
o e

Th e a m ou n t ga i n ed b y t h e chan
ge

o v
H we i c h lp er, giS n e vic co ld b e t b li h d
er e n
-

d ne ser e u e es a s e an

m i t i d l o t Bl c k O k d C opp Ridg t p ob bl co t
a n a ne a s a a a an er es , a a r a e s

of t c h pl c th gi mil g t i th poi t t b i g
a ea a e, e en ne ea e a e er n no e n

mo th h lf of th t t t h C umb l d C li c h D ivid t h u tmo t

re an a a a e er a n -
n e, e s

a mou t it wo ld h v b
n co omic l t p d
u a e th c h een
g t e n a o s en on e an e a

th t w p oi t w
ese o bo t n s T hu it w
as a mo co omic l t
u s as re e n a o

build th t l b y t h mou t of
e un ne s l
.
e a n e ss

or A oo th P id t of th L o i v ill d N hvill
s s n as e res en e u s e an as e

R il o d u d
a r a too d t h m t t
n fully h utho i d th c h g wi th
ers e a er e a r ze e an e,

ou t h i t tio es a n .

Wh th o d w m d t
en e duc t h
r er o th b o d g d t 3 4
as a e o re e e s u -

un ra es o

f t th w
ee ,
om lo g mi o g d
ere ere s whic h t h c v tu
e n h d n r ra es on e ur a re a

no t b comp t d
een t h t t h to t l
e n sa e i t c w b ov t h t of
,
so a e a res s an e as a e a

th w uli g g d
e ne r A t h co t uc tio h d b
n ra e . ly b g s mo t e ns r n a a re e u n on s

of th li th co c tio w i x p iv ; b t if th o d h d
e n e, e rre ns ere ne ens e u ,
e r a a

l dy b
a rea i op tio th f ilu t comp t th p v ili g
een n era n, e a re o en sa e e re a n

mi o g d would p ob b ly h v
n r ra es lt d i th d optio of high
r a a e resu e n e a n a er

r uli g g d th th t whic h w pplic bl t th co t y Ev if

n ra e an a as a a e o e un r . en

t h h vi t g d
e ea h d
es t b ra duc d t t h tim wi th t h p o b
es a no een re e a e e, e r

a bl h vy t ffi c i p o p c t it w lmo t c t i t h t oo
e ea ra n r s e ,
as a s er a n a s ner o r

l t th h i t g d would h v b
a er e ea v es duc d
ra op t d by
es a e een re e or era e

h lpe
g i
er en t h t i t i cl
n e s, so t h t t h h via mi o g d hso l d e ar a e ea er n r ra es s u

h v b comp t d t th ou t t
a e een e n sa e a e se .

It w l o w co t mpl t d t d c th ou th b o d g d
as a s no n e a e o re u e e s -

un ra es

b cka t h opon t d o d b tw
e S x to
era e d C o bi
r a d l o ,
e een a n an r n, an a s on

t h Atl
e t K oxvill d N o th f om di t c b low K ox
an a , n e an r ern or s e s an e e n

C ri ti ci sm of t hi s e sti m a te a pp ea rs i n th e d is c u s si o n o f th e p a p er . W . G . R .
 34 6 APPE N D I X
vill e, m t T h t h pl b c m p t of mo com
to t he sa e ra e . us e an e a e a ar a re

p hre iv c h m
en s e s e e .

N w it i t u t h t
o ,
d s o di y co di tio if t h o d w
r e a ,
un er r n ar n n s, e r a ere

l id t co t mpl ti g t h
a ou n e of h lp r t y poi t t hi d o pt d
a n e u se a e e a an n ,
s a e

ra tio of p c t a d 5 p c t f th h l p g d t th o d i y
1 er en n er en or e e er ra e o e r n ar

i u co o mic l ; b t if t h h l p
s ne n a gi i t b of t h
u ,
m cl e e er en ne s o e e sa e a ss a s

th g ul
e re e gi t h h
ar l p g n d o d
ne,i a ily could b e e h vy er ra e, r n r ,
e as ea as

p c t if t h g d f t h g l
er en ,
e
g i w
ra
p e c t or e re u ar en ne as er en .

B t th
u w v y good
ere o why thi p c t g d g i t
ere er re as ns s I -

er en ra e a a ns

s outh b ou d t i w -
nt lt dra n s as n o a ere

( ) T h co t c t f
1 e th co t uc tio of th o d th ough th
n ra or e ns r n e r a r e

mo t i di t ict h d b l t f om mo th
un a n s r a d t h wo k w
ee n e or s e n s, an e r as

w ll u d
e W y b fo t hi c h g t 3 4 foot g d w co t mpl t d
n er a e re s an e o -

ra es as n e a e .

( ) Th 2
p c t e
g d w o l
-

d t
er h v h
en o t d-
t h l i
ra t ll e u no a e s r en e e ne a a ,

an d t h v ll y i to whic h t h t g d wo l d
e a e n c ily h v d c d d a ra e u n e e ssa r a e es en e

w as so ow d ugg d th t th woul d h v b li ttl vi g

n a rr an r e a ere a e een e sa n

ov th p c t g d
er e I -

er en ra e .

(3 ) O cco t of th p c li co di tio
n a un d whic h t h
e od e u ar n ns un er e r a

would p o b b ly b o p r t d it w
a i wi c t i t h t t h
e era e
p c t
,
as n no se er a n a e I -

er en

g d wo l d b
ra e d u h lp g d B t v if it w
e u se as a d th e er ra e . u e en ere , a n e

g d ra vi io w c i d b ck fo w d th ld o d f
e re s n as a rr e o gh a or r ar on e o r a ar e n u

t m k
o a
p com l
e u
p t f ig h t d
a ivi io t h would b m y t i
e e re s n, ere e an a ra n

whic h wo l d q i th vice f th h l p c g d
'

t u no re u re p t e ser o e e er on a I -

er en ra e,

an d y t c t i ly woul d
e er a n p c tg d on a -
er en ra e .

T h w it e do t p t
r er d th t th es d opt d g d
no of 5 3 f t
re e n a e se a e ra es ee

an d 3 4 f t o t h b ou d ee d 53 f t
s u d 6 f t o th b o d w
~
n ,
an ee an 1 ee n r -

un ,
ere

t di d
s u t
e d d j u t d cc
ou an t ly t t h a d of t h f tu
s e t ffi c
a u ra e o e nee s e u re ra .

T h p o b bl fu tu
e r t ffi c w
a e co i d d b t th g d dopt d
re ra as ns ere ,
u e ra es a e

w ere imply th b t th t th co t y ffo d d t

s e es o bl
a e un r a r e a a rea s na e

e x p d it of f om
en u re t r p mil b low b g d o er e, e su —
ra e,

ea c h of th m b i g fix d b y lo g co ti uo e e n c t t lt e n ,
n n us a s en s o a er

m t i lly
a er a
y of whic h f t h b tt could b d o o ly t
an on e or e e er e ne n a an

e x p di t en t w t d b y th
u re n o tici p t d t ffi c
arra n e e an a e ra .

O th n uppo i tio th t t h pl of duci g outh b ou d g d

e s s n a e an re n s -
n ra es

on th ld o d w e o t c i d t th c h m of o p tio
r a as no a rr e ou ,
e s e e era n, as

a ff c t d b y t h
e e g d w i t h ou t u
esei g h ral p gi
e s, co l.
d b s n a e er en n e, u e

outli d ou ghly follow

ne r as s

It w c t i t th out t th t pu li would b c h ff t
as er a n a e se a a s r ne ra n o a

th ou th d of th N ow t th xc ll t b t d v lop d co l
e s en e arr s o e e e en ,
u un e e e ,
a
APP E N D I X
 RAIL R O AD L O C AT I O N 34 9

f th f om t h c t of t h tow t h th o th t tio would h v

ur er r e en er e n an e er s a n a e

b een , b t goo d co u ctio wi th t h t c k l d i g t ll th L Foll tt

nne n e ra ea n o a e a e e

i d t i co ld b h d t t h m m it m tio d d t th poi t F
n u s r es u e a a e su en ne an a e n ,
.

T hi p oi t w
s j t ou th of t h i t c tio of ll t c k
n as us s th T e n erse n a ra s on e en

n essee N o th l di g t ll t h cok ov
r ern ea n d co l mi
o a d e e en s an a n es, an

w as ju t o th of ll t c k l di g t t h t h c u h b ic k y d
s n r a ra s ea n o e re e r s ers , r -

ar s

an d fu c ; d th o ly l d v il b l f y d f th w o d
rn a e an e n an a a a e or ar s or e ne r a ,

i t h vici ity w
n e nt d ,
t hi as ammi t t St tio 4
an n e ar s su a a n 10 .

Th w
ere vigo o oppo i tio t th
as r us w loc tio t h o gh t h
s n o e ne a n r u e

to w how v
n, b t t h co m mo
e e r, u vi w of t h m tt p v il d i
e n sen se
-
e e a er re a e n

th d
e en d th ,
o d w b ilt i t ho ld h v b
an e r a as t h u pp
u ,
as s u a e een , on e er

g d li
ra e ne .

T h comp e tiv dv t g i o p a ra e tio a of thi u pp li w

an a e n era n s er ne a s so

p al p b l t
a h t iet w v a t t m p t d tas c lcul t h w much mo
ne er a e e o a a e o re

e co omic l it w t h th oth li
n a as T h v p t th
an e t tio f er ne . o a e u e s a n or

t hi i m po t
s t to w i r an c h pl c nw co t mpl t d wi th 4 3 f t
n su a a e as as n e a e ,
ee ,

v tic l of
er a ,
c y m ximum g d imm di t ly
u n n e essar a c h id of ra e e a e on ea s e

it wo ld h v b
,
u b d a g i e i een
g v if t
a h t ffi
en c f o m t h i poi t
n eer n ,
e en e ra r s n

a lo w t b co id d ; b t t p t t tio
ne as o e ns ere t h ou gh li u i o u a s a n on a r ne n

su c h pl c t whic h ll h vy t i wo ld p ob bly h v t top

a a e, a a ea ra n s u r a a e o s ,

wh enit co l d b void d t y o bl o tl y wo ld h v b
u e a e a an re a s na e u a ,
u a e een

t h h i ght of folly
e e .

Af t ll th co t c t f
er a th e co t c tio of th m i li
n ra s or de n s ru n e a n ne an

th C l
e Fo k B
ear c h w l t it w fo d th t it q i d v y
r ra n ere e ,
as un a re u re er ex

p en siv co t
e c t i o t co
n s ru c t t h O liv
n Sp i g li
o n ne ith t e er r n s n e, e er a

Fo d j t th o th id of th C li c h mil b low
’
L ee s r or us on e n r s e e n ,
2 es e

C li t o which w g d d t h o ly v il b l p oi t Th p
'

n n, ere re ar e as e n a a a e n s . e ro ~

po d ou t u it d Do c h D o t f om L Fo d
’
se r es nt T
e n e ar sse . o re a sse r ee s r

re q i d 3 mil of o d
u re b idg o v th C li c h d t
es . r a ,
a l r e er e n ,
an a u n ne

t h ou gh B l c k O k Ri d g N
r a aT c h Do t f om th co d
e o . 2 . o re a sse r e se n

p oi t n q i d 5 mil of v y h vy wo k d t
re u re es l th ou gh t h
er ea r an a unne r e

sa m idg Ei th pl of buildi g th b c h li th wo ld
e r e . er an n e ra n n e, en , u

c i t t tu li g thi id g twic o c f th m i li o th of
n e ess a e nne n s r e e, n e or e a n ne n r

C l i ton d o c f
n an th b c h li ou thw t of C li to Si c it
n e or e ran ne s es n n . n e

w as a fix d f c t t h t th be c h li wo ld b co t ct d it w
a a e ra n
g ne u e ns ru e ,
as su

g t d th t it mi ght b b tt
es e a t tu th m i li o thw t t
e e er o rn e a n ne s u es a a

p oi tn
3 mil ou t h of C o
es sl C k t k i t t h ou g Do
h a t d m k
ree ,
a e r sse an a e

t h p oi t f j u c tio f
e n o th b n ch li t D o t T hi pl wo l d
n or e ran ne a sse . s an u

v th co t uctio of
sa e e ns r tu l d i th n b idg ov
on e nne , an e er one r e er
3 50 AP P E N D I X
t he l ch d th co t c ti o d op tio of 3 mi l of o d th
C in an e n s ru n an era n es r a or e

co t ctio
n s ru d op ti o nof 5 mil of o d B t it wo ld mi t h
an era n es r a . u u ss e

t ow of C li t o E x mi ti o t h co cti o of
'

n n h w d t h t wh
n . a t na n s o e a ,
en e n s ru n

b oth th m i li e d th b a n c h li w co id d
ne a n whol t h
e ra n ne as ns ere as a e, e

p p o
r o d c
seh g w d v t gan ou i ep oi t of
as li g n m a t di t
an a c e s n n a en ,
s an e,

an d co omy e T h g di t of t h m i
n . li w
e ra t b fit d
en s e a n ne ere no en e e

m t i lly b y t h c h g b t tho of t h b c h li w b fi t d
a er a e an e, u se e ra n ne ere en e e

v y m ch T o t
er u l th i d g
. th b c h li wi t h th g
un ne e r e on e ra n n e, e ra

di t en s a d op t d f it wo ld h v e q i d 5
or f t of t
,
u l b t th a e re u re 2 00 ee u nn e ,
u e

g d
rai t w
en s d ci d d u p
no o f t h m i e li e
q i d 3 5 f t
n of or e a n ne re u re 20 ee

tunne l T h b y vi g t h 7 foot t
. u s, l d t h 5 foot t
sa n e l 00 -

u nn e an e 2 00 -

u nn e ,

an d m ki g t h 3 5 a foot t
n l ,t h w 3 f t mo of t
e 20 -

lt
unne ere as 20 ee re u nn e o

co t uc t b t t h co t of t h x p iv pp o c h t
ns r ,
u e s of th e e en s e a r a es o on e e

tu nne s l w vd a s sa e .

Th t ow
e of C li to w n l dy w ll p o i d d wi th ilw y
n n as a rea e r v e ra a

f ciliti
a d it h d
e s, t th
an p op l tio a y i d t y t giv it
no e u a n n or an n us r o e

cl im f co id tio g i t ch dv t g
a or ns era Th l t c
n a u
a ns su a an a es . e as ens s

s ho w d t h t it w
e d c a i g i pop l ti o T h fo th li w
as e re a s n n u a n . ere re e ne as

ch g d t p
an e t h o gh D oo t; ass d th f th r u d t g w sse an e ur er a v an a e as

se cu d th t g i t o t h b o d t i th t w p i cip l b c h
re a ,
a a ns s u -

un ra n s, e o r n a ra n

li h v t h m limi ti g g di t
n es a e e sa th e m i li Th n th ra en s as e a n ne . us e

o d i l id t om wh t t h m p i cipl
r a s a ou s e t h t b y whi c h
a on e sa e r n e as a a

t
s rea m d p t f o m it di c t coe ar s t m t it p i ci p l t ib u t i
r s re u rse o ee s rn a r a r es .

Th o d loc t d fi lly i
e r a ,
as mil i l gt h f om S to t
a e na ,
s es n en ,
r ax n o

A yl m S t
s u t i K oxvill m ki g th l gt h of o d xc d th
re e n n e, a n e en r a e ee e

t i ght li
s ra di t c 5 5 p ne c t i t d of 3 4 p c t
s an e by t h
er en n s ea er en as e
‘

K oxvi ll
n d O hi o B
e c h of th So th
an b tw th
ra n m e u ern e een e sa e

p oi t n s .

Th o gh t co t y co t d w f om t h h d of th N
e r u es un r en u n ere as r e ea e ar

r ow t t h C mb l d C li c h Divi d e d h
s o e u er a n d g -

cu v n ,
an ere I o— e ree r es

w ere u se d Q i t x p iv co t uc ti o w
. u e e c y th ou th
en s e ns r n a s n e e ss ar on e s

s id of t hi di id
e f s L F oll t t v d h
e as m x im m of 8 d
ar a s a e e, a n ere a a u -
e

g ree c v w u r es d Rou gh co t y w as u se l o cou t d i th 6

. un r as a s en n ere n e

mil o t h of C o l C k d th c t t h o gh C opp Ridg

es n r a ree ,
an on e as e n r u er e.

Th e h p t cu v
s ar u d t th l t tw poi t w 6 d g ; th
es r es se a e as o n s ere e rees e

re m i d a n of th o d w loc t d light cu v
er e r a th t t h p oi t
as a e on r e s , so a e n s

wh cu v tu would d c hi gh p d m t i lly w b c h d
ere r a re re u e s ee s a er a ere un e .

F om S x t o t L Foll t t t h
r a n o i ty tw c v th tot l gl
a e e e re a re n n e -

o u r e s, e a an e

tu rn e d b i g 37 7 d g e n 45 d g 1 of c v t p mil F om
e rees, or 1 e rees u r a u re er e . r
352 APPE N D I X
At t he t im of w i ti g thi p p ( D c mb e r
p c tic lly ll
n s a er e e er, ra a a

th e g d i g xc
ra p t t h
n t i ,
t h Ke oxvill y
e d i co mpl t d S
a n e n e ar s, s e e . ev

era l of t h t l compl t d b t t h 3 5 foot tu l t D o t

e u n n e s a re e e ,
u e 20— nn e a ss e

c ot b com pl t d p o b bly b fo o m tim i th mm of

an n e e e ,
r a ,
e re s e e n e su er

1 9 04 T h
. m i li ie b i g b il t wi th p m
a n ne t t ctu
s e n u er a n en s ru res , no

ti m b b i dg
er b i dg
r ppo t b ei g u d
es or xc pt fo wood
r e su r s n se ,
e e ur en

t tl
res whic h es t b fi ll d i v t lly with t m hov l d
a re o e e n, e en u a ,
s ea S e an

t i ra n .

O f op i g th m i li t h
en n s on l v co c t d toe a n n e, ere a re e e en n re e a n s ne

m o y c h of f om
as n r ar t 6 f t p
es Th r t hi ty t l
12 o 2 ee s an . ere a re r s ee

b id g
r m o y pi
es, on d b tm tas d tw vi d c t of 4
nr ers a n a u en s , an o a u s 1 20

f t tot l l gth T h
ee ,
a t l b i dg
en co i t of t h th o gh p
. ese s ee r es ns s ree r u s a n s,

on e of 5 f t d tw of 1 0 f t d ix ty v pl t gi d of t h
ee an o 2 00 ee ,
an s -

se en a e r ers e

followi g k i d w i ti g th i l gth t th
n n s, r t 5 f t
n O 4e r en s o e n eares ee : ne 0

foot th o gh r u4 5 foo t t h o gh,

on e 8 foo t t h o gh —
d 45 r u ,
on e 0 -
r u ,
an on e

foo t d o bl t ck d c k ; d i gl t c k d c k gi d of th followi g
u e -
ra e an s n e — ra e r ers e n

l gth
en d s mb T w 4 foot i 3 foot i 4 foot l v
an nu er : o 1 -

,
S x 0 -

,
s x 0 -

,
e e en

4 5 foo t 5 foo t i 6 foot tw ty 7 foo t 9 foo t d

—
,
on e 0 -

,
n ne 0 -

,
en -

on e 0 -

,
on e 0— ,
an

on e 1 2 0 foot I th t ct -

. th n cu bic y d of fi t
ese s ru u res e re a re ar s rs

an d co d cl b i dg d c h m o y I ddi tio th
se n -

ass r e an ar as nr . n a n, ere a re

c bic y d of c lv t m o y
u ar s u er as nr .

T h to t l co t of co t c tio
e a of th m i li
s dy f n s ruop n e a n ne rea or era

tio xclu iv of olli g toc k d q i pm t i w e tim t d t b

n, e s e r n s an e u en s no s a e o e
-

li ttl i xc of or a
p m il e T h co t of t h
n e ess er e . e s e

O liv Sp i g B
er c h i tim t d t b
r n s ra n d of t h C l
s es a e o e an e ea r

Fo k B r ch ran

A will b i fs d f om t h fo goi g d i cu io i t h l y
e n erre r t of t h e re n s ss n, n e a -

ou e

r ao d f mo w ight w giv t g di t d th cu i g t t ffi c
,
ar re e as en o ra en an e se r n o ra

th ant cu v tu o d di t cr a I f co omy i o p
re an tio i i s an ey . e n n era n s n an

wi p o p o tio l t t h
se r mooth
r naof th g d it i o e s co omi n e ss e ra e s, s an e n

c lly loc t d o d co id i g th co t y I
a a e r a ,
k i g m u of
ns er n e un r . n see n a eas re

g rad mooe t h s f uch p po th moothness or s of g di t a ur se , e s n ess a ra en

s hould b t k t v y i v
e a ly t h tot l umb of f t v ti
en o ar n erse as e a n er ee ,
er

ca l c dd dd c dd
,
a s en e m ximum
an t l t
es e n x p iv e on a ,
or a eas on e ens e,

g d ; b t t k i g th
ra es u mooth
, a t v y i v ly
n e th to t l
s n ess o ar n erse as e a

n umb of f t c d d d d c d d om i t ti g comp i o
er ee as en e an es en e ,
s e n eres n ar s n s

m y b a how e s n .

F om t h c o i g of th C li ch
r e t C li to
r ss n t K oxvill th e n ,
a n n, o n e, on e

K oxvill d Ohio B c h of t h South

n e an t h to t l i i 64 f t
ra n e ern , e a r se s 1 ee
 RAI L R O A D L O C AT I O N 353

a nd o l f ll 6 f t
t he t ta a to t l v 01
g i ee d f ll p
,
or a mi l of a a era e r se a n a er e

f t F om th c o i g of th C li c h
ee . r e t hi li
r ss n t K oxvill e n ,
on s ne, o n e,

th ere are 2 9 f t of i 0 d 64 f t of f ll m k i g
ee r se a n t ot l v 2
g ee a ,
a n a a a era e

i
r se a n d f ll p mil of
a f t M
er e d b ov t h m oot h ee . ea su re as a e, e s ness

of thi w li xc d th mooth
s ne ne e of th ld li i t h m
ee s e s n ess e o ne , n e sa e

cou t y by 73 p c t
n r ,
1 er en .

I nt hi p ct th
s res mooth e of thi o d comp
,
e s f vo b ly n ess s r a ares a ra

wi th th mooth e s of om p i i o d Th v g tot l i
n ess s e ra r e r a s . e a era e a r se

an d f ll p a mil f om S x to t K oxvill i
er e r af t Th v g n o n e s ee . e a era e

to t l ia d f ll p
r se a n mil of a of th p i ci p l o d f om K
er e on e e r n a r a s r a n sa s

C i ty t C hic go f
o th fi t a ,
mil or t of K e C ity
rs c o th1 00 e s ou a n sas ,
a r ss e

Mi o i p i i
ss u r i ra r es, f t p mil T hu m u i g g d
s ee er e . s, ea s r n ra e

s mooth by t hi t d d th moo th
ne ss s s an of thi mou t i o d
ar ,
e s n es s s n a n r a ,

c o i g th di ctio of th p v ili g i dg
r ss n e re n d g e xc dre a n r es an ra n es , e ee s

th e smooth of t hi p i i o d b y 4 p c t
n e ss s ra r e r a 2 er en .

EM L w M AM S C C E ( b y l tt ) ( M L o w d i cu
’
I LE o ,
. . O . . . e er . r . s s s

s io co i t d of
n ns s e ccou t of th loc tio of th C li c h V ll y Di i
an a n e a n e n a e v

s io of th N o folk d W t
n e r R il o d an d whi l i t es ern ti g i a r a ,
an e n eres n s

no t p o d uc d i f ll
re r T h clo i g p
e n
g p h follo w )
u . e s n ,
ara ra s .

B fo e clo i g th w it wo ld lik t dd f w m k i
re s n ,
e r er u e o a a e re ar s n

re ar
g d t t h p poo m t h
eo d of rco d c t i g
er il oe d loc t io I t i n u n ra r a a ns . s

t h p c tic t
e ra t e
p p oo p o cud li of u il o d
a i t o r c t io d
se ne ra r a n se ns an

a llo t of th t ch u v y p ty T hi i good f
on e e se o ea s r e it go ar . s s as ar a s es ,

b t t h t o bl i th t
u e r u c h p ty i g
e s lly llow d t follow it
a ea ar s en era a e o s

o w b t i f ct t
n en ,
o m t it w w t will i t d f fi lli g i
n a ,
o r a a s o n s ee ,
n s ea o n n a

p t of
ar h mo io a whol
ar B d loc tio
n us lo lt f om imp op
e . a a ns a s resu r r er

o g iz tio
r an a i fli i t
n, an mb of m mb i th p ti d l
n su c en nu er e ers n e ar es , e e

g t
ai g t
n t h c hi
o f of p e ti c h w
e s o k i t t i g p ar ll i g
es suh t i r as s n u a n n a

t p lo tti g t h d y wo k wh uc h d ti o ght t b p fo m d
’
ten n e a s r ,
en s u es u o e er r e

b y d ft m ra sp ci lly p ovi d d f
en , es i e it bl q t
a r w ll e or n su a e u ar ers , a s e as

in d yli ght
a .

Wi t h p op m t hod r ervy b k p t plo tt d

e s, su r e p t d t s c an e e e u o a e,

an d t h loc ti g e gi a n t hu h v
en b o d vi w of t h g o d
n eer c a n s a e a r a e e r un

h i cov i g
e s d l o
er n i t lli g t id of wh t
,
an a s an d d i tio l
n e en ea ere o ru n a na

li n es ,wh d d t cov
en n ee d o b tf l poi t
e o I ddi tio
er copi of u u n s . n a n, es

a ll o t n i cl d i g t i t l v l d topog p hic l ot
es , n u n ra n s ,
houl d b
e e an ra a n es , S e

sen t ( m il d ) t h d q t
or a e t f q o t i t v l
ea t b wo k d
u a r ers , a re u en n er a s , o e r e

u p t o c a n e .

T hi sb l t h c hi f e g
en a es t e wh t i b i g d o
e n i th
i n eer o see a s e n ne n e
3 54 APP EN D I X
fi e d, l l o k p hi m i lo touc h with ll hi
an d a s ee s i t t Thu n C se a s a ss s an s . s

h e c an g iv c h o d t
e su c h g d i mp ov m t i t h whol
r ers as o an es an r e en s n e e

li n e as will lt i p oducing p f c t d ig
re su n r a er e es n .

WIL AM P WA N M AM S
LI . C E ( b y l tt )
TS O T hi p p
,
. . OC . . . e er .
—
s a er

h as b d wi t h muc h pl
een rea Th utho co ct i th e a su re . e a r IS rre n e

t t m
s a e t en
“
Th co omic q ti o whic h d t mi d th t th whol p o j ct
e e n u es ns e er ne a e e r e

of co t ucti o w d i b l m y b of mo i mpo t c t h t h
ns r n as a v sa e a e re r an e an e

mo t i t ic t d l
s n r d c lcul tio
a e an po t h t t
ea rn e
g h ffi ci cy a a n u n e s ren or e en

of p ci l t uc t l p t
S e a s r u ra ar s .

B y t h fo m eth co omi c cc
r e r, f il of th t p i
e e n su ess or a u re e e n e r r se a s

a whole i d t mi d whil t h f ilu

s e er of t h l tt ff c t g
ne ,
lly
e e a re e a er a e s, en era ,

o lyn
p t
on e d oft v y m ll p t of th whol t p i
ar ,
an en a er s a ar ,
e e e n er r se ,

an d b
c an m di d ily b y mo kilf l d compl t t ct
e re e e eas a re s u an e e s ru u re .

F or t hi o kilful d ci tifi c loc tio of y give li of

s reas n, a s an s en a n an n ne

odi v y
r a s ly pp ci t d A fo m ly t t d th wo k of th
er ra re a re a e . s r er s a e ,
e r e

loc ti g gi a n m y d t mi
en n eerth cc s f il of y giv
a e er ne e su e s or a u re an en

t p i
en er r se .

O f co th d t mi tio
u rse , t co t uct li b tw
e e er tw na n o ns r a ne e een o

t mi i i t h p ovi c of t h
er n s e x cu tiv b ch of th o d b t v
r n e e e e e ra n e r a ,
u ,
e en

for t hi p po s wh ur b b tt d i th th kill d gi
se , o c an !
e a e er a v ser an e S e en n eer

Aft t hi h
er b d t mi d t h com th mi o co omi c q
s as een e er ne ,
ere e e n r e n u es

ti o ns of th l c tio of th o t wh i mu t b co id d Fi t
e se e n e r u e, ere n s e ns ere : rs ,

th e b t o t f t ffic d th p ob bl vol m th of ; d
es r u e or ra an e r a e u e ere an sec

on d ly th v io , q e tio ar t t h p op
us
g di t
u es di t c ns i as o e r er ra en s, s an e , r se

an d f ll d c v t
a ,
an th i d g of impo t c b i g i th o d
u r a u re , e r e ree r an e e n n e r er

na m d T h fi t aff c t t h v
e . e rsof th o d d th l t fo e s e re e n u e e r a ,
an e as ur

a ff c t t h y
e ly op ti g x p
e ea r t h p ofi t of t h
era t p i
n e en ses , or e r s e en er r se .

Th y e l gi tim t
a re asd p op e bj c t of co id tio b y th
a e an r er su e s ns era n e

loc ti g gi a n i t h fi t co t of t h co t uc tio ; f
en n eer a s s th y e rs s e ns r n or e are

t k
a c of b y th
en a re l op ti g x p d t h l tt
e an n u a b y th era n e en se s a n e a er e

an n uli t t a fix d c h g ;
n eres , d y t wh t g
or t e m p t a r es an e a rea su s a re S en

on ra ilw y co t uc tio wi thou t v co ide i g y of t h q tio

a ns r n e en ns r n an e se u es ns

e xc pt p ob bly gr di t T h w i t h k ow c hi f gi
e ,
r a ,
a en s . e r er as n n e en n e ers ,

wh o,ft th li g g di t h d b d cid d upo (p ob b ly b y

a er e ru n ra en a e en e e n r a

th e x c ti v d p tm t
e e u e m g m t f om wh t it w t d
e ar en ,
or an a e en ,
r a an e

an d t f om
no ci ti fi c tu dy of th u bj c t) pp d t tt ch
r a s en s e s e ,
a eare o a a no

impo t c t th o th q tio i d d h d t ho ght

r an e o e er pi io
u es ns, n ee ,
a no u or O n n

upo th m ; d wh n e c omp i o b tw
an , y tw li
en a w md ar s n e een an o n es as a e,
356 APP E N D I X
d u la tion s, v riou i d f ll or ov com b y th mom tum
a s r ses a n a s , a re er e e en ,

or s to d gy w hic
re h i i c d
e n er t o d p ,
t h d c t d s n rease ,
or s re u ,
on e es en s a n

giv ff th
en o c t illu t t d in Fig 7 T hi i wh t gi
on e a s e n s , as s ra e . 10 . s s a en ne
“
m enm b y th x p io t k i gea n t hill e e ress n a n a ru n a a .

Fig 7 p t .t h p
10 o fi l of im gi y li wh o l m
re re se n s e r e an a n ar ne ere n a oco o

ti v i eu pp o d t b b l t h l t i
s s se l v l g d t 3 mil
o e a e o au a ra n o n a e e ra e a 0 es

p erhou d t x t t h m t io upo t h d w b
r an o e p d
er e sa e en s n n e ra -
ars u an

dow hill th lig m t b i g

n , g d e t llow of v y f t
a n en e n arra n e so as o a er as

sp d ee T h c lcul tio of t h di ff
s . t p d i illu t t d i T b l
e a a n e eren s ee s s s ra e n a e

No . 2 .

i
A tra n in mo tio n at 30 mil es per h o ur ha s a
p o t ti l lif
ent of 3 f a 2 eet ,

v tic lly
er a .

d
e
e
p
s
e
l

m
i

a ;
»
a
El ev a t i on l < El eva ti on
Le v e l Ele va t i on E le va ti on

El e va ti on

Fi g . 1 07 .

T hu
b l how th t t M il
s t he ta e s th p d i 3 mil s a p r a e e S ee s 0 es e

hou t h o i gi
r, or l t ti g v loci ty e r na s ar n e .

I it t vi d
s t th t no o d co t uc t d
e en uch p ofi l
a a r a b ns r e on s a r e c an e

wo k d r c h ply e q iv l t l v l o d ( xc p t f
as ea as an e th p u ti a en e e r a e e or e rac

c lly u m
a bl w n d teasu ra n t c k d olli g toc k d t
e e ar a n ear o ra an r n s ue o

v yi g p d ) d wi th ctu lly
ar n s ee s mo pplic tio of pow
,
an a a no re a a n er,

p ovid d t h v loci ti
r e b m i t i d e e f ly ! es c a n e a n a ne sa e

T h w it wo lde t d vi
r c yi g t hi t th x t t ugg t d
er u no a se a rr n s o e e en s es e

b y W lli gto th t i u i g g d g t th th m xim m i

e n n, a s, s n ra es rea e r an e a u ,
n

th ese
g d i sa f l t
s h ou an
g h t hi i co
r ses , c t t h o t ic
or, lly a i t s s rre ,
e re a ,

p ppo
re su lw y u o b t uct d t ck Whil thi m y g
se s a a s an n lly
s r e ra e s a enera
-
.

b e it m y so ,t lw y Suppo th g d a no a c h id of th
a s . se e ra es on ea s e e

sa g t M il a w b yo d teh m ximum I it
ere t pp e tn t h t e a . s no a a ren a

an y o b t uc tio c i t ti g top t h would t ll th t i

s r n n e ess a n da s ere s a e ra n an

imp d ti e p t
e,h t fi
forc f t h e t i
u di,
vi io i e v li d
ra t i g ll or e en re s n, n a a n a

it fis p u t h o i
ne s -

d l b o n t c lcul e tio
r es ! A lipp y il
an e a ra e a a ns s er ra
 RAI L R O AD L O C ATI O N 357

n ear ummi t might h v th m ff c t f t ho gh thi might

t he s a e e sa e e e ,
or, u s

no t i t f wi t h t h po t ti l lift it wo ld i t f
n er ere wit h t h
e en a ,
u n er e re e con

t
s an t fo c th locomotiv b c u wi th f ight p ci lly t h
r e, e e, e a se , re s es e a , e

a bili ty t t t giv lo d p y g d limi t th mo t of th t

o s ar a en a u an ra e s e a un a

lo d d if it w
a ,
an ,
t f th l ticity i t h p i g of th co pl
ere n o or e e as n e s r n s e u ers ,

it i d ou b tf l w h t h
s gi
u could t t lo d whi c h it could
e er an en ne s ar a a

rea dily p ll u .

T hi woul d i di c t t h t t h
s g could b m d 8
n a e 9 f t a ese sa s e a e 0 or 0 ee ,

b t t h li
u mu t b loc t d f it w k t m mb which would b
e ne s e a e or s ea es e er, e

a f i ght of 4
re 5 c wi t h p d of f om 5 t 3
0 or 0 5 t 4
ars , S ee s r 1 o 0 , or 2 o 0,

mil p hou
es er r .

Wi th p d of f om 5 t 3 mil p ho t h
s ee s f g would b
r 1 o 0 es er ur e sa e s a e

4 f t
2
X 3 55) ( s X 35 5) - I - 2 ee .

Wi th p d of f om 5 t 4 mil p hou t h f
s ee s r
g would b
2 o 0 es er r, e sa e sa e

35 f t
2
X 35 5) ( 5 X 2 ee

Th fo ere li loc t d wi th
re , a u d l ti g g d co t i i g
ne a e an n u a n ra e, n a n n

sa g t xc d i g 3
s no e f t ee
p ci l occ io n
4 f t would b
0 ee ,
o r on s e a as ns 0 ee e
,

wi t hi f limi t p ovi d d t h uli g g d w

n sa e s, t exc d d
r e e r n ra e ere n o ee e .

T h fo goi g c lc l tio
e re d p d t
n th a b ili ty t m i
u a ns a re e en en on e a o a n

t i a n f t p d T h fo
as s ee ythi g whic h wo ld i t f wi th thi
s . ere re , a n n u n er ere s

s ho l d b
u void d A h p c v t t h b ottom of
e a e s t M il
ar ur e a e a sa
g y sa a e
.

102 2 n i F ig
.
7 wo l d t b
.
p mi i b l
10 ,Suc h cu v h lf w y
u no e er ss e . a r e a a

d ow wo ld n t b u obj ctio b l no co ld b i t oduc d t

e as m e na e , or u e n r e a a su
mi t wi t ho t h m if p o p ly comp
u ar t d , r er en sa e .

Di t Th
s a n ce t ho h
. h dly gi v d w i ght t t h qu tio
e au r as ar en ue e o e es n

of di t c s an d th w i t
e , an i t t h t th d e
t g tt i
r
d
er s no su re a e a va n a es a a ne a re

s uffi ci t t comp t f th l gth i g of t h li b ou t mil

en o e n sa e or e en en n e ne a 11 es

mo th t h t of th Sou th
re an T h op
a tio of i c e d di ern . e era n an n re ase s
tan c of t hi x t t will p o b bly co t
e s e d di tio l 5
en c t p r a s an a na 0 en s er

t i mil
ra n -
T h co t f
e t i d ily ech w y t s or 1 0
t i ra n s a ea a a er ra n
p
.

mil ( t h co t
e et h L oui vill s d N h ill Sy t m) i c lcul t d
on e s e an as v e s e s a a e
,

as follow s:

5 X 365 X
0 X X t i $4 4 p y dd d t g2 10 ra n s 0 2 er ear a e o en
era l op ti g x p era f n t i mi l
e d f en ses mi l thi m k or one ra n -
e, an ,
or 1 1 e s, s a es
w hic h c pi t li d t 4 p c t p y giv
,
a a ze a er en er e ar, es

T hu it would b ju tifi b l t
s xp d fi t co t uc ti o mo
e s a e o e en on rs ns r n re

th an t v t hi di t c o sa e s s an e .

N w f om o , x mi tio of Fig 4 it look

r an e if thi xc di
a na n . 10 , s as s e e ss s
 AP PE N D I X
3 58

t an c e lo t b tw K oxvi ll d L F ll tt
was s e een d i t l o pp
n e an a o e e, a n a s a ea rs

th t a p a I c -

t li er coul d b
en o b t i ned S u pp o c h li t h v
e a ne . se su a ne o a e

b loc t d followi g i th m i th Sou th f om K oxvill t

een a e ,
n ,
n e a n, e ern r n e o

t h C li c h t h
e n whic h
,
m t b th tu l ou t p th C li c h t
en , see s o e e na ra r e, u e n o

B ig C k d p l tt t L F ll tt I t i g
ree an u a er lly c h p
o ad o e e . s en era ea er a n

b tt t k p th il o d li
e er o ee e ra th t
r a ld i g wy ne as n ea r e n a ura ra n a e a s as

p c
ra t ic b l aT h i e w oul
. d l o h v s h d t h d v t g of
a s o p i g a e a e a an a es en n a

ne w d an occupi d t i to y T h l c tio of t h li t h o gh L
un e err r . e se e n e ne r u a

F ll tt
o e d f om t h
e an t J llico m t h ve b
r ere o mi tly wi
e see s o a een e n en se

an d co ct rre .

T hi uppo d li b tw K oxvill d th C li ch would h v

s s se ne e een n e an e n a e

a b ou t th m i '
e sa d f lle r ses a nt h S ou t h th x t m l v tio
a s as e ern , e e re e e e a n

of y poi t b i g b o t th m th t of th K oxvill L Foll tt

an n e n a u e sa e as a e n e, a e e
'

an d J llico R il o d b tw
e a th r a m poi t B t th fo m h
e een e sa e n s . u e r er as

th e a d d itio l i nad f ll t of
r se an d i to t h v ll y of B v
a ,
ou d an n e a e s ea er an

B ull R C un k whic h mou t t b o t 5 f t f th fo m

ree s, a n o a u 12 ee or e r er

an d 5 f 22 t f t h
ee l t t or t o t l of e b o uat 3 5 f t
er, o r a N w i a a 0 ee . o ,
n c on

ti t tc h
n u ou s s re of f t d mo uch i
es 1 00 d f ll
ee dd t t h
an re , s r ses a n a s a o e

y ly op ti g x p
ear era n p e foot of i en ses d f ll p t i er r se an
‘

a er ra n

mil e, or, f t his li or wi th t h umptio of t i p d y ch

n e, e a ss n 10 ra n s er a ,
ea

w y a , d an p t i mil t hi er w oul d bra n -

e, s e

X 10 X 2 X

which c pi t li d t 4
, a a ze a p er c en t per y ea r $999 . T h at is, i t w ould
b ju ti fi b l t
e p
s d b ouat $ pe foo t t limi
o s en a 1 0 00 er o e n a te t he i
r ses a n d

f ll T h comp i o wi th t h i c
a s . e
i y ly p ar s n, e n rea se n ea r O era t n g e i xp en ses ,

f t h tw t
or i m of
e d i t c d
o i d fell c psi t li s an e an r se a n a ,
a a z ed , is as follow s

T HE PRE SEN T KNO XVI LLE , L A FO L LET T E AN D JELLI C O RAILROAD

L O C AT IO N .

T o 1 0* m iles d i st a n c e ( i n c re a sed ) at p er mi le
F irst c o st of e x ce ss 1 0 miles , sa y

T o t al e x c ess of p resen t loc a t ion

S UPPO S ED LO C ATI O N .

$1 000
'

T o 3 5 0 fee t of ri se a n d fa ll at

T o t a l i n fa v or of su pp ose d loc a tio n

T hi s is upo n a 1 -

per c en t ( or 53 f e et mil ) uli g g di t

p er e r n ra en .

Bu t t he pre sen t loc tio a n is a d a p te df uli g g di nt of 3 5 f t

or a r n ra e ee

O n ly 10 m iles ’
i n cre a se is c h a rge d, as m i l m y b l t i d v l pi g h
1 e a e os n e e o n t e

su p p o se d li n e t o a 1 p er c ent grad e
-
.
360 APPE N D I X
T AB L E No 3 . .
-
E S TrM AT E D PRO B A B L E C OS T or D OU B LIN G TH E E N G IN E
T O N N AG E To H AN D LE TH E S AM E T RAF F IC , U PON 1 M IL E OF RA I LRO A D ,
D U E S OLE LY To A N I N C R E AS E I N TH E M AX I MU M OR RU LI N G G RAD I E N T .

Perc en tag e Ad d ed C ost

v
Su b d i is i on s .
. .

Afi ec t ed Deta i ls . Tota l .

M a i n t e n a n c e of Wa y a nd S tru c tures .

Re p ai rs of ro a d wa y
Re n ewa ls of ra ils
Re n ewa ls of tie s
b
Re p a i rs to ri d ge s a n d c u l ert s v
Re p a i rs a n d re n e wa ls of fe n c e s , roa d
c ro ssi n gs , s i gn s a n d c a t t le gu a rd s

Re p a irs a n d re n e wa ls o f ui ld i n gs a n d b
fix tu res
R e p a i rs a n d re n ewa ls o f d oc s k and

wh ar es v
Re p a i rs a n d re n e wa ls of te le gra p h
S t a tio n ery a n d p ri n tin g
x
O th er e pe n se s
T o t a ls 0 . 1 63 7 4
Ma in ten a n c e of Eq u ip m en t .

Su p eri n te n d e n ce
Rep a irs a n d r e n e wals of lo c o m o ti e s v .

Re p a i rs a n d re n e wa ls of p a sse n ger c a rs
Re p a irs a n d re n ewa ls of frei gh t c a rs
Rep airs a n d re n e wa ls o f wo r c a rs k .

Rep ai rs a n d re n e wa ls o f sh O p m a chi n
e ry a n d t ools

S t a tio n ery a n d pri n tin g

x
O th e r e pe n ses
T o t a ls
C o n d u c t in g Tra n sp orta t io n .

S u p eri n te n d e n ce
E n gi n e a n d ro u n d h o u se m e n -

F u e l for lo c om o ti es v
Wa te r su pp ly for loc om o ti e s v
O i l, t a llow a n d wa st e for lo c o m o ti e s v .

O th er su p plie s
T ra i n ser i c e v
T ra i n su pp lies a n d e p e n se s x .

S wi t ch m e n , fl a gm e n a n d w a t c h m e n
x
.

T e le gra ph e p e n s e s
S t a tio n se r i ce v
S t a tion su ppli es
C a r mi le a ge a la n ce b
L oss a n d d am a ge
j
I n u ri es to p erson
v
Ad erti si n g
O u t sid e a ge n c ie s
C o mmi ssi on s
b
Ren ts of uild i n gs a n d o th er p ro pe rty .

S t a ti on e ry a n d p rin ti n g
x
O th er e p en ses
T o t a ls
 RAI L R O AD L O C AT I O N 36 1

T AB L E No .
3 .
—
C on ti n ued .

Perc en tag e Ad d ed C ost

v
S u bd i is io ns .
. .

Afi ect ed . Deta i ls . Tota l .

G e n er a l E p ens es x .

S a la ri es of ge n era l o ffi c e rs , i n su ra n c e ,
la w, e t c
Es ti m a ti n g th e e t ra e n gi n e to c os t x
a n d c a p it a liz i n g a t 4 % pe r
a n n u m , t h e i n t e re s t c h a rge s wo u ld b e -

$5 0 0 ; a n d es ti m a ti n g t h e d a ily e n gi n e
ru n t o b e 1 1 0 mi les , o r mi les
p er a n n u m , t h e c ost p e r m i le i s

Ru li n g G ra di en t —
I n t he u tho
a r s
’
tre at m en t of t hi s p oi nt he is
slightly o I th fi
in err r it i imp op
. n t m th t
e rs t pl c a e, s r er o a ssu e a

t i
ra ns t f lly lo d d f
are no it i t h d ty of t h m
u ga m e t t ,
or s e u e an a e en o

see t h t t h p owa i u d p t it f ll
e f c p city thu o b t i i g
er s se u o s u sa e a a ,
s a n n

th e g t t co
rea es omy I f t h g d e tn fi
f c i d.i c t io e ra es or ra n on e re n are

d i ff t f om tho
eren of th othr th y se l mo t lw y thi e er, as e are , a s a a s, s

mu t b m d p b y th i
s e a umb of t i
e u e s z e or n er ra n s .

S co d ly whil o p
e n ti g x p
,
m y v y d i c tly
e era th t i n e en ses a ar re as e ra n

mil g th y d t v y t h umb of t i
ea e, e o no T hi i ar how i as e n er ra n s . s s s n n

T bl N
a e3 o . .

T hi dly it r m t t h w i t th t
,
see s th o ul t of t h e r er a e res e

tho c lc l tio f th vi g by t h c h g i th uli g

’
au r s a u a n or e sa n e an e n e r n

g d i t i f lly
ra en h lf t s l g u d t h t t h m t ho d how i
on e a oo ar e , an a e e s n n
-

T bl N 3 w hic h i p c tic lly W lli gt o m thod i th b tt ’

a e o .
,
s ra a e n n s e ,
s e e er .

Th w i t e h r t k erth l op ti g h t of th M i o i P cifi c
as a en e an n u a era n s ee e ss ur a

R ilw y f
a a
9 whic h will
or 1 v t
02, d d d h duc d t h ser e as a s a n ar ,
an a s re e e

v io i t m t p c t g th g o tot l b i g u i ty
ar us e s o er en a es , e r ss a e n n .

Th v l e p c t
a u e org i T b l N 3 er en a i f t ie n a e o . s or o n e ra n

on e w y b t if a h g i m d i t h m ximum
,
u a C an uli g g di te s a e n e a ,
or r n ,
ra en ,

it ff c t t h lo d
a e s th ti ed ivi io a whic h f on co v i c m y e en re s n, ,
or n en en e , a

b c ll d
e a emil lo g 1 00 es n .

Th fo t dou bl th gi to g t h ul th m t ffi c
ere re , o e e en ne -
nn a e o a e sa e ra ,

d ue s ol ly t c h g i t h uli g g d i t
e o a an di vi io
e n mil e r n ra en ,
on a s n 1 00 es

lo g will co t
n , p t
s i mil p d y X 3 6
er 1 00 5 -
ra n -
es ,
er a ,
or

p um ; t h t i mil er a n n t h L o i vill d or, as e ra n -

e on e u s e an

N hv ill co t
as e t hi will b s s X f
s e or

i c
n of
re ase gi mil 1
p cen t p y
ne -

p d ily t i
e, or 1 00 er en er ea r er a ra n one

w y o ly
a n .
36 2 AP PE N D I X
N ow, a n en gi n e w ill pull 73 per c en t a s much on a I per en t grade
-
c
as upo n a -

per c tgen ra d e , or, to h a u l m ch as u ,

w ill i c
n rease its

mil e , or 1 0 0 y p d ily t i f
p er c ent p er mil divi io i
ea r er a ra n or a 1 00 -
e s n, s

$93 1 ,
2 d f 7 9 mil
an di vi io or a d t i d-
i ly w e
y o ly s n an 10 ra n s a ,
on e a n ,

t hi c hs g w ill
an b w o
e t h Xe X r X 10

sa vi g i th op ti g x p
n n e whic h c pi t li d t 4 p
era n e c tp en ses , ,
a a ze a er en er

an n um giv ,
c pit li d vi g of
es a a a by c h gi g t h uli g
ze sa n an n e r n

g rad i t f om
en p rc t t 1 5 p c
er t B t
en v t hi vi
o g w o ld er en . u e en s sa n u

fully w t th c h
arra n g whic h t h e fo w an wi
e, d p op ,
ere re , as a se a n r er on e .

I t i m if t f o m
s an x mi tio of T b l N 3 howi g t h
es r an e a na n a e o .
,
s n e

op ti g x p
era n of th M i o i P cifi c R ilw y th t th
e en ses e ss u r a a a ,
a ere are

m y it m th i whic h
an e s ere n t ff c t d b y i c d t iare no a e e an n rease ra n ser

vic e, f as ,i t org
‘

l xp
ns a n ce , p i t d c t
en era t e en ses , su er n en en e , e c .
,
e c .

V ti l Cer ca F u rvesli k i m i li wh f t p d
.
—
or a n n a a n n e, en as s ee s a re

d i d
es re d x p ct d
an e
g d tio of e e foot p t tio ( f t)
,
a ra a n er s a n 1 00 ee

in sa
g d s an foo t t ummi t m k b t t a d mo s yt s a es a e er a n re e a s ra n

s iti on th t ho an m tio d b y th se tho en S om comm d v

ne e au r. e re en e en

a fl tt cu v tu b t with th p
a er r a re , t g u l , of p i g i e resen en era u se s r n s n

co pl u ers , d foot an uffi ci t a re s en .

T i ti
ran s S pi l on A pi l i c ro s i g dg i 6 f ti t
.
—
s ra n re a s n 1 e ree n 0 ee s oo

s ho t f r li of thi c h c t
or a ne it i ui t b l o ly f
s ara
p d of er, as s s a e n or a s ee

a b ou t 3 6 mil p hou es er r .

T h w it e b li v th t v y ldom h
r er e e es li c iv d uch
a er se as a ne re e e s

t hou ght d tu dy an g d i g th m i
s qu tio of loc tio
re ar n th e a n es ns a n —
e

ec o omic qu tio
n esd th t ho d
ns — v g t c d i t f l yi g
an e au r eser e s re a re or a n

it b fo e t h S oci ty
re e fully Th w i t e
g t that tim p v t
so . e r er re re s e re en s

him f om goi g i to th u bj ct mo tho oughly

r n n e s e re r .

E J B ARD M AM S OC C E ( b y l tt )
. . E ,
. T hi p p
. i d di
. . . e er .
—
s a er s e

ca et d p im ily t r th you g
ar d i xp i c d
o e d th fo it i
n an ne er en e ,
an ,
ere re , s

impo t t t c ll tt tio t om t t m t
r an o a a en d comp t tio
n o s e s a e en s an u a ns

wh i th utho i tti g fo th om f t h co id tio whi h

ere n e a r, n se n r s e o e ns era ns c

d t mi d impo t t
e er ne t p h vid tly committ d
r an s e o th s, as e en e err rs , e

p oi ti gn nt of whic h it i ho p d will p v
ou t om of t h d d ic t
,
s e ,
re en s e e e a ee s

f om f lli g i to th m mi t k
r a n n e sa e s a e .

It i t t u
s no th utho t t
r e, a s d ppli th t t h
e a
“ op ti g r s a es a n a es , a e era n

e xp v y di ctly th t i mil g f o ly p t of th
en se s ar re as e ra n -
ea e,
”
or n a ar e

to t l o p
a ti g x pera n i ff c t d b y t h
e ddi tio
en ses d ductio Of
s a e e e a n or e n on e
 3 64 APPE N D I X
Th i t bl how th t th xc i co t of m i t ce of w y d
s a e s s a e e ess ve s a n en an a an

e quipm t ( ot bly th fo m ) comp d wi th th t of t po t

en n a e r er , ,
are a ran s r a

tio n,i xc iv
s e comp d with th t how f th L oui vill d
ess e as are a s n or e s e an

N hvill
as Al t ho gh t h w i t
e . i u f mili
u wi t h
e
y of th
r er od s n a ar an e r a s

na m d it wo ld m vid t th t clim tic d o th co ditio

e ,
u see e en a a an er n ns on

t h M ic hi g
e o d comp d with tho
an r a s, t h L oui vill
are d N h se on e s e an as

vill th c
e , a re e Th i
au se o thi g i t h p p t i dic t
. ere s n n n e a er o n a e ex ces

s iv m i t c x p
e a n en a n e e d d o b t it will t l
en se , a n t v , g w
no i th u , a e as a era e

th t of t h
a y t m of whic h it i p t whic h it i v tu d t y
e s s e s a ar , , s en re o sa ,

v i li ttl mil f mil i th it m of x p e ff c t d by t i

ar es e, e or e, n e e s e ens a e e ra n s

or en g i w hn e, t h umb of t i i qu l
en e n er ra n s s e a .

Th ere mi gly
a re v l
see o why th v g t i mil
n se era reas ns e a era e ra n -

co t th o d i q tio if it h d b built
s on e r a n u es n,
p c t m xi a e en on a I -
er en a

mum hould t b y high th th g

,
s no e an l v g of th L oui er an e en era a era e e s

vill e d N hvill
an O
as i t h t th e . m y i t m i clud d i
ne s a ere are an e s n e n

t h co t p
e s t i mil er (which i m ly t h u i t of t h g d tot l
ra n -

e s ere e n e ran a

of th op ti g x p
e era of g t y t m, d i clud m y i t m
n e en ses a re a s s e an n es an e s,

su ch g as l o fi
f c
en era g l o ffi c fo c ers , d o th enera xp ) e r es an er e en ses ,

whic h will t i no
y wi b nff c t d
an b y t h dd i t
se io of e t hi am ll e e e a n s s a

mi l g t th to t l of t h o d
ea e o e I o th
a wo d it i t e r a .o bl n er r s, s no rea s n a e

to a ss um th t wh th co t of op tio p t i mil
e a , en e s 3 mil era n er ra n -
e on 000 es

of o d i
r a s th ddi ti on of 7 9 mil e a ov which i t p th m es , er s o a ss e sa e

v g t i to g p
a era e ra n -
um will i c
nn a e ther an n u l op ti g ,
n rea se e a nn a era n

e xp en sesby th u l t i mil e an n 7 9 mil a t ra n p

-
t i mil es on es a er ra n -

e .

Wh t h b a as id i d ic t th wid
een sa o i g c
n a es yt b e e reas n n n e essar o e c on

serva ti d t b
ve , a n t h t om t hi g l
o e so th a would b lik ly
s e n ess an e e

t b i o d
o e n H ow v
r er .t how mo fully th w o g ul t iv d
e er, o S re e r n res s arr e

a t b y th thoe au t h t fi gu will b u d l t
r, a re e se a er .

Th t ho
e au t t t h t it w
r s a es
“ i wi c t i th t th p c t
a as n no se er a n a e I -
er en

g rad we o l d b u u d he l p gse d H as w t h a ie h j u ti
erfi d ra e .
”
o ,
en , s e s e

in comm di g t h x p
re en n of d ci g t h oth tw p c t
e e en se re u n e er o I -

er en

g d ra t
es o p c t ! T h t u th er dou b t i th t wh t v th
en e r ,
no ,
s a ,
a e er e

n umb of t i th y will ( f
er ra n s , it i e f f th gi as t g )
ar a s s sa e or e en n eer o o

p rac tic lly a ll iv a t t h foo

arr t of t h hill
e a lo d d t e qui h lp e a e o re re a e er,

as th op e ti g d p tm t will hold f
era n e full t i lo d u l th
ar en or ra n a s, n ess e

u b l ci g of t ffi c hould occ io lly qui

n a an n ra s tu of pow t as na re re re rn er o

t h o th
e d
er en xig cy u f t fi gu on an e en d t h o ly p op
n sa e o re an e n r er

t hi g tn d oi t fi gu o s p u hoi g ll t h t i
re on tim t d t s b n a e ra n s es a e o e

re qui d f th t ffi c t b h dl d Ag in why u th h lp
re or e ra o e an e . a , r n e e er
 R AI L R O AD L O C AT IO N 36 5

en g n e i 4 mil
mo th th l gth of th h l p hill ! It hould
es re an e en e e er s

no t d i
, t li k ly t
an b do
s no it woul d giv e 6 7 mil
o, ye n e , as e 1 or 1 es , sa

( wi th p op ly loc t d id i g ) l gth of th h lp o d ’
r er th a e s n s ,
as e en e e er s r un

t i p i t d of 4 mil
r ,
n s ea d f 8 t i 2
p d y wi th h lf t h t
es , a n or ra n s er a ,
or, a a

n u mb Su d y
er on
gi mil p
n a s,um T h u tho en ne -

es er ann . e a r

l o w o gly t t th t 4 t i
a s r n th
s a es
p c t g d will h d l
a ra n s o n e -
er en ra e an e

th m to g
e sa e 6 t i n nath p c tg d
e as
p ti g
ra n s o n e I -

er en ra e , re resen n a

d c e reaseof 3 3 5 p c t i gi t i mil g wh th l tio

er en n en ne or ra n ea e, en e re a n

b tw th g d i t hi
e een e p ct i
ra d uc t io of 7 p
es n c t Whil s res e s a re n 2 er en . e

t hi i t u p o b b ly duc tio t 8 t i hould b tim t d

‘

s s r e, r a a re n o ra n s s e es a e on

i t d of t h x c t tio
ns e a e e a ra ,

F o m t h fo goi g d t i o b t i d t h
r e re u l vi g i op ti g
n a a s a ne e an n a sa n n era n

e xp d
ensest th duc tio i t h
ue oumb of t i e re follow n n e n er ra n s , a s s:

p
20 c t of er t i (
en c h w y p d y) X 3 5 p
20 ra n sc t of 1 0 ea a er a er en

X 7 9 mil X 39 d y p y es a s er ea r

T hi m c pi t li d t 4 p
s su ,
c t giv b t
a a ze am er en ,
es u a su

v tly l t h th t iv d t by th u tho
as e ss an a a rr e a e a r .

I d t mi i g th
n e er ff c t t h op n n tio of th h lp e e gi weill e era n e e er e n ne

h v a e on t po t tio m i t c of w y d q ipm t x p
ra n s r a n, a n en a n e a ,
an e u en e en ses,

it would h v b b tt t ob t i th d t f o m th t ti tic of
a e een e er o a n e a a r e s a s s

t h L oui vill
e d N hvill i t d of t k i g tho
s e an of th P yl
as e n s ea a n se e en n s

v i C omp y wh co di tio of op tio

an a an ,
d i ti c tly d i ff
ere n t ns era n a re s n eren ,

an d d pt b l t b t f w o d i t hi co t y
a a a e o uI li u of o thi g
e r a s n s un r . n e n n
“
b tt th th St ti tic of R ilw y tho
e er an e ab u d whic h
s s a a s,
”
se c an e se , ,
no

d ou b t co fo m clo ly
,
nough f t h pu po t th co d itio th t
r se en or e r se o e n ns a

wo l d bu cou t d O b t i i g t h f om th followi g
e en n ere . th a n n ere r e n ,
as e

p c t g p
er en a e t i mil of o p er ti g i t m ra n ff c t d f mi t c e era n e s a e e or a n en an e ,
-

equi p m t d t po t tio ( xc p t w g ) giv

en an ra n s r a n e e a es es

R p i d ew l f l
a rs a nm iv re n e a s o oc o ot es

S p i d u d g
er n t e n l xp e n ce an e nera e e n se s

F u el
Wa ter
O il and wa s t e .

O th e r pp lies su

T ele gra phi n g a n d d es p a tc hi n g

T o t al pe r cen t

I t is no d o b t t u th t th x p u of th i t m , i th c
r e a e e en se e se e s n e ase

of a h lpe gi woul d
er e n v y om wh t f om t h
ne ,g l v ar s e a r e en era a erage

of a r a o d gi of th m p tt n b t i vi w of th v
en ne e sa e a er ,
u ,
n e e se ere an d
366 A PP EN D I X
erra t ic se r vic e re q i d of
u re the h lp e er, it w ould p r ob blya be mo re t hn a

for o
a r ad e n g n e i .

T he umptio th t h lf of th m i t nc f w y x p
ass n ai a e a n en a e o
- -
a e en ses s

d uet gi lo
o en i t y t h l t
nes a c u d m e t h od if
ne to ps, o sa e eas ,
a .
r e ,
on e s s

t t hi k of h w t h i t od c tio
o n of h lp wo ld ff c t i y m
o e n r u n a e er u a e n an an

n er wh tev mo t of t h i t m m k i g p th tot l of c h x p
a er s e e s a n u e a su e en ses ,

e xc pt t o dw y il d ti
e as o P o b b ly om t hi g li k
r a a ,
ra s an es . r a s e n e on e

h lf of th t p opo tio of th il w d t t i i d t th
a a r r n e ra ea r ue o ra n s s ue o e

en gi lo b
n es a t t h t tio d o ne, t um d
u b y t h t happly ra es n o ,
a s a ss e e au. or, a

t y of th o th
o an it m d th mo t th t
e b ch g d t m i
er e s, an e s a c an e ar e o a n

t of w y i om thi g lik th followi g

en ance a s s e n e e n

Ren ew a ls o f ra ils

Re p a irs to ro a d wa y

T ie s
Switc h es a n d s id in gs

M isc e lla n eo u s
T ota l 6 . 0 c e n ts ,

or a bou t utho h lf
tim t
one T h coi ci d c of t h to t l
-

a t he a
’
r s es a e . e n en e e a

of t ran s d m i t po t tio
c of w y d q ipm t b o t
r a n, an a n en a n e a an e u en a u

qu lli g th of cou m i g Hi o ou
'

th h ’
e a n e au or s , rse , as no ean n . s err n e s

o i g would giv
reas n n o of i 5 c t p t i mil bo t e an err r 2 en s er ra n -
e , or a u

5 p 0 c t i uc h c
er th D l th M
en n s b d N o th S m a a se a s e u u ,
esa a an r ern . u

mi g p th i t m giv
n u th u l co t of
ese h lp e gi wi th
s es , a s e an n a s on e e er en ne

a dou b l c w th followi g
e re ,
e n

I n tere st on cos t o f h elp er en

gi n e , at 4 p er ce n t .

An n u a l wa ges o f c rew
t ra i n m i les a t 2 7 -
c e n ts

T ot a l

Th i s is s om u l co t of h lp
e wha t nea rer
gi whic h t he a nn a s a e er en n e, ,

by t h w i t i lmo t i v i b ly tim t d t
e r er, s a p m
s n ar a es a e a er a n n u ,

an d i vi w of t h m y
,
n e tim b l o bj c tio t th e of an non es -

a e e ns o e u se a

h lp i o t l g T d w tt tio t wh t om of th
e er, s n ne oo
‘

ar e . o ra a en n o a s e ese

n on es -
tim b l o bj c tio might co i t of t k thi 8 mil h lp bill
a e e ns ns s ,
a e s -

e e er .

I t will b fou d i p c tic t h t 8 f i ght t i

e n pnd y ch wra y i e a re ra n s er a ea a s

a b ou t th limit of h lp
e c p ci ty uch hill d it
on e will e er s
’
a a on s a ,
an s u se

t d t d l y t i
en o t t h foo t of t h g d
e a d l y m ti g
ra n s a t o th e e ra e, e a ee n s a er

pl c d g
a es, a n lly i t f wi th th v op tio f th o d in
enera n er ere e e en era n o e r a ,
36 8 A PP EN D I X
how it is op
ct fu l w t oil t ll of which will
erated , t im e a ff e s e ,
a er, ,
e c .
,
a

b i c
e d f om 5 t
n rease
p c t dr omeo t h it m t c 1 y o 20 er en ,
an s er e s no n e ess a r

t t
o en er i to h t ff ct th n o i g If th co t of fu l oil d
ere o a e e re a s n n . e s e ,
an

w t i
a er h b s, um d as p c t thi giv
as xp
ee n a ss e ,
er en ,
s es an e en se

h (d t thi co d itio ) of p c t of
ere ue o p c t of
s n n 20 er en er en

X 6 t i 1 X 7 9 mil X 3 3 9 wo k i g d y
ra ns es r n a s

p i li d 4 p gi v ca ta ze at er c e n t , es

I d (b f b i d)
n c re a se c ost e o re o ta ne

T o ta l

Th i mou t wips a t nti ly t h vi g x p c t d b y th d

es ou en re e sa n e e e e re ue

t io nof uli g g d Whil b t

r n pp oxim tio
ra e . t hi i t f e u an a r a n, s s no ar

f om th t u th d wi thout d ou b t th P id t of th L oui vill

r e r ,
an ,
a ,
e res en e s e

an d N hvill R il o d c t i ly d o
as e t y t u d
a r a t d er a n es n o e n ers a n .

I t will t b mi t w th i x p i c d t t t k lit lly

no e a ss o a rn e ne e r en e no o a e era

a ll t h u tho
e a m k b o t mooth ’
r s re of g d
ar li s aby whic h h u s n ess ra e ne s, e

a wk w d ly x p ar b c of i
e d f ll whic h t hou gh
re sses a se n im e r se an a , , an

p o t t m tt
r an i mi o t t h t of uli g g d
a er, s It v l
n r io d ily a r n ra es . s a ue s re a

es tim t d a e d t ,
void f w f t mo
an ,
o a l mi o g d will a e ee re or ess o n n r ra e s,

no t w t v y g t xp
arran a N i th
er hould h t k li t
rea lly
e en se . e er s e a e era

t h imp lic tio t h t it i i t ob t i th b t c o M i ou i ’

e a n a s ea s e r o a n e es a r ss ss r s

n o thw t p i i th th ough T
r es ra r es mou t i an M y wh r en nessee s
’
n a ns . an o

h v h d x p i c i b o th k i d of cou t y will b
a e a e er en e n t th m k n s n r ea r ou e re ar

t h t th
a co t y i t
e T i t ic wo k i
n ra r s t th mb odim t of
ru e . an r s no e e en

g oo d g i i
en
g d t h
neer n 4 p c t mo i
,
an d f ll e th 0 er en re r se an a on e

M i o i o d co id d with th co d itio
ss u r r a ,
ns of y ere
g u d e n ns ea rs a o n er

whic h it w built tog th with it co t (p h p

as ,
e t er s s er a s o

p er mil t p e, a t p ic ) reseng i t p mil f t h T

r es ,
as a a ns er e or e en n es

see r a o d do ,
t by y m
es n o i d ic t b tt
, gi an i g t h ea n s , n a e e er e n n eer n on e

l tt
a er Th . limi tio of t h
e e f t mo i
na n d f ll p e 1 0 or 11 ee re r se an a er

mil would t w
e t wi th li k
no t ffi c a rra n d di tio l x p d i t
,
e ra ,
an a na e en u re

e xc d i g p o b b ly $
ee n r
p mil givi g co t of f om
a 20 00 t er e n a s r o

p mil er
g i t e, A asx mi tio of m p of
a a ns n e a na n a a

th e co t y c o d b y th C hic go K
un r r sse C i ty li how t h i e a -

an sas n es s s e r

g en eral d i c tio t b c o th d i g
re n o d ch v ll y i f om
e a r ss e ra n a e, an ea a e s r

2 5 t 3 5 f t b low t h
0 o 0 ee d dl of th idg thu pp o chi g tho
e e sa es e r es, s a r a n se

of th tho o d e au
’
r s r a .

WA T R WA S N A oc M AM S c C E ( b y l tt )
L E T O ,
ss Whil . . . o . . . e er .
— e

th g e l l t b follow d i m k i g loc tio giv by M

enera ru e s o e e n a n a a n en r .
 R AI L R O AD L O C AT I O N 3 69

Ta ylo vi t l d q i t f ll th w i t would x t d th m o m
r are a an u e u ,
e r er e en e s e

wh t b y m k i g t h fi t
a a n d e rs o n e rea

( ) Of
1 t i g t y poi t mo di ffi c l t g d i t
no us n a an y n re u ra en s , n or an

g t
re a er d i t c y
s an mo c e, v tn or a n t iff c v t h ret h u r a u re , n o r s er u r es an e

co t y c t lly q i
un r a ua re u re s .

T h w it e would l o
r er gg t t h d i b ili ty of dd i g
a s su oth es e es ra a n an er

l m
ru e ,
’

( 5 ) O f occ pyi g t ll t t gic poi t u n ,

a f lly po i b l (withou t
a s ra e n s , as u as ss e

o th wi i j i g t h loc tio ) ll th v il b l g o d
er se n ur n e a n ,
a e a a a e r un .

M ny a gi d
en t f lly
n eerspp ci t toh v l
no of d i t
u c d a re a e e a ue s an e an

cu v tu r a vd re d sa om e m t
,
n or pp ci t t h f c t t h t it i
o s e see o a re a e e a a s

no t lw y th li t h t how th l t co t c tio co t p mil

a a s e ne a s s e eas n s ru n s er e

th t i
a th s c h p t v t co t c t A
e ea es ,
e ill t tio
en of th
o n s ru . s an u s ra n e

e ff c t of d i t c
e d c v tu
s an e a nt h follo wi g x p i ur a c i ci t d re e n e er e n e s e

Th w it e c tly h d occ io t vi
r er re e n p o j c t d loc tio
a as n o re se a r e e a n,

m d p viou t hi
a e re g g m t t h o gh
s o s v y c ook d v ll y
en a e en ,
r u a er r e a e

wi th high b lu ff c h id T h b l ff pl c d mi gly i
s on ea s e . e se u s a e see n n su r

mou t bl ob t cl i th w y of y loc tio xc pt

n a e s a es n e whic ha an a n, e e one

follow d th g e l wi d i g of th v ll y
e en era d n v th q i t
n s e a e s, an ,
e en en , u e

h vy wo k w
ea qui d
r At a s repl c cov i g b o t 5 mil of
re . on e a e, er n a u 1 es

t h o igi
e r l loc tio it w fo d how v th t by i t od ci g tw
na a n, as un ,
e er, a n r u n o

tu l (of b out 5 5
n ne s d 6 f t i l gt h )
a 0 an li co ld b loc t d 2 0 ee n en a ne u e a e ,

wi th t h m g d i t wi th light cu v wi th b o t 3 d g
e sa e ra en ,
er r es , a u 20 e rees

l cu v tu
ess r a d b ou t 7 f t ho t
re a n a Al t ho gh t h co t c tio
21 0 ee s r er . u e n s ru n

of th w li w mo x p iv p mil it w ctu lly b o t

e ne ne as re e en s e er e, as a a a u

$9 c h p th
00 0 ea li er t h o i gi an l loc tio would h v b
a ne on e r na a n a e een ,

b id b i g m c h l
es es e n x p iv t op t u ess e en s e o era e .

Wi thou t i y w y nmi g t c itici th loc tio how on

an a see n o r se e a n s n

Pl t I fa e whic h it i p
,
or um d th w mo t xc ll t s res e ere ere s e e en re a

s o t h w it wo ld lik t k if it w
n s, e r er u ccou t of l ck of
e o as as on a n a

s u t i i g g ou d f om th B ll R
s a n n r n id of C o pp Ridg tow d
r e u un s e er e ar

L ee s Fo d ( t
’
i to y out id of t h li mit of th pl
r err r s Pl t I )
e e s e an on a e ,

t h t tha lo g dé tou ou d C opp Ridg w u d th t h

e n r ar n er e as se ,
ra er an a

li p B v C k f om O p V ll y
ne u ea er ree th r p oi t P d th en a e ,
n ea r e n ,
an en

p i
a ss n g d i c tly u d C
reo pp R i d g b y
n t
er l t t h B ll R
er e a unne o e u un

s lop of th idg
e wh th
e r th w e , orot h co id t io e er t i g ere ere er ns era ns e n e r n

i to th p o b l m ! Pl t I woul d i dic t th t po i bly uc h

n e r e a e n a e a ss s a

li wi th th m i
n e, d f ll
e sa d g di t
e r se a n th li loc t d d a an ra en as e ne a e ,
an

f om % t
r 1 mil ho t b t q i i g
o 2 es s i d ic t d tu l b ou t
r er, u re u r n an n a e nne a
37 0 A PP EN D I X
2 5 00 f
lo g comp d wi th
eet n 7 f t lo g
,
t h li loc t d
are one 2 1 0 ee n on e n e as a e ,

might h v b u d p ovid d ui t b l u t i i g g ou d co ld h v
a e een se ,
r e s a e s s a n n r n .
u a e

b o b t i d t ow d L
een a ne Fo d ar ee s
’
r .

I g d t th
n re ugg t d ul
ar o it m y b t t d th t t h
e s es e r e a e s a e a ere are

oft c en i d i ffi cul t cou t y wh

ases n t h li b p o p ly loc t d n r ere e ne can e r er a e ,

so t h t it woul d b
a x t m ly d iffi c lt f iv l comp y t co t uc t
e e re e u or a r a an o ns r

a li th o gh th m p
ne r u v ll y whil loc tio qu lly good
e sa e ass or a e ,
e a a n, e a

i o th
n p ct coul d b m d whic h would l v oom f
er re s e s, iv l e a e, ea e r or a r a

to
p d t hu
a ss , t h i tu
an t io W o l d t b fully co t oll d T h
s e s a n u no e n r e e

compl t co t ol of c h p
e e n r v ll y might dd v y m t i lly su a ass , or a e ,
a er a er a

t th v l
o of th p op ty
e a ue e r er .

WI LLI AM G RAY . M ON D , M AM Soc C E ( by

. . . . . l et ter ) .
-
Th i s p ap er is
of th e grea tes t i n t eres t to il o d loc tio
a ll th o se ha vi ng to d o w th i ra r a a n

Th ere a re o n e o rtw p oi t t h t will p h p b o mp h i T h fi t

n s a er a s ear e as s . e rs

i th g
s e t v lu of t h to po g p hic c h t of t h U i t d St t
rea a e e G ra ar s e n e a es eo

logic l S v y T im d g i h v th c h t b u d i p
a ur e . e an a a n a e ese ar s een se n ro

j ti g w t
ec n pply wo k
a er su T im d g i h v rth y v ld e an a a n a e e re ea e
-
.

re se rvoi it r d co d u
s i t o t which wo ld h v b
es an n ti ly
r u es u a e ee n en re

mi d b y t h co noi t i g gi
sse e re A d f n th er n of th il en n eer . n ,
or e u se e ra

o d loc ti g gi
r a a n th y en v mo v lu b l n ee r, t o ly
e vi g
a re e en re a a e, no n sa n

hi tim b t i
s e, i g wi th th x ci of
u n su r n o bl c
,
d i t lli e e er se reas na e a re a n n e

g c
en t he, l c t io of t
e se e h mo t f i b l o n t b tw tew t mi i bsy ea s e r u e e een o er n

comp lli g t h followi g f W lli gto

e n e p c pt n t t d o w by e n n s
’
re e ,
s a e an e

P of r o T ylo i hi fo th mph tic u gg tio t h t th co

es s r a r n s ur e a s es n, a e re n

i c h ll b f
n a ssa n e s a t li e od by f an i hi g m ll
a rea , n o a ne , an u rn s n a s a

c l bi d y Vi w of t h wi d t po i bl
s a e, r
’
s e
-

e e i c h w y t h t it
e es ss e a rea n su a a a

m y ll b t k
a a i e t gl c
a ll
en nt o c a d b
a ll t an c e, a see n a n e, an e a a on e

b fo t h gi
e re f
e en t dy T h w it n eer h u d th c h t f
or s u . e r er as se e se ar s or

b oth il o d loc tio ra r a d w t p p lya w o k n d h

an fo d t h ma er s u -

r ,
an as un e

i v l bl id T h compl tio of th c h ti g of th ti co t y
n a ua e a s . e e n e ar n e en re un r

c ot b ccompli h d t oo
an n e a s e oo s n .

A co d p oi t i t h t t h
se n l w g d li n s do at lw y m e tho ra e ne es n o a a s ean e

mo t x p iv li v i fi t co t ; th t i g
s e en s e ne e en l n co omic l rs s a ,
n en era ,
an e n a

loc tio i a n whic h d o p t t h low t p o i b l g d

s on e a f t h lo g t
s e es ss e ra es or e n es

p o i b
ss l d i t c
e d b c
s a n e s,h t h d i f
fi c l tian t f w unp oi t w h es e u es a a e n s ere

t h y m y b ov com mo t co omic lly b y h vy wo k

e a e er e s b y pu h e n a ea r or s er

ser vic e .

A t hi d p oi t i th r id c fu i h d b y thi p p
n s e ev of th adv c
en e rn s e s a er e an e
372 A PP EN D I X
or i cn reas ed o locomotiv
cu d it i d ou b tf l if mo th n e p wer, is se re , s u re a

h a lf th v g t i mil co t i v d f
e a era e ra n ch t i mil v d -

e s s sa e or ea ra n -

e sa e .

J t h w much th v i g i
us o k ow I t h p
e sa t c n if s, n o on e n s . n e resen ase ,

$ 5 p
1 . 0 t i mil i
er f i co t f th t i ff ct d d h lf of
ra n -

e s a a r s or e ra n s a e e ,
an a

t hi s c an b v d with c h t i mil v d th
e sa e l i g will b
ea ra n -
e sa e ,
e an n u a sav n e

i t d of n s ea d th mou t g i d b y th ch g d an e a n a ne e an e

li ne will b ei t d of Th duc tio of n s ea ly e re n n ea r

i t h c p i t li d n vi g i e wi
a c h g th co ct
a ze sa n n no se an es e rre n ess

o f th fi l c hoic i thi c
e na b t it mi ght w ll c h g i t i
e n om
s a se , u e an e n s e

ot h c wh th di ff c i v l might t b
er a se ere e
g t Wi th
eren e n a u es no e so rea .

an m d t i mil co t of $ 5 it i ti ly po i bl th t ch
a ssu e ra n -
e s 1 . 0, s en re ss e a ea

t i mil
ra n -
v d m ym e sa e v d b t th id t pu po of th
a ean sa e ,
u e ev en r se e

a utho w t r t h whol
as t i mil
o u se co t m k i g o ly much
e e ra n -

e s ,
a n n as

a llow c wo ld i an e as hi b i g wi t hi t h t co t
u n su re s e n n a s .

Wh th e t th gg t io h
er or n o m d i wi m y b m tt e su es n ere a e s se , a e a a er

of opi io ; it o tli th p oc d th w i t would follow

n n u n es e r e u re e r er .

Wi th t hi c h g d p o i b ly wi t ho t it t h p p
s an e, an m t b ss u ,
e a er see s o e

on e of th mo t v lu b l th t h e s c tly pp d f th t dy of
a a e a as re e n a eare or e s u

t h you g
e gi n en n eer .

F L V . A oc M AM S o
A I S, C E
ss Th .
p k t hi k t h t i t
. . c . . .
—
e s ea er n s a

w as c ry t off
u n n e ess a
y p olo g y f t
o h p t t io of
er t h i an a or e resen a n s

p p a er on ccou t of th f c t th t th p u l of it might b lo of
a n e a a e er sa e ss

t im t e om x p i c d gi
o s e e A er en
g i wh i i t e t d i
en n eers . n en n eer o s n eres e n

ra il o d loc tio
r a ci c c ot f il t b i t t d i th d v l
a n as a s en e ann a o e n eres e n e e e

o p m t of
en uc h l w g ds li t h o gh v y o gh pi c of cou t y
a o ra e ne r u a er r u e e n r .

Th pe s k d o ea t f l
er t h t t h l w
es n o g d w w teed b t
su re a e o ra e as arra n e ,
u

will f t th t l t
re er o a a er .

T h li t tu
e t h p c ti c l
era p c t of
re on il o d loc tio i chi fly
e ra a as e s ra r a a n s e

co pic ou b y it b c
ns u s d d c i p tio of t hi k i d of c tu l
s a sen e , an a es r n s n ,
a a

wo k p fo m d i t h
r er fo v lu b l I t would h v h c d th
r e ,
s ere re a a e . a e en an e e

v l of th p p co id b ly h d th
a ue e a er tho b bl t gns era a e au r een a e o o

i to mo d t il of th wo k v
n re e a t th
s i k of yi g om thi g e r ,
e en a e r s sa n s e n

whic h mi ght h v b k ow t a om o l e d t h v
een how n if n o s e n e e se , a n o a e s n,

p o i
ssb l m p of
e, a t h v iou pa limi y li ed t h i l t
ar io s re n ar n es ru n a n e r re a n

t th fi
o l loc t d li e d t h v giv om d t il of th co t of
e na a e n ,
an o a e en s e e a s e s

th u v y d th tim co um d i m k ing th m
e s r e s an e e ns e n a e .

M T ylo t tr . a hi fou t h p i ci pl
r s a es
-
i m king uch u v y
as s r r n e, n a s s r e s
“
t hi c ity of m k i g d ilig t tudy of th whol
,

as th s, e n e ess a n a en s e e

cou t y Evi de tly h d id thi b fo th compl tio of th wo k

n r .
”
n ,
e s e re e e n e r ,
 R AI L R O AD L O C AT I O N 37 3

bu t f ll d t il of h w m c h co t y th co i c co v d
u er e a s o u un r e re nn a ss a n es ere ,

h w muc h tim w
o p t th m e d h w th fi
as s l ul t w
en on e ,
an o e na re s s ere

d d c d f om t h
e u e o b v tio wo ld h v b
r ese i v l bl t
se r a n s, u a e een n a ua e, o

e x p i c d gi
er e n w ll
e ent t d t
neers a s e as o s u en s .

I t h dly m po ib l t h t
ar see il o d t d y
s ss loc t d i e y a ra r a s o— a are a e n an

o th ther b ig b o d m i d d w y wi t h t im
an a ,
r a d mo y —
o gh t
n e a ,
e an ne en u o

d t h wo k t ho o ghly
o e d t th
r h r u t t h co t y ,
t ilan b ol t o ra s ou e un r un a s u e

p oof
r i o b t i d
s t h t t h b t li
a ne h b l ac t d e es ne as ee n s e e e .

Th p k e ho w v
s ea k ow f o m
er, th e xt d d xp i c
er, n s r a ra er e en e e er en e

th t i a pit of ll t h t ho l d b k ow of t h i c
n s e a a d co t f o p
s u e n n e n re a se s o er
-

a tio of b dly loc t d o d m y mil of il o d

n a a e b i g loc t d
r a s, an es ra r a a re e n a e

an d b uil t w i th m no ld ow mi d d w y d t hi i th
n e sa e o n a rr —
n e a ,
an s s e

c a u se of th l g x p d it e whi h
ar e e bi gm d f en loc tio
u res c a re e n a e or re a ns

an d vi io re M y m s nsi v ti g i
. il o d p j c t till b li v
an en , n es n n ra r a ro e s, s e e e

th t a
y mo y p t
an gi ne i g d p ci lly loc tio
s en on en n eer n ,
an es e a on a n su r

v y i j t m c h mo y w t d
e s, s us so u ne as e .

A i t c h com
n n s an d th
e
p ask o b v tio e c untly er e s ea er s
’
ser a n re en .

O wh t in w p t of
a t
s no k li d b tw ar tw poi t a bo tru n n e, an e een o n s, a u

20 0 mil p t b y th p es a t op
ar t d li
,
w li
e h b
rese n era e n e, a ne ne as ee n

loc t d vi g mo t h 3 mil of d i t c with li g g d of

a e ,
sa n re an 0 es s a n e, ru n ra es

on e h lf of t ho
-

a t h ol d li vi g
se o n ly 3 f t of i
e er d ne , sa n n e ar 000 ee r se an

f ll d h vi g l th h lf th tot l d g
a ,
an a n e ss f c v t an of t ha e a e ree s o u r a u re e

o ld li er T hi d o ne .t c ily i mply c itici m of th old

s es no n e essa r a r s e er

li n e , as th p k d o t
e s k o wea
y of ert h co di tio u d whic h
es n o n an e n ns n er

it w loc t d d b ilt th l tiv co t of th tw li

as a e an u orb t it e re a e
-

s e o n es , u

ill t t wh t
u s ra es b ccompli h d by t ho o gh t dy of t h
a can e a s e a r u s u e

c ou t y d by p op ly co d c t d v y
n r an r er n u e su r e s .

m t g th t t h t ho h off d x pl tio f th
-

It see s s ran e a e au r as ere no e an a n o e

f ct t h t
a m y ch g w
a so can y ft co t ctio w an es ere n e essa r a er n s ru n as

t t d
s ar e It pp . th t t h a o t hd b e a rs d co id tio
a e r u e a een un er ns era n,

mo re o rl f t h p t tw ty y ess , or d e ly t l t d ci io
as en e a rs , a n su re ,
a eas a e s n

as t li g g d
o ru d th g
n l loc tio of th li if t of t h
ra es a n e e n era a n e ne, no e

mi o d t il ho ld h v b
n r e a s, s c h d b fo co t uc tio w com
u a e ee n re a e e re ns r n as

m en ced .

I t is fou d th t
st a ted
p c g coul
t ha t , whe n it was
t d d n a -
er en ra es

b obt i d
e thi w li
a ne thi q i d ch g on i mi o g d s ne n e, s re u re an es n n r ra es

on th p t whic h co t uc tio h d l
e ar dy t t d
on d c d th ns r n a a re a s ar e ,
an a u se e

offi ci l of th L oui vill

a s d N hvill t d t mi e t m k om s e an as e o e er ne o a e s e

g d ra vi io th
e re ld li which t hi li k co
s ct d
n s on e o n es s n n ne e .
 3 74 A PP E N D I X
u ly thi w li
S re s ne d t h whol f i ght di vi ion of which it i
ne a n e e re s s a

p t hould h v b
ar s tu d i d
a e whol ee n t s d t mi th uli g e as a e, o e er ne e r n

g ra d p o
es i b l t
ssh w h ol di
e on vi io d e t h o ou g ly comp h
h e iv s n , an a r re en s e

s u y should h v b m d b fo co t uc tio w t t d
rve a e een a e e re ns r n a s s ar e .

O of t h g v
ne o v t d y i g t d l of t h g d
e ra e err rs , e en o -

a ,
n a rea ea e ra e

re vi io i th t it i t comp h iv o gh d th wo k i d o
s n, s a s no re en s e en u ,
an e r s ne

i li ttl p i c
n e e es .

I t do t c
es n o ily follow th t b c u
n e essar comp h iv c h m a ,
e a se a re en s e s e e

h as b l i d t t h wo k h t b u d t k ll t o c b t t h
ee n a ou ,
e r as o e n er a en a a n e, u e

wo k do hould b gov d b y it l tio t t h whol

r ne s e ern e s re a n o e e .

I t i h dly p o i b l
s ar f om t h i fo m tio co t i d i th p p
ss e, r e n r a n n a ne n e a er,

to es tim t t h v l a e of t h c h g f om th p c t t th
e a ue e an p e r e 1 -
er en o e -
er

c tg d
en ra t hi ho t pi c of li
e on s s wi t ho t k owi g it
r e e l tio t ne, u n n s re a n o

t h op e ti g d ivi io of whic h it will fo m

era n s n p t r a ar .

I n
p k i g of t h
s ea n t of g d th tho e ra es i di c i mi t ly ra e, e au r u ses n s r na e

mil d t p c t R t of g d i thi cou t y t

.

ra est p er e an ra es er en . a es ra e n s n r ,
a

l t mo g gi
ea s a n en w po k of l mo t xclu iv ly i t
n ee rs , are no s en a s e s e n ra es

oul m vi b l i m o of om
.

p er cen t a d i t w
,
nd d t t h
s ee t h d a sa e o u se s e n en

l t
c a u re e xcl i ly t l t i u s ve gi,
a i gp p eas n a n en n eer n a er .

I n f c t th M i o i p i i T h wo d p i i g
re eren e o e ss ur llyra r es : e r ,
ra r e , enera

co v y t t h v g
n e s o e d a id of comp tiv ly l v l pl i
era e re a er a n ea a ara e e e a n,

b t om of t h mo t d i ffi c l t loc tio
u s e e s b fou d t h o gh t h Mi
u a n can e n r u e s

o i d I ow p i i
s ur an p ci lly f
a l w g d li
ra r es , es M o t in
e a or o ra e n es . un a

ri d g m y b b ck d th ough b t th lo g Olli g cou t y wi th

es a e u e r ,
u e n r n n r ,

d i ff c b tw
eren es i dg e d v ll y oft
ee n r mou ti g t mo th
es an a e s en a n n o re an

200 f t uc h fou d th ough M i ou i b ok p by c o d i g

ee ,
s as n r ss r ,
r en u r ss -
ra n a e,

p res en st om of th mo t diffi cul t p obl m i

s e e s il o d loc tio r e s
‘

n ra r a a n .

T h li e h t g d ow i to v ll y
ne as o o d ov n i dg n d th lop a e s an er r es , a n e s es

a re a lmo t lw y j t t t p f th g d
s a a s us oo s eei t yi g t g t or e ra es on e s r n o e .

W H C V R A. . O A E M AM S
D LE , C E ssoc Th .u tho i t
’

. . oc . . .
—
e a r s o

b co g t l t d b o t h u p o hi loc tio of t h li
e n ra u a e ,
b tw
n K oxs a n e ne e e en n

vill d J llico d u po hi d c i ptio of t h wo k T h loc ti g

e an e ,
an n s es r n e r . e a n

en g i l
n eer a w y d li gh t a t s t hie t o b l s
; b t u li k
o n a rra e t h u t ho s r u es u ,
n e e a r,

h doe t lw y
es n o ucc d i m ki g th
a a s s eetio tt c tiv
n a n e n a rra n a ra e .

T h top og p hy of t hi
e ra c tio of cou t y s m ay b s se f om n n r ,
a e seen r a

gl can at t he m p i e o gh t t i k t o i to th h rt of th
a ,
s en u o s r e err r n e ea e

en g i neer w h i loo k i g
o f s il o d of n y g d
or a d t g t
rai l r a ea s ra es an a n en a

a lig me t b tw th poi t m d
n n e een e n s na e .

N t o ly d o
o n t h b c kb o es of t h C mb l d R g i t po
e a ne e u er a n an e n er se a
 76 A PP EN D I X
ser ev impo t nt c t of popul tio g tly i c
r a d mil g
en ers t a n, rea n rea se ea e, e c .
,

w erem b g t ll wh w igh d g i t th duc tio of t mil

ere a a e es en e e a a ns e re n on -

co t s .

H ow v li ttl good dvic f om hi c hi f gi

e er, a oo p t him
e a e r s e en n eer s n u

in mo tol t ttit d
a re d h b g t
era n li th t topog p hy
a u e, an e e an o rea ze a ra

i b t O of
s u v l f cto
ne d t oft u k ow
se era t th t i a rs , a n oo en a n n n n one a a ,
n

th et p o t t io
ra n s q t io r a n e ua n .

T hi gg t s co d poi t t whic h th p k wi h t c ll
su es s a se n n o e s ea er s es o a

a tt tio
en m ly M n, of p viou g
na tio
e mu t t b j dg d
: en a re s en era n s no e u e

by p t t d d
rese n d t hi i qu lly t of t c h ic l kill d
s an ar s, an s s e a ru e e n a s an

Of mo l ity Wh ra h ll y th t t h
. ld Po t g Ro d c o
o th
s a sa a e o r a e a a r ss e

All gh y M ou t i
e an w t t h p op w t th
n a ns t g co c h as no e r er ans er o e s a e -

p obl m !
r Wh h ll y t h t H
e do C o t d N ow
o s acul sa a ern an r ez an er ere r e

m en !
T he o comp a u th r hi g d of 3 4 f t p mil wi th th t of 66
a re s s ra e ee er e a

f t p mil xi ti g
ee er iv l o d H l o t t t h t hi tot l
e e s n on r a r a s . e a s s a es a s a

a v g iera d f ll p
e r se a n mil i o ly 5 f t a g i t f tf
er e s n 21 . ee ,
as a a ns ee or

th ld o d
e o H t t
r a f t h t h t hi o d i mooth t h
. e s a es , ur er, a s r a s s er an an

u n na m d p i i o d by 4 p c t T h f ct
e ra r e r a p ti t d 2 er en . e se a s a re er n en an

i t ti g b t th y
n eres n ,
d i j oi t d u th i ol t d ; d i ll
e a re s n e ,
or, ra er, s a e an ,
n a

fi
a rness , th i f c th t t h fi t il o d t h o gh thi cou t y ho ld
e n ere n e a e rs ra r a r u s n r s u

h v b t h loc tio d c i b d b y t h utho mu t b

'

a e t t d
een con s ru c e on e a n es r e e a r s e

a void d e .

M y oth an f ct m t b dd d t tho t t d b y th u tho

er a s us e a e o se s a e e a r

b fo th c h i of c
e re e d ff c t a n b compl t d f i t c
a u se a n e e c an e e e ,
a s, or n s an e,

t h co t p
e mil which c d th 3 4 foot g d
s er e g i t t h co t se u re e -

ra e, as a a ns e s

of th 66 foot g d t h l gth of t h
e -

p c tiv
ra o t which xc d d
e, e en e re s e e r u es e ee e

th e t i ght li
s ra di t c by 3 4 -
d 55 p
ne c t i f vo of th ld
s an e an er en n a r e o

o t
r u e, d th g an l t ffi c d comm ci l co d i tio o b t i i g t
e enera ra an er a n ns a n n a

th p c tiv d t
e re s e of co t uc tio e a es ns r n .

B c e m buil t il o d
a u se en p c t m ximu m g d fi fty
ra r a s on a I— er en a ra e

or tw ty y en g it b y m
ea rs a follow th t t h y built b dly d
o, no ean s s a e a ,
an

t h i wo k mu t
e r t b
r j d g d by th co ditio u d which wo k
s no e u e e n ns n er r

i do
s t d y ne I nc o-

d t ffi c comp ti tio
a . duc t io i t
rea se mil ra ,
e n, re n n on -
e

v
re e n u e a n d o th co id tio t d y m k er y g d i t imp
ns era ns o -

a a e e as ra en s era

t iv ed co omic which
an e g ntio g would h v b
, th ,
a en era n a o, a e een e

h ight of folly ; d it m y v “
b po i b l th t t hi widow
’
e an a e en e ss e a s s

mi t e il o d u i g p d dow
”
ra r a , d c or nn n cou t y ov th u an n an a r ss n r ,
er e

hill d hollow
s an on whic h it m y b th old il h v h d tim
s ,
a e, e ra s a e a ar e
 RAI L R O AD L O C ATI O N 37 7

to k eep t he fi re -
b ox off t he t es i —
may have represen ted as n ic e an

j
a d u st men t of mea n s, m t hod e s and resu lt s as t he a u tho ’
rs mod ern

o
r a d
In rega rd t o grad e m thod of d t mi i g t h re vi io s n an d t he e e er n n e

a mou t whic h co ld b
n p t co omic lly f u t li g it i o t d
e s en e n a or un n e n ,
s n e

th t t h
a ut ho e a ti m t b d u po
’
r s es 7 foo t t l t C opp
a es are a se n a 21 0 -
u nne a er

Ri d g d
e an 7 foo t ta l t 00B l c k O -
k R i d g N T
u nn eh c t l a a a e o . 2 . e a ua

co t c tio wo k how
ns ru n w t c r i d t th li
,
ever, Th as no a rr e ou on e se n es . e

to w of C li to wi th it co tig o 7 foot t
n n n, l w w igh d i
s n u us 00 -

un ne , as e e n

th b l
e c g i t t h tow of D o t d th cl i m of th O liv
a an e a a ns e n sse an e a e er

Sp i g B
r n c h d fou d w ti g d
s ra n ,
an w pi g c h g of locn an n ,
an so a s ee n an e a

tio wn md d t
as a l 3 5 f t lo g w
e an ab ti t t d f th 7
un n e 20 ee n as s u s u e or e 00

foot tu l nn e .

T h to t l l gth of m i l i
e a en t l t h fo i 5 69 f t i t d a n -

ne un ne ,
ere re , s 0 ee n s ea

of 8 7 f t p ctic lly do bl t h l gth d i tim ti g I t i

2 0 ee ,
or ra a u e e en u se n es a n . s

b id t h qu tio t o ff t t h ddi tio l co t of m i li

es e e es n o set e a na s a n -
n e c on s ru c

tio n a g i t th a ns vi g t h b ch li b ce sa n m i li on t e ra n ne e a u se a n -

n e c on s ru c

tio n co t mu t b ju tifi d b y m i li t ffi c ult

s s e s e a n -
ne ra res s .

Fu t h mor l tho gh by thi pl t h g d

er re , a u th b c h li s an e ra es on e ra n ne

w ere re d c d t t h m i li
u e o li g g d g i t o th b ou d t ffi c
e a n -
n e ru n ra e a a ns s u -
n ra ,

an d l thou gh th o tic lly t hi i v y ic y t g d

a ,
e re of co l b c h
a ,
s s er n e, e ra es a ra n

li nes are by m i mpo t t m i li g d

no eans a s d f v l r an as a n -
ne ra es , a n o r se era

reas o ns

( ) 1T h o g h m i
r u li f i gh t t i d a n t t -
v l ov
ne c h re ra n s o n o ra e er su

b nc h
ra to p t uc h j
es , n o r s c tio poi t t t k a lo d
s t ff un n n s o a e on a s o r se o

e mpti xc pt i
es , e i t c
e n ra re ns an es .

( ) T i
2 u i g light d fi lli g t c p ci ty t loc l poi t
ra n s r n n n an n o a a a a n s a re

ra re ly f c to i g d d t mi tio
a a r n ra e e er na n .

( 3 ) L oc l t i d liv
a emp ti
ra n s t mi d coll c t lo d t h
e er es o nes an e a s ere

f o m d ldo m wo k p t full gi c p city

r ,
an se r u o en ne a a .

(4 ) Co l b ch g da wi th
ra n th th g ira t t h i t
es ffi c are ,
ra er an a a ns ,
e r ra ,

an d g d of 3 4 f t p
a ra e mil ov whic h t ho m ly mpty ee er e, er o s ve ere e

go d ol
n i as,x p iv lux y
s an e en s e ur .

I t pp th fo th t th utho tim t of w h t t h 3 4 foo t

’
a e ars , ere re , a e a r s es a e a e -

g d woul d co t hould h
ra e i clud d ll m i t ck wo k
s s ct lly a ve n e a a n -

ra r as a ua

built Si c it i t pp t f o m t h p p wh t th i c
. n e s no a d co t
are n r e a er a e n rea se s

of th 5 69 f t of tu l i ov t h t po tio of th o i gi l li which
e 0 ee nne s er a r n e r na ne

it di pl c s it w oul d
a es , t b p ti t t u bj ct th u tho no tim t e er n en o s e e a
’
r s es a e

t d t il d x min tion
o e a e e a a .
378 A PP EN D I X
I t is pert nen t, h we er, to a i a tten t o v
c ll
n to t he io
d ea wh p er i ich
v a d es t he a rg en t e presse p g
a e um
d on3 4 x
4 : O p era t n
g e pen ses i x
v y di c ly
ar re t i
as t he t ra n mi eage , l
an d t o b e sa t sfi ed t ha t t h s i -
i
p m
re i b o
se d b fo
e a s un cc p ti g t h co clu io
on e e re a e n e n s n .

Th T e ti of t hi Soci ty co t i
ra n sa c on s m mo i l of th t g t s e n a ns a e r a a rea

ra il o d co o mi t Al b t F i k ;
r a e n d v
s ,
f om tho b i f ot
er n an e en r se r e n es

m y b l
a ed t h f c t t h t hi fi t
ea rn e ly of il o d op tio
e a a s rs an a ses ra r a era ns

w ere e mb odi d i th u l po t of th L o i vill d N hvill

e n e an n a re r s e u s e an as e

R il o d b o t t hi ty y
a r a a u g r ears a o .

NL Fi k w i ti g p o t hi bj c t till cl ic d it i of
’
r. n s r n s u n s su e a re s as s s, a n s

i t t t ot t h t t h fli
n eres o n e of th v y il o d th co d of
a e o c ers e er ra r a ,
e re r s

whic h co t i m c h th t i p ctic l d ci tifi c cqui c

n a n so u a s ra a an s en ,
a es e so

re a dily i t h mpi ic l th o y whic h t h u tho t t

n e e r a f ct
e r e a r s a es as a a .

R v t i mi l
e en u e g i ra n it of -
ic b y whic h m y b m
ea e s a un serv e a e ea s

u re d t h co t p ic of t
e s po t tio r T e
y ho w v ra n st h t t hi co t r a n . o sa ,
e er, a s s

p ic v i
r e di c tly
ar es t h to t l re mo t of t po t ti o old i t
as e a a un ra n s r a n s ,
s o

di sre
g d ll t
ar h p im a y co t cetio co t fr t h ar
p po t y-

m c h of
ns ru n s o e r er ,
u

th m i t
e c
a n en a n d co id b l mou t of th co t i cid t l t
e, a n a ns era e a n e s s n en a o

t i
ra n ser vic d g l xp
e an en era e en s es .

Th I t e t t C omm c C ommi io cl
n e rs a e ifi il o d op ti g
er e ss n ass es ra r a era n

e xp d
en s es u n fo m i h d i g er ur a n ea n s

l M i t
Is . c of w y d t ct
a n en a n e a an s ru u re s ,

d M i t
2 . c of q ipm t a n en an e e u en ,

3d C o d c ti g t
.
p o t tio
n u n ra n s r a n,

4 ih G l xp
. en era e e n se s .

A b i f x mi t io of t h
r e e a xp na i t m will how t wh t x t t
n es e e en s e e s s o a e en

th y v y
e t i mil g
ar as ra n — ea e
“ “
( ) 1 M i t c of w y d t uc t
a n en a n e xp fluc t t a t an s r u res e en se
”
u a es , n o

wi t h t h t of w b t wi t h t h t of w l y M E to ”
e ra e ear , u e ra e ren e a ,
sa s r a n ,

th t ti tici
e s a of th L high V ll y R il o d i hi b ook
s an e e R il a e a r a ,
n s on a

o d O p ti o
r a T h ch
era ct
ns d mou t of t ffi c d t mi
.
”
e i
a ra er an a n ra e er ne n

a g l w
en era y t h t yp of at c k d b ied g t c t u es b t l g mra an r e s ru r es , u ar e su s

are s p t en lly f m i
an n u at c of c h t c
or tu d p p
a n en a n i e su s ru res , a n a ear n

t h fi gu
e whic h t h
res u tho h d whic h h v e a ot hi g wh t v t r a s u se ,
a e n n a e er o

d wi th t i mil g
o ra n -
ea e .

Wi d i g b k en n oddi g lop cutti g w d

an s, s p i i g f cn s es , n ee s, re a r n en es

an d t ck i g ra m y ti s w l
n s, p i ti g b i dg
an d b uil di g
e ren e a s, a n n r es an n s,

ren e wing b idg d b uil di g d t oy d b y fi

r es an flood l wl n s es r e re , ,
or a ess

Tra n sa ctio n s, Am . S oc C . . E .
, V ol X L I , p
. . 62 6 .
 8
3 0 A PP EN D I X
W . D TAYLOR, .
( by l tt )
M AM SOC C
. T h w it .
g t
. . E . e er .
—
e r er c on ra u

l t him lf th t wi th po i b ly
a es se a i gl xc ptio thi p p h
,
ss a s n e e e n, s a er as

m t wi t h
e f i d f k di cu io
so a r an ra n a s ss n .

M a y of t h poi t b ought fo w d
n e n s ugg tiv r d th w it r ar are s es e, an e r er

re re s
g t t h t t h coul da t h v b ere ti m d o pp o t no i ty f d i
a e een e an r un or a s

c u ssi on of thi tu du i g th l y t of th wo k
s na re r n e a ou e r .

E gi n co ct d wi th ilw y wo k h v b
n eers nne e low p h p ra a r a e een s er, er a s,

th an oth of th p of io i b d o i g tow d th ir w wo k
ers e r es s n n a an n n , ar e o n r ,
“
ld u ci ti fi c tti tud whic h m i t i th t it ight b c u ’
th e o ns en a e, a n a ns a s r e a se

I fi x d it A p omi ilw y p id t of w t o d wh
”
e so t
. r n en ra a res en ,
a es ern r a ,
o

is t
no g i an i i t
en d t g
neer, t w h il ns s e
g i co v , tio no a rea e a o, n n ers a n

with th w i t th t v e r w th y wer, a m k i g m ll p og i
e en no e ere a n s a r ress n

t hi d i c tio
s re n .

T hou gh n gi p o
o j c t
en w o k of thi m g itud whic h
n eer ca n r e a r s a n e,

i volv
n m y co fli c ti g l m t
es as an x t iv ilw y loc tio in
n n e e en s as e en s e ra a a n

di ffi c l t cou t y lw y d o
u n r d w hich i l i d
a a st i t h hu y t h t
es , a n s a ou n e rr a

w as u void b l i thi c
na a d f l b olu t ly u
e n s th t
ase , iou an ee a s e s re a ser s

o h v t b m d y t th w i t t u t th t
err rs a e no een a e, lly e ,
e r er r s s a n o re a essen

ti l l m t w
a e e ov loo k d i thi l y t
en as er e n s a -

ou .

B fo di cu i g t h q tio i d b y th w i t s c i tic f w
’
e re s ss n e u es n s ra s e e r er r s, a e

p oi tn s not i clu d d t h np p w ill b em Intio d e a er e en ne .

A l tt of i t uctio
e er t th i
ns r d u ti t t n s,ll id t
as o e r es , sen o a res en

en gi neers co t uc tio on t hi li ns r m y b fo d ni E on
g i i g s ne, a e un n n n eer n

N ews .
*

l u i th p cifi c tio f co t uc tio which v y om wh t

C a ses n e s e a ns or ns r n ar s e a

f om th u u l fo m w
r e follow
s a r s ere a s s
“ tum h ll b bb d f f b c k f om h lo of c
S p g s s t a t e p ru t e or 2 ee a r e s es u s,

f om d itc h
r d f om w ch l f wt wy
es , an r ne anne s or a er a s .

“ l i g h ll b p id f t ly G bb i g h ll b
C e ar n p s a e p id a or se a ra e . ru n s a e a

f or i t h p ic p i d f
n xc v tio
e r e a or e a a n .

“ h
T p ic p i d f ecl i g i d tood t pply t th h vi t
r e a or e ar n s un ers o a o e ea es

cl i g t b
ear n cou t d lo g th li
o e Wh en th cl i g i
n ere a n e ne . en e ea r n s

light it i t b t d by th gi
er, s o th t t oi
e ra e
p t w h o ly e en neer, so a a a n ere n

h lf t h wo k d o
a th
e h vi t rc tio i c ne y it h ll b
- on e ea es se ns s n e e ssar s a e

t d cco di gly
ra e a r n .

“
Emb km t h ll t b buil t wi th wh l b ow g di g
an en s s a no e ee -

arr s, ra n

m chi a b y c ti gn es, orb y y p oc whic h d o as t t ho ou ghly

n ,
or an r ess es n o r

* M a rch sth , 1 903 , p a ge 2 1 7.

 R AI L R O AD L O C ATI ON 38 I

pa ck th m t i l D mp c m y b u d o ly on v y high fi ll
e a er a . u -
ars a e se n er s

an d u pon t h p ci l i t uc tio e s of t h gie a ns r ns e en n eer.

All mb k m t e h ll b k pt t t h f ll wi d t h of c o
an en s s a c tion e e o e u r ss se -

a t ll h i ght whil b i g b il t wi t h t h
a e s id t l t high th
e e n u ,
e s es a eas as as e

c t of th o d b d
en er e r a e .

“
I co t cti g y mb km t xc pt
n n s ru n buil t of h d oc k
an e an en ,
e e on e . ar r

mt ila er a b ck d mpi g f om c t i t b llow d b t th m

,
no a u n r ar s s o e a e , u e e

b k m t i t b b il t it h i 6 i c h l y
an en s o e l u t b e lop d er n -

n a ers or e ss, or o e so s e

t h t t h t m will co
a e t
ea tly p s ov ll m t i l oo
n s an it i a ss er a a er a as s n as s

d mp d
”
u e .

Th t ic tio
e se t
re s r th m f b u ildi g mb km t d id
ns as o e a n n er o n e an en s

no t m t h v
see v y ill ff ct t h co t ctio p ic
o a e a er will b e e on e n s ru n r es , a s e

a pp t f om
a ren x mi tio of th co t c t p ic g v
r an e a T bl
na n e n ra r es i en I n a e

N o 5 . Th . xc v tio w ll p id fe e a m a d i n xc v tio as a a or a s easu re n e a a n,

wi t h f a v g h ul of 5 f t T h ov h ul cl u
ree a era e a d 00 ee . e er a a se rea s as

follow s
“
Av g h l era h ll b e compu t d f
au c h t p t ly d
s a e e or ea cu se ara e ,
an

s ho t h ul f om
r a t h ll r t fl t lo g h ul f om
on e c u o th s t a no o se n a r an er c u .

Th v g h ul f om y t h ll b t h d i t c b tw t h
e a era e a r an cu s a e e s an e e een e ce n

ter of g vity of th t t d th c t of g vi ty of th fi ll whic h

ra a cu an e en er ra e

t h m t i l f om t h t t m k
”
e a er a r a cu a es .

T h tw b e ch o d t h wo kra n t h m i li es a n o th of L F ll tt e r on e a n ne n r a o e e

w ere l t t e fi m of o p o i b l co t c to ; t h wo k f o m L
on e r res ns e n ra rs e r r a

F oll tt t B v
e e C o kt oth ; d th wo k f om B v C k
ea er ree o an er an e r r ea er ree

to K ox ill n d i cl d i g t h K oxvill y d
v e, an w n l t tu o th
n e n e ar s , as e o an er .

T h p ic of o d i
e r y l b o mo t of whic h w d o by g o v i d
e r n ar a r, s as ne ne r es , ar e

f om
r t p d y o er a .

T h p ic e p id i r th co t ct v i d b tw th limi t giv
es a n e n ra s ar e e een e s en

i T bl N
n a 5 e o . .

T imb d to w
er a n f i ly w ll di t i bu t d
s ne ll t h li
e re o th a r e s r e on a e n es n r

of L Foll tt S it b l ti mb w f th mo t p t whi t k
a e e . u a e er a s, or e s ar ,
e oa ,

whic h w t m ll f t tl t i g
as oo s Sou th of L
a F oll tt
or ll re s e s r n e rs . a e e a

timb xc pt th t of v y t mpo y tu h d t b impo t d

er, e e a a er e ra r na re , a o e r e ,

an d to s f m o yw
ne or t v y w ll d i t i b u t d
as nr F x mpl as n o er e s r e . or e a e,

th e to s f th m o y of t h
ne or C li ch Riv e B i dg h d t
as nr b e n er r e a o e

b ou ght i b g f om
r n C li to
a r es N t po t tio
r f i th
n ea r n n . o ra n s r a n or e er

f ight
re p or
g w llo w
a ssen d t h L oui vill
ers d N h
asvill a e on e s e an as e .

Po tl d c m t of t h b tt
r an e b d w wo th
en p e b li e er ra n s as r er arre n

K oxvill
n e .
38 2 A PP EN D IX
T ABLE N o .
5 . C ON S R T UCTI ON P RI CES O N TH E KN OX VI LL E , L A F O LLE TTE AN D

J E L LI C O R AI LRO AD .

Cleari n g , p er a cre

E a rt h e x v ti ca a p er c u i c ya rd
on , b
Loose ro ck x v e c a a ti on , p er c u i c yard b
S olid ro ck x v e c a a ti o n , p er c u i c yard b
C he rt e x v i ca at on, per cu bi y rd c a

Wa ter e x v ti ca a on , p er cu bi y d c ar

Tu n ne l x v i
e ca at on ,
p er c u c ar bi y d
I ron , i n tr es tle s a n d fou n d a t i o n s, p er po u n d
'

b
F i rs t c lass, s to n e , ri d ge m ason ry, p er c u i c ya rd
-
b
Fi rs t c la ss , s to n e , arc h m as o n ry , p er c u i c yard
-
b
S t o n e, c u l e rtv m aso n ry i n n a t u ral c e m en t

S tone, cu lv e rt m a so n ry , la i d d ry, p e r cu bi c ya rd
Ri p —ra p , p er b
c u i c yard

S to n e p a i n g ( i n v p er c u i c yard v
c u l erts ) , b
C o n c re te i n fou n d a ti o n s, L oui s i lle c e m e n t , p er c u i c ya rd v b
v
C o n c re te i n p i ers a n d c u l e rts , P o rtla n d c em e n t , pe r c u i c ya rd b .

C o n c re te i n a rc h es a n d wa ll s, Po rtla n d m e n t , p er c u c ya rd
ce bi
T e m po ra ry t re s t le s , p er 1 0 0 0 fe et , B M , i n c lu d i n g i ro n
. .

k
C o n c re te p a c i n g i n t u n n els , n a t u ra l c e m e n t , p er cu bi c ya rd .

D ry p ac ki n g i n tu n ne ls , p er c u i c yard b
P iles i n fo u n d a ti o n s , p er li n e a r foot
T im b i n fo u n d a tio n s, p er 1 000 feet , B M
er .

b
P ile s i n pi le ri d ges, left i n wo r , p er li n e a r foo t k
x v
P i le trestle s e c lu si e of p i les a n d s tri n gers , p er 1 0 0 0 fee t , B M . .

F ra m e d t res tle s , p e r 1 0 00 fe et , B M .

b
T i m er i n tu n n e ls , left i n the wor , pe r
'

k 1 000 fee t , B M . .

H a u li n g d rai n pi pe , c em e n t , or o th er c o n stru c ti on m a teri a l e spe

c i a lly a ra n ge d for, p er m i le p er t on

O v p er c u ic ya rd
e rh a u l, b
N ecessa ry h au l on m a so nry s to n e , p er cu bi c ya rd p er m i le , aft er

first m i le 0 -
75 0 -
75

T h ere d i th di cu io
ha v em y i f c which
a pp eare n e s ss n so an n eren es

w co t
ere t f ct v though t h y w
n ra r y mi gly w
o t d by
a ,
e en e ere see n arra n e

som of th w i t
e wkw d x p eio t rof which M B d
er s a
’
ar e ress ns, o on e r . ear

c ll tt tio th t it would m t b w ll f
a s a en n, y wh wi ha g
see o e e or a n on e o s es

t m k
o p ci l tu d y of t hi loc tio
a e a s d wh e i mpa i s t s a n , an ose res son s as o

th f c t
e t cl
a d b y th clo u
s are t i p ct th topog phic
no ea re e s re , o ns e e ra

sh t of t h G ologic l Su v y cov i g th
ee s e a t v d b y th
e a r e er n e are ra erse e

o d d it b c h
r a an Th y th Willi m b u g B ic vill
s ran L es . e are e a s r ,
r e e, ou

d K oxvill Cumb l d G p d M y d ill Sh t In

on , n e, er an a an a n ar sv e ee s .
 RAI L R O AD L O C AT I O N 383

o d t giv mo d qu t id of t h c h c t of t h co t y d
r er o e a re a e a e ea e a ra er e un r an

of t h wo k f w p ho tog p h Pl t II III d IV h v b
e r ,
a e ra s, a es ,
an ,
a e ee n

i td
n ser e .

T h d i cu io
e b y M L w i g d t th C li c h Riv Di i io
s ss n r . o n re ar o e n er v s n

of th N o fol k d W t i p tic l ly i t ti g t th w i t
e r an e s ern s ar u ar n eres n o e r er .

T hi d i cu io
s t k
s i co
ss c tio wi t h hi d i cu io of th p p
n, a en n nne n s s ss n e a er
“H vy R ilw y C o t c tio i
ea a Wyo mi g
a em t wn s ru t th n n n ,
”
se s o arra n e

a s ser tio t h t it in t p o ib l t
a c p x p iv wo k i t hi t i
s no ss e o es a e e en s e r n s err

to y r v wh u i g 9 foo t g d i b oth di c tio t mpo y

,
e en en s n 0 -

ra es n re n s, e rar

s rt uc t d wh
u res , a n i gg lly wi th th d i g N d o b t
en ru n n n en era e ra n a e . o u

t h to p o g p hy t
e d ra t h h dw t a of t h C li c h i om wh t
an ne a r e ea a ers e n s s e a

r ough t h er lo g t h K oxvill L Foll tt

an a n d J llico b t t h
e n e, a e e an e ,
u e

l tt co t y i of th m g
a er un r l c h ct
s t h fo m e sa d th e enera ara er a s e r er, a n e

K ox ill L Foll tt
n v e, d J llico w
a b il t with p m
e e t tan e as u er anen s ru c

tu re s ,wi th v y m c h light g di t
er d gu lly c o d i g er ra en s , a n ene ra a r ss ra n a e .

T h li e of th K oxvill L Foll tt
ne e d J llico li
n v y lw e, a e e an e es er o ,

re al tiv ly t th d j c t co t y A g i ty u pply w t t tio

e o e a a en un r . rav —
s a er s a n,

a mpl t h o gho t th y
e r u w ily v il b l ight
u e th mmit
e a r, a s eas a a a e r on e su

of th C li c h C mb l d Divi d th high t poi t t h li

e n —
u er a n e, e es n on e ne .

T h w it e do t k o w Wh t t h co t p
r er es no mil of t h K oxvill n a e s er e e n e

an d O hio B ch of th Sou th wo ld b i xi ti g co ditio

ra n e ern u e, n e s n n n,

an d j d gi g f o m hi
,
u x p i c i ilw y pp i l i q i t u
n r s e er en e n ra a a ra sa s , s u e s re

th t a l do
n o on e e se B t t h li h th m u mb of tu l
es . u e ne as e sa e n er nne s

as t h K oxvill
e L F ll tt
n d J llico tw of whic h
e, a q i t lo g
o e e an e ,
o a re u e n ,

an d h q tity of q i t h vy co t uctio T h li p ob bly

as a u an u e ea ns r n . e ne r a

could t b p od c d with p op ti
no e re r w d wi t h p m
u e t r er es ne an er a n en

t uc t
s r t l co t p mil th
u res a a e ss xclu iv of t mi l
s er e an e s e er na s

an d q i pm t
e u en .

It i do b t d
s no t oth of hi wkw d x p io th t t h
u ue o an er s a ar e ress ns a e

w it c itic h v gott om wh t x gg t d i d of t h p
’
r er s r s a e en a s e a e a era e ea e ex en

i
s ve n ess of th li T h co t d t f e th m i
ne . li giv e
p g s a a or e a n n e, en on a e

35 2, i clud th co t of x p iv t mi l l d y d d t tio
n es e s e en s e er na an s, ar s an s a n

buildi g withi th C ity of K oxvill T h d t il d fi gu

n s n e t n e . e e a e res are n o

a t h d b t p o b b ly b tw
an ,
u rnd 5 p c t of t h to t l mou t
a e e en 20 a 2 er en e a a n

will b x p d d wi thi th limi t of th t ci ty

e e en e n e s a .

Fu t h rb y f th co tli t p t of thi li b i g th
er, ar e t s es ar s ne , arr n e c on s ru c

tio n of th t l whic h h v c iv d m c h tt tio w t

e u n n e s, a e re e e so u a en n, as a

t h h d of t h N
e ea ow d lo g H ic k o y C k j t ou th of th
e arr s an a n r ree ,
us s e

T i Am S C E V l XL V I p
ra n s a ct on s ,
7 . oc . . .
, o . , . 1 .
 3 84 A PP EN D I X
Narrows wh th w o ly ,
ere out po i b l
ere as d wh n th on e r e ss e, an ere ere

w as no qu ti o wh t v co c i g g d i t
es n a e er n ern n ra en s .

T h w it would gl dly cc pt M W lt W t o ugg t d ’

e r er a a e r . a er a s n s s es e

c h ng a d i t
e ti g
an dd i tio t
n eres th ul outli d f loc tio
n a n o e r es ne or a n

wo k l o P of o R ymo d u gg t d c h g i v b i g ’
r ,
a s r ess r a n s s es e an e n er a e .

Th w it e i qui t r M C ov d l d id
er s e su re t c tc h t h impo t of r . er a e no a e r

a ll t h o giv f th c h g of th loc tio f om th o t

e rea s n s en or e an e e a n r e r u e

vi aC li to t th n out i D o t T h m i li it lf w ho t
n o e r e v a sse . e a n n e, se ,
as s r

en e d ly mil b y th t c h g
n ear d th
e lig m t v y m ch im
a an e, a n e a n en er u

p ov d i
r e dd i tio t t h o th
,
n a dv t g n ox pl i d e er a an a es e a ne .

N t o c t w x p d d t c 3 4 fo t g d
o ne en as e en eth b ch o se u re -
o ra e s on e ra n

li ov which t hov mpty go dol

n es er o s e e n as .

Th i d ou b t om of th w i t c i tic h v ugg t d ’
ere s no ,
as s e e r er s r s a e s es e ,

th t p t of t h ro d w
a ar s p t u d e Co t uc tio t
a ere oo b fo u n er ns r n oo s n, e re

a d fi i t d t il d policy of d v lopm t h d b
e n e e a e d ci d d u po e e en a een e e n .

Th w uc h g t
ere ere s o f h t i om of th m tt th t
u r en re a s n s or as e n s e e se a ers a

g d i g fo c
ra n W p t r es p t of th li ere b fo
u on ll t h uvyar s e ne e re a e s r e s

w co c t d th
ere n ne o f which
e ,
e b re as n s ily d ivi d b y th or ca n e eas ne e

i i ti t d
n a e .

Si c t h w i t
n e h e much dv
r er g d u d which could
a s seen so a erse ra e se ,

h v b n xclu d d
a e ee t e xp te ll b t b y t h
a no x ci of
e en se a a ,
u e e er se a

o b l mo t of c
re as n a e a h co f un t p o l tip thy t ch
are , e n esse s o ers na an a o su

g ra d A l
est hou
.
g h ll t h t M W t o ay i g ad t u i g ru . d u a s n sa s, n re ar o s n n

l ti g g d with g d opp i g f om 3 t 4 f t b low g

a n ra es sa s r n lly r 0 o 0 ee e a en era

l v l g di t i t u o gh th w it u gg t th t t h vil ff ct
e e ra en ,
s r e en u ,
e r er s es s a e e e e s

of andv a g d erseh d ly b ov ra t im t d i
e c an th l y
ar t of e er e s
-

a e n e a —ou
a

o d f low d h vy t ffi c
r a or s an lo g c t wh th g d t
ea ra on n a s en s ere e ra e ra e

i t h m ximum
s e a pp o c h i g t h m
or xim a m ; th t
r a i w h thn e a u a s, ere e

g ra d i t xc
en d f t
e h lo
eew t s, d hor a vi t t ei s C l A of
es an e es ra ns , a ss ,

W lli gto
e n cl ifi c tio T h vil fl t of uc h
n s
’
a ss a n . dv g d e e e ec s an a erse ra e

co i t f th mo t p t i t h t wh v it i po ib l th tot l
n s s s, or e s ar ,
n a ,
ere er _
s ss e, e a

l v tio could b u mou t d wi th u ifo m g di t of l

e e a n e s r n e t a n r ra en ess ra e .

Th g d
e p o fi l ra h o w e t h t i
r com ep t ivs ly l v sl cou t y a n ara e e e n r ,

wh th v tic l l v tio u mou t d w

ere e er a e e a t g ns t b st t h t
r n e ere no so re a u a

mom tum could b u d fl ti ly i u mou ti g hill dv

en e se e ec ve n s r n n s, a erse

g d
ra w es p mi tt d i o d
ere t
er d c t h co t of t h wo k
e n r er B t o re u e e s e r . u

il g c t i mom um h v
'

on on th t p
a s en s on g d t et s ee
g d er ra en s en ra es a e no

pl c a e, a n d i ch c , dvn su g d w xclud d
a ses , a erse ra es ere e e .

O of th w i t
ne c i tic co t d th t
e r er s
’
th n tu l dr i
r s
g n en s a ,
as e a ra a na e
Fi g . r. -
Ma sonry , a nd Rock E x v
ca a t i on , Hi c k ory Creek Cros sin g N o 7
. . k
Loo i ng S out h

Fi g . 2. — Ma s onry , a nd Roc k x v
E ca a t i on , Hic k ory C reek Cros si ng No 7
. . k
Loo i ng North.
 RAI L R O AD L O C AT I O N 38 5
r ou t f o m L Foll tt t K oxvill l d dow B ig C k d t h
e r a e e o n e e n ree an e

C li ch t
n C li to oth t ou t ho ld h v b
n n, follow d O of
a r e s u a e ee n e . ne

t h u u l co
e s qu c of l vi g
a n se tu l d i
en es
g o t i ilw y
ea n a na ra ra n a e r u e n ra a

loc tio i dv
a n
g d
s a d th erse mo t c it t d t h o igi l
ra e, an e a un n e ess a e on e r na

li b tw L F ll tt d C li to w ci t d by th w i t t how
ne e een a o e e an n n as e e r er o s

th e ex t t of th p l ty p id which mou t t hough l g o gh t

en e en a a , a n ,
ar e e n u a

on e poi t t b b o th o bj c tio b l
n o e d xp iv m d t b w
e na e an e en s e , see e o e ar

t d b y th
ra n e dv t g cu d B id
e a an a t h li esfollow d se re es es , e ne e a
-

na tu l d ira g o t f th fi t f w mil o th of L F ll tt
ra n a e r u e or e rs e es s u a o e e,

whil t h t e m B ig C
e s re a k follow d o t whi h i
,
ree m ight
,
e a r u e c n o n e se n se

b c ll d
e a tifi ci l
e T t h w it
ar th
a . o giv f th l c tio of
o e r er, e reas ns en or e se e n

th e o t b tw L Foll tt
r u e e d C li to
een th
a o igi l loc tio e e an n n, on e r na a n

t h ou gh C li to
r m co cl in n, o gh T h loc tio th t M
see n u s ve en u . e a n a r.

L w d c ib
o l o l ft t h t l d i g o t A d th p l ty
es r es a s e e n a u ra ra n a e r u e . n e en a

p i d i t hi c w t o ly dv d b t t h i t o d c tio of
‘

a n s ase g as , n o n a erse ra e, u e n r u n

a g d of 9 f t t th mil
ra e 0 d it w
ee t h o ly
o e mil of e, a n as e n o ne on 1 00 es

o d xc di g 5 8 f t t t h mil oppo i g th d i ctio of p o b bl

r a e ee n ee o e e, s n e re n r a e

h viea t ffi c
er T hira i c t i ly v y obj c tio bl b t wi tho t
. s s er a n er e na e, u u

oppo t i ty t m k
r un c ful i v tig tio th w i t wo ld b
o a e a a re n es a n, e r er u e

s low t y th t th loc tio m d w ill d i d f co di tio

o sa a e a n d a e as a v se ,
or n n s, a n

no t m ly th o i
ere t b d l t wi t h i
e r es , ilw y loc tio v y
a re o e ea n ra a a n e er

wh d
ere , a n p ci lly i cou t y of t h C li ch Riv
es e a v i ty If t h
n n r e n er ar e . e

riv li w t k t h loc ti g gi
er ne as a en , M L ow e od w a n en n eer on r .
’
s r a as

p o b b ly co fi C li ch Riv b tw Swo d C k d ’
r a d n ne ,
on n er e een r s ree an

Cl v l de e an th w i t ,
w
as B ig C
e k b low L Foll tt t
r er as on ree e a e e, o a

c hoic b tw e c oo k d d x p iv li
e ee n a r d ly l gt he an d f om e en s e ne , u n u en en e r

followi g t h wi di g of to tuou mo t i t m d mo
n e n n s a r s un a n s rea ,
an a re

di ct li co t uc t d f th mo t p t i t
re ne, ns r e l d b idg or e s ar n unne s an on r es .

T h p im y o bj c t i t h loc tio of t hi li
e r ar e w-

n t t ch
e a n s ne a s, no o rea

K oxvill though th t w of g t impo t c b t t fl t th ough

n e, a as rea r an e, u o e ec r

co ctio wi th th Atl t K oxvill

n ne n d N o th
e t
an a,t h Sou th n e an r ern o e .

Th o d t K ox ill
e r a e n e rs th o thw t id of t h ci ty p
n v e on e n r es s e e ,
asse s

th ou gh t h w t d g of it d ff c t t h ju c tio wi th th “

r e es ern e e an e e s e n n e
,

Atl t an a ,K ox ill d No th
n v t th e ou thw t dg of th city
an r ern a e s es e e e

wh l g f ight y d
ere ar e re p ovid d f d t h
ar s u o t h
are t r e or, an en r ns n r eas

an d o t h } mil
n r t th c 1 t of t h city wh
es o t h ci ty f e
e i gh t
en er e ,
ere are e r

an d p g y
asse n d d t
er t io T hu
ar s t h ou g h
an f i g h t w ill p
s a ns . s, r re
“

ass

o ly th ough t h w t
n r d g of t h ci ty
e I f t he t h ou gh ou t h d
es ern e e e . r r e a

b een t b li h d i
es a t h li s w occu pi d b y t h Sou t h
e v a e it would
ne no e e ern
3 86 A PP EN D IX
ha v b e i ccou t 8 d t
een , on th mi l
s a ho t If t hn out
, ,
an no 11, es s r er . e r e

h a d b n l id ee t on p ca t com p s
ou t d g d v
I i -
t h g er l en en a e ra es, a e en era

o t
r u e w h l d b y t h Sou t h n
no e t i i g th p t c o i g of
e er ,
re a n n e resen r ss n s

v ll y d ummi t
a e s an d pu tti g s fii i t d v lo pm t i to t h li
s, a n n su
’
c en e e en n e ne

t g i th
o a n c y l v tio th t out would h v b l gt h d
e n e essa r e e a ns , a r e a e een en ene

en ough b t w C li to ,
e d K oxvillee n lo t cco t f ll b t
n n an n e a n e, o a un or a u

1 % mil of t h p
es t di fl i l eg t h Th
resen co t of l yi g t eren c e n en . e s a n ou

a o d t h o gh t h di t i ct
r a r u th g l out occupi d b y th
e s r ,
on e en era r e e e

So t h comp t d g d f p c t ou th b ou d d
i

u ern , on en sa e ra es o I er en s -
n an

p er c t o th b ou d would t b w
en n r -
t d byn y t fli t h t y no e arra n e an ra c a an

o d i th di t i ct
r a n eo b ly x p c t f y
s r t com
c a n reas na e e or ea rs o e

F th ur th Atl t er, K ox ill d No th

e u ou thw t t
an a , n v e an r ern r ns s es ou

of K ox ill whil t hi o d f om th poi t P i th op v ll y

n v e, e s r a ,
r e n , ,
n e en a e

of B v C k u i g
ea er l di ctio d
ree ,
r nst 4 mil n a t th en era re n u e eas 1 es o e

Atl t K ox vill
an a, d N o th n co ctio t K oxvill F om thi
e an r ern nn e n a n e . r s

p oi t P t
n , p oi t imm, di ot ly o
a t h m nil di t t e i a e s u ,
es s an on an a r

li n e, d 9 mi l
an b low K oxvill
1 th esAtl t e K oxvill d n e on e an a , n e an

N o th r th e rn i xc ll t ou t v il bl
ere s an d th
e m e en r e a a a e, un er e sa e re

t ic tio
s r t ns
g di t b
as t w h ic h o ou t i
ravolv t h
en s , co t uc tio u r e n es e ns r n

of tu l d Bl ck O k Ridg d b i d g ov t h T
a n ne un er a a e an a r e er e en n essee

Riv T hi
er . t ff ( y 5 mil s cu i ctu l l gt h) wo ld ho t th
—
o sa ,
1 es n a a en u s r en e

t h ou gh
r o t t l t 7 mi l r u e d th e w
a li ttl doub t i th
eas 1 es , an er as e n e

w it mi d t h t th t ffi c of th o d t v y di t t d y would
’
r er s n a e ra e r a a no er s an a

w arran t it co t c ti o sT h p o b b ili ty of t h
n s ru v t l buildi g of
n . e r a e e en u a n

t hi i th d ci io t ou t outh
’
t fi h d it d
s cu -

o h a s th p ue s are n e e s n on e resen r e s

of C o l C k a ree .

B y om h oic co t uc ti o
s e b tw er d 3 mi l ns r of di t nc n, e een 2 an es s a e

co ld b t t b y t h pl v y p ti n tly gg t d by M W l t
u e cu ou e an , er er en su es e r . a er

W t o of cu t ti g t t h d v lopm t t C opp Ri dg
a s n, n ou T h t th
e e e en a er e . a e

c
n e ess ar y tu l t c y t hi gg tio wo ld b v y much
nne o arr ou s su es n u e er

lo g th h tim t i d t th f ct t h t t h p t of th m p
n er an e es a es s ue o e a a e ar e a

on Pl t I t th
a e xt m p t m d of B v C k
,
a e e re how e u -

s re a en ea er ree as s n,

is m
a k tc h d i i ccu t
ere s e Th o th id of C o pp
,
an s na ra e . e n r s e er

Ri d g i p ci pi to
e s d b d ly b o k
re
p tic l ly t t h
us an l v t io a r en , ar u ar a e e e a n

a t whic h c h li would t ik it d t hough t h i om th

su a ne s r e ,
an , ere s s e, ere

i d t h of uppo ti g g ou d p th C li c h tow d L F o d ’
s a ear ,
s r n r n u e n ar ee s r as
,

m y ba f om Pl t I Wh th t ffi c of t h o d w
e s ee n r a e .
t en e ra e r a a rr a n s

th e b uil di g of t h t ff m
n ti o d b ov it m y b t h t t hi
e cu -

o en ne a e, a e a s

rev si io m y l o b w n t d
a a s e arra n e .
38 8 A PP EN D I X
m tt f th fi t f w y
a er, or t le t f om t hrs vi g th t
e b e ars a eas ,
r e sa n a c an e

m d i futu op ti g x p
a e n re i co t uc ti g era o d t d it
n e en ses n ns r n a r a o o s

b i wi th 6 t i
u s n e ss p d y i t1 d of E
ra n s v y il o d m g er a n s ea 20 . er ra r a an a er

k ow h w u tt ly impo i bl it i wh bu i
n s o er f ll ff d th ss e s, en s n ess a s o an e

nu mb of t i i duc d t duc x p
er ra n s s cco di gly Th
re e ,
o re e e en se s a r n . e

impo i bility of ccompli hi g thi i d p im ily b t t ti ly

ss a s n s s ue r ar ,
u no en re ,

t t h f c t th t
o e o g i tio q ipp d f t h mo x p iv op
a a an r an z a n e u e or e re e en s e er

a tio of t i p d y i w t i d t op t l
n 20 ra n s er umb
a s no re a n e o era e a ess n er .

T h g d of e ra vic e t m q ipm t m i t
ser e c t
as o en , e u en ,
a n en a n e, e c .
,
n ec es

sar y t op t di i io h d li g t i
o era e a d y i v y m ch b ov
v s n an n 20 ra n s a a s er u a e

th g d
e of t h m qui d f 6 t i
ra e e sa Wh t he re mb of re or 1 ra n s . en e nu er

t i
ra n s i ctu lly d c
s a d i op atio t h mo x p iv o g i
e rease n era n e re e en s e r an z a

tio i n l dy i x i t c d will b d i p d wi th o ly with g t

s a rea n e s en e an _
e s en se n rea

d iffi c l ty ud ft lo g y an if i d d i c
a er of t ffi c d o
n t
e ars , n ee an n rease ra es n o

w arra nt it t tio B t i
s l yi g t
re en w o d t h d l it
n . u n a n ou a ne r a o an e s

b i u s n esswi t h 6 i t d of t i 1 p d y t h mo
n s ea x p iv 20 ra n s er a e re e ens e

o g i tio t op t
r an z a t i
n
p o d y will t b d v lop d
era e 2 0 ra n s er a no e e e e .

T hi w th t hought u pp mo t i th w it mi d B t it ’
s as e er s n e r er s n . u s

f ll cy co i t i th f ct th t g d ductio i f ll tim
a a ns s s n e a d a a ra e re n s or a e, a n

t h g d of t h
e ra vic v tu lly will b d j t d t t h d m d
e e ser e, e en a ,
e a us e o e e an s

of t h t ffic e ra .

Si c t hi p p
n e w p p s d t hi
a u bj
er c t h b as t t d re are ,
s s e as een re a e ex

h u tiv ly i
a s p p
e * by M n J B B y C hi f E gi
a a er of th r . . . err ,
e n n eer e

U io P cifi c R i l o d M B y
n n a a ly i of th p c t g of
r a . r . err
’
s an a s s e er en a e

o p ti g x p
era n e op t d o d which
en ses on an b v d by cutti g era e r a c an e sa e n

dow t i mil g th o gh g d d ctio how

n ra n -

ea e r uult of b out ra e re u n s s a res a

44 T hi i t h low t
. s l t th t h b
s e tt i d by
es y d qu t
resu a as een a a ne an a e a e

an a ly i th t th w i t h
s s a b t v e if o ly thi vi g
r er b
a s seen , u ,
e en n s sa n c an e

m d b y th g d ductio it till w d i bl
a e e ra e re M W P n, s as a v sa e, as r . . .

Wto a s n d P of o R ymo d co cl d
an r ess r a n n u e .

Th w i t et hi k th
r er g oo d o n f sb li vi g th
ere t M are reas ns or e e n a r .

B erry d M W t o
’
s an ly i of thi p c t g m y t b quit
r . a s n s an a
’
s s s e r en a e a no e e

co cl iv i thi c
n us e F n i t c i c lcul ti g th p opo tio
s a se . or n s an e, n a a n e r r n

of op ti g x p era n whic h evi g could b ff ct d b oth M

ens es on sa n s e e e e ,
r .

B erry dM Wto an um th t th would b

r . a s n duc ti o i
ass e a ere e no re n n

t l g ph
e e ra g l xn or
p T w ty t
en era i p d ye w i ll p o b b ly
en ses . en ra n s er a r a

c ll f mo t i o d t tio th ix t
a or re ra n -
will c it t
r er s a ns an s een , or n e ess a e a

B ulleti n N o 4 9, Am eri c a n R a i lway E n gin eeri n g

. and M ai n ten a nce of Wa y
Associ ati on .
 RAI L R O AD L O C AT I O N 3 89

n ight op era t r o h o ly d y op to
at st a t io v wi th t h
ns w
. ere n a era rs ser e e

lesser n u mb of t i W lli gto * y of t tio t m i l

er ra n s .
d e n n sa s, s a n, er na ,
an
“
g en era l x p e T h i othi g b y whic h th y
en se s : ere quic kly s n n e are so

a ff c t d
e by d ci d d i c
e as i th
a emb of t i e n re a se n e nu er ra n s .
”

T h w it e c ot r er why t h fo an n f lly lo d d t i see th e ur u -

a e ra n s on e

p c t g d c ot j t b o t h dl th to g of i f lly
—
er en ra e an n us a u an e e nn a e s x u

lo d d t i
a e thra n s p c t g d S ppo i g th t i t b
on e I -

er en ra e . u s n e ra n s o e

pull d t e mila ho
10 by th id tic l gi d c i b d
es an ur
p g e en a en ne es r e on a e
“
5 of t h p p titl d Vi t l G d F i ght T i ”
e a er en f e
1 t h r ua ra es or re ra n s ,
'

c b oo t w igh
a se o to eth gi d c b oo i t c t b 9 lb
n s, e en n e an a se re s s an e o e s .

p er t d t h lo d d
on , a n i t c t b 5 lb p t th gg g t
e a e -

c a r res s a n e o e s . er on , e a re a e

g o r ss to g of lo d d c
nna e c i d by th i t i a e
p c t
a rs arr e e s x ra n s on I -
er en

g d
ra w ill
es b 5 33 7 d t h t b y t h fo
e t i ,
an
p c t g d a e ur ra n s on -

er en ra es

will b 5 6 e M B 1 0 d . m t h v ov look d th f c t th t wh
r . ea r se e s o a e er e e a a en

th g d i
e ra d c d t h t i lo d i i c
e s re u e d by l g p c tge ra n a s n rease a ar er er e n a e

th an i t h p c t g of g d
s e d c tio
er e n a A p th d t
e b ov ra e re u n . s er e a a a e,

th 3 5 p
e c t duc tio i thi c
—
er en llow
re i c of 4 5 p c t
n n s ase a s an n rease er en

i t i lo d
n ra n a .

T h poi t m d b y M
e n B d how v
a e i g d t t h d d i
r . ear ,
e er, n re ar o e a

ti on a l co t of d ci g t h
s uli g g d d t th low p d t h t
re u n e r n ra e ue o e s er s ee s a

h viea t i er m t m k ov th o d i w ll t k b t it m
ra n s us a e er e r a , s e a en , u see s a

t ifl
r u g o
e n d th
en er u s , ci c m t c t hold th t thi will
un er e r u s an es , o a s

ob t i f p a n gor t i d loc l f i ght

asse n er ra ns a n a re s .

O of th w i t
ne c i tic co t d th t hi
e r er s
’
u l co t of t h r s n en s a s an n a s e

pu h s gi
er— en vic i t high d o th th t it i t l w
ne s er e s oo ,
an an er a s oo o .

T hi i s m tt of co d y impo t c b t t h w i t h t h
s a a er se n ar r an e, u e r er as e

fi gu m d th y
res , a e g by th gree l p i t d t of
ears a o e en e ra su er n en en a

w t es ern r a od t th ctu l co t of c h
,
as o vi c wh co di tio
e a a s su a ser e ere n ns

w ere id tic l i lmo t v y p c t co l nd w t co v i t

en a ,
n a s e er re s e ,
a a a er n en e n ,

t
e c . wi t h t ho
,
co t mpl t d f t h p h
se n evic t hi od a e or e us er ser e on s r a .

T h fi gu e w f i h d t h gi i g d p tm t of th t o d
res ere u rn s e e en n eer n e ar en a r a

for u se i c lcul ti g t h v l
n a of m c h d d g d ductio
a n e a ue a u -
n ee e ra e re n .

Th e an nu a l co t giv w s F th M B y i th bul
en as ur er, r . err ,
n e

l ti p viou ly
e n re f d t s ly th co t p mil of pu h
re erre o, an a z es e s er e s er

en gi vic d fi d it t b
n e ser e an
p c t of th co t of t i ;
n s o e er en e s a ra n

mil f co d i tio ob t i i g th U io P cifi c R il o d A fu l

e or n ns a n n on e n n a a r a . s e

i v y much ch p
s er J llico th ea t h U ion P ci fi c thi i
er n ear e an on e n a ,
s s

“E c o no m i c T heo
ry, Art .
76 1 .

1 Tra n sa cti on s Am S oc C E V ol L
"
. . . . . .
, ,
3 90 A PP E N D I X
c i ly
ert a n f p c tg a sa er th L oui vi ll er en ad N hvi ll th i
e on e s e an as e an n

Wyomi g O thi b i th n . n u l co t of thi s vic as s , t hi li e an n a s s ser e on s ne

would b p e c t of X 3 54 4
er gi mil
en 2, en ne es, or
-

Ev wh en it wo ld h v h lp d hi m t m k hi p oi t i
en u ahowi g e e e o a e s n ,
n s n

t h t t h co t of t h p h
a e s vic fix d by th w it
e us w t l w
er ser e as e e r er as oo o ,

M B r . d do ear t m t h v c lc l t d cc t ly th
es no see ul o a e a u a e a u ra e e an n a

w g of do b l c w b t d opt d th w i t fi gu whic h w
a es a u e re ,
u a e e r er s
’
res , ere

for a s n i gl c w with o b l llow c f ov time

e re reas na e a an e or er .

R lly M ea B ,
d ho l d r. vi hi i thm ti c H hould vi w
ear s u re se s ar e . e s re e

hi g og p hy l o f
s e ra h m t up po t h t t h
a s ,
or c yi g e see s o s se a e ore -

arr n

o d u i g i to Duluth
r a s r nn n i M ic hi g
n A d D ulu th t h D ulu th are n an . n ,
e

of P octo K ott i t Mi c hig vill g

r r n ,
s no a an a e .

Th w i t e di d r t i t d
er
y i vi di ou comp i o
no b tw
n en hi an n s ar s n e een s

o w wo k n d t h t of t h u k own
r an
gi a wh loc t d t h K ox e n n en n eer o a e e n

V ill ed O hio B
an ch of th So th n T h f ct t h t th o d i
ra n e u er . e a a e r a s

sa id t b o of th v y b t p yi g divi io of th South n y
e on e e er es a n s ns e er
’
s s s

t m i
e uffici t t tt t th wo th of hi wo k
s s en o a es e r s r .

N ith e d id h i t d t d c y t h wo k of t h
er e n en
gi w h l i
o d e r e r e en n eer o a

ou t t h C hic go K e C i ty li
a f d t Th w i t i f mili
-
a n s as n e re erre o . e r er s a ar

wi th v y foot of th p t of th li
e er f dt ed f w y
ar
g e n e re erre o , an ,
a e e ars a o,

m d om wo ful f ilu i tt mpti g t imp ov

a e s e e a t i p t
res n a e n o r e c er a n
\
ar s

of thi loc tio s a n .

I t h comp i o
n e md g d
ar s n smooth th i d f ll
a e on ra e s n ess , e r se an a on

mi o g di t hould v y p ob bly h v b
n r ra en s s xclud d B t er r a a e een e e . u

i c
s n e , on th th li m tio d l g p opo tio of th i
e ree n es en ne ,
so ar e a r r n e r se

an d f ll w a md t h h vi
as a d lo g e on
g di t t h t th e ult ea er a n n er ra en s a e res

of th comp i o would h v b
e ar s lt d b t littl th fi gu which
n a e ee n a ere u e, e res

w t h
ere a d w d
an E c h of t h li
ere u se f dt h . h vi a e n es re erre o as a ea er

t ffi c t h
ra t h t imm di t ly i
an a p o p ct f th w li
e Th a e n r s e or e ne ne . e ex

p en siv co t
e uc tio c
ns r y t h i w li
n w w
n e essar t d o ly on s ne ne as arra n e n

bc e au se of th f ct th t th mooth e a of th g d g v th ow a e s ness e ra es a e e n ers a

o d which wo ld dmi t of comp tiv ly i x p iv op tio

r a u a ara e ne ens e era n .

N i th e did t h w i t
er i t d t i tim t th t y v y wo d ful
e r er n en o n a e a an er n er

en g i i w
neer n
g o k h d b d o r T h o ly w ao d ful t hi g b ou t t h
een ne . e n n er n a e

m tt w th t ou t of th
a er as a t d c i b d on which
a r e, od e n a u re es r e ,
a r a

could b co t uct d t y outl y th t th x p i c d x c tiv

e ns r e a an a a e e er en e e e u e

offi c of fi t cl ers a ilw y co id d

rs -
o b l xi t d t ll i
a ss ra a ns ere re as na e, e s e a a n

s uch cou t y T h w it i qui t po i tiv th t th fi l ul t of

a n r . e r er s e s e a e na res

th x min tion d u v y could t

e e a a an o bly h v b n tici
s r e s no reas na a e ee an
3 92 A PP EN DI X
sh owi g him th t h i di tru t d d p iv him of th t lf fi d
n a e s s s e ,
e r e a se -
con en ce ,

an d of t h co ciou of th pp ci tio of hi wo k th p t
e ns sn ess e a re a n s r on e ar

of hi up io s s ti l t t h b t wo k
er rs , so essen I thi d y of d c t d a o e es r . n s a e u a e

en g i n t i
eers , d i loy l tyra n e w ll i fli
n i y m a d as e as n e c en c ,
en c an an

a lw y ho ld b cu d f
a s s u c h wo k wh
e se b re l d f om ch or su r o c an e re e ase r su

p t
e ty x c t io e d wi t h whom it will p y t d it
a n s, an T h w it a o o . e r e r c an

c ll m y d y i u v y c mp of hi w wh t h b t p og
re a an a a n s r e a s s o n en e es r ress

w as m d d t t k w d iv I uc h
a e an no a s a v y p ty it i
e as r en . n s a su r e ar , s

w ll t h t t h m
e a wh occ py th i f io po i tio
e en o hould b gi u e n er r s ns s e en

n eers i mb y m n e wh h v r o, c iv d t l t p t of coll g
en o a e re e e a eas a ar a e e

en gi i g co
n eer n t h t wh i y d y com
u rse , so wh a t h p ty
,
en ra n a s e , or en e ar

i c
s n e ess a r ily h ld p t wo k p ot t h will b e u oi dl i t h r u n es , ere e no ers n e

c mp
a .

U d t h co vic tio th t th b t pl c f wo k i g t a u v y
n er e n n a e es a e or r n ou s r e

i d ifli lt co t y i i
n cu th c mp w h th m
un r s nd oi g t h e a e re e en a re n e

wo k r ch p ty w
,
ea ppli d wi th
ar d ft m as su d d fti g q i p e a ra s an an ra n e u

m t d i t d of qui i g co ti ou t m of cou i b
en ,
an ,
n s ea re r n a n nu s s rea r ers ears

i g t diou m p
n e p ofi l s d a po t s, p mg b c k
r d fo th b
es an re r s, ass a an r e

tw een th c mp d th c t l offic ll c h ot w k pt i
e a an e en ra e, a su n es ere e n

of th c hi f of p ty u til th v y w compl t d ov
'

th h d
e an s e e ar n e su r e as e e er

th t e ito y h w t cov wh
err r e compl t m p p ofi l tim t
as o er, en a e e a ,
r e , es a e

an d epo t w r m d t d bmi tt d by th m wh h d d o
r ere a e ou an su e e en o a ne

th e wo k T h w it
r . b li v t h t t h qui i t
e r er op tio e d
e es a e re s e co -
era n an

u i ty of p po b tw th p ti w uppli d b y hi co ti o
n ur se e ee n e ar es as s e s n nu us

vi it t t h m i t h i c mp wh h co ld t l k ov f kly d
s s o e en n e r a s, ere e u a er ra n an

f lly with c h hi p ci l p obl m d d iffi c lti b tt th co ld

u ea s s e a r e s an u es , e er an u

p o i b ly h v
ss b ccompli h d b y y m
a e e en awh t v f om s e an ean s a e er r a

c t l offic mil w y f om t h wo k T ho gh th w i t
en ra e es a a r fli e r . u e r er s
’
o ce

w as i K oxvill n l g p c t g of hi tim d i g th loc tio

n e, a ar e er en a e s e, ur n e a n,

w as s p t i th en ddl n e sa e .

O f cou th mb of p ti th t
rse , e nu m look ft i
er ar es a on e an c an a er n

t hi m s i limi t d b t i t giv
a n n er s th gi e i c h, g u i i h
g t es e en n ee r n ar e a n ns

into t h c h c t of t h wo k e ara w hol

er whic h h c e o t po i bly r as a e, e an n ss

a cq i b hi d oll t p d k f om th mo t l b o t m p d
u re e n a r -

o es ,
or r e s e a ra e a s an

p or fi l p d
es s t d rea f t i g t b
oul mil on a d m il f om t h
ra wo k n a e, es a n es r e r

an d th m wh e d oi g it
en o a re n .

It c o t b i i t d po t t o ly th t th
ann e ns s e
gi
u i n oo s ren u us a e en n eer n

c h g of uc h loc tio ho ld t b h mp d t t h o t t ( d
ar e s a n s u no e a ere a e u se an ,

as l dy id th w i t w
a rea sa t) by th u
,
e l t ictio r er t as no e su a res r ns as o
 RAIL R O AD L O C AT I O N 393

grad e rates , cu v r e ra d i i , e tc . An d yet , in o rd er h tha t t ere m ay b e

u i ty i t h
n nl t tt i d by v l
e resu s a t t ti
a ne se era su r ev y p ti ar es , en a ve

m xim ho ld b fi d by th gi
a a s u i e xe
g t h, p e en n eer n ch g d i a r e, ur n e re

limi y x mi tio
n ar e d
a v y ; d i o d th t t h m y b
na ns an su r e s an ,
n r er a e re a e

no c l wo k iare e ss i g tifl g d r d c vn th t ho
us n s er ra es an u r es an se

d m d d b y t h co t y
e an e d t h gov e i g fi ci l t icti o
un r ,
un er e ern n na n a res r n s,

t h f c t houl d b co t
e a s tly k p t b fo t h p ty c hi f t h t t h
e n s an e e re e ar e s a ese

m im ax o ly t t tiv
a a re d th t u b qu t d v lopm t m y
n en a e, an a s se en e e en s a

re q i u reth m d m xim t b co i d bly d c d

e a ssu e a a o e ns era re u e .

T h li e o igi lly w n e, co oi t d b tw
r na L F oll tt
,
as d re nn ere e een a e e an

J llico wit h 5 p c t g d i vi w d loc tio th ough thi di

e -
er en ra es n e ,
an a a n r s s

t i t w
r c m d om v y
as a e s
g t h i g di t S v y wi th
e se en e ars a o on s ra en . ur e s

th p e t co t uc ti o
re sen i vi w w ns r b gu t h ough thi d i t ic t
n n e ere e n r s s r on

p
-

c t g d i b oth di ctio
er en ra A l dy ot d th cou t y
es n re ns . s a re a n e ,
e n r

w as n ot o ly co oi t d b t t h o i gi l loc tio u v y b tw
n re nn ere ,
u e r na a n s r e s e een

K oxvill d L Foll tt w m d
n e an a p c t g d i b o th
e e ere a e on I -

er en ra es n

di c tio ; i
re ch c wi th th fi l ult whic h h b d c i b d
ns n ea a se e na res as een es r e .

If M C ov d l would i tim t t h t t hi i
r . er a e h ph d m tho d n a e a s s a a az ar e

whic h o ly j t h pp n d t uscu good lt i thi c th w it

a en e o se re resu s n s a se, e r er

di ff wi t h him
ers io ly t th t p c s er yt c us ucc s as o e s e s n e essar o se u re s es

ful l t i c h wo k
re su s n su r .

T h w it e h rv b li v d i t h th o y th t d iflfl lt ilw y
er as ne er e e e n e e r a cu ra a

loc tio m t
a n d b do us by g i
n ee sth t th e m ne a en u s , or a ere a re en
“
p ci lly d ow d wi t h co t y t whom c h wo k ”
s e a en y f e an e e or un r o su r

mu t lw y b
s a t a t d s It i wo k i
e whic h t i i g
en ru s e d . s r n ra n n an

ex p i c g f th t h i pi tio
e r en e o ar d i whic h o thi g b t h d
er an ns ra n , an n n n u ar

wo k commo
r ,
d i t llig t comp h io of th d i
n se n se , a n an n e en re en s n e en s n

i w will
V e bl ten a cc d O c ot b u th t h h
e on e o su ee . ne an n e s re a e as

g o tt t
en h b t li e f hi p p
es o b t w ne y tw p oiort s i s ur ses e een an o n n

cou t y t ll di fli lt u til h h x mi d d tu di d tho o ghly

n r a a cu ,
n e as e a ne an s e r u

b tw til i hi mi d i fli ’
th e en ti re area d e een ,
y t t pan un ,
n s n s e e, s ra c os

sibiliti es cl are t h p o ib l
as v f o m hi f t h f m
e a r as e ss e re en u e r s a er s
’
ar ,

d it ou tli w ll d fi d t h co tou of hi mo t h y d ’
an s n e as e e ne as e n r s er s ar .
3 96 IN D E X

B ui ldi n gs , estim a te for, 2 5 9. C os t— con ti n u ed .

ya rd , 1 04 .
ge n e ra l e p enses, 2 09 x .

B u rn e ttiz i n g p rocess , 4 4 . m a i n ten a n ce o f e q u i pm e n t, 2 08 .

B u si n ess, loca l vs throu gh , . 2

50 . m a i n te n a n ce of way, 208 .

3v
o f c u r a t u re , 2 2 , 2
33 .

C a pi t a l, a llowa bl e, 1 3 . of d is t a n c e , 2
30, 3 5 7 .

c on trol o f, 1 1, 14 .
p er m i le of Ameri c a n ra i lro a d , T a le b
o p e ra tin g e xp e n se n o t to b e c h a rge d 1 3 , 2 60 .

t o, 1 0. p er m i le K , L a F J R R , 35 2
. . . . . .

ra ilro a d , fa i r re tu rn o n , 15 . of o p e ra t i n g d i s t a n ce , T a le
9, 2 2 9 b .

C a pi t a li z a ti o n , d a n gers Of o v er 9 .
ge n era l i t em s a ffec ti n g, 2 0 6 .

d efi ne d , 5 . a fl e c te d b y loc a ti o n , 2 0 7 .

C ar mo v em e n t , 96 . of o v e rh a u l, 57 .

C a rs , c la sse s of i n ya rd wor k , 96 . of
pu s her s er i c e ,v 2
33 , 23 4 , 3 4 2 , 3 8 9,
C a t tle gu a rd s , 5 9, 78 .
3 9°
e s ti m a t e for, 2 5 8 .
p ro lem , 3 2 9 b .

C h a in i n g, di rec tio n s fo r, 267 . of ra i lroa d , e sti m a te of, 2 5 3 .

C h a i n m e n , d u t ie s of, 2 65 , 2 8 0 , 2 8 2 . re la ti v e of t wo li k e t hi n gs of d ifl ere n t

C h a rte r, d efi n ed , 3 . li v e s, 49 .

C hie f e n gi n eer, i n c o n t ro l of wh a t , 7 . righ t o f way, 2 8 7.

C hief p a rty, d u ties of, 2 65

of . ri se a n d fa ll, 23 1 , 2
3 2, 35 8 .

C la ssi fi c a tio n of e a rth wo r , 3 2 1 , 3 2 2 k . sp i k e d o wels , 5 1 .

C lea ri n g, c a u tion a s to a m ou n t , 2 8 2 . of a s t op , 2 1 7 .

and g ru bbi n
g, s pe c i fi c a tio n s fo r on s t ri n ge r b i dg
r es, h ow e st i m a te d , 66 .

t he K .
,
La F J R R , 3 80
. . . . . ti es , t re a t e d a n d u n t re a t e d , e x a m p le ,
e st im a te for, 2
54 .
50 .

C lu s te r, a pp li e d to ya rd s , 10 5 . trai n m i le , di vi sro n
-
of, 2 2 8 .

C o a li n g s t a ti o n s , es ti m a te fo r, 2
59 . i n c re a se d b y h ea i er lo c o m o t i v v es ,

C o m p a n y, d e fi n ed , 3 . 216 .

form a tio n o f, 2 . i n c re a sed b y hea i er t ra i n s , v 21

5 .

C o m pe n s a ti o n o n c u r e s, v 1 8 1 , 1 83 . v v
p reser a t i e p ro c e sse s , 4 5 , 4 6
'

C o m p o u n d lo c o m o ti v e s, 143 .
p u sh e r se r vi ce ,2 3 3 , 23 4 .

C o n c re te for b i dg
r e m a so n ry, 65 . t u n n e ls , K .
, La F .
J . R R . .
, es ti

p i le s , 7 2 . m a ted , 3 4 2 .

C o n s tru c ti o n , b y c o n t rac t v s . d a y la bor, u n i t c o n s tru c ti on p ri c e s , K .

, La F .

7 .
J . R R . .
, 382 .

of si d e tra c k 95 s, . C re oso ti n g p ro c e ss , 4 6 .

ra p id , d es i bl 7
ra e, . C rossi n gs , 8 8 .

C o n st ru c tio n S v y ur e s, C h a p t er XX I , a n d sli p s , 86, 8 7 .

30 1 , i n terloc i n g, k 1 24 .

C o n st ru c tion Su r vy e s, o rga n iz a ti o n fo r, C ross—o v e rs , 90 , 9 1 .

lo n g li n e , 3 0 2 . i n terloc i n g, 1 2 5 k .

s h o rt li n e ,
301 . la yi n g o u t , 9 1 .

C on ti n u ou s ra il j oi n t , 2 9, 3 1 . C ross -
sec t io n i n g, 3 09, 3 1 1 , 3 1 2 .

C ost , o f c o n d u c ti n g t ra n s p o rt a t io n , 2 0 9. C ross T ies , C h a p te r I V , 3 8 .

es t i m a t e s of fo r v a ri o u s i te m s of c o n c u tti n g of, u n d e r rai l, 41 .

s tru c tio n , see E sti m a te . d ecay of, 43 .

 IN D E X 3 97

C ross T ies con ti n ue d . D a m a ge fro m v

su r eys, 2 8 3 .

b
d u ra ili ty, 4 1 . D e te c to r b a r, 1 26 .

form a n d s iz e , 3 8 . De v e lo p m e n t, d e fi ne d , 2 64 .

k
m a i n g, 4 0 . D i m e n s io n s of ce rt a i n typ i c a l loco
m a te ri a l, 3 8 . m ot i v es , 1 4 6— 15 7 .

Pi li n g, 4 Di rec to rs , d e fi ne d , 3 .

v v
p reser a t i e p ro c e s se s , 4 3 . D is ta n c e , c o s t o f, 2 2 9, 3 0, 3 5 7 2 .

b
t a le of s ta n d a rd c la ssifi c a tio n , 3 9 . s a vi n g clu e to re d u c tio n o f,
pro le m , b
v
C u l erts , a rc h , 63 . 2
37 .

bli ndd ra i n s , 5 9 . Di tc hes , roa d -

b ed , 5 5 .

c o n c re te b
a rre l, 63 . su rf a ce , 55 .

e s ti m a t e s for, 2
56 . v
Di i d e n d , to be e a rne d , 2 0 6 .

fo rm s u sed , 58 . Di v i i s on po i n t, c h a n ge o f, 3 26 .

o p e n i n gs , 63 . D o we ls , 5 1 .

pi pe , 60 . D ra ftsm a n , n ec e ss a ry o n lo c a tio n , 3 5 3 .

s t a ki n
g ou t , 3 1 6 . D ri lli n g , a te rm i n s wi t c h i n g , 98 .

s to n e b o x , 60 . v
D ri i n g whee ls , a llo wa bl e we igh t on ,

wa te r wa y, 66 .

woo d b o x , 5 9 . D u d ley ra il se c tio n , 2 6.

C ur v a t u re , c os t of, 2 3 2 , 2 3 3 . D u tie s , ge ne ra l, of m em b e rs of s u r e y v
e q ui v a le n t to m ile of d ist a nc e , 21 6, p a rty, 26
5 .

22 7. D we lli n gs , sec tion han ds

’
, e s t i m a te fo r,
on t he K .
,
La F .
J . R R . .
, 350 . 2
59 .

sa vi g d ue to re d u c tio n
n o f, p ro b le m ,
23 8 . E a rn i n gs , pe r m ile o f li ne i n the U n ited
C ur v e c om p ensa tio n , 1 8 1 . S t a tes , t a le , 2 5 3 b .

e ff ec t o n ru li n g g ra d e , 2 93 .
p e r m i le , typ ic a l li n es , 25 3 .

C ur v e re sis t a n c e , fo rm u la s fo r, 1 77 . k
E arth wor , c la ssifi c a t io n o f, 321 .

for high sp eed s , 1 7 8 . c la ssi fi c a ti o n sp e c i fi c a ti o n s , 3 22 .

ge n era l s t a teme n t o f, 1 70 . cu bi
ya rd s pe r m i le, T a le
c b 11, 2
55 .

t heory of, 1 73 . di a gra m s , 2 8 6 .

C ur v e s , a c ti on of t ru c k on , 1 7 1 , 1 72 . e st i m a t e of, for re c on n a i s s a n c e , 2
54 .

b
d ou li n g t ra i n re sis t a n ce , 1 80 .
p re limi n a ry e s ti m a te , 28
5, 2 8 6, 2 8
7 .

le n gth of, 2 2 . s lope s , 5 5 .

m e t h od O f ru n n i n g in , 29
5 . sta ki
g o u t , 3 09
n .

m i ni m u m ra d i u s , 20 . E c o n omi c a l s pee d , 3 2 6 .

p o we r, fo r b tt e er me n t s u r eys , v 3 25 . v
Ele a tio n o f o u ter ra il, 1 08 .

p re ss u re on o u te r ra i l of, 1 13 , 1 74 , x
m a i mu m , 1 1 2.

1 75 . ou t e r ra il vs . b ot h ra ils, 1 1 2 .

ra ilroa d , d e s c ri bd e , 19 . rea son for, 1 08 .

re la tio n of wheel a n d ra il o n , 1 7 0 . rule for, 1 10 .

sp ira l, n o t a ti o n , 2 0 . s p ee d a s su med , 1 11 .

v ertic a l, 2 1 , 2 96, 3 62 . E n gi n e ho u se s , e s ti m a te fo r, 2 5 9.

wid e n i n g ga u ge o n , 181 . E n gine er, h i s d u ty, 16 .

C yli n d e r, d i m e n si o n s of typi ca l loco resid e n t , see Re sid en t e n gi n ee r .

m o ti v e s, 1 4 6— 1 57 . E n gi n ee ri n g, e sti m a te o f, 2 60 .

t ra c ti v e e ff ort, 1 3 4 . E ngi neeri n g N ews , pi le form u la , 70 .

3 98 IN D E X

E q u i p me n t , e sti m a te of, 2 60. Force a c c ou n t, to b e k pt e by re si d e n t

E sti m a te for a sh p i ts , 2 5 9. e ngi ne e r, 307 .

b ll t 5 7
a as , 2 . Fra n c hi se , d efi n e d , 3 .

b id gi g 5 6
r n ,
2 . v a lu e of, 1 3 .

b ildi g 5 9
u n s, 2 . Fric ti on , c a u si n g c u r e re si s t a n ce , 1 v 73 .

c a tt legu a rd s, 2 5 8 . coe fli c ie n t o f, b e tween b rak eshoe s and

c lea ri n g a n d g ru i n g, bb c o st of, 2 5 4 . wheels, 20

3 .

c o a li n g s t a ti o n s , 2 5 9 . j o u rn a l, 1 59 .

v
c u l e rt s , a p p ro xi m a te c os ts , t a le , b 2
57 . F rog , M a c Pherson 8 5 , .

ea rt h wor k , c ost o f, 2 5 4 . mo v bl
a e p oi n t , 89, 90 .

c os t p er mi le of Am e ri c a n ra ilro a d , nu mb er, 84 .

2 60 .
p a rts , 8 3 .

c os t o f ra i lro a d , 2 5 3 . sp ri n g ra i l, 8 3 , 8 4 .

e n gi n eeri n g , 2 60. sti ff, 8 3 .

e n gi n ee r s ,
’
6 . Fu n d e d d e t , b a m ou n t of, 20 5 .

e n gi ne h o u s es , 2
59 .

e q u i p m e n t , 2 60 . G a u ge , of wh e els , 1 71 .

fe n ci n g, 58 2 .
p la y, 1 7 1 , 1 7 2 .

i n t e rest a n i tem of, 2 60 . wi d e n i n g o n c u r v es, 1 8 1 .

k
i n terloc i n g p la n ts , 25 8 . G a u n tle t t ra c k s, 90 , 91 .

p re li m i n a ry, 2 8 3 ii . G ra d e , ad v
3 4 1 , 3 5 5 , 3 84
e rse , .

p rogress , h ow m a d e , 3 0 7 . a n d lo c o m o ti e p ro lem s , 1 88 v b .

righ t of wa y, 2 5 9 . e qu i v a le n t to a c ce lera ti on , 1 8 0 .

ro a d c ro ssi n gs , 2 5 7 . equ iv a le n t to cur e v a nd tra in re sis t

hands d we lli n gs, a n ce , 1 8 0

’
sec t i on 2 5 9. .

s id e t ra c k s and
ya rd s, 2 5 8 . low, d e i c es forv sec u ri n g, 2 90 .

te le gra p h c o n s tru c tio n , 2 5 8 . m om e n tu m or v e loc i ty, 1 8 , 1 8

3 5, 218 .

t ra c k,
25 7 . b
p ro lem , 1 98 .

t ra c k s c a le s , 2 5 9 . theo ry o f, 3 5 5 .

t ra fli c , o f re p os e , d e fi n ed , 18
25 2 .
7 .

t re s tle s , wood e n , 2 5 6. p u she r, t o d e t erm i n e , 1 92 .

t u n n e ls , ru li n g, se e Ru li n g gra d e
2
55 . .

tu rn ta le , b 25 9 . G ra d e li n e , fi i n g, x 29
7 .

wa te r s t a ti o n s , 2 5 8 . G ra d e red u c ti o n , v a lu e o f, C h a p ter XV ,

x
E pe n d i tu re p er c a pit a for ra i lwa y 21 1, 21
5, 2
35 , 2
3 6, 3 4 4 , 3 6 1 , 3 65 ,
se r i c e , v 2
52 .

x
E pe n d i tu res , rai lroa d , 205 . G ra d e resist a n c e , 1 69 .

x
E pe n se , op era ti n g, see O pera ti n g G ra d e st a k e s, h ow se t , 307 .

e xp en se . G ra d e , to fi t the c o u n t ry, 3 00 .

G ra d ie n ts, n o t a t io n , 2 1 .

F a ilu re , c a u ses fo r railro a d, 9 . wh a t c o n sti tu tes li gh t and hea y, v 21.

p ro ced u re i n c ase of, 8 . v

G ra i ty swi tc hi n g, 98 , 99 .

F e n ce , 7 8 .

F e n c i n g, es ti m a te fo r, 2
58 . H a u l, see O v e rh a u l .

Fi xd
e c h a rges , a mo u n t of, 2 05 . H ead , v e loc i ty, se e V e loci ty he a d .

d e fi ne d , 5
20 . H ea ti n g su rf ac e , wa t er e v a p ora te d fro m ,
Fla gma n , d u ties of, 2 66, 2 8 2 . 1 39 .
4 00 IN D E X
Loc om o ti v e con ti n ued . O pera ti n g e xp e n ses con ti n ued .

refe re n c e b k oo s, 1 3 1 . to b e e a rne d , 2 05 .

S h a y, 14 5 . est i ma te of i t em s v yi g wi har n t nu m
sp eed possi le b on gi v en gra d e, b er of t ra i n s , T bl 7 a3 e , 21 .

b
p ro lem , 1 92 . not to b e c h a rge d to c a p i t a l, 10 .

tes ts , S t L o ui s ,
. 13 5 , 1 3 8 , 1 3 9, 1 4 1 . u n it for m ea su ri n g, 20 6 .

the wo r k of the , C h a p ter X I I , 1 5 8 . O pera tio n , o rg a n iz a t ion for, 7 .

th ree e le m e n ts of, 1 33 . O rga n iz a ti o n , gen era l e pe n s e s of, x 2 60.

typ es o f, 14 5 . for lo n g li n e c o n s tru c tion , 3 0 2 .

type s i llu s tra t e d , 14 6— 1 5 7 . for sh ort li n e co n s tru c ti on , 301 .

wo r k c la ssi fi e d , 1 58 . O v h a u l; d e fi n ed , 3 2 3
er -

L o c om o ti v e s, di m e n sio n s o f c ert a i n s p eci fi c a t i o n for, 3 2

3 .

t ypic al, 1 4 6— 1 5 7 . whe n re

q u i red , 3 2 4 .

swi tc h i n g , p er c e n t o f, 2 1 2. u su a l p ri ce , 5 7 .

weigh ts o f, 1 4 6— 1 5 7 . O ve rla p , t e rm in sig n a li n g , 1 2 1 .

M a c P herson sa fety swi t ch 8 5 , . P a rty for p relim i n a ry su r vy

e ,
2 64 .

M a p a n d p ro fi le for loc a t io n
,
re ort ,
p ge n era l d u tie s of, 2 65 .

Pla te X I V , 3 00 . P a ssen ge r t e rm i n a ls , 1 04 .

re a d i n g, 2 4 4 . Perm a n e n t way, wh a t c o n sti tu tes , 1 8 .

M a ppi n g p reli m i n a ry
,
v
s u r ey, 2 7 4 . re fere n c e oo s , 1 8 b k .

t op ogra p h y, 2 78 . P i e rs , b idg
r e, 73 , 75 .

M aps , c o n t ou r, u se o f, 2 4 4 . Pile b id gr e, 69 .

c ou n ty, 2 4 3 . e x mi
a n a tio n o f s i te ,
72 .

U n i te d S t a tes G eo logi c a l S u r vy
e ,
24
3 . o n c u r es , v 72 .

v a lu e o f, 3 70 . st a ki n
g ou t , 317 .

U n i ted S t a te s la n d , 24
3 . s t a n d a rd fo rm o f, 71 .

M ass d i a gra m , to b e m a de b efore c on tim b er fo r, 7 2 .

t ra c ti n g, 3 2 4 . Pi le s , c o n c re t e , 72 .

M o me n tum gra d e , see G ra d e , m o m en ru les for d ri i n g , 7 0 v .

tu m or v e loc i ty . safe lo a d for, 7 0 .

M yer form u la for wa t er wa y,

, 66 . sc re w, 72 .

Popu la tio n , v a ri a tion o f tra fli c with , 2 99

.

N o t e b oo
-
k ,
lo c a tion , 2 96 . Po li n g, a te rm i n swi t c hi n g, 98 .

t ra n si t, 2 69. tra c k s, 98 .

N o t es , le v e l, 2 73 .
ya rd . 99
loc a tio n , c om p u t a t i o n o f, 2 94 . Powe r, loss on st ee p gra d es , T a le 8 . b
p re li m i n a ry t ra n si t , 2 70 . 2 23 .

N u t loc , 3 3 k . Prelim i n a ry e s ti m a te , 2 83 fi .

Prelim i n a ry p ro fi le , 2 75 .

O pera ti n g e xp e n se s , c h an ge d by v a ri a P relimi n a ry s u r ey, v 2 62 .

ti o n i n nu m b e r of t ra i n s , 21 1 , 3 62 .
genera l m e tho d s , 2 62 .

c la ssi fi c a tio n of, t a le, b 208 .

ge n era l p ro c e d u re , 2 79 .

c lassi fi c a t ion an d d i sc u ssion of, 3 78 , m a ppi n g. 2 74 .

3 79 th e p a rty, 2 64 .

c os t of d ist a n c e, ri se an d fa ll, and st a d i a m e th o d , 2 79 .

v
c u r a tu re , c om p a re d , 2 1 7 . topogra p hy, h ow t a k e n , 2 77 .
 IN DE X 4O I

P rese r v ivat e p ro c esses , B u rne tti zi n g, 4 4 . Ra il c on ti n ued .

c o m p a ri so n s , 47 . e le v a t io n of t he o u te r, C h a p ter IX ,
c o st , 45, 4 6 . 1 08 .

c re oso ti ng , 46 . fas te ni n gs , C h a p te r I II , 29 .

ec on om y of, 47 . a n gle b a rs , 30, 3 2 .

fo r c ros s -
t ies , 4 3 . b o lts , 33 .

Rii p in g, 4 6 . b ra c es , 35 .

We llho u se or z inc -

t a n n in , 4 5 . j oi n t s , 2 9 .

b
P ro le m s , i n c h a n ge of ru li n g g ra d e , B o nz a no , 2 9, 31 .

ri se a n d fa ll, a nd cur v a t u re , C hap c o n ti n u o u s , 2 9 , 31 .

t er X VI I , 2
35 . 1 00 per c e n t , 2 9, 31 .

v
c u r a t u re , sa v i n g d u e to re d u c t ion o f, We ber ,
2 9, 31 .

2
38 . n ut lo c k s, 33 .

d is t a n c e re q ui re d to i n c re a se s
p ee d , s c re w s pi k es , 34 .

19 5 . s pi k e d o we ls , 5 1 .

d ist a n ce , sa vi ng d u e to re d u c ti o n o f, s pik es ,
34 .

2
38 . ti e pla tes , 3 5 .

lo c om o t i v e, to d e t erm i ne c h a ra c t e ri s j oi n t , a c tio n , 3 2 .

t ic s O f, 204 . j oi n t s , a n le
g b a rs ,
32 .

x
m a i m u m loa d h a u le d on a gra d e , b o lt s ,
33 .

1 90 . nu t lo c k s, 33 .

tra cti v e e ffo rt o f, 1 88 . re ui re

q m e n t s for, 2 9.

p u sh er gra d e , t o d e te rm i n e , 1 9 2 . types o f, 2 9 .

ri se a n d fa ll, sa i n g d u e to red u c tio n v p ressu re o n o u ter, 1 1 3 .

o f, 2 s ec t io n s , Am S o c C 2 6.
38 . E . . . .
,

ru li n g
gra d e , sa vi n
g d u e to re d u c t i o n D u d ley, 26 .

o f, 2 3 5 . H u n t, 27 .

s pee d , p o ssi le b on gi v en gra d e , 1 92 . and whee l, re a t o n ol i f, 1 68 .

s top p i n g t ra i n , 202 . Ra ils , C h a p te r I I , 23 .

ti m e re q ui red to v a ry s p ee d , 2 0 1 . c he m ic a l c o m p osi ti on of, 2 4 .

v e loc ity
gra d e , 1 98 . form of, 2 4 .

Pro fil e , fro m c o n to u r m a p, 2 79 . life of, 2 7 .

and m a p for lo c a t io n re ort ,

p 300 . m a n u fa c t u re o f, 2 3

pre limi n a ry, 2 75 .

pri n c i p les o f d e sig n , 24 .

p rogress , 3 0 7 . sp ec i fi c a ti o n s for, 2 8 .

veloci t y, fo r b e tt e r men t v
s u r eys , 3 25 .
'

s tifl n es s of, 2 5 .

ho w c o n s t ru c te d , 1 8 5 , 1 8 7 . Ra ilro a d , c a pi t a l, fai r re tu rn o n , 1 5 .

in di c a ti ons of, 327 . c on trol o f by st a te, 1 4 .

s t ud y of, 1 8 7 . e n te rp ri se , i n c e p ti o n o f, 1

P ush er gra d e , p ro le m , 1 92 b . e xp e n di tu re s , C h a pte r XI V , 205 .

v
P u she r ser i ce , c ost o f, 2 33 , 2
3 4 , 3 4 2, fa ilu re , c a u se s fo r, 9 .

p ro ced u re i n c ase of, 8 .

b
pro le m , 2 3 9 . k
li ne , i n d to ui ld , 1 6 b .

Pyra mi d , te rmi n a l, 3 1 3 . loc a ti on , cons tr u c tio n , and b tt

e er

me n t v
su r eys , P a rt I I I , 24 1 .

Ra i l, b ra ce s, 35 .
pro tec ted b y t h e s ta te , 1 5 .

l v i
e e a t on of, sp ee d as su m ed , 11 1 .
purpose o f, 1 .
i naz IN DE X
Rai lroa d con ti n ue d . Roa d be d ,
-

cons tru c ti on ,
55 .

rela ti on s wi t h pu li c , b 14 . form o f, 53
se r vi c e , c o n trol of by go v e rn m en t, 15, slo p es ,
55 .

v a lu a ti o n , 1 1 . Whi ttem ore, 5 3 .

Re cei v e r, for rai lroa d p ro p erty, d e fi n e d , wi d ths of, 2 5 4 .

8 . R oa d c rossi n gs , 5 9, 7 7 .

Re c o n n aissa n ce , C h a p t er XV I I I , 243 . e s ti m a t es for, 2

57 .

by a nn u la r b lte s, 2 4 8 . Roc k a n d e arth se c ti on s,

3 14 .

by s t a di a , 2 4 9 . Rod , le v e li n g, 2 7 3 .

c o m p ari n g rou t e s, 2 5 0 . Rod m a n , d u ti e s of, 2 65 .

i m port a n ce o f, 2
50 . R od m a n ’
p eg ook , 2 74
s b .

lon g li n e , 2 4 9. Rolli n g resis t a n ce , 1 5 9 .

m o d e ra tely long li n e, 24 8. Ro u n d h ou ses , es ti m a tes for, 2

59 .

re port , 2 5 1 . Rou tes , co m pa ri n g, 25 0 .

sh ort li n e , 24 6 . Ru li n g gra d e, e ffe c t on c u r e c om e n

p v
s ho u ld be e x te n si e, v 3 75 . s a ti o n , 1 8 2 .

thre e c la sse s, 2 4 3 . e fl e c t of c u r e c o v m pe n sa ti on on , 2 93 .

t ra fli c esti m a te s, 2 5 2 . how p ro ec te d , 2 92 j .

Relie f k
tra c s , 95 . mi ni m u m e c on omi c a l, 181 .

Re port of re c o n n a i ss a n c e , 2 5 1 . re d u c ti on of a t s t a ti on s, 1 8 1 .

Resid ency, wor k o f, 3 04 H . Rii pi n g, 4 6 .

Resi d e n t e n gi n e er, gen era l d u t ies , 3 04 , v

s a i n g d u e to re d u c ti on o f, p ro lem b ,

2
35 .

Resi st a nce , a cce le ra ti o n , 1 64 .

a tm osp he ri c , 1 60 . S c a le s, t ra c k , e st i m a te for, 2 5 9.

a t s t a rti n g, 1 5 9, 1 6 2 , 1 63 , 1 8 0 . S c rew pi les , 7 2 .

v
c u r e , see Cur v e resist a n ce . S c re w s pi e s, 3 4 k .

gra d e , see G ra d e re si st a n ce S ec ti on h a n d s d welli n gs ,

’
. 25 9 .

osc i lla ti o n a n d c o n c u ssio n , 1 5 9 . S ec tio n s, c om p o u n d , 3 14 .

rolli n g, 159 . Sid e hi ll, e s t im a tes, 2 85 , 28

7 .

tra i n , se e T ra i n re si st a n ce . Si d e tra c k , con st ru c ti on , 95 .

Resis ta n c es , c om p are d , 1 78, 1 79 . Sid e tra c k

p as si n g for d ou le t ra c k , 94
, b .

Ri gh t of way, c o st of, 2 8 7 .
p assi n g fo r si n gle tra c , 94 k .

e stim a te of, 2 5 9. sm a ll s ta ti o n , 92 .

v
s u r eys for, 3 03 . and yard s , C h a p ter VI I I , 92 .

wi d th of, 2 88 . e sti m a te for, 2 5 8 .

Ri se and fall, c lass A, di sc u s sion of, 2 2 5 . la bor on , 2 1 2 .

c la s si fi e d , 2 2 0 .
per c e n t of to tal tra c k ,
2 1 2,

c os t o f, 2 3 1 , 2 3 2 , 358 . Sign a li n g, C h a p t er , 1 1 4 X .

d e fi ne d , 218 . bl k
oc , see bl k oc s ign a li n g.

equ i v a le n t to mi le Of d ist a n c e , 21 7 ,
d efin ed , 1 14 .

2 24 . ec on o mi c a l , 11 6.

lo st i n d esc en d i n g i n terloc kin g an d , 1 1 5 .

p ower s te e p gra d e ,
2 23 . m e t h od s o f, 1 1 4 .

p e r m ile , K , L a F 81 . .
J . R R
. .
, 35 3 . Si gn a ls, arra n ge m e n t fo r se eral v t ra c s,k
ru le s fo r d e te rmi n i n g, 2 22.

sa vi ng d u e to red u c tio n of, 2 3 8 . a u tom a ti c , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9.

4 04 IN D E X

b
T a le s con ti n u ed . T ra c k s con ti n ued .

e a rth wor k q u a n ti tie s for rec o n n a is recei vi n

g , 97 .

sa n ce e sti m a tes , 2 5 5 re lie f,

.
95 .

i tem s of o p era ti n g e xp e n se v a ryi n g re p a i r, 98 .

wi th nu m b e r of t ra i n s , 21
3 . s a n d s tu b , 93 .

o p e ra ti n g e xp e n se , c la ssifi c a ti o n of, sid e , 92 .

2 08 . s tora ge , 98 .

ties , s t a n d a rd d im e n sions o f,
39 . t e a m , 93 .

t ie t i m b d u ra ili ty
e r, b o f, 42 .
ya rd , p rop orti on of, 92 .

t ra i n re si s ta n ce , 1 63 . v
T ra c ti e e fl ort, of a d h e si on , 1 4 0, 1 8 8 .

v e lo c i ty he a d , 186 . av il bl f
a a e or a c c elera t i on , 1 95 .

Tal b fo rm u la fo r wa ter way, 6 7

o t, . b il 3 9
o e r, 1 , 1 4 0, 1 4 1 .

T a rifl , u n i t s o f, 2 0 6 .
p bl m ro e , 1 88 .

Ta x a t io n , v a lu e fo r, 1 1 , 1 2, 1 3 . c yli n d e r, 1 3 4 , 1 4 1 .

Ta x es , h ow fi x e d a n d a m ou n t of, 20 .
5 p ro lem , 1 88 b .

T e a m sters , d u ti es of, 2 66 .
p ou n d s pe r t on of t en -
wh eel lo co
T e a m t ra c k s, 93 . m o ti v e, ta bl e , 1 93 .

T e le gra ph co n st ru c ti o n , 2 5 8 . t hre e q u a t io n s , 1 4 0
e .

T e n d er c a p a ci ti es for typi c al loc om o v a ri a tio n o f wi th s pee d , 135 .

tives , 7 1 4 6— 1 5 . T ra ffi c ,estim a te s , 25 2 .

T erm i n a l pyra m id , 3 1 3 . ra te s , c on trol of 1 1, 15.

v
,

T e rm i n a ls , lo op , 1 0 4 , 1 05 . re la tio n to a lu a ti on , 1 1 .

p a sse n er, 1 0 4
g . T ra i n —m i le, u ni t of op e ra ti n g e xp e n se ,

wa te r, 1 06 . 206 .

T ie p la t es , 3 5 . c ost of, 2 0 7 .

b
T ie ti m er, d u ra i li ty b o f, b
t a le , 4 2 . c os t , v
d i i sio n of , 2 2 8 .

T i es, s t a n d a rd d i m e n sio n s o f, b
t a le, of
p a sse n ge r a n d frei gh t , 2 0 7 .

39 v aryi n g wi th weigh t of lo c om o t i v e,

T im b er, fo r t re s tle and pi le b id g

r es , 21 6 .

72 . v a ryi n g wi th weigh t o f t ra i n ,
T im e re u i re d
q t o i n c rea se or d e c re a se T ra i n resi st a n c e , 1 5 9 .

s p ee d , p ro le m , b 20 1 . d i a gra m o f, 1 62 .

T oes , em b kman e n t , st a ki n g ou t , 3 15 . form u las for, 1 60 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 2 .

T o po gra phe r, d u t ie s of, 2 66 . b

t a le of, 1 63 .

T op o gra phy, p reli m i n a ry su r ey, v h ow T ra i n , s t a ff, 1 2 2 .

t ak e n , 2 7 7 . s to ppi n g, see s to pp i n g t ra i n .

T ra c k , c e n ters , wh en an d how se t , 3 08 . T ra i n s , num b er o f, e fl ec t on o p e ra ti n g

esti m a t e fo r, 57 2 . e xp e n se , 2 1 1 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 5 .

rea so n for c a n ti n g on c u r e s, 1 08 v . Tra nsi t , for az im u th wor k , 2 69, 2 70 .

T ra c k s, ad v a n ce , 98 . n o te -
b k oo , 2 69 .

c la ssi fi c a ti o n , 97 T ra n si trn a n , d u t i es of, 2 65 , 2 8 0 , 2 8 1 .

ga u n t let , 90 , 9 1 . T rest le b ri d ge , st a i n g k o u t, 317 .

la d d er, 1 0 1 , 1 03 . T restles , o n c u r es , 69 v .

loc a l ord e r, 98 . d esc ri bd e , 67 .

m iscella n eou s , 98 . te xt b k -
oo s for d e si gn o f, 69 .

n e c e ssary for a yard , 97 . ti mb er for, 7 2 .

p oHn g, 98 . wooden , e st i m a t e s for, 25 6 .

 IN D E X 4 05

T u n n e ls, es ti m a t e for, 2
55 . Weber rail j oi n t 2 9 3 1 , , .

es ti m a tes of c os t on K ,La F
. . 81 J . Weigh t of loc omoti ves 1 4 6 1 5 7 ,
—
.

R R . .
,34 3 . Wellhou se p roce ss 4 5 , .

se c tion of, on t h e K .
, La F . 81 J . Wh a rto n saf e ty s wi tc h 8 0 , .

R R . .
, 35 1 . Wheel g au ge 1 7 1 , .

st a ki n g ou t , 317 . Wheel a n d rail re la tion o f 1 7 0 , ,

.

T u rnou ts , C h a pte r V I I , 8 0 . Whi tte m ore D J road b ed , . .

,
-
form ,
b
d o u le , 8 5 , 8 6 .
53
la yi n g o u t , 92 . Wo rk , d on e on a gra d e , 1 69 .

b
T u rn t a le , esti ma te for, 2 5 9. of lo c om o ti v es c la ssi fi e d , 1 5 8 .

p ri n c ip le of e q u a l in v
c u r e re sis ta n c e .

V a lu a ti o n , ra i lroa d , 11 . 1 74 .

V a lu e , of fra n c hise , 13 . Y ard , b ui ld i n gs , 1 04 .

fo r ta x a tion , 1 1 , I 2 , 13 . d e fi ne d , 9 2 .

p u rc h a se , 1 3 . d esign , 1 0 0 .

x
.

V e lo c i ty h e a d , e p la i n e d , 1 84 . ligh ti n g, 1 03 .

b
t a le of, 1 8 6 . si gn a li n g, 1 0 3 .

v l i ty
_

V e lo ci ty p ro file , see P ro fi le , e oc . t erm i n olo gy, 1 0 5 .

V e rti c a l c u r e s , v se e C ur v v ti l
es , er ca . t rac k s,pro portion o f, 92 .

Y a rd s , 96 .

Wa te r , s t a tion s , e sti m a te , 25 8 . sid e tra c k a n d , e s ti m a te for, 25 8 .

termi n a ls , 106 .

way, a re a of for v
c u l erts , 66 . Z i n c ta n ni n p ro cess , 4 5
-

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M y ,

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’
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,

S h ee p O 50 ,

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S u g g es t ion s for H o s p i ta l Arc hi t ec t u re , w i t h Pla n s fo r a S m a ll

H ospi t a l 12m 0 ,
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.
. 25 . . .

ARMY AND NAVY .

k
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.

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k
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s ” . .
,

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y y
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D u d le 5 i li t a r L a w a n d t h e P ro c e d u re o f C o ur t s m a r t i a l . . . L a rg e 12m o .

D u r a n d s Res is t a n c e a n d P ro p u ls io n o f S h i p s
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g o n F ie ld F o rt ifi c a t ion -
k . L ar g e 12m o ,
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2
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’

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L on s s Tre a t i se o n E lec t ro m a gn e t ic Ph en o m e n a
’

o ls I a n d I I 8 v o e a c h
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a h a n 5 P e rm a n en t F o r t i fi c a t ion s
’

8 v o h a lf m o r
M
. .
, .

a n u a l fo r C o u rt s m a r t i a l“ 16 m o m o r
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.

la c e s
, .

e rc u r s A t t a c
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,

E le m e n t s o f t h e Art o f Wa r 8 v0
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,

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v 8 vo
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,
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,

P u t n a m s N a u t ic a l Ch a rt s
’

8 vo . .

Ru s t s E x m eri d ia n A lt i t u d e A z i m u t h a n d S t a r F in d in g Ta b les
’

8 vo
M
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k k y
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,

S e l ir s C a t ec h is m o f a n u a l o f G u a rd D u t
’
24 m o
b
.
,

S h a rp e s A rt o f S u s is t in g Arm ie s in W a r
'
18 m o . m o r
y v x
. .

* Ta lor 's S e e
p d a n d Po w e r o f S h i p s 2 o ls Te t 8 v o p la t e s o b lo n g 4 t o
M y x M k y
. .
, ,

Tu p es a n d P oo le s a n u a l o f B a on e t E e rc is e s a n d
’
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24 m o le a t h e r
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8 vo ,
, ,

M y y
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Wood h u ll 5 i li t a r H gi en e for i i c e rs o f t he L in e
’
La rg e 12m o . Oi . .

ASSAYI NG .

B e t t s s L ea d Refi n in g
’
E le c t ro l s is by 8 vo . y .

* B u t ler
s H a n d b oo
’
o f B lo w p i p e An a l s i s k 16 m o y
’
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,

16 m o m or
M y
, .

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’
8 vo .
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’
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'
L o w s Te c h n i c a l e t h o d s o f O re An a l s i s M 8vo. y
,

M ’
iller s C a n id e P ro c ess y 12m o
M a n u a l o f Assa in g y 12mo
,

M in e t s Pro d u c t ion o f A lu m in u m a n d i t s I n d u s t ria l U s e

’

( W a ld o ) 1 2m o
.

k M y
. . .
,

Ric e t t s a n d
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.

Ro in e a n d Len g len s C a n id e I n d u s t r ( L e C lerc )

’
8 vo
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. .
,

S ea m o n s a n u a l fo r A ssa e rs a n d Ch e m is t s L a rg e 12m o .
’

U lk e s
’
M
o d ern E lec t ro l t ic C o p p er Re fi n in g y 8 y o.
Wi lso n s C h lo rin a t ion
'
12m o . .

12m o ,

ASTRONOMY

k
C o m s t oc s F ie ld As t ro n o m fo r E n gi n eers
’
y .

C ra i g s Az im u t h
’

x q
”

Ge
o y
.

C ra n d a ll 5 Te t b 0
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0kOn d es a n d L ea s t S u a res .

Doo li t t le s Tre a t i se on Pra c t ic a l As t ro n o m

’
y
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’
-

k
H o s m er s Az i m u t h
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T e x t b o o o n P ra c t ic a l A s t ro n o m k y
M vy
-

e rri m a n s E le m e n t s o f P rec ise S u r e in g a n d G eo d es

’
y
M ic h ie a n d H a rlo w s P ra c t ic a l As t ron o m
'
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'
b
v
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.

y
,

Wh i t e s E lem en t s of Th eo re t ic a l a n d Des c ri p t i e As t ro no m
'

C H EMISTRY .

b
A d erh a ld en s P h sio lo gi c a l C h e m is t r i n Thirt
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Lec t ures y
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De fren )
b y y
.

A e g g s Th eo r o f E lec t ro l t ic Disso c ia t io n ( vo n E n d e ) 1 2m 0
’

y M
. .
.

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’
. .

A llen s Ta b les fo r I ron An a l s is

’
8 vo y . . .

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’
.

3
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’
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. . .
,

Asso c ia t ion o f S t a t e a n d N a t ion a l F oo d a n d Da ir e p a rt m en t s H a rt fo rd

ee t in g 1906 M ,

J a m es t own ee t i n g M
.

Au s t en 5 N o t es fo r C h e m ic a l S t u e t s
'
dn
k v
B a s er ille 5 C h e m i c a l E le m en t s
’

( I n P re p a ra t ion
k y
.

B ern a d o u s S m o e les s P o w d e r — N i t ro c e llu lo se a n d Th eo r o f t h e Ce llu lo s e

'

M
.
,

o lec u le 1 2m o 2
B y
,

i lt z 5 I n t ro d u c t io n t o I n o rg a n ic C h e m i s t r ( H a ll a n d Ph e la n 12m 0
’
1 25
b yM y
. . .
,

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8 vo 3
y y
,

B la n c h a rd s S n t h e t ic I n o rg a n ic Ch e m is t r
'
12m o 1 00 .
.

B rown in g s I n t ro d u c t ion t o t h e Ra re r E le m en ts
'
8 vo 1 50
k y
. .
,

Bu t le r s 'H a n d b oo o f B lo w p i p e An a l s is 16 m o
’
75
M
.

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v
.

y by y
.

( Bo t w d 8 v o l O
O
.
,

C la s sen s Q u a n t i t a t i e C h em ic a l An a l s is E lec t ro l s is
’

3 . .
,

C oh n s I n d ic a t ors a n d Tes t p a p e rs
’
-

2
Tes t s a n d Rea g en t s 8 v0 3
Da n n ee l s E lec t roc h e m is t r
'
( e rria m ) y
12m o 1 25 M ,

M x y
.
,

Dan n ert h s e t h o d s o f Te t i le C h e m is t r
'
12m o 2 00
y y
,

D u h em s Th e rm o d n a m ic s a n d C h e m is t r
'
8 vo 00 .

y
.
,

E flfron t s E n z m es a n d t h ei r A p p lic a t io n s ( Pres c o t t )

’
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M x v
.
,

o d ern H i g h E p lo si es
’
E i ss ler s 8 vo 00 .

F i sc h e r s O e d e m a
’
8 vo 2 00
y y
,

P h s io lo g o f A li m en t a t ion L a rg e 1 2m o 2 00
Q v y
.
.

F let c h er s Pra c t ic a l I n s t ru c t ion s in u a n t i t a t i e As s a in g wi t h t h e B lo w p i p e

’
.

16 m o m o r 1 50
k
, .

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’
2 00
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’
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( W e lls ) 8vo 5 00 v Ch l y
M v y v
. .
,

a n u a l of Q u a li t a t i e Ch e m ic a l An a l s is P a r t I D esc ri p t i e ( W e lls ) 8 v o 3 00

Q v v
.

y
. .
,

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y
. .
,

Wh en S o ld S e p a ra t e l V o l I 8 6 V o l , .
, . .

F u ert es s W a t er a n d P u b li c H ea lt h 12m o
’
1 50
F u rm a n a n d Pa rd o e s a n u a l o f P ra c t i c a l Ass a i n g
’
M 8yo 3 00
,

x y y
,

G e t m a n s E e rc ises i n P h s ic a l 12m o
’
2 00
y
,

G i ll 5 G a s a n d F u e l An a l s is fo r 12m o
’
1 25
Q veCh l y
.
,
'
G o oc h a n d B ro wn in g s O u t lin es o f u a li t a t i e m ic a An a l s is .

L a rg e 1 2m o 1 25
G ro t e n fe lt s P rin c i p les o f o d e rn Da ir
’
Pra c t i c e M 12m o 2 00 y
,

y y M
.
,

G ro t h s I n t ro d u c t ion t o C h e m ic a l C r s t a llo gr a p h ( a rs h a ll) 12m o

’
1 25
x b k y y M
.
,

H a m m a rs t en s Te t oo o f Ph s io lo gi c a l C h e m i s t r
'
( a n d e l) 8 vo
M
-
.

y
.
,

H a n a u s ek s ic ro s c o p o f Tec h n ic a l Pro d u c ts ( Win t on )

’
8 vo , 5 00
k M y
. .

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2 00
k
.
,

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’
8 V 0 . 4 00 .

H in d s 5 I n o rg a n ic
’
8yo 3
b yM Stu
,

L a o ra t o r a n u a l fo r den t s 1 00
H o lle m a n 3 L a b o ra t o r a n u a l o f O rg a n ic
’
C h em is t r y M
fo r B e g in n e rs y
( Wa l er k 1 00
x b k Ch y
.

Te t oo o f I n o rg a n ic e m is t r ( C o o p er 8 vo 2 50
x b k y k Mo
. . .
,

Wa l er a n d
‘

Te t o o o f O rg a n ic C h e m is t r ( tt 8 vo 2 50 .

y
. .
,

H o lle s L ea d a n d Z in c Pi g m en t s
'
L a rg e 12m o 3 00
Mx
.

y y V
.

P
,

Ho lle a n d L a d d s An a l sis o f i ed a in t s Co lo r P i g m e n t s a n d a rn is h es
’

, , .

L a rg e 12m o 2 50
k b k
,

H o p in s s O i l c h e m i s t s H a n d o o
’ ’
-

8 v o . 3 00
J k y k y y
. .

a c s o n s Direc t ion s fo r L a b o ra t o r
'
Wor in Ph s io lo gi c a l C h e m is t r 8 v o 1 25
J M y
. .
,

ohn son s Ra p i d e t h o d s fo r t h e C h e m ic a l An a l s i s o f S p e c i a l S t e e ls S t ee l
’

k y
,

m a in g A llo s a n d G ra p h i t e L a rg e 12m o 3 00
y
.
'
L a n d a u er s S p e c t ru m An a l s i s (T 8 vo 3
v
. .
,

L a s sa r C o hn 5 A p p lic a t io n o f S o m e G e n e ra l R ea c t io n s t o I n es t ig a t ion s i n
’
-

O rg a n ic C h e m i s t r ( Tin g le y
12m o 1 00
y R
. .

L ea c h 5 I n s p ec t io n a n d A n a l s is o f F o o d wi t h Sp
. .

ec ia l e fere n c e t o S t a t e
’

C o n t ro l 7 50
b
L o s E lec t roc h e m is t r o f O rg a n ic C o m p o u n d s
’
y 8 v o . 3 00
M x
. .

Lo d g e s N o t es o n As s a in g a n d
’
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Lo w s Te c h n ic a l
’
e t h o d o f O re M 8 vo 3 00 .
,

Lo we s P a in t fo r S t ee l S t ru c t u res 12mo ,
’
l .

Lun g e s Tec hn o c h emi c a l An a l sis

'
( C oh n )
-
12mo , 1 y . .

4
Tu rn ea ure a n d Ru ss e ll 5 P u lic Wa t er s u p p li es
'
8 vo. 85 b
'
v
V an D e e n t e r 5 Ph s ic a l C h e m i s t r fo r B e gi n n ers y
( B o lt woo d 12m o l y
V b M v
. . . ,

e t h o d s a n d D e ic es fo r B ac t e ri a l Trea t m en t o f S ew a g e
’
e n a le s 8 vo , 3
y
.

W a rd a n d W hi p p le s F res h w a t er B io lo g
'
( I n P res s )
M
m
. .

Wa re s B ee t s u g ar a n u fa c t ur e a n d R efi n m g V ol I
'
-

8 vo 4 . . . .
,

V ol I L
M y k
. .

Wa s h in gt on 5 a n u a l o f t h e C h em ic a l An a l s is of Roc s
’
8 v0
v M y x v
. ,

We a e r s ili t a r E p lo si es
'
8 v o.
y Q v y
.

We lls s L a b ora t or G u id e i n u a li t a t i e C h e m ic a l An a l s is
'
8 vo , d

Q v y
b

S h o rt C o u rs e in I n o rg a n ic u a li t a t i e Ch e mi c a l An a l s i s fo r E n gi n ee ri n g

S t u d en t s 1 2m o ,
a
-

x b k
Te t oo o f Ch e m i c a l A ri t h m e t ic 12m o
u
M
-
-

y k
, i

Wh ip p le s ic ro sco p o f D rin in g wa t e r 8 vo . w
'
-
. .

Wilson s C h lo ri n a t ion Proc ess

'
1 2m o , H
y
C a n id e Pro c ess es 12m o , H
M
.

Wi n t on s 'ic ro s co p of e g et a le F oo d s
’
y V 8 vo , Q b
y
. .

Z s igm on d s C olloid s a n d t h e U lt ra m ic ro s c o p e 12m 0 , w .

CIVI L ENG I NEERING .

B RI DG ES AN D ROOFS . H Y D RAU LIC S . M AT E R I ALS OF E NG I N E E R

I NG . RA ILWA Y E NG I N E E RI NG .

B a erk E n g in eers S u r e i n g I n s t ru m en t s
’
5
’
vy 12m o . 3 00
xy X
.

Bi b s G ra p hi c a l C o m p u t i n g P a p e r 191 24 } i n c h e s
’
25
vy
.

c t ic e o f S u r e i n g
.

a n d H os m e r 5 P ri n c i p les a n d P ra V o l I E le m e n
’
B ree d
vy
.

t a r Su r e in g “ y 8 v0 . .
, 3 00

m M 50
V ol I I H i g h er 8 vo
M
-

o d ern E n gi n e eri n g a n d t h e Is t h i a n C
. .
.
,
'
B u rr 5 A n c i en t a n d an a l 8 vo O
O

k y
,

Co m s t oc 5 F ie ld As t ro n o m for E n gi n eers
’

8 vo . . . N 50
C o rt h e ll s A llowa b le P res s ur e on De ep F ou n da t ion s
,

1 2m 0
’
H 25
x b k y q
,

Cra n d a ll 5 Te t oo on G eo d es a n d L eas t S u a res

’
8 vo W 00
v v b
.
'
Da is s E le a t ion a n d S t a d ia Ta les 8 vo ,
‘
- 00b

E lli o t t 5 E n g i n e eri n g fo r L a n d Dra i n a g e 12m o 0

’
H 50
Fi eb eg er s Trea t ise o n C i i l E n gi n e e ri n g ) v
.
.
’
8 vo
‘
O 00

M
m
.
,

F le m er s Ph o t o gr a p h ic et h o d s a n d
’
8 vo fl
00
M
H .
, C

F o lw e ll s S ewera g e ( Des ig n in g a n d a in t en a n c e )
'
. 8y o .
, 00
F re it a g s Arc hi t ec t u ra l
’

8 vo .

y
,

F ren c h a n d I v es s S t e reo t om
’
8 vo 50
G oo d h u e s
’

M
u n ic i p a l I m p ro e m ent s 12m o v
,

H
b Q y

w
.
,

H a u c h a n d Ri c e s Ta les o f u a n t i ti es fo r P reli mi n a r E s t i m a t es 12m o

’ “
. H 25
k y
,

H a y fo rd s Tex t b oo o f G eo d e t ic As t ron o m
’
8 vo 00
v
-

y b
,

H e ri n g s Rea d Referen c e Ta les ( C on ers ion F a c t o rs ) 16 m o m o r

'
. . .

H o sm er s Az im u t h 16 m o . m o r
’

x b k
. .

Te t oo on P ra c t ic a l As t ron o m -
8 vo y , w00
H o w e s Re t a in in g Wa lls for E a rt h 12m o H
’

v
,

I v es s A d j u s t m en t s o f t h e E n gi n e e r s Tra n s i t a n d L e e l 16 m o b d s
’ ’
25
v vy
.

b y
.

I es a n d H ilts s P ro lem s in S ur e i n g Ra i lro a d S urv e i n g a n d G eo d

’
,

e sy 16 m o m or u
J y
. , .

o h n s on a n d S mi t h s Th eo r a n d P ra c t ic e of S u r v e y i n g L a rg e 1 2m o
’
w
by M
.
,

Joh n so n s ( L ) S t a t ic s
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( von E n d e ) . .

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12m o 3 00
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’

C i rc u i t s a n d a c h i n es ( I n Pre ss ) M
M
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Rea g a n s Lo c o m o t i e s : S i m p le C o m p o un d a n d E le c t ric N e w E d i t io n
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M y
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LAW .

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a n u a l for C o u rt s m ar t i a l -
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MATHE MATI CS .

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C o m p t on s a n u a l o f Lo g a ri t h m i c C o m p u t a t ion s
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I n t ro d u c t ion t o t h e Th eo r o f A lg e b ra ic E u a t io n s L a rg e 1 2m o H N0
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E m c h s I n t ro d u c t ion t o P ro j ec t i e G eo m e t r a n d i t s Ap p lic a t i o n
’

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E le m en t s o f G eo m e t r 8 vo H
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Ra t io n a l G eo m e t r 12m o H
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Trea t i se o n t h e I n t eg ra l C a lc u lu s L a rg e 1 2m o w00
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’
. .

L u d lo w s Lo g a ri t h m ic a n d Trig on o m e t ric Ta b le s
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Mc Ma h o n s H p erbo lic F u n c t ion s

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v
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S Wo o d wa rd O c t a o ea c h 1 00
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N o 3 D et erm in a n t s L a en a s G ifi o rd W e ld N O 4 H p er
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t io n s Wi lli a m E B e rl N O 6 G ra ss m a n n s S p a c e An a l s is .
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by y bb y y
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a n s fi e ld e rri m a n N o 1 1 F un c t ion s o f a C o m p le a ri a le . .

by k
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Th o m a s S F is e
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P a rs h a ll a n d H o a rt s E lec t ric a c h i n e D es ign S m a ll 4 t o

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12m o , 1 00
Tre a t ise o n F ri c t ion a n d Lo s t Wor in a c h in e r an d i ll Wo r 8 y o, k M y M k . 3 00
Ti llson s C o m p le t e A u t o m o i le I n s t ru c t o r
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Wa rre n s E le'm e n t s o f a c h in e C on s t ru c t ion a n d Dra win g

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MATERIALS OF E NG I NEERI NG .

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8 vo, Th e o r o f S t ru c t u res y
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S a in s I n d u s t ria l a n d Art i s t ic Te c h n o lo g o f P a i n t a n d
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S mit h s ( ( A W ) 12m o ,
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E n t ro p Ta le y b .
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P ea b o d a n d i ller s S t ea m b o i lers
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P u p in s Th erm o d n a m ic s of R e ers i le C c le s i n G a ses a n d S a t u ra t e d

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Re a g a n s Lo c o m o t i e s : S i m p le C o m p o u n d a n d E lec t ric
’
v N ew E d i t ion , , . .
,

L a rg e 12m o 50
J

v M
A
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S in c la i r s L o c o m o t i e E n g in e Ru n n i n g a n d a n a g e m en t 12m o
’

N 00
J

k y
.

S m a rt s H a n d b oo o f E n g i n e erin g L a b o ra t o r P ra c t ic e
’
l 2m o N 50 .
,

S n o w s S t ea m b o i ler P ra c t ic e
’
D
00
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-

S p a n g le r s N o t es o n Th erm o d n a m ic s
’

00 y ‘

V v
.

H
a l e g ea rs 8 vo N 50
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-

,
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S p a n g ler G re e n e a n d a rs h a ll s E le m en t s o f S t ea m e n gi n ee ri n g 8 vo O
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, , ,

Th o m a s s S t e a m t u r in e s
’
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00
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Th u rs t on s H a n d b oo o f E n gi n e a n d B o i ler Tri a ls a n d t h e U se o f t h e I n d i
’

y k
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c a t o r a n d t h e P ron B ra e 8 vo 00
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.
,

H a n d Ta les 8y o 50
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, 1

a n u a l o f S t ea m o i le rs t h e ir De sig n s C o n s t ru c t io n a n d O p era t i on 8 v o ,
1
0 00

M v —
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a n u a l o f t h e S t ea m en gi n e 2 o ls 8 vo
i
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0 00
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Pa rt I H is t o r S t ru c t ure a n d Th eo r 8 vo ,
5
.
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P a rt I I D e s i g n C o n s t ru c t io n a n d O p era t ion 8 vo ,
3

0 00
y
. ,
,

Weh ren fen n i g s An a l s is a n d S o ft en in g o f B oi ler F ee d wa t er ( Pa t t e rson )

'
-

8 vo 00
b
,

We i s a c h s H e a t , S t ea m a n d S t ea m en g i n es ( Du B ois )
’
, 8 vo
1
0 00
-

. .
,

Wh i t h a m s S t ea m e n gi n e D e s ig n
'
8y o 0 00
1

M M
-

y
,

Woo d s Th e rm o d n a m ic s , H ea t ot ors , a n d Refrig era t in g a c h in es

’
8 vo , $ 00 . .

MEC H ANI C S PU RE AND APPLIE D .

C h u rc h
’
M
E n gi n ee rin g
e c h a n ic s o f 8 v o, 6 00
M
s .

ec h a n ic s o f I n t e rn a l W o r s 8 v o, k 1 50
N o t es a n d E a m p les i n e c h a n ic s x M 2 00
x k yM
.

b
,

Da n a s Te t oo o f E le m e n t a r e c h a n ic s fo r C o lleg e s a n d S c h o o ls 12m o ,
’
1 50
M
-

y
.

D u B o is s E le m e n t a r P rin c i p les o f e c h a n ic s :
’

V ol I i n e m a t ic s . . K .

V ol I I S t a t ic s
M
. .

e c h a n ic s o f E n g in ee rin g V ol I S m a ll 4 t o . . .

V ol I I S m a ll 4 t o
M
.
,
'
G reen e s S t ru c t u ra l ec h a n ic s 8 vo
yM
. .
,

H a rt m a n n s E le m e n t a r ec h a n i c s fo r E n g in ee ri n g S t u d en t s 12m o
’

Ja m es s K
in e m a t ic s o f a P o in t a n d t h e Ra t ion a l
’
ec h a n ic s o f a Pa rt ic le M .
,

L a rg e 12m o
M
.

J
o h n son s ( W W ) Th e o re t ic a l
’
ec h a n ic s 12m o ,
M
. .

La n z a s A p p lie d ec h a n i c s 8 v0 ,
’
 M a rt in s
’
Te t B oo x k on M ec h a n ic s , V o l I S t a t ic s 12m o , $1 25
K
.
,

V ol I I i n e m a t ic s an d K in e t i c s l 2m o 1 50
M M
.
, ,

Tec h n ic a l ec h a n ic s
’
00
M M
a u rer s .

erri m a n s E le m en t s o f 12m o ,
’
ec h a n ic s 1 00
M ec h a n i c s o f a t e ria ls M 5 00
M ich i e s E le m en t s o f An a l t ic a l
’
ec h a n ic s y M 8 vo , 00
b
Ro in son s Prin c i p les o f ec h an is m
’
M 8 vo , 3 00
b M
.

ec h a n ic s P ro b le m s 12m o ,
’
S a n orn s L a rg e 1 50
S c h wa m b a n d e rri ll s E le m e n t s o f ec h a n i s m M ’
M 8 vo , 3 00
Wo o d s E le m en t s o f An a l t ic a l ec h a n ic s
’
y M 8 vo , 3 00
yM
.

Prin c i p les o f E le m en t a r ec h a n ic s 12m o , 1 25

MEDI C AL .

b
A d erh a ld en s Ph sio lo gi c a l C h e m i s t r in Th ir t
’
L ec t u re s y
( H a ll a n d y y .

Defren )
b
.

v on B eh ri n g s S u p p res s ion o f Tu e rc u lo sis 12m o

’
. .
,

B o ld u a n s I m m u n e S e ra 1 2m o
’

y
,

B o rd e t s S t u d i es in I m m un i t (G ay )
’

M
. .

Ch a p in s Th e S o u rc es a n d o d es o f I n fec t i on L a rg e 1 2m 0
’

v
D a e n p o r t s S t a t is t i c a l e t h o d s wi t h S p ec i a l Re feren c e t o B i o lo gi c a l
’
a ria M V
,

t i on s 16 m o m o r
y
.
,

E h rlic h s C o lle c t e d S t u d ies on I m m u n i t

’

( B o ld u a n ) 8 vo . .
,

F isc h e r s O e d e m a
’
L 8 vo
y y
.
,

P h sio lo g of A li m e n t a t ion L a rg e 12m o

M y y
.
,

a n u a l o f P s c h ia t r ( Ro sa n o fi a n d C o llin s ) L a rg e 12m o ,
’
d e F u rsa c s
x b k y y M
. . .

H a m m ars t e n s Te t o o on P h s io lo gi c a l C h e m i s t r
’

( a n d el ) -
8 vo
b y k y y
. .
,

Ja c k s o n s Di rec t ion s fo r L a o ra t o r
’
Wo r in Ph s io lo gi c a l C h e m i s t r 8 vo
x
. .

y y
,

La ssa r C o h n s Pra i s of U rin a r An a l s is 12m o

’

M
-

b k b y
.
,

an d el s H a n d fo r t h e B io Ch e m ic a l L a o ra t o r 12m o
’

M
oo - -
.

y
.

N el son s A n a l sis o f D ru g s a n d e d i c in e s 12m o ,

’

P a u li s Ph sic a l C h e m is t r in t h e S er i c e of
’
y e d ic in e ( F isc h e r ) 12m o y v M
x V
. . .
,

en o m s a n d t h e ir A n t i b o d i es 12m o
’
P o z z i E s c o t s To i n s a n d
-

.
,

Ro s t o sk i s S eru m Dia gn o s is 12m o

’

( B o ld u a n )
b
. .
,

Ru d d i m a n s I n c o m p a t i i li t i es i n P resc ri p t ion s
’
8 y o.
Wh s in P h a rm a c y 12m o y
k k y y
,

S a l o ws i 3 Ph s io lo gi c a l a n d P a t h o lo g i c a l C h e m is t r ( O rn d o rfi
’
8 v0, .

y y
. . .

S a t t erlee s O u t lin es o f H u m a n E m b r o lo g 12m o

’

y
,

S m i t h s L ec t u re N o t es o n Ch e m i s t r fo r Den t a l S t u d en t s
’
8 v0
v
.
,

Wh ip p le s Ty h p oid F e e r ’
L a rg e 12m o
M y
.
,

Woo d h u ll s ili t a ry H gi en e for Ofii c ers of t h e L in e

’
L a rg e 12m o , .

P e rs on a l H gi en e y 12m o ,
k b M
.

Worc est er a n d A t in s o n s S m a ll H os p i t a ls E s t a lish m en t a n d a in t en a n c e ’

a n d S u g g es t i o n s fo r H o s p i t a l Arc h i t ec t u re wi t h P la n s fo r a S m a ll ,

ME TALLU RG Y .

B et t s 5 L ea d Refi n in g
'
by E l ec t ro l yi s s 8 vo
y d Dic t ion a y o f F o u yT
. .
,

B o lla n d s E n c c lo p e d i a of F ou n d in g a n dr ms u se d
’
r er

M
n

in t h e P ra c t ic e of ou ld in g .

I ron F o u n d er
S u p p le m en t
M
.

B orc h ers s
’
e t a llu r g ( H a ll a n d H a w a rd ) ( I n P re s s ) y . y . .

Do u g la s s U n t ec h n i c a l A d d re sse s o n Tec h n ic a l S u bj ec t s 12m o

’

M M k
.
,

in e ra ls a n d e t a ls : A R e feren c e B oo 16 m o m o r
’
G oe se l s ,
.

I les s L e a d s m e lt in g : 1 2m o
’

M
-

J y
,

o h n son s Ra p i d e t h o d s fo r t h e C h e m ic a l An a l s is o f S p e c ia l S t e e ls
’

k y
,

S t ee l—m a in g A llo s a n d G ra p hi t e La rg e 12m o , .

K ’
ee p s C a s t I ron 8 vo ,
M
. .

L e C h a t e lie r s H i g h t e m p era t u re e a s u re m en t s ( B d d —
B u rg ess )
’
o u o u ar -
.

l 2m o ,
M S t e el
e t c a lf s A
’
a n u a l for S t ee l u sers . M -
1 2m o ,
Min e t s Pro d u c t ion o f Alu m in u m a n d i t s I n d u s t ria l U s e ( Wa ld o ) 12m o ,
’

M y
.

Ru er s E lem en t s of e t a llo g ra p h ( Ma t h evt s on ) 8 vo ,

’
. .

16
G oe s el s
'
in era ls a n d M e t a ls : A Re feren c e B oo k M 16 m o m o r $3 00
M M
. . .
,
'
I h ls en g s a n u a l of in in g . 8 vo 5 00 ,

I les s L ea d S m e lt in g 12m o 2 00
’
.
,

P ee le s C o m p res s e d A ir P la n t for Min es 8 vo,

’
n oO e

Ri e m er s S h a ft S in in g U n d er Di ffi c u lt C on d i t io n s
’
k ( C orn in g a n d P e e le ) 8 v o , moO
v M x v
. .

Wea er 8 ili t a r E p los i es

'
y 8 vo , woO
y
Wi lson 3 H d ra u lic a n d P la c e r in in g
’
d e i t io n re wri t t en M
.

12m o , o mC 2 d
n M V
. ,

T ea t e on P ac t
r i s r ic a l an d Th eo re t i c a l i n e en t i la t io n s wO I

SANITARY S CIENCE

A ssoc ia t ion of S t a te an d N a t ion al F o o d an d D a ir y D e p a rt m e n t s , H a rt fo rd

M ee t in g , 1906
M
.

J a m es t o wn ee t in g , 1907 8y o ,

B a s h o re s O u t lin es o f Pra c t ic a l S a n i t a t ion 12m o ,

’
.

S a n i t a t ion o f a C o u n t r H o u se y 12m o ,
S a n i t a t ion o f Re c re a t i on C a m p s a n d P a r s k 12m o .
'
C h a p in s Th e S o u rc es a n d o d e s o f I n fec t ion M L a rg e 12m o ,
'
F o lwe ll s S e wera g e ( Des ign in g C on s t ru c t ion , a n d M a in t e n a n c e ) 8y o
y
. .
, ,

Wa t e r s u p p l E n gi n eerin g -

F o w ler s S e wa g e Wo r s An a l s es
’
k y
k
.

F u ert es s W a t e r fi lt ra t i on Wo r s
’
-

Wa t er a n d P u b lic H ea lt h
y
.

G e rh a rd s G u i d e t o S a n i t ar I n sp e c t ion s 12m o ,
’

Mo d e rn B a t h s a n d B a t h H o u s e s 8 vo ,
S a n i t a t io n o f P u b lic B u i ld in gs 12m o ,
Th e Wa t er S u p p l , S ewera g e , a n d Plu m i n g o f y o d e rn Ci t B u i ld in g s b M y .

8 y o,
H a z en s Clea n Wa t e r a n d H o w t o G e t I f L a rg e 12m o ,
’

F i lt ra t ion o f P u lic Wa t e r s u p p lie s b -

8 vo , .

K in n ic u t t , Win s lo w a n d P ra t t s S ew a g e Di s p o s a l
’
8 vo ,
y
. .

L e a c h s I n s p ec t ion a n d An a l s is of F oo d wi t h S p ec ia l Referen c e t o S t a t e
’

C on t ro l 8 vo ,
M x
. .

a son s E a m in a t ion o f W a t e r ( Ch e m ic a l a n d B a c t e rio lo gi c a l) 12m o ,

’
.

y y y
.

Wa t er s u p p l ( C on s id e re d p ri n c i p a ll fro m a S a n i t a r S t an d p oin t )
-

. .

8 vo , 4 00
Ma s t s Lig h t a n d t h e B eh a io r o f Org a n is m s
’
v
( In Press )
M
. .

e rrim a n s E le m e n t s of S a n i t a r
’
’
E n g in eerin g y
8 vo , . .

O g d en s
S ewe r Des ig n 12m 0 ,
P a rson s s Di s p o sa l o f
’
u n ic i p a l Re fu se M 8 v0 , .

P re sc o t t a n d Win s low s E le m en t s o f W a t er B a c t erio lo g , wi t h S p ec ia l Re fe r

’
y
en c e t o S a n i t a r Wa t e r An a l sis y 12m 0 , y
Pric e s H a n d oo on S a n i t a t ion
’
b k
v
.

Ri c h a rd s s C on se r a t io n
’
S a n i t a t io n by
( I n P ress ) . .

C o s t o f C lea n n e ss
C os t o f F o o d A S t u d in D i e t a ri es y
v M by y
.

C os t o f L i in g a s o d ifi e d S a n i t a r S c ien c e .

yCm
C o s t o f S h e lt e r
Ric h a rd s a n d Wi llia m s 3 Die t a r
’
o p u t er 8 vo , ”

Ric h a rd s a n d Woo d m a n s Air, Wa t er, a n d F o o d f ro m a S a n i t a r S t a n d

’
y
p oi n t 8 vo , 2 00
y b
.

S t ea m fi t t e rs , a n d Tin n ers
’
Ric h e s P lu m ers E d i t ion ( B ui ld in g
’ ’ ’

M
-

m
.

e c h a n ic s
’
Rea d Re fe ren c e S e ri e s ) y 16 o m or
v
. .
,

Ri d ea l s Dis in fe c t ion a n d t h e P rese r a t ion o f F oo d

’
8 vo, .

S e wa g e a n d B a c t e ria l P u rifi c a t ion of S ewa g e 8 vo , .

S o p e r s A ir a n d
’
en t i la t ion o f S u wa s V 12m o ,b y
Tu rn ea u re a n d Ru s s e ll s P u lic Wa t e r s u p p lies b
’
8 vo , -

V b
en a le s G a r a g e C rem a t ories i n A m e ri c a
’
b .8 v o ,
M v
.

e t h o d a n d D e ic es for B a c t e ria l Trea t m en t o f S e wa g e 8 vo ,

y
. .

Wa rd a n d Wh i p p le s F re sh wa t e r B io lo g
'
( I n Pre ss )
M
. .

Wh ip p le s ic ro sc o p o f D ri n in g wa t e r
’
y k -
.

* T
y p h o id F e v e r
V
.

a lu e o f P u re W a t er
'
y
Win slow s S s t em a t ic Re la t ion s h ip of t h e C oc c a c eae .

18
 MI SC E LLANEOU S .

E mm on s G eo lo gi ca l G u id e— oo of t h e Roc
’
s b k ky
o u n ta i n E c u rs io n of t h e M x
I n t ern a t io n a l Co n gress o f G eo lo g i s t s La rg e 8 vo $1 .
50
F e rre l s Po p u la r Trea t is e o n t h e Win d s
’
8 vo 4 00
M
,

F i t z g era ld s B os ton a c hin i s t 18 m o

’

1 , 00
G a nn e t t s S t a t i s t ic a l A bs t rac t o f t h e World
'
75
yM
.

H a i n es s Am erica n Ra ilw a an a g e m en t 12mo

’
2 50
H a n a u se k s Th e
’
M y
ic ro sco p of Tec hn ic a l Prod u c t s ( Win t o n ) 8 vo 5
,

00
b
.
,

J a co b s s B e t t erm en t B rie fs A Co llec t io n of Pu li sh ed P a pe rs o n O r

'

g a ni z ed I n d u s t ria l E ffi c i e n c y 8y o 3 50
M M
.
.

a n uf ac t ur es an d t h e Ad m in i s tra t ion o f Wo rk s h o p s 8 vo
'
e t c a lf e s C os t o f , 5 . .
, 00
P u t n a m s N a u t ica l C ha rt s
'
. 8 vo , 2 . 00
k y
Ri c e t t s s Hi s t o r of Ren ss ela er P o l t ec hn i c I n s t i t u t e 18 24 18 94
’
y -
.

La rg e 1 2m o 3 . 00
Ro t h erh a m s E m p ha s is e d N ew Tes t a m en t
’
La rg e 8 y o 2 00
Ru s t s E x
’
M
e ridi a n Al t i t u d e Az i m u t h a n d S t a r fi n di n g Ta les 8vo 5 b
,

00
M
- ~
,

S t a n d a g e s Dec o ra t ion o f W oo d G las s e ta l e t c 1 2m o

’

2 00
y y
, , ,

Th o m e s S t ru c t ura l a n d Ph s io lo gi c a l B o ta n 16 m o
’

( B enn et t ) 2 25
y
.
,

Wes t erm'a i er s Co m p en d iu m of G en eral B o t a n

'

( Sc h n e i d er) 8 vo 2 00
M y
.
,

Win s lo w s E lemen ts of A p p li ed icro sc o p 1 2m o . 1 50

HE B REW AND CH ALDEE TE XT B OOKS -

G esen iu s
'
s He b re w an x
d C h a ld e e Le i c o n t o t h e O ld Tes ta m en t Sc ri p t u res .

( Tre g e lles ) S m a ll 4 t o h a lf m or, 8

y b
,

E le m en ta r
'
G reen s H e rew G ra m m ar 12111 0 . 3